Adaptation Des Bactéries Symbiotiques De Légumineuses

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Adaptation Des Bactéries Symbiotiques De Légumineuses Adaptation des bactéries symbiotiques de légumineuses métallicoles : effets des métaux lourds et de la plante hôte sur la composition des populations de rhizobia symbiotiques d’Anthyllis vulneraria et de Lotus corniculatus Roba Mohamad To cite this version: Roba Mohamad. Adaptation des bactéries symbiotiques de légumineuses métallicoles : effets des mé- taux lourds et de la plante hôte sur la composition des populations de rhizobia symbiotiques d’Anthyllis vulneraria et de Lotus corniculatus. Interactions entre organismes. Université Montpellier, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016MONTT153. tel-01684688 HAL Id: tel-01684688 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01684688 Submitted on 15 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’Université de Montpellier Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale GAIA (Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre, Eau) Et de l’unité de recherche du LSTM (Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes) Spécialité : Biologie des Interactions BDI Présentée par Roba MOHAMAD Adaptation des bactéries symbiotiques de légumineuses métallicoles : effets des métaux lourds et de la plante hôte sur la composition des populations de rhizobia symbiotiques d’ Anthyllis vulneraria et de Lotus corniculatus Soutenue le 15 décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de Mme Tatiana VALLAEYS Professeur université de Montpellier Présidente du jury M. Alain HARTMANN Directeur de recherche, INRA, Dijon Rapporteur Mme Sylvie NAZARET Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Lyon Rapporteur M. Antoine LE QUERE Chargé de recherche, IRD, Montpellier Invité Mme Brigitte BRUNEL Professeur SupAgro, INRA, Montpellier Directrice de thèse Délivré par l’Université de Montpellier Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale GAIA (Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre, Eau) Et de l’unité de recherche du LSTM (Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes) Spécialité : Biologie des Interactions BDI Présentée par Roba MOHAMAD Adaptation des bactéries symbiotiques de légumineuses métallicoles : effets des métaux lourds et de la plante hôte sur la composition des populations de rhizobia symbiotiques d’ Anthyllis vulneraria et de Lotus corniculatus Soutenue le 15 décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de Mme Tatiana VALLAEYS Professeur université de Montpellier Présidente du jury M. Alain HARTMANN Directeur de recherche, INRA, Dijon Rapporteur Mme Sylvie NAZARET Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Lyon Rapporteur M. Antoine LE QUERE Chargé de recherche, IRD, Montpellier Invité Mme Brigitte BRUNEL Professeur SupAgro, INRA, Montpellier Directrice de thèse Dédicaces À mon pays, à tous les Syriens, aux blessés, aux victimes et aux martyrs de cette guerre qui a l’âge de ma présence en France (cinq ans et neuf mois) « Mes pensées sont toujours vers ton avenir, si je suis là aujourd’hui, c’est grâce à toi et pour toi (La Syrie) » À mon père, À ma mère À mes frères et ma sœur À tous ceux qui me sont chers…. Remerciements Avant tout, je tiens à exprimer mes remerciements aux membres du jury, qui ont accepté d’évaluer mon travail de thèse. Je remercie chaleureusement M. Le Professeur Michel Lebrun , précèdent directeur du Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM) pour m’avoir accueillie au sein du laboratoire. Je remercie du fond du cœur Robin Duponnois , l’actuel directeur du LSTM, pour sa bienveillance, sa sympathie et son aide au cours de ces années en m’assurant les meilleures conditions pour finaliser mes travaux de thèse. J’ai résumé en quelques mots ce que je voulais te dire Robin pour ta fonction de directeur de l’unité. MAIS, d’un côté personnel, mes remerciements ne pe uvent être complets en quelques lignes. J’ai pensé qu’il serait facile pour moi de te remercier mais au final tout ce que je dis n’est pas à la hauteur de ce que je ressens. Tu as su prendre soin de moi en étant toujours présent pour m’aider et me guider. Si j’ai apprécié mon séjour au LSTM, c’est grâce à toi, à ton humour, à ta gentillesse et plein d’autres choses…. C’était toujours agréable de discuter avec toi. J’ai été extrêmement sensible à tes qualités humaines d'écoute et de compréhension. Je ne te remercierai jamais assez pour tout ce que tu as fait pour moi et j’espère que nous aurons toujours l’occasion de travailler ensemble. Je tiens à exprimer mes plus sincères remerciements à ma directrice de thèse Brigitte Brunel qui a été pour moi une directrice de thèse attentive et disponible malgré ses nombreuses occupations de professeur à l’école SupAgro de Montpellier. Sa compétence et sa rigueur scientifique m’ont beaucoup appris . Les nombreuses discussions scientifiques que nous avons pu avoir m’ont én ormément aidé et appris. T u m’as permis de prendre des initiatives, d’être responsable et indépendante. Nos discussions ont été toujours riches dans une très bonne ambiance que j’ai beaucoup appréciée rendant ainsi le travail avec toi tellement agréable. J ’ai apprécié également ma participation avec toi dans l’organisation des travaux pratiques à SupAgro pendant ces années de thèse. Je te remercie de m’avoir fait confiance tout au long de ce travail. Tu m’as toujours laissé une très grande autonomie tout en étant là pour me conseiller, réorienter mon travail quand il le fallait. Un grand merci pour tout ce que tu as fait pour moi pour pouvoir terminer ce travail en oubliant pas que grâce à toi, mes connaissances en français se sont beaucoup améliorées avec les nombreux messages que nous avons échangés au quotidien et avec tes nombreux conseils dans la construction des phrases « regarde sur internet comment on construit une phrase avec « alors que » !!! ». Je tiens à remercier aussi les professeurs et les chercheurs qui ont participé à mes comités de thèse : Estelle Jumas-Bilak, Anne willems, Yves Brin, Lionel Moulin, Antoine Lequéré et Agnieszka Klonowska . Un grand merci à vous tous pour vos nombreux conseils et d’avoir partagé vos connaissances avec moi. Le travail de cette thèse n’aurait jamais pu être finalisé sans l’aide et le soutien de certaines personnes : Anne Willems, un grand merci pour ton aide précieux dans les analyses de MALDI-TOF et l’hybridation d’ADN -ADN. Antoine Le Quéré, je te remercie chaleureusement pour ton aide en phylogénie, en biologie moléculaire et dans les corrections des articles. Tu étais à mes côtés surtout après ton retour du Maroc, prêt à m’aider, me conseiller et m’encourager. Travailler avec toi a été un pl aisir. Avec toi, je peux discuter facilement, tu es toujours à mon écoute et je t’en suis très reconnaissante. Géraldine Maynaud, j’ai eu une chance immense de t’avoir à mes côtés dès mon arrivée au LSTM. Je n’oublierai jamais ton aide pendant mon stage et au début de ma thèse. J’ai beaucoup apprécié ta façon de m’expliquer les expériences, tu as été pour moi une très bonne enseignante. Tu m’as appris beaucoup de choses. Même après ton départ du LSTM, tu ne m’as pas jamais abandonnée. Tu étais et tu es toujours disponible et prête à discuter quand j’en ai besoin. Un grand merci pour toi, pour ta patience. Tu as été pour moi, le meille ur exemple d’une thésarde très studieuse, sérieuse mais aussi ayant de nombreuses qualités humaines. Merci de tout mon cœur. Erika yashiro, un grand merci pour ton aide dans les analyses d’Unifrac. J’ai beaucoup apprécié ta rigueur scientifique et j’espèr e pouvoir continuer à collaborer et à travailler avec toi. Marjorie Pervent, je te remercie chaleureusement pour ton assistance dans mes expériences plantes et celles de biologie moléculaire pendant ces deux dernières années. J’ai apprécié ta motivation et ta ponctualité dans le travail et je t’en suis reconnaissante. Je remercie chaleureusement tous les agents du LSTM pour leur chaleureux accueil. Je tiens à remercier Marc Le Petit, le chef de l’équipe MASCE auquel j’appartiens et je remercie également le s membres de l’équipe. Des remerciements particuliers pour les personnes avec lesquelles j’ai partagé de nombreuses agréables discussions scientifiques et bien d’autres choses, autour de la table ou pendant la pause de café : Eric, Yves, Fabienne, Pierre T, Pierre C, Naïma, Jean-François, Ezékiel, Hervé, Clémence, Antoine G, Marc D, Philipe D, Odile, Julie, Estelle, Anouk, Karine, Laure, Valérie, Hassan et Marc T . Mes remerciements sont aussi adressés à Cathy Mortier et Nathalie Claudé pour leur aide dans les tâches administratives. Je tiens à remercier également les anciens collègues du LSTM : Lionel , Agnieszka, Gilles, Nathalie P et Delphine pour leur aide et leur sympathie. Je tiens à remercier également Lucette Maure et Marc Boursot pour leur aide dans mes expériences plantes avant qu’ils ne partent en retraite. Des remerciements un peu plus particuliers à Christine Le Roux pour sa sympathie. C’est difficile de trouver quelqu’un comme toi, aussi gentille, aussi sympathique et aussi a dorable. Tu étais toujours à mes côtés durant ces années de thèse. Je te remercie infiniment de m’avoir fait découvrir le monde culturel Français. Je me souviendrai toujours des nombreuses spectacles et soirées qu’on a fait ensemble. Joël Fardoux que j’ap pelle le soldat indispensable dans le monde de la science pour le fonctionnement du laboratoire. Un grand merci Joël pour l’aide que tu m’as apportée au quotidien, au niveau technique, durant mes années passées dans le laboratoire.
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