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Oemona Hirta (Revised)

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EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 15-21045 Pest Risk Analysis for Oemona hirta (revised) September 2014 EPPO 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris www.eppo.int [email protected] This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM PM 5/3(5) Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests (available at http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOStandards/pra.htm) and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (available at https://www.ippc.int/index.php). This document was first elaborated by an Expert Working Group and then reviewed by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and if relevant other EPPO bodies. Cite this document as: EPPO (2014) Revised Pest risk analysis for Oemona hirta. EPPO, Paris. Available at http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm Photo:Adult Oemona hirta. Courtesy Prof. Qiua Wang, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University (NZ) 15-21045 (13-19036, 13-18422, 12-18133) Pest Risk Analysis for Oemona hirta This PRA follows the EPPO Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests PM 5/3 (5). A preliminary draft has been prepared by the EPPO Secretariat and served as a basis for the work of an Expert Working Group that met in the EPPO Headquarters in Paris on 2012-05-29/06-01. This EWG was composed of: Mr John Bain, Scion Forest Protection (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand Dr Dominic Eyre, Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK Dr Hannes Krehan, Federal Office, Vienna Institute of Forest Protection, Vienna, Austria Dr Panagiotis Milonas, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece Dr Dirkjan van der Gaag, Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, Netherlands Dr Qiao Wang, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Secretariat Ms Muriel Suffert – EPPO Secretariat Ms Fabienne Grousset – Consultant for EPPO who has prepared the draft PRA. In addition, comments were received from Dr Christian Cocquempot (INRA, Montpellier, France) and Dr Matteo Maspero (Fondazione Minoproprio, Vertemate con Minoprio, Italy). Core members (Mr Fried, Mr Guitian Castrillon, Ms Le Fay-Souloy, Ms Levi, Mr MacLeod, Ms Petter, Mr Pfeilstetter, Ms Schrader, Mr Sletten, Mr Steffek, Ms Ustun) reviewed the draft PRA between October and December 2012. The risk management part was reviewed by the EPPO Panel on Phytosanitary Measures on 2013-03-06. The EPPO Panel recommended that management measures should also be elaborated for wood commodities. The EPPO Council agreed in September 2013 that O. hirta should already be recommended for regulation as an A1 pest, with measures for the most risky pathway (plants for planting), and measures for wood, wood chips and wood waste to be elaborated later by the Panel. The Panel elaborated measures for wood commodities in 2014. They were approved by the Working Party in June 2014 and included in this revised version of the PRA. Contents (click to reach the section selected) Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Elements on the biology of the pest and its detection ...................................................................................................... 1 Initiation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Pest Risk Assessment ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Pest categorization ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Pest Risk Assessment Section B .................................................................................................................................... 10 Probability of entry of a pest ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Pathway 1: Plants for planting (other than seeds) of host species from New Zealand .............................................. 13 Pathway 2: Wood of host species from New Zealand ................................................................................................ 17 Probability of establishment ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Probability of spread ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Assessment of potential economic consequences ......................................................................................................... 29 Degree of uncertainty and Conclusion of the pest risk assessment ............................................................................... 37 Pest Risk Management ................................................................................................................................................... 38 Pathway 1: Plants for planting (other than seeds) of host species from New Zealand .............................................. 38 7.45 - Conclusions of the Pest Risk Management stage. ............................................................................................... 43 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Annex 1. Host species and genera, and their use in the PRA area................................................................................ 48 Annex 2. Distribution of Oemona hirta in New Zealand .................................................................................................. 60 Annex 3. Köppen-Geiger map......................................................................................................................................... 61 Annex 4. Imports of cut branches and cut roses from New Zealand .............................................................................. 62 Annex 5. Imports of wood from New Zealand ................................................................................................................. 63 Annex 6. Imports of plants for planting of host species from New Zealand .................................................................... 64 Annex 7. Areas (ha) grown in some countries of the PRA area for some host plants .................................................... 68 Annex 8. Phytosanitary import requirements of EPPO countries in relation to the various pathways ........................... 78 Introduction The interception of larvae of Oemona hirta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Wisteria plants in the UK in 2010 led to the preparation of a rapid assessment to determine the need for a detailed pest risk analysis (FERA, 2010). This assessment concluded that O. hirta presents a risk to forestry and amenity trees, commercial fruit crops and ornamental shrubs in the UK, and may also present a risk to citrus-growing countries. It therefore recommended that a detailed PRA was needed. In 2011, the Working Party on Phytosanitary Measures decided that an EPPO PRA should be prepared. O. hirta is an extremely polyphagous longhorn beetle that occurs only in New Zealand (Lu & Wang, 2005). Its original hosts were native New Zealand plants, but it expanded its host range to a large number of species exotic to New Zealand, in particular fruit and plantation trees. Citrus spp. are the hosts that are more frequently reported as being attacked in New Zealand (hence its common name ”lemon tree borer”), but the pest attacks over 200 host species from 81 families. The majority of hosts are trees (mostly deciduous) and shrubs, but the host list also comprises some vines or lianes (climbing plants with roots), and large perennial herbaceous plants with high stems. The host range of O. hirta includes many major fruit, nut and forest trees and shrubs of the PRA area, a large number of plants used as ornamentals, as well as species growing in the wild. In addition to findings in 2010, it had also been intercepted in the UK in 1983. Elements on the biology of the pest and its detection Duration of the life cycle The life cycle is recorded to last "at least 2 years in most parts of New Zealand" (Wang et al., 1998; Lu & Wang, 2005; Clearwater, 1981). Data are lacking on whether the duration of the life cycle varies in New Zealand. However, a shorter life cycle may be possible; for example, in a laboratory study at a constant temperature of 23°C, larvae completed their development (from emergence of larvae to pupation) in between 150 and 300 days (see also ”Larvae” below; Wang et al., 2002). Hence it is envisaged in this PRA that the pest may have an annual life cycle in some parts of the PRA area (see 3.03). Finally, a longer life cycle, three years, could also be possible, at least for part of a generation. Life stages Eggs. Eggs are large (2-2.2 mm). The egg stage lasts about 9-13 days: according to Dye (1950) it lasts for 13 days at 15.5°C and for 10 days at 23.6°C, and Wang et al. (2002) states that it lasts for 9 days at 23˚C. Eggs are generally laid at leaf and
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