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Vanessa Fronza Horemheb, O Escolhido De Rá: Legitimação E Identidade Faraônica No Fim Do Período Amarniano Curitiba 2015

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Vanessa Fronza Horemheb, O Escolhido De Rá: Legitimação E Identidade Faraônica No Fim Do Período Amarniano Curitiba 2015 VANESSA FRONZA HOREMHEB, O ESCOLHIDO DE RÁ: LEGITIMAÇÃO E IDENTIDADE FARAÔNICA NO FIM DO PERÍODO AMARNIANO CURITIBA 2015 VANESSA FRONZA HOREMHEB, O ESCOLHIDO DE RÁ: LEGITIMAÇÃO E IDENTIDADE FARAÔNICA NO FIM DO PERÍODO AMARNIANO Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura e Poder Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em História. Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes da Universidade Federal do Paraná como requisito parcial à obtenção do diploma de mestre. Professor orientador: Dr. Renan Frighetto CURITIBA 2015 AGRADECIMENTOS Dos inúmeros motivos que temos para agradecer diariamente, tenho aqui o desafio de elencar alguns deles, relacionados à realização desse trabalho de conclusão do Mestrado. Sendo assim, não minimizo a importância de cada uma das pessoas com quem compartilhei os últimos dois anos de vida, porém, utilizando nestes agradecimentos o critério do acompanhamento mais próximo do desenvolvimento dessa dissertação, selecionei algumas pessoas a quem eu gostaria de expressar de maneira personalizada a minha gratidão. Primeiramente, agradeço àqueles que tornaram minha formação possível: a meus pais, devo todo o suporte recebido desde que saí de casa para iniciar meus estudos há alguns milhares de quilômetros. Gostaria de citar especialmente minha mãe, minha fortaleza. Graças a sua energia e dedicação, a construção paulatina de tudo o que fui, sou e serei pôde se realizar. Sem ela, reinaria o nada absoluto. Por sua força, doação e exemplo de persistência, minha eterna gratidão. Meus agradecimentos se voltam também aos que se envolveram diretamente com as atividades desenvolvidas durante o período de Mestrado, começando pelo meu orientador, Prof. Renan Frighetto, pelo seu constante apoio e inabalável confiança, pelas discussões e conselhos teórico- metodológicos, e por me acompanhar desde 2008 numa pesquisa temporalmente muito distante de sua Hispania visigoda. Aos professores que participaram da qualificação desta dissertação e também da defesa: Marcella Lopes Guimarães e Moacir Elias Santos, ambos contribuíram com uma leitura atenciosa, além de conselhos e correções pontuais que aperfeiçoaram a construção deste trabalho. Devo salientar que a presença desses professores em minha formação remonta ao início da minha graduação, e, portanto, meus agradecimentos se estendem não apenas à participação na banca, mas também a todos os ensinamentos compartilhados durante esses anos. Meu muito obrigada ao Prof. Moacir pelo auxílio e incentivo constantes e por ter me conduzido nos primeiros passos do estudo de Egito antigo, e à Profª. Marcella, pela capacidade de expressar seu rigor acadêmico com uma inexplicável e severa doçura. Mais que isso, pela simples força da sua presença e pela inspiração para narrar e viver de História(s). Agradeço aos professores desta e de outras Universidades, com os quais tive a oportunidade de aprender os caminhos e descaminhos da História ou da Educação; e também aos professores das línguas que estudei, que me auxiliaram não apenas numa perspectiva cultural, mas com a possibilidade de um acesso mais amplo à bibliografia. À CAPES, pelo financiamento desta pesquisa e à Maria Cristina Parzwski, pela resolução eficiente dos problemas referentes às matrículas e documentações. A todos os estudiosos de Egito antigo com quem tive contato durante o período do Mestrado, especialmente a Fábio Frizzo, Gisela Chapot, Liliane Coelho, Maria Thereza David João, Nely Feitoza e Rennan Lemos, autores brasileiros cujos trabalhos – além do compartilhamento de materiais e das conversas que tivemos pessoalmente – contribuíram para o crescimento do meu, citando-os nessa dissertação, em uma tentativa absolutamente intencional de fortalecer e privilegiar a produção da pesquisa em Egito antigo no Brasil. Em um aspecto mais pessoal, gostaria de celebrar as amizades que fiz e mantive durante os anos de minha formação: os velhos amigos de Rondônia, sempre presentes apesar da distância, e os “novos” que conheci no Paraná e em outras partes do país; e entre eles eu poderia citar os colegas do Nemed, destacando a influência do “pessoal de Belize”, que colaborou na construção e questionamento do meu trabalho; também gostaria de ressaltar a importância dos “Amigos do Paul Ricoeur”- garantia de debates profícuos, risadas e partilha espontânea – e de outros tantos grupos de amizades feitas em Curitiba com quem tenho o privilégio de conviver e cuja lista de nomes seria um elemento destoante da brevidade dessa menção de gratidão. Muito obrigada a Gabriel Soares e Ronald “Akhena”Wilson, companhias “muy preciosas” em um momento de crise e crescimento que se revelou um marco definitivo na composição de minha pesquisa. Agradeço a parceria e paciência durante os poucos (e sempre insuficientes) dias passados às margens do Nilo. A Mohamed Kamal agradeço a simpatia, cuidados e indicações. Um justo agradecimento também a Otávio Luiz, mesmo do outro lado do oceano; pelo suporte logístico, acolhida solidária e por ter sido gentilmente um interlocutor de muitas das minhas preocupações pessoais e acadêmicas durante boa parte de meu percurso como historiadora. Obrigada igualmente a Vinicius Fadel, pelo companheirismo de longa data em solo italiano, pelo pouso certo e pela guarda cuidadosa de parte dos materiais adquiridos para esta dissertação. Meus agradecimentos à Elizabeth Frood e a todos os envolvidos na permissão do meu acesso a Bodleian Libraries, os poucos dias que pude passar consultando o acervo da Sackler Library representaram uma enorme contribuição a esta pesquisa. A Juarez Poletto, agradeço por nutrir minha vida de poesia e por - na reta final - me relembrar de que a beleza existe! Às famílias Antônio, Medeiros e Gazzotti, pela torcida afetuosa e interesse no desenvolvimento desta dissertação. E por último e mais importante, minha gratidão a Danilo Gazzotti, que acompanhou a escrita de cada linha deste trabalho e de seus desdobramentos, e por quem eu cultivo um amor maior do que aquele que eu tenho pelas histórias dos antigos habitantes das terras dos faraós. E certamente essa é a medida mais genuína e significativa que meu coração conhece para tentar o atrevimento de comparar o imensurável. A todos os citados e possíveis leitores, meus sinceros agradecimentos e votos de Vida, Prosperidade e Saúde. Resumo: O exercício do poder no Egito antigo era apoiado por um conjunto de elementos simbólicos e tradições que regiam a ação dos faraós. Durante a XVIII dinastia, que inaugura o Reino Novo (1550 – 1069 a.C.), esse modelo de governo faraônico sofre algumas transformações devido à reforma promovida por Akhenaton (1352 – 1336 a.C.). Após o fim de seu reinado, a restauração dos parâmetros político-religiosos tradicionais substitui o chamado período amarniano. A falta de herdeiros após algumas sucessões instáveis faz com que um funcionário real de origem militar torne-se faraó, mesmo sem vínculo de parentesco com a XVIII dinastia. É neste contexto que Horemheb (1323 – 1295 a.C.) chega ao governo do Egito, e esta pesquisa almeja analisar suas estratégias discursivas de legitimação no trono, interpretadas através do Texto de Coroação, e a construção da identidade faraônica arquitetada por este personagem a partir de fontes como o seu Edito e o Texto de Restauração. A documentação egípcia exige do historiador atenção para diferenciar aspectos figurativos e relatos factuais. Baseado nesta premissa, este trabalho reinterpreta algumas fontes a fim de fornecer uma pequena contribuição aos estudos sobre Egito antigo. Palavras-chave: Horemheb, restauração, identidade faraônica, período amarniano. Abstract: The use of power in Ancient Egypt was supported by a role of symbolic elements and traditions that conducted the Pharaohs‟ actions. During the eighteenth dynasty, that ushered the New Kingdom (1550 – 1069 BC), this model of pharaonic government underwent some changes due to the reform carried out by Akhenaton (1352 – 1336 BC). After the end of his reign, the restoration of the traditional political-religious patterns replaced the so-called Amarna Period. The lack of heirs after some unsteady successions results in a royal official of military origins to become the Pharaoh, even though he did not have any kinship with the eighteenth dynasty. It is in this context that Horemheb (1323 – 1295 BC) comes to the rule of Egypt, and this research aims to analyze his discursive strategies of legitimation to the throne interpreted through the Coronation Text, and the construction of a pharaonic identity architected by this character realized through sources like his Edict and the Restoration Text. The Egyptian documentary evidence requires the historian‟s attention to discern figurative aspects and factual reports. Based on this premise, this work reinterprets some sources in order to provide a new contribution to the studies about the Ancient Egypt. Keywords: Horemheb, restoration, pharaonic identity, Amarna period. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO....................................................................................................8 1. TRADIÇÃO, LEGITIMIDADE E MEMÓRIA..................................................17 1.1. Tradição: transformações e permanências no período amarniano..........................................................................................................18 1.2. Legitimação e suas representações: aparatos simbólicos do exercício do poder no Egito....................................................................................................44 1.3. Memória e (des)construção do passado amarniano...................................64
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