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A Review of Kōwhai (Sophora Spp.) and Its Potential for Commercial Forestry Lisa Nguyen1*, Karen Bayne2, and Clemens Altaner1

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A Review of Kōwhai (Sophora Spp.) and Its Potential for Commercial Forestry Lisa Nguyen1*, Karen Bayne2, and Clemens Altaner1 Nguyen et al. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science (2021) 51:8 https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs512021x157x E-ISSN: 1179-5395 published on-line: 22/07/2021 Research Article Open Access New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science A review of kōwhai (Sophora spp.) and its potential for commercial forestry Lisa Nguyen1*, Karen Bayne2, and Clemens Altaner1 1School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Avenue, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand 2Scion, 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand *Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received for publication 21 April 2021; accepted in revised form 3 July 2021) Abstract Background: Demand for imported sawn timbers in New Zealand has increased over the last decade,Sophora reflecting spp.) arethe Newlack of New Zealand-grown, naturally durable timber in the domestic market. Therefore, a market opportunity exists for heartwood.sustainably grown, naturally durable timbers in New Zealand for specialty applications. Kōwhai ( Zealand native tree species, known for their bright, yellow flowers and reported to produce coloured, naturally durable Methods: Information on kōwhai was collated from literature, focusing on their potential for commercial forestry. The taxonomic relationships, species descriptions, establishment, and growth rates of kōwhai were examined, along with timber properties and historical uses, as well as medicinal applications. The review identified potential market opportunities for Results:kōwhai and key areas for further research.Sophora Kōwhai refers to eight different species that are endemic to New Zealand. Kōwhai is easily established and the different species hybridise readily. While growth andTectona form of grandis kōwhai varies with species, site, and management, examples of straight single-stemmed trees and annual diameter increments exceeding 20 mm have been found. Kōwhai timber properties might be comparable to those of teak ( L.f.). Kōwhai contains alkaloids, a class of compounds used in pharmaceutical applications. The species have been used for timber and traditional medicine by Māori Conclusions:in the past, while European settlers used kōwhai for their durable and flexible timber. specialty timbers in New Zealand on account of their natural durability, strength, stiffness, colour, and density properties. Kōwhai could be established as a sustainable, domestic source of high-quality timber and substitute imported Key areas The residues could support a secondary industry, as a source of alkaloids for pharmaceutical applications or natural dyes. that require further study include growth rates and silviculture, mechanical timber properties, machining/ timbersprocessing in general characteristics, are barriers natural to promoting durability nativeand cytisine species levels for commercial in kōwhai, as forestry well as in the New cultural, Zealand. economic, and ecological framework required for a commercial kōwhai forestry industry. Lack of literature on, and expertise in the use of native Keywords: heartwood, indigenous forestry, natural durability, native forestry, specialty timbers, timber properties Introduction K Sophora New Zealand for their attractive foliage and beautiful, and other applications. The timber was hailed for its ōwhai ( spp.) trees are well-known throughout declinedurability, of nativestrength, forest and cover flexibility and availability (Blair 1879; of suitable Kirk 1889), but the use of kōwhai timber decreased with the bright yellow flowers, and are considered the country’s unofficial national flower (Salmon 1980; Wardle 2011). trees (Howard 1951). The Forest Amendment Act Though commonly planted in parks and gardens as particularly1993 ensured Pinus that radiatathe unsustainable D.Don, has logginglong supplanted of native ornamental species in current times, kōwhai were used forests was halted, and timber from exotic plantations, in the past by Māori and European settlers for timber © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Nguyen et al. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science (2021) 51:8 Page 2 Sophora, which is resource does not satisfy the demand for coloured or naturallynative timber. durable However, timbers. the current domestic plantation (Thomas & Spurway 2001). The genus part of the nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae family, is comprised of about 45 species of small shrubs and trees that are volumeNew Zealand’sof high value wood hardwood product imports sawn timber have increased imports native Sophorato Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Islands, South by about 70% over the last decade (Jones 2020). The America, and the United States (iNaturalist Network 3 3 2020). species are known for Sophoratheir emetic species and has increased from 22,000 m to 26,000 m from 2013 to areintoxicating also planted properties as ornamentals and some speciesaround are the used world. for concerns2018 (Ministry about for the Primary legality Industries and sustainability 2021b), valued of the at medicinal applicationsSophora cassioides(Tipa 2018). sourcesmore than of $50timber million being NZD imported annually. intoThere New are ongoingZealand S. secundifloraFor example, (Phil.) Sparre is an ornamental species in Chile (Hoffman 1982), while (Jones 2020). Currently, New Zealand has no legislation (Ortega) DC., which produces violet flowers, to prevent the import, export, or trans-shipment of is a common landscape plant in Texas, United States illegally harvested wood, unlike some key forestry (Forrester et al. 2020). Edwardsia section which Newtrading Zealand, partners there such is aas government Australia, the wood United procurement States, or The species that are endemic to New Zealand are the countries in the European Union (EU). However, in speciesamong theare 19endemic species to inNew the Zealand, two are native to procure timber and wood products only from legal and are distributed around the South Pacific. Of these, eight policy that requires government departments to Chile, two are found on Juan FernándezSophora Islands, toromiro and the sustainable sources (Ministry for Primary Industries seven other species are on islands in the Pacific and Indian 2020b). New Zealand has also begun to develop a Oceans (Mitchell & Heenan 2002). policy to address illegal logging (Ministry for Primary wildSkottsb., with a plantsspecies raised from thisfrom section seed thatendemic was collectedto Rapa Nui in Zealand-grownIndustries 2020a) wood and products. the forestry industry has been (Easter Island), was reintroduced after extinction in the workingInterest on inestablishing planting native a definition tree species of legality for fora wideNew seeds of the Sophora species in the Edwardsia section are range of purposes, typically focusing on habitat buoyantthe 1960s, and by can Thor retain Heyerdahl their viability (Shepherd in seawater,et al. 2020). which The restoration, is increasing in New Zealand. The focus has facilitated their dispersal around the South Pacific of Te Uru Rākau/Forestry New Zealand, includes (Mitchell & Heenan 2002; Sykes & Godley 1968). areindigenous becoming forestry the largest (Ministry owners for Primaryof privately-owned Industries Historically, only three kōwhai species were recognised forest2021a), land reflecting in New in Zealand.part the aspirationsNative forest of speciesMāori, who are Sophorain New Zealand chathamica but after taxonomicSophora revision fulvida by Heenan compatible with commercial aspects of forestry, as et al. (2001), five more speciesSophora were godleyi recognised, namely Lange, Sophora longicarinataCockayne, (Allan) Lophozonia menziesii andHeenan Sophora et de molloyi Lange, Heenan et de evidenced by New Zealand’s established silver beech G.Simpson et J.S.Thomson, ( (Hook.f.) Heenan et Smissen) Heenan et de Lange. Consequently, industry (Olson 2004) and the emerging Tōtara Industry historical information S.on microphylla kōwhai and Aiton, their S. propertiestetraptera commercialPilot project forestry (Tōtara speciesIndustry in PilotNew 2020).Zealand Other to meet native the should be examinedS. prostrata critically, Buchanan) as past and records considered tend to only the species, such as kōwhai have the potential to become refer to three species ( S. microphylla, with the species for commercial forestry in New Zealand because variationJ.Mill, and in morphology being attributed to geographic theydemand produce for specialty coloured timbers. heartwood, Kōwhai which may is be anecdotally promising variation.other five species as variants of naturally durable. are assumed to have Class 2 Sophora microphylla S. tetraptera were also Kōwhai and/or S. microphylla being in-ground durability, lasting at least 20 years in service, thought to occur in Chile and Gough Island in the past. For though this has not formally been tested (T. Singh, example, Hoffman (1982) refers to personal communication, June 22, 2020). occurrencesused in small of quantitieswhat was thoughtin Chile. to Since be S. themicrophylla taxonomic or descriptions,This review information summarises on thethe availableestablishment literature and S.revision tetraptera by Heenan in Chile etwere al. (2001)actually
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