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Nitrogen Fixation, Soil Quality and Restoration Trajectories in Agricultural Matrices of Lowland Canterbury, New Zealand

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Nitrogen Fixation, Soil Quality and Restoration Trajectories in Agricultural Matrices of Lowland Canterbury, New Zealand Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Nitrogen fixation, soil quality and restoration trajectories in agricultural matrices of lowland Canterbury, New Zealand A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Shanshan Li Lincoln University 2017 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Abstract Nitrogen fixation, soil quality and restoration trajectories in agricultural matrices of lowland Canterbury, New Zealand by Shanshan Li The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between nitrogen (N)-fixing plants, associated symbiotic bacteria and soil properties, and to evaluate the ecological role of native N- fixing plants in the context of ecological restoration in agriculture landscapes of New Zealand. The work had a particular focus on a restoration project associated with a plantation forest to farmland conversion at Eyrewell in Canterbury. Approximately 150 ha has been set aside for ecological restoration, with an additional 150 ha of native plants being established on paddock and farm borders. The original dryland vegetation of nutrient-poor acidic soils is being restored and embedded within an intensively irrigated and fertilized agricultural matrix. A paucity of knowledge of the functional role of native N-fixing plants in New Zealand plant communities is probably surpassed by research addressing the widespread weed problem of invasive exotic N-fixing gorse and brooms. Five endemic species of the Leguminosae (Sophora prostrata, Sophora microphylla, Carmichaelia australis) and Rhamnaceae (Discaria toumatou), and three exotic species of Leguminosae (Securigera varia, Astragalus cicer and Cytisus proliferus) were investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out initially to isolate and identify N-fixing bacteria, with additional access to existing collections. N- fixing bacteria were then inoculated to native and exotic legumes in glasshouse experiments. Viable cultures of Frankia associated with Discaria were difficult to isolate and culture. A locally rare early- successional endemic species of non N-fixing plant (Pomaderris amoena, Rhamnaceae) was included in the study as a reference plant. Native and exotic legume species were grown with P. amoena in a pot experiment to investigate the relationship between their growth. Nitrogen, phosphorus and lime amendments were added to soils in a glasshouse pot experiment. A fertilizer trial was carried out in the field at Eyrewell. Native N-fixing species, associated assemblages of plants and soils in more natural plant communities in field in the Canterbury region were also located and described. iii The results showed that inoculation of N-fixing bacteria on legumes improved plant growth and nodulation but this varied according to species and plants’ age. Native N-fixing species were tolerant of but not responsive to high nitrogen agricultural soils. Urea fertilizer application led to increased soil acidity and phosphorus improved plant nodulation. There were some evidences that native species are adapted to New Zealand’s acidic soils. Native N-fixing plants are able to improve the growth of other native plants, and maintain or increase available nitrogen in soil. This was quantified and the amounts were shown to be significant. Native N-fixers were found to naturally occur within plant communities that support a large number of other native species. Experimental research showed they may contribute a different and more beneficial role than exotic legumes in diverse native plant communities. The findings of this research project indicated that N-fixing plants should be considered as an essential component of the restoration matrix in the ecologically-degraded landscapes of Canterbury and probably more widely in New Zealand. This research project has provided new insights into the interaction between N-fixing bacteria, N-fixing plants and soil properties, and the role of native N- fixers to restoration in agriculture landscapes. Keywords: Nitrogen fixation, Rhizobium, Leguminosae, ecological restoration, agricultural landscapes, nitrogen, phosphorus, soil nutrients. iv Acknowledgements I would especialy like to thank my advisor Prof. Nicholas Dickinson of the Agriculture and Life Sciences. Thanks for his advices, patient guidance and encouragement for my PhD research. I would like also to express my thanks to my co-supervisors Dr. Hayley Ridgway and Dr. Alan Gash who provided some lovely advices. I am grateful to Dr. Youngnam Kim, Dr. Rebecca Dollery, Mina Lee, Dr. Heng Wee Tan, Dr. Yingying Liu, Dr. Franklin Hannah, Dr. Hongtao Zhong, McGaw Sue, Amata Yuan, Wei Quan, Jennifer Liu, Neeraj Purushotham Balraj. Thanks to these friends and office mates for their encouragement and helps during my three years research time. I would like to say thanks to Dr. Juergen Esperschuetz who was doing postdoctoral research at Lincoln University, Soil Science laboratory manager Roger Cresswell, and technicians Qian Liang, Jiao Zhang, Manjula Premaratne, Candice Hume and Celine Blond. Their expert technologies contributed to my laboratory research and sample analysis. Additionally, I am grateful to Lincoln University nursery manager Brent Richards for his helps for the glasshouse experiments maintance, and to Frank Qian who helped a lot for my glasshouse and field experiments. I must to say thanks to my families and relatives who provided a lot of support either for my study or my daily life. I would like also to thank my friends Maoxi Chen, Xiayu Chen, Wenjun Liu, Danny Liu, Bo Gao and Yanxiang Meng. These people who I met in New Zealand and gave a lot of lovely encouragement to me. Finally, I would like to thank Lincoln University Doctoral Scholarship and Ngai Tahu farming Ltd, financially supported my personal living expense and my research. v Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviation of plant species and glossary .................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 General introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.2 Aims and objectives ..................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Aims of the research .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 2 Background and literature review ............................................................................ 5 2.1 History of New Zealand agriculture ..........................................................................................5 2.2 Restoration in agriculture landscapes ......................................................................................5 2.3 The role of nitrogen-fixers in succession ..................................................................................6 2.4 Biological and symbiotic nitrogen fixation ................................................................................6 2.5 Biological nitrogen fixation and agriculture ..............................................................................8 2.6 Legume and rhizobia symbioses ...............................................................................................9 2.7 New Zealand nitrogen-fixing plants ....................................................................................... 11 2.7.1 New Zealand Leguminosae ........................................................................................11 2.7.2 New Zealand’s native Rhamnaceae ...........................................................................15 2.8 The role of nutrients on nitrogen-fixing plants and soils ....................................................... 17 Chapter 3 Isolation and identification of N-fixing and related bacteria from three exotic legumes (Securigera varia, Astragalus cicer and Cytisus proliferus) .......................................................
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