Borate Minerals. Ii. a Hierarchy of Structures
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Fall 2016 Gems & Gemology
FALL 2016 VOLUME LII THE UARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Review of CVD Synthetic Diamonds Reversible Color Alteration of Blue Zircon Sapphires from the Russian Far East Grandidierite from Madagascar Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Contributing Editors Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses James E. Shigley gia.edu/gems-gemology [email protected] Shane F. McClure Andy Lucas Donna Beaton Subscriptions Managing Editor Editors, Micro-World Copies of the current issue may be purchased for Stuart D. Overlin Nathan Renfro Editor-in-Chief Emeritus $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one [email protected] Elise A. Skalwold Alice S. Keller year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor Customer Service able for group subscriptions, GIA alumni, and current Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Editors, Gem News Martha Erickson GIA students. To purchase print subscriptions, visit [email protected] (760) 603-4502 store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. For insti- Emmanuel Fritsch tutional rates, contact Customer Service. [email protected] Technical Editors Gagan Choudhary Tao Z. Hsu Christopher M. Breeding Database Coverage Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 0.394, accord- [email protected] Editorial Assistants ing to the 2015 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Jennifer Stone-Sundberg Brooke Goedert Reports (issued July 2016). G&G is abstracted in Erin Hogarth Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth -
Ultrahigh-Field Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals
Ultrahigh-Field 25Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals 1 2† 3 4 5 Bing Zhou, § Alexandra Faucher, § Robert Laskowski, Victor V. Terskikh, Scott Kroeker, Wei Sun,6,7 Jinru Lin,6 Jin-Xiao Mi,7 Vladimir K. Michaelis2* and Yuanming Pan6* 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 21000, China 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada 3. Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, Singapore 138632 4. Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada 5. Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada 6. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada 7. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China †Current address: Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland §BZ and AF contributed equally *Corresponding authors: Vladimir K. Michaelis ([email protected]) and Yuanming Pan ([email protected]) Keywords: MAS NMR, grandidierite, quantum chemical calculations, WURST, CPMG, wideline, NMR crystallography 1 ABSTRACT A series of well-characterized magnesium borate minerals and synthetic analogues have been studied via ultrahigh-field 25Mg solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Correlations between 25Mg NMR parameters and the local structure at the magnesium site(s) are highlighted and discussed. First-principles density functional theory calculations of 25Mg NMR parameters carried out with the WIEN2k software package support our experimental 25Mg NMR 25 data. Experimental Mg CQ values range from 0.7 ± 0.1 MHz in hungchaoite to 18.0 ± 0.5 MHz in 25 boracite-type Mg3B7O13Br. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Strontium Borate) Mineral
STUDIES ON TUNELLITE (STRONTIUM BORATE) MINERAL Hüseyin GÜLENSOY and T. TEBERDAR İstanbul University, Faculty of Chemistry SUMMARY. — In these studies, the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the tunellite found associated with the boron mines in Turkey, which have long been known, have been investigated and the chemical compositon determined. The thermal decomposition of tunellite mineral has been studied both by dynamic and static methods. The results obtained with the methods above were checked with those obtained by Röntgenographic analysis and with the DTA studies. As a result of these studies, it has been observed that the tunellite mineral was transformed into veatchite mineral, after losing 4 molecules of its crystal water. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Boron minerals which are gaining ever-increasing importance in the world industry occur widespread in the northwest part of Turkey. Boron occurrences of the country are generally located in the vicinity of Bigadiç, Balıkesir, Mustafakemalpaşa, Emet and Eskişehir. Borate ores encountered in these mines are generally, ulexite and colemanite. The reserves and the grade of the ore are con- sidered favorable for economic production. Associated with the colemanite and ulexite produced from these mines, some other boron minerals are also found and the most important of these are inyoite, meyerhofferite, tertschite and howlite. These secondary minerals are locally found interbedded in the clay seams, as thin beds or nodules. In some mines, a new mineral, showing the composition of strontium borate, is found in association with colemanite and ulexite; this new mineral, which sometimes shows a prismatic struc- ture, is also found to occur closely mixed with clay having bentonite texture. -
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999 EC97N-2123I 1997 Economic Census Mining Industry Series U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The staff of the Manufacturing and Con- The Geography Division staff developed struction Division prepared this report. geographic coding procedures and associ- Judy M. Dodds, Assistant Chief for Cen- ated computer programs. sus and Related Programs, was respon- The Economic Statistical Methods and Pro- sible for the overall planning, manage- gramming Division, Charles P. Pautler ment, and coordination. Patricia L. Jr., Chief, developed and coordinated the Horning, Chief, Construction and Miner- computer processing systems. Martin S. als Branch, assisted by M. Susan Bucci Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquen- and Susan L. DiCola, Section Chiefs, per- nial Programs, assisted by Barbara Lam- formed the planning and implementation. bert and Christina Arledge were respon- Richard Hough, Christopher D. sible for design and implementation of the Perrien, John F. Roehl, Eva J. Snapp, computer systems. Gary T. Sheridan, and Sarah B. Teichner provided primary Chief, Manufacturing and Construction staff assistance. Branch, Lori A. Guido and Roy A. Smith, Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief for Section Chiefs, supervised the preparation Research and Methodology Programs, of the computer programs. assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief, Manufac- turing Programs Methodology Branch, and Computer Services Division, Debra Will- Robert Struble, Section Chief, provided iams, Chief, performed the computer pro- the mathematical and statistical tech- cessing. niques as well as the coverage operations. The staff of the Administrative and Cus- Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Ritenour pro- tomer Services Division, Walter C. -
Minerals Named After Scientists
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Minerals.pdf 1 MINERALS NAMED AFTER PEOPLE AND PLACES © Dr. John Andraos, 2003-2011 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ PEOPLE MINERAL PERSON OR PLACE DESCRIPTION Abelsonite ABELSON, Philip Hauge (1913 - ?) geochemist Abenakiite ABENAKI people, Quebec, Canada Abernathyite ABERNATHY, Jess Mine operator American, b. ? Abswurmbachite ABS-WURMBACH, IRMGARD (1938 - ) mineralogist German, b. ? Adamite ADAM, Gilbert Joseph Zn3(AsO3)2 H2O (1795 - 1881) mineralogist French, b. ? Aegirine AEGIR, Scandinavian god of the sea Afwillite WILLIAMS, Alpheus Fuller (1874 - ?) mine operator DeBeers Consolidated Mines, Kimberley, South Africa Agrellite AGRELL, Stuart O. (? - 1996) mineralogist British, b. ? Agrinierite AGRINIER, Henri (1928 - 1971) mineralogist French, b. ? Aguilarite AGUILAR, P. Superintendent of San Carlos mine, Guanajuato, Mexico Mexican, b. ? Aikenite 2 PbS Cu2S Bi2S5 Andersonite ANDERSON, Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Minerals.pdf 2 Andradite ANDRADA e Silva, Jose B. Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3 de (? - 1838) geologist Brazilian, b. ? Arfvedsonite ARFVEDSON, Johann August (1792 - 1841) Swedish, b. Skagerholms- Bruk, Skaraborgs-Län, Sweden Arrhenite ARRHENIUS, Svante Silico-tantalate of Y, Ce, Zr, (1859 - 1927) Al, Fe, Ca, Be Swedish, b. Wijk, near Uppsala, Sweden Avogardrite AVOGADRO, Lorenzo KBF4, CsBF4 Romano Amedeo Carlo (1776 - 1856) Italian, b. Turin, Italy Babingtonite (Ca, Fe, Mn)SiO3 Fe2(SiO3)3 Becquerelite BECQUEREL, Antoine 4 UO3 7 H2O Henri César (1852 - 1908) French b. Paris, France Berzelianite BERZELIUS, Jöns Jakob Cu2Se (1779 - 1848) Swedish, b. -
Kurchatovite from the Fuka Mine, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, Volume 112, page 159–165, 2017 Kurchatovite from the Fuka mine, Okayama Prefecture, Japan Ayaka HAYASHI*, Koichi MOMMA**, Ritsuro MIYAWAKI**, Mitsuo TANABE***, † ‡ Shigetomo KISHI , Shoichi KOBAYASHI* and Isao KUSACHI *Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Kita–ku, Okayama 700–0005, Japan **Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305–0005, Japan ***2058–3 Niimi, Okayama 718–0011, Japan †534 Takayama, Kagamino–cho, Tomada–gun, Okayama 708–0345, Japan ‡509–6 Shiraishi, Kita–ku, Okayama 701–0143, Japan Kurchatovite occurs as colorless granular crystals up to 1 mm at the Fuka mine, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The mineral is associated with shimazakiite, calcite and johnbaumite. The Vickers microhardness is 441 kg mm−2 (50 g load), corresponding to 4½ on the Mohs’ scale. The calculated density is 3.23 g cm−3. Electron microprobe analyses of kurchatovite gave empirical formulae ranging from Ca0.987(Mg1.004Fe0.020Mn0.001)Σ1.025 B1.992O5 to Ca0.992(Mg0.466Fe0.523)Σ0.989B2.013O5 based on O = 5, and kurchatovite forms a continuous solid solution in this range. The mineral is orthorhombic, Pbca, and the unit cell parameters refined from XRD data measured by a Gandolfi camera are a = 36.33(14), b = 11.204(3), c = 5.502(17) Å, V = 2239(12) Å3.Itis formed by a layer of MgO6–octahedra, a layer of CaO7–polyhedral and B2O5 consisting of two BO3–triangles. The kurchatovite from the Fuka mine was probably formed by supplying Mg and Fe to shimazakiite from hydrothermal solution at a temperature between 250 to 400 °C. -
STUDIES of BORATE MINERAI,S (ID: X-RAY CRYSTALLOG- RAPHY of INYOITE and MEYERHOFFERITE; X-RAY and MORPHOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY of 2Cao-3Bzo .9H2O*
STUDIES OF BORATE MINERAI,S (ID: X-RAY CRYSTALLOG- RAPHY OF INYOITE AND MEYERHOFFERITE; X-RAY AND MORPHOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF 2CaO-3Bzo .9H2O* C. L. Cunrsr, [/. S. GeologicalSuraey, Washington25, D. C. Ansrnacr fnyoite is monoclinic,P21/a, ao:10.63, bo:fi.A6, co:8.40rA, F:114.02,. 2CaO'3BrOa.9HzOistriclinic PT, ao: /.94, bo:9.452,co-7.412 A, a:101"21,,p-: l}l"7g,, t:99"49'. The findingsof Switzerin Palache(1938) for meyerhofferiteare confirmed. Powder patterns, partially indexed, are given for inyoite, meyerhofierite,and 2CaO.3BzOs.9HrO. INrnooucrroN ANDAcrwowr,ooGMENTS A systematic study of borate minerals has been continued in the pres- ent investigation with the determination of the r-ray crystallography of inyoite, 2CaO.3B2OB.13H2O, the *-ray crystallographyand morphology of the synthetic mineral 2CaO.38zOs.9HzO,and the redeterminationof the r-ray crystallography of meyerhofierite, 2CaO.3BzOt. jIJzO. Results obtained on meyerhofferite were in excellent agreementwith those previ- ously reported by Switzer in Palache (1933). Powder patterns of the three compounds have been measured and partially indexed. The work was undertaken primarily as a preliminary to the determina- tion of the structures. The writer is indebted to various colleaguesin the U. S. Geological Survey: Waldemar T. Schaller furnished the crystals studied; Mrs. Joan R. Clark made many of the calculations and film measurements; Howard T. Evans, Jr., made the goniometric measurementson and the drawing of 2CaO.3B2OB.9HsOand,also renderedmuch helpful advice; Fred A. Hildebrand prepared the powder patterns reported. ExpBnrlrpwrAr, WoRK All of the crystals used were synthetic. Schaller (personal communica- tion) has furnished the following description of the methods of prepara- tion: Inyoite (2:3:13). -
Inyoite Cab3o3(OH)5 • 4H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Inyoite CaB3O3(OH)5 • 4H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as crystals, short prismatic along [001], tabular on {001}, exhibiting prominent {110} and {001} and a dozen other minor forms, to 2.5 cm; in cockscomb aggregates of pseudorhombohedral crystals; also coarse spherulitic, granular. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, good; {010}, distinct. Fracture: Irregular. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 1.875 D(calc.) = 1.87 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Transparent, translucent on dehydration. Color: Colorless, white on dehydration. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: Y = b; X ∧ c =37◦; Z ∧ c = –53◦. Dispersion: r< v, slight. α = 1.490–1.495 β = 1.501–1.505 γ = 1.516–1.520 2V(meas.) = 70◦–86◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/a. a = 10.621(1)) b = 12.066(1) c = 8.408(1) β = 114◦1.2◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Monte Azul mine, Argentina. 7.67 (100), 2.526 (25), 3.368 (22), 1.968 (22), 2.547 (21), 3.450 (20), 2.799 (19) Chemistry: (1) (2) B2O3 37.44 37.62 CaO 20.42 20.20 + H2O 9.46 − H2O 32.46 H2O 42.18 rem. 0.55 Total 100.33 100.00 • (1) Hillsborough, Canada; remnant is gypsum. (2) CaB3O3(OH)5 4H2O. Occurrence: Along fractures and nodular in sedimentary borate deposits; may be authigenic in playa sediments. Association: Meyerhofferite, colemanite, priceite, hydroboracite, ulexite, gypsum. Distribution: In the USA, in California, from an adit on Mount Blanco, Furnace Creek district, Death Valley, Inyo Co., and in the Kramer borate deposit, Boron, Kern Co. -
New Minerals Approved Bythe Ima Commission on New
NEW MINERALS APPROVED BY THE IMA COMMISSION ON NEW MINERALS AND MINERAL NAMES ALLABOGDANITE, (Fe,Ni)l Allabogdanite, a mineral dimorphous with barringerite, was discovered in the Onello iron meteorite (Ni-rich ataxite) found in 1997 in the alluvium of the Bol'shoy Dolguchan River, a tributary of the Onello River, Aldan River basin, South Yakutia (Republic of Sakha- Yakutia), Russia. The mineral occurs as light straw-yellow, with strong metallic luster, lamellar crystals up to 0.0 I x 0.1 x 0.4 rnrn, typically twinned, in plessite. Associated minerals are nickel phosphide, schreibersite, awaruite and graphite (Britvin e.a., 2002b). Name: in honour of Alia Nikolaevna BOG DAN OVA (1947-2004), Russian crys- tallographer, for her contribution to the study of new minerals; Geological Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity. fMA No.: 2000-038. TS: PU 1/18632. ALLOCHALCOSELITE, Cu+Cu~+PbOZ(Se03)P5 Allochalcoselite was found in the fumarole products of the Second cinder cone, Northern Breakthrought of the Tolbachik Main Fracture Eruption (1975-1976), Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It occurs as transparent dark brown pris- matic crystals up to 0.1 mm long. Associated minerals are cotunnite, sofiite, ilin- skite, georgbokiite and burn site (Vergasova e.a., 2005). Name: for the chemical composition: presence of selenium and different oxidation states of copper, from the Greek aA.Ao~(different) and xaAxo~ (copper). fMA No.: 2004-025. TS: no reliable information. ALSAKHAROVITE-Zn, NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)JSi401ZJz(0,OH)4·7HzO photo 1 Labuntsovite group Alsakharovite-Zn was discovered in the Pegmatite #45, Lepkhe-Nel'm MI. -
Revision #1 the Atomic Arrangement and Electronic Interactions In
This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7851. http://www.minsocam.org/ 1 Revision #1 2 3 The atomic arrangement and electronic interactions in vonsenite at 4 295, 100, and 90 K 5 1, 1, 2 3 4 6 MARC MADERAZZO , JOHN M. HUGHES , M. DARBY DYAR , GEORGE R. ROSSMAN , 5 3 6 7 BRANDON J. ACKLEY , ELIZABETH C. SKLUTE , MARIAN V. LUPULESCU , AND 7 8 JEFFREY CHIARENZELLI 9 10 1Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, U.S.A. 11 2Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, U.S.A. 12 3Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts 01075, U.S.A. 13 4Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125- 14 2500, U.S.A. 15 5Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, U.S.A. 16 6New York State Museum, Research and Collections, 3140 CEC, Albany, New York 12230, U.S.A. 17 7Department of Geology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York 13617, U.S.A. 18 19 ABSTRACT 2+ 3+ 20 Vonsenite, Fe 2Fe O2BO3, has been the subject of many studies in the materials-science and 21 condensed-matter-physics communities due to interest in the electronic and magnetic properties 22 and ordering behavior of the phase. One such study, undertaken on synthetic material of 23 endmember composition, reports X-ray diffraction structure refinements that indicate a phase 24 transition from Pbam to Pbnm at or just below approximately 283 K, determined subsequently to 25 arise from a Peierls-like instability. -
Meyerhofferite Cab3o3(OH)
Meyerhofferite CaB3O3(OH)5 • H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1. Rare as complex acicular to crude crystals, to ∼4 cm, in fibrous divergent, radiating aggregates, commonly reticulated; may be nodular. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {010}, perfect; in traces on {100} and {110}. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 2.120 D(calc.) = 2.125 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Colorless to white, pale yellow. Luster: Vitreous to silky. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X (165◦,62◦); Y (45◦300,47◦); Z (-83◦,55◦) [with c (0◦,0◦) and b∗ (0◦,90◦) using (φ,ρ)]. Dispersion: r> v.α= 1.500 β = 1.535 γ = 1.560 2V(meas.) = 78◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1. a = 6.632(1) b = 8.337(1) c = 6.4748(6) α =90.81(1)◦ β = 101.97(1)◦ γ =86.76(1)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Mt. Blanco, California, USA. (ICDD 12-411). 8.31 (100), 6.47 (100), 4.97 (25), 4.15 (20), 3.15 (20), 3.07 (20), 2.501 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) B2O3 46.40 46.71 CaO 25.45 25.08 + H2O 27.75 − H2O 1.01 H2O 28.21 Total 100.61 100.00 • (1) Mt. Blanco, California, USA. (2) CaB3O3(OH)5 H2O. Occurrence: Typically a minor component of sedimentary or lake-bed borate deposits. Association: Inyoite, colemanite, hydroboracite, ulexite. Distribution: In the USA, from the Mt. Blanco deposit and along Gower Gulch, Furnace Creek district, Death Valley, Inyo Co., and in the Kramer borate deposit, Boron, Kern Co., California.