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Tesi Dottorato Ravaioli Definitiva FACOLTÀ DI AGRARIA DIPARTIMENTO DI PROTEZIONE DELLE PIANTE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN PROTEZIONE DELLE PIANTE -XXI CICLO- Settore disciplinare AGR/012 Curriculum : Malattie ad eziologia complessa TESI DI DOTTORATO “INDAGINI SULL ’EZIOLOGIA DEL CANCRO CORTICALE DEL NOCE DA LEGNO , SUI FATTORI CONDIZIONANTI E SULLA RESISTENZA GENETICA DI JUGLANS .” Dottorando Tutore Dott. Fulvio Ravaioli Prof. Naldo Anselmi Co-Tutore Coordinatore Dott. Alfredo Fabi Prof. Leonardo Varvaro A.A. 2008-2009 INDICE 1. INTRODUZIONE pag.5 1.1. L’ ARBORICOLTURA DA LEGNO pag.5 1.2. IMPORTANZA DELLE LATIFOGLIE DI PREGIO pag.7 1.3. NORMATIVE COMUNITARIE E AGEVOLAZIONI ECONOMICHE pag.9 1.4. IL GENERE JUGLANS pag.12 1.5. IBRIDIZZAZIONE TRA SPECIE DI JUGLANS pag.13 1.6. PRINCIPALI SPECIE DI JUGLANS E GENERI AFFINI pag.15 1.6.1. NOCI DEL CENTRO AMERICA pag.15 1.6.2. NOCI DEL NORD AMERICA pag.17 1.6.3. NOCI INDOEUROPEI pag.20 1.7. JUGLANS REGIA : NOCE NOSTRANO DA LEGNO pag.22 1.7.1. ASPETTI BOTANICI pag.22 1.7.2. ESIGENZE AMBIENTALI pag.23 1.7.3. UTILIZZAZIONE DEL LEGNO pag.26 1.7.4. POTENZIALITÀ PRODUTTIVE pag.27 1.8. JUGLANDETI pag.31 1.9. PROBLEMATICHE FITOPATOLOGICHE DEL NOCE DA LEGNO pag.32 1.9.1. DANNI DA INSETTI pag.32 1.9.2. MALATTIE DI ORIGINE ABIOTICA pag.33 1.9.3. MALATTIE DI ORIGINE BIOTICA pag.34 1.9.3.1. Marciumi radicali pag.35 1.9.3.2. Antracnosi del noce pag.37 1.9.3.3. Macchie bianche delle foglie pag.38 1.9.3.4. Maculatura batterica pag.39 1.9.3.5. Cancri rameali pag.41 l.9.3.6. Cancro corticale del fusto pag.43 1.10. CENNI SULL ’ENDOFITISMO DEI FITOPATOGENI pag.45 2. OBIETTIVI DELLA TESI pag.47 3. MATERIALI E METODI pag.49 3.1. INDAGINI SULL ’EZIOLOGIA DEL CANCRO CORTICALE DEL FUSTO pag.49 2 3.1.1. MICRORGANISMI PATOGENI PRESENTI NEI CANCRI pag.49 3.1.1.1. Cancri da zone geografiche diverse pag.49 3.1.1.2. Isolamenti in epoche diverse pag.52 3.1.1.3. Cancri da fenotipi diversi pag.52 3.1.1.4. Cancri da cultivars o cloni di Juglans regia diversi pag.52 3.1.1.5. Cancri in diverso stadio evolutivo pag.52 3.1.1.6. Isolamento, identificazione e quantificazione dei microrganismi pag.55 3.1.2. INDAGINI SULLA PATOGENICITÀ DEI MICRORGANISMI RISCONTRATI pag.58 3.1.3. ANALOGIA CON I PATOGENI ASSOCIATI AI CANCRI RAMEALI pag.61 3.1.4. HABITUS ENDOFITICO DEI PRESUNTI AGENTI DEL CANCRO DEL FUSTO pag.63 3.1.5. ANTAGONISMO TRA I MICRORGANISMI RISCONTRATI NEI CANCRI pag.65 3.1.5.1. Saggi con colture duali pag.65 3.1.5.2. Saggi con filtrati Colturali pag.66 3.2. INDAGINI SUI FATTORI PREDISPONENTI LA MALATTIA pag.67 3.2.1. DENSITÀ DELLE PIANTE pag.67 3.2.2. CONCIMAZIONI ED IRRIGAZIONI pag.69 3.2.3. ALTRI FATTORI pag.71 3.3. INDAGINI SULLA RESISTENZA GENETICA ALLA MALATTIA pag.72 3.3.1. RILIEVI IN CAMPO pag.72 a) Impianto sperimentale di San Matteo delle Chiaviche di Mantova pag.72 b) Impianto pluriclonale di Rieti pag.72 c) Confronti tra Juglans regia e Juglans nigra pag.73 3.3.2. VALUTAZIONI ATTRAVERSO INOCULAZIONI ARTIFICIALI IN SERRA pag.74 a) Resistenza di cultivars diverse di Juglans regia pag.74 b) Resistenza di Juglans nigra in confronto con Juglans regia e relativi ibridi pag.74 c) Resistenze di specie diverse di Juglans in confronto con due generi similari, Carya e Prerocarya pag.74 3.3.2.1. Patogeni considerati e metodologie per le inoculazioni e per i Controlli pag.75 4. RISULTATI pag.77 4.1. QUADRO SINTOMATOLOGICO DELLA MALATTIA pag.77 3 4.2. INDAGINI SULL ’EZIOLOGIA DELLA MALATTIA pag.83 4.2.1. MICRORGANISMI RISCONTRATI NEI CANCRI pag.83 4.2.1.1. Zone geografiche diverse pag.83 4.2.1.2. Epoche differenti pag.92 4.2.1.3. Fenotipi diversi pag.93 4.2.1.4. Cultivars e cloni di Juglans regia diversi pag.96 4.2.1.5. Cancri in diverso stadio evolutivo pag.98 4.2.2. INDAGINI SULLA PATOGENICITÀ DEI MICRORGANISMI RISCONTRATI NEI CANCRI pag.102 4.2.3. ANALOGIA CON I PATOGENI ASSOCIATI AI CANCRI RAMEALI pag.105 4.2.4. HABITUS ENDOFITICO DEI PRESUNTI PATOGENI pag.108 4.2.5. PROVE DI ANTAGONISMO pag.114 4.2.6. PROBABILE QUADRO EZIOLOGICO DELLA MALATTIA pag.122 4.3. INDAGINI SUI FATTORI PREDISPONENTI LA MALATTIA pag.123 4.3.1. DENSITÀ DELLE PIANTE pag.123 4.3.2. CONCIMAZIONI ED IRRIGAZIONI pag.126 4.3.3. FATTORI VARI pag.129 4.4. RESISTENZA GENETICA ALLA MALATTIA pag.131 4.4.1. ANALISI DELLA RESISTENZA IN CAMPO pag.131 4.4.2. INDAGINI SULLA RESISTENZA ATTRAVERSO INOCULAZIONI ARTIFICIALI IN SERRA pag.134 4.4.2.1. Resistenza di cultivars diverse di Juglans regia pag.135 4.4.2.2. Resistenza di Juglans nigra , Juglans regia e relativi ibridi pag.139 4.4.2.3. Resistenze di specie diverse di Juglans in confronto con due generi similari, Carya e Prerocarya pag.141 5. SINTESI E CONSIDERAZIONI CONCLUSIVE pag.144 6. BIBLIOGRAFIA pag.147 ALLEGATO A pag.153 RINGRAZIAMENTI pag.158 4 1. INTRODUZIONE 1.1. L’ ARBORICOLTURA DA LEGNO Con il termine “arboricoltura da legno” si definisce l’occupazione temporanea e reversibile di terre a vocazione agricola, con l’impianto di specie arboree, destinate alla produzione di masse legnose finalizzate al prevalente utilizzo industriale o da lavoro. Con tale termine possono essere compresi impianti di conifere e di latifoglie a rapido accrescimento, piantagioni di latifoglie con legno di pregio, impianti a turno breve per la produzione di biomassa e l’agroselvicoltura. Tutti questi modelli colturali sono comunque caratterizzati da specifiche tecniche, finalità produttive e ricadute ambientali (MINOTTA , 2003). L’arboricoltura da legno è un settore della selvicoltura la cui rapida evoluzione degli ultimi anni ha rappresentato la risposta ai cambiamenti socio- economici che a loro volta hanno mutato i rapporti fra l’uomo e l’ambiente (B AGNARESI E GIANNINI , 1997). La crisi dell’agricoltura, l’abbandono delle colture e delle aziende agricole, il prevalere delle attività turistiche, industriali, artigianali o comunque di altre attività più remunerative, hanno reso disponibili nuovi spazi per le colture forestali; l’arboricoltura da legno, pertanto, è diventata uno strumento utile di “riconversione colturale”, in quanto sistema artificiale temporaneo o transitorio che, in taluni casi ed in determinate condizioni, può rappresentare la capacità di evoluzione verso un ecosistema forestale. L’arboricoltura da legno ha numerose finalità, fra le più significative ricordiamo: la valorizzazione dei fattori naturali di produzione; il riflesso sull’aumento della produzione legnosa, che consente di attenuare la pressione di utilizzazione nei boschi esistenti; la costituzione di una copertura arborea che rivaluta l’ambiente ed il paesaggio, la rete ecologica e la tutela dell’assetto del territorio, con la contemporanea eliminazione, nel caso degli impianti sostitutivi delle colture agrarie, dei danni ecologici conseguenti all’uso-abuso di concimi e di presidi fitoiatrici; ancora, l’arboricoltura da legno contribuisce alla riduzione delle produzioni agricole in eccesso, alla creazione di redditi alternativi per le aziende e ad una minore dipendenza dall’estero per le forniture di legname. L’arboricoltura da legno può certamente portare un contributo significativo all’economia interna del nostro Paese, attraverso diverse forme applicative mirate a 5 sfruttare e soddisfare l’ampia varietà delle situazioni ambientali ed infrastrutturali tipiche del nostro territorio, realizzabili con tecniche a basso impatto ambientale e che conducono alla produzione di una materia prima “ ancora lungi dall’essere eccedentaria sia in Italia che in Europa ” (MINOTTA , 2003). Non bisogna tuttavia sottovalutare che, per ottenere assortimenti di qualità soprattutto per gli impianti con latifoglie, è necessario adottare cicli piuttosto lunghi, con costi sensibili e conseguente “immobilizzazione” del fattore terra per lunghi periodi, con rischi alquanto elevati. In Italia, come in altri Paesi europei, negli ultimi anni si è assistita ad una generale rivalutazione dell’arboricoltura da legno, delle cosiddette “produzioni legnose fuori foresta”, nel quadro delle attività produttive del settore primario. I principali fattori che hanno portato a ciò sono: le sempre maggiori importazioni italiane ed europee di materia prima legno per soddisfare le crescenti esigenze dell’industria del settore; l’opportunità di alleviare la pressione antropica sulle foreste allo scopo di favorire un graduale miglioramento degli ecosistemi forestali; le opportunità legate alla possibilità di contribuire al riequilibrio ecologico e paesaggistico di tante aree agricole intensamente coltivate: l’opportunità di destinazioni alternative per molti terreni agricoli in fase di abbandono colturale, soprattutto di quelle collinari e montane; l’occasione di creare una copertura arborea che rivaluta l’ambiente e il paesaggio; l’opportunità di creare occasioni di lavoro. Questa situazione ha determinato, quindi, lo sviluppo di un’arboricoltura da legno basata su criteri diversi dal passato, dando importanza, oltre all’aspetto produttivo, anche all’aspetto ambientale e paesaggistico (MINOTTA , 2003). Il ruolo positivo che la moderna arboricoltura da legno può svolgere a sostegno dello sviluppo sostenibile del territorio rurale è stato ben recepito a livello legislativo nazionale ed internazionale, così come si evince dai sussidi previsti dai regolamenti comunitari per il rimboschimento dei terreni agricoli (vedi poi). 6 1.2. IMPORTANZA DELLE LATIFOGLIE DI PREGIO L’arboricoltura da legno con latifoglie di pregio è una coltura di alberi con legname di alto valore tecnologico e viene pertanto destinato a lavorazioni altamente remunerative, in particolare tranciatura, sfogliatura, segagione. E’ un tipo di coltura che presenta esigenze edafiche piuttosto elevate, con vegetazione, allo stato più o meno sporadico, nell’ambito di foreste mesofile più evolute, e le è universalmente riconosciuta una significativa importanza non solo dal punto di vista naturalistico, ma anche sotto il profilo estetico (MERCURIO E MINOTTA , 2000).
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