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How to Identify Rocks and Minerals
How to Identify Rocks and Minerals fluorite calcite epidote quartz gypsum pyrite copper fluorite galena By Jan C. Rasmussen (Revised from a booklet by Susan Celestian) 2012 Donations for reproduction from: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Foundation Friends of the Arizona Mining & Mineral Museum Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society www.janrasmussen.com ii NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. MINERALS: IGNEOUS ROCKS: 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 50 Apache Tear 3 Calcite 51 Basalt 4 Fluorite 52 Pumice 5 Apatite* 53 Perlite 6 Orthoclase (feldspar group) 54 Obsidian 7 Quartz 55 Tuff 8 Topaz* 56 Rhyolite 9 Corundum* 57 Granite 10 Diamond* 11 Chrysocolla (blue) 12 Azurite (dark blue) METAMORPHIC ROCKS: 13 Quartz, var. chalcedony 14 Chalcopyrite (brassy) 60 Quartzite* 15 Barite 61 Schist 16 Galena (metallic) 62 Marble 17 Hematite 63 Slate* 18 Garnet 64 Gneiss 19 Magnetite 65 Metaconglomerate* 20 Serpentine 66 Phyllite 21 Malachite (green) (20) (Serpentinite)* 22 Muscovite (mica group) 23 Bornite (peacock tarnish) 24 Halite (table salt) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: 25 Cuprite 26 Limonite (Goethite) 70 Sandstone 27 Pyrite (brassy) 71 Limestone 28 Peridot 72 Travertine (onyx) 29 Gold* 73 Conglomerate 30 Copper (refined) 74 Breccia 31 Glauberite pseudomorph 75 Shale 32 Sulfur 76 Silicified Wood 33 Quartz, var. rose (Quartz, var. chert) 34 Quartz, var. amethyst 77 Coal 35 Hornblende* 78 Diatomite 36 Tourmaline* 37 Graphite* 38 Sphalerite* *= not generally in kits. Minerals numbered 39 Biotite* 8-10, 25, 29, 35-40 are listed for information 40 Dolomite* only. www.janrasmussen.com iii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. -
L. Jahnsite, Segelerite, and Robertsite, Three New Transition Metal Phosphate Species Ll. Redefinition of Overite, an Lsotype Of
American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 48-59, 1974 l. Jahnsite,Segelerite, and Robertsite,Three New TransitionMetal PhosphateSpecies ll. Redefinitionof Overite,an lsotypeof Segelerite Pnur BnnN Moone Thc Departmcntof the GeophysicalSciences, The Uniuersityof Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637 ilt. lsotypyof Robertsite,Mitridatite, and Arseniosiderite Peur BmaN Moonp With Two Chemical Analvsesbv JUN Iro Deryrtrnent of GeologicalSciences, Haraard Uniuersity, Cambridge, Massrchusetts 02 I 38 Abstract Three new species,-jahnsite, segelerite, and robertsite,-occur in moderate abundance as late stage products in corroded triphylite-heterosite-ferrisicklerite-rockbridgeite masses, associated with leucophosphite,hureaulite, collinsite, laueite, etc.Type specimensare from the Tip Top pegmatite, near Custer, South Dakota. Jahnsite, caMn2+Mgr(Hro)aFe3+z(oH)rlPC)oln,a 14.94(2),b 7.14(l), c 9.93(1)A, p 110.16(8)", P2/a, Z : 2, specific gavity 2.71, biaxial (-), 2V large, e 1.640,p 1.658,t l.6lo, occurs abundantly as striated short to long prismatic crystals, nut brown, yellow, yellow-orange to greenish-yellowin color.Formsarec{001},a{100},il2oll, jl2}ll,ft[iol],/tolll,nt110],andz{itt}. Segeierite,CaMg(HrO)rFes+(OH)[POdz, a 14.826{5),b 18.751(4),c7.30(1)A, Pcca, Z : 8, specific gaavity2.67, biaxial (-), 2Ylarge,a 1.618,p 1.6t5, z 1.650,occurs sparingly as striated yellow'green prismaticcrystals, with c[00], r{010}, nlll0l and qll2l } with perfect {010} cleavage'It is the Feg+-analogueofoverite; a restudy on type overite revealsthe spacegroup Pcca and the ideal formula CaMg(HrO)dl(OH)[POr]r. Robertsite,carMna+r(oH)o(Hro){Ponlr, a 17.36,b lg.53,c 11.30A,p 96.0o,A2/a, Z: 8, specific gravity3.l,T,cleavage[l00] good,biaxial(-) a1.775,8 *t - 1.82,2V-8o,pleochroismextreme (Y, Z = deep reddish brown; 17 : pale reddish-pink), @curs as fibrous massesand small wedge- shapedcrystals showing c[001 f , a{1@}, qt031}. -
Mechanism. of Gypsification*
Geochimka. et Cofi!UOehimica Acta.1958, YoJ. 1&. py. 51 to 72. Pergamon :Press Ltd., London Mechanism. of gypsification* R. F. CoNLEYf and W. M. BUNDYt . (Recei11edl Aprill957; 1~71 rwi.sedform 24 Fehruary 1958) Abstract-Petrographic studies have shown that many gypsum deposits ha\>e been for111ed by the hydra-tion of anhydrit.,, but the mechanism for hydration has n~t been fully explained. Gypsum has been produced ~perimentally by the agitation of anhydrite in pure water, ~reaction that is accelerated by certa.in acids, bases, and salts, particularly aJkali sulphates. · Phase investigations and reaction velocity studies indicate that accelerated bydration of anhydrite takes place through the medium of transient surface wmplexes in cb1ute solution. Concentrated solutions may pre.cipita:te double salts. Contraa:y to recent hypotheses of gypsum dehydration by concentrated aalt solutions, double salt::; aniJfor gypsum are stable phases below a temuerature of 42°0. Abov6' 42"0 double salts may replace anhydrite as the stable pha..:.e. Gyps1.1.m. how~ver, may remain a roeta.stable phase indefinitely in its saturated solution below the hemih)'dmte transition temperature (98°C}. E;s:perimental data. indicate t.hat precipitation of anhydrite from sea. wat-er i.<J unlikely. INTRODUCTION HYDRATION of the mineral anhydrite (CaS011) to gypsum {CaS0 4 ·2~20) has been a well-known phenomenon for many years. Although the hydration of anhydrite by pure water is extremely slow, it is accelerated in the presence of certain salts, alkalis and acids. The mechanism whereby this acceleration takes place has never been fully understood. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Geology of the Hugo Pegmatite Keystone, South Dakota
Geology of the Hugo Pegmatite Keystone, South Dakota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 297-B Geology of the Hugo Pegmatite Keystone, South Dakota By J. J. NORTON, L. R. PAGE, and D. A. BROBST PEGMATITES AND OTHER PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK HILLS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 297-P A detailed structural and petrologic study of a pegmatite containing seven zones and two replacement bodies UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.. _ ________________________________________ 49 Mineral distribution and paragenesis of the entire Introduction. ______________________________________ 49 pegmatite_ _ ______________________-___---------_ 96 General geology. ___________________________________ 52 Comparison of the zonal sequence with that in other Metamorphic rocks_ ____________________________ 52 pegmatites. ______________________________________ 97 Roy and Monte Carlo pegmatites.- _ __---__-______ 53 Replacement features-______________________________ 100 Structure __________________________________________ 53 Review of the evidence for replacement in pegma Pegmatite units ____________________________________ 53 tites __ _____________________________________ 100 Zone 1 : Albite-quartz-musco vite pegmatite ________ 56 Replacement in the Hugo pegmatite.____-_____-_- 102 -
Mirabilite Na2so4 • 10H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Mirabilite Na2SO4 • 10H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals short to long prismatic, with complex form development, also crude, to 10 cm, in interlocking masses; crystalline, granular to compact massive, commonly as efflorescences. Twinning: Rare on {001} or {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {100}, perfect; on {010} and {001}, good to fair. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 1.5–2.5 D(meas.) = 1.464 D(calc.) = 1.467 Quickly dehydrates to th´enarditein dry air; very soluble in H2O, taste cool, then saline and bitter. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Colorless to white; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c =31◦. Dispersion: r< v,strong, crossed. α = 1.391–1.394 β = 1.394–1.396 γ = 1.396–1.398 2V(meas.) = 75◦560 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/c (synthetic). a = 11.512(3) b = 10.370(3) c = 12.847(2) β = 107.789(10)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. (ICDD 11-647). 5.49 (100), 3.21 (75), 3.26 (60), 3.11 (60), 4.77 (45), 3.83 (40), 2.516 (35) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 25.16 24.85 Na2O 18.67 19.24 H2O 55.28 55.91 Total 99.11 100.00 • (1) Kirkby Thore, Westmoreland, England. (2) Na2SO4 10H2O. Occurrence: Typically in salt pans, playas, and saline lakes, where deposition may be seasonal, and bedded deposits formed therefrom; rarely in caves and lava tubes; in volcanic fumaroles; a product of hydrothermal sericitic alteration; a post-mining precipitate. -
The New IMA List of Gem Materials – a Work in Progress – Updated: July 2018
The New IMA List of Gem Materials – A Work in Progress – Updated: July 2018 In the following pages of this document a comprehensive list of gem materials is presented. The list is distributed (for terms and conditions see below) via the web site of the Commission on Gem Materials of the International Mineralogical Association. The list will be updated on a regular basis. Mineral names and formulae are from the IMA List of Minerals: http://nrmima.nrm.se//IMA_Master_List_%282016-07%29.pdf. Where there is a discrepancy the IMA List of Minerals will take precedence. Explanation of column headings: IMA status: A = approved (it applies to minerals approved after the establishment of the IMA in 1958); G = grandfathered (it applies to minerals discovered before the birth of IMA, and generally considered as valid species); Rd = redefined (it applies to existing minerals which were redefined during the IMA era); Rn = renamed (it applies to existing minerals which were renamed during the IMA era); Q = questionable (it applies to poorly characterized minerals, whose validity could be doubtful). Gem material name: minerals are normal text; non-minerals are bold; rocks are all caps; organics and glasses are italicized. Caveat (IMPORTANT): inevitably there will be mistakes in a list of this type. We will be grateful to all those who will point out errors of any kind, including typos. Please email your corrections to [email protected]. Acknowledgments: The following persons, listed in alphabetic order, gave their contribution to the building and the update of the IMA List of Minerals: Vladimir Bermanec, Emmanuel Fritsch, Lee A. -
List of New Mineral Names: with an Index of Authors
415 A (fifth) list of new mineral names: with an index of authors. 1 By L. J. S~v.scs~, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the ~Iineral Department of the,Brltish Museum. [Communicated June 7, 1910.] Aglaurito. R. Handmann, 1907. Zeita. Min. Geol. Stuttgart, col. i, p. 78. Orthoc]ase-felspar with a fine blue reflection forming a constituent of quartz-porphyry (Aglauritporphyr) from Teplitz, Bohemia. Named from ~,Xavpo~ ---- ~Xa&, bright. Alaito. K. A. ~Yenadkevi~, 1909. BuU. Acad. Sci. Saint-P6tersbourg, ser. 6, col. iii, p. 185 (A~am~s). Hydrate~l vanadic oxide, V205. H~O, forming blood=red, mossy growths with silky lustre. Founi] with turanite (q. v.) in thct neighbourhood of the Alai Mountains, Russian Central Asia. Alamosite. C. Palaehe and H. E. Merwin, 1909. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, col. xxvii, p. 899; Zeits. Kryst. Min., col. xlvi, p. 518. Lead recta-silicate, PbSiOs, occurring as snow-white, radially fibrous masses. Crystals are monoclinic, though apparently not isom0rphous with wol]astonite. From Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Prepared artificially by S. Hilpert and P. Weiller, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges., 1909, col. xlii, p. 2969. Aloisiite. L. Colomba, 1908. Rend. B. Accad. Lincei, Roma, set. 5, col. xvii, sere. 2, p. 233. A hydrated sub-silicate of calcium, ferrous iron, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen, (R pp, R',), SiO,, occurring in an amorphous condition, intimately mixed with oalcinm carbonate, in a palagonite-tuff at Fort Portal, Uganda. Named in honour of H.R.H. Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi. Aloisius or Aloysius is a Latin form of Luigi or I~ewis. -
Chemistry of Formation of Lanarkite, Pb2oso 4
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1982, VOL. 46, PP. 499-501 Chemistry of formation of lanarkite, Pb2OSO 4 W E have recently reported (Humphreys et al., 1980; sion which is at odds with the widespread occur- Abdul-Samad et al., 1982) the free energies of rence of the simple sulphate and the extreme rarity formation of a variety of chloride-bearing minerals of the basic salt, and with aqueous synthetic of Pb(II) and Cu(II) together with carbonate procedures for the preparation of the compound and sulphate species of the same metals includ- (Bode and Voss, 1959), which involve reaction of ing leadhillite, Pb,SO4(COa)2(OH)2, caledonite, angtesite in basic solution. PbsCu2CO3(SO4)3(OH)6, and linarite, (Pb,Cu)2 Kellog and Basu (1960) also determined AG~ for SO4(OH)2. By using suitable phase diagrams it has Pb2OSOa(s) at 298.16 K using the method of proved possible to reconstruct, in part, the chemical univariant equilibria in the system Pb-S-O. They history of the development of some complex obtained a value of -1016.4 kJ mol-1 based on secondary mineral assemblages such as those at literature values for PbO(s), PbS(s), PbSO4(s), and the Mammoth-St. Anthony mine, Tiger, Arizona, SO2(g) and another of - 1019.8 kJ mol- 1 based on and the halide and carbonate suite of the Mendip adjusted values for the above compounds. These Hills, Somerset. two results, for which the error was estimated to A celebrated locality for the three sulphate- be about 4.5 kJ mol-1, seem to be considerably bearing minerals above is the Leadhills-Wanlock- more compatible with observed associations than head district of Scotland (Wilson, 1921; Heddle, the earlier values. -
Liroconite Cu2al(Aso4)(OH)4 • 4H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Liroconite Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4 • 4H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as crystals with a flattened octahedral or lenticular aspect, dominated by {110} and {011} and striated parallel to their intersections, also {001}, {010}, {100}, to 3.6 cm, alone and in sub-parallel groups. May be granular, massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {110}, {011}, indistinct. Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 2.94–3.01 D(calc.) = [3.03] Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Sky-blue, bluish green, verdigris-green, emerald-green; pale blue to pale bluish green in transmitted light. Streak: Pale blue to pale green. Luster: Vitreous to resinous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: Y = b; Z ∧ a =25◦. Dispersion: r< v,moderate. α = 1.612(3) β = 1.652(3) γ = 1.675(3) 2V(meas.) = n.d. 2V(calc.) = 72(5)◦ Cell Data: Space Group: I2/a. a = 12.664(2) b = 7.563(2) c = 9.914(3) β =91.32(2)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Cornwall, England. 6.46 (10), 3.01 (10), 5.95 (9), 2.69 (6), 3.92 (5), 2.79 (5), 2.21 (5) Chemistry: (1) (2) P2O5 3.73 As2O5 23.05 26.54 Al2O3 10.85 11.77 Fe2O3 0.98 CuO 36.38 36.73 H2O 25.01 24.96 Total 100.00 100.00 • (1) Cornwall, England. (2) Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4 4H2O. Occurrence: A rare secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of some copper deposits. Association: Olivenite, chalcophyllite, clinoclase, cornwallite, strashimirite, malachite, cuprite, “limonite”. -
The American Journal of Science
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOIENOE. EDITOR: EDWARD S. DANA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS PROFESSORS GEO. L. GOODALE, JOHN TROWBRIDGE, H. P. BOWDITCH AND W. G. FARLOW, OF CAMBRIDGE, PROFESSORS O. C. MAHSH, A. E. VERRILL AND H. S. WILLIAMS, OF NEW HAVEN, PROFESSOR GEORGE F. BARKER, OF PHILADELPHIA, PROFESSOR H. A. ROWLAND, OF BALTIMORE, MR. J. S. DILLER, OF W ASHl~GTON. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. II-[WHOLE NUMBER, CLI!.] Nos. 7-12. JULY TO DEOEMBER, 1896. WITH SIX PLATES. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. 1896'. J. B. Pratt-Northupite, PirBsonite, etc. 123 , ART. ~V.-On Northupite; Pirs8onite, a new mineral j (}OI!flussite and IIanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernar dino County, Californi(t j by J. H. PRATT. INTRODUCTION. THE minerals to be described in this paper are from the remarkable locality of Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California. They were broug-ht to the author's notice, in the fall of 1895, by Mr. Warren M. Foote of Philadelphia, who sent one of them, the northupite, tog-ether with some of the associ ated minerals, to the mineralogical laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School, for chemical investigation. About the same time Mr. C. H. Northup of San Jose, CaL, sent some minerals from the same region to Prof. S. L. Penfield. Among them, gaylussite, hanksite and a third mineral, which has proved to be a new species, were identified. These same minerals were also observed among the specimens sent by Mr. Foote. Mr. Northup, in his letter of transmittal, stated that he had care fully saved all of the crystals of the new mineral, having observed that they were different from gaylnssite in habit, and that he believed they would prove to be a new and interesting species. -
The Telephone City Crystal Brantford Lapidary & Mineral Society
THE TELEPHONE CITY CRYSTAL BRANTFORD LAPIDARY & MINERAL SOCIETY JANUARY 2017 Volume 71 Issue 1 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: JANUARY MEETING— 2 EARTH ON THE MOVE& ARAGONITE UPCOMING EVENTS & 3 CLUB INFO PIECE OF DINOSAUR 4 TAIL IN AMBER RARE GEM MINE 5 & TUMBLER GRIT ROCK TUMBLING 6 MONTHLY MINERAL - 7 APATITE 2016 EXECUTIVE & 8 MISC. December Meeting Highlight Photo- listing on page 2 1 THE TELEPHONE CITY CRYSTAL DATE: FRIDAY JANUARY 20, 2017 TIME: 7:30 PM WHERE: TB COSTAIN/S.C. JOHNSON COMMUNITY CENTER, 16 MORRELL ST. BRANTFORD, ONT. PROGRAM: RENE PERRIN: “EARTH ON THE MOVE” “The title is "Earth on the Move" featuring how the earth has moved and is mov- ing now at both the large scale as in India moving North with various other big and much smaller ex- amples with a beautiful graphic showing all of the global movements as tracked by stations all over the world. This is a great image showing the movement directions with arrows.” THE MINERAL ARAGONITE Calcium carbonate forms as both Aragonite and Calcite, and these two minerals only differ in theircrystallization. Cal- cite, the more common mineral, forms in trigonal crystals, whereas Aragonite forms orthorhombic crystals. On occasion, crystals of Aragonite and Calcite are too small to be individually determined, and it is only possible to distinguish these two minerals with optical or x-ray testing. The true identity of microcrystalline forms of Aragonite or Calcite may also not be known without complex testing, and this can also cause a confusion between these species. Most large Aragonite crystals are twinned growths of three individual crystals that form pseudohexagonal trillings.