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Home , Alfaroa, Allocasuarina, Allocasuarina littoralis, Allocasuarina torulosa, Alnus cremastogyne, Alnus firma

Xiang et al., Page S1

Supporting Information Fig. S1. Examples of the diversity of diaspore shapes in .

Fig. S2. Cladogram of Fagales obtained from the 5-marker data set.

Fig. S3. Chronogram of Fagales obtained from analysis of the 5-marker data set in BEAST.

Fig. S4. Time scale of major fagalean divergence events during the past 105 Ma.

Fig. S5. Confidence intervals of expected clade diversity (log scale) according to age of stem group.

Fig. S6. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with BiSSE model.

Fig. S7. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with Mk1 model.

Fig. S8. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with MuSSE model.

Fig. S9. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with Mk1 model.

Fig. S10. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with BiSSE model.

Fig. S11. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with Mk1 model.

Fig. S12. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with MuSSE model.

Fig. S13. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with Mk1 model.

Fig. S14. Stratigraphy of fagalean genera.

Table S1 Genera of Fagales indicating the number of recognized and sampled , sizes, habits, pollination modes, and geographic distributions.

Table S2 List of taxa included in this study, sources of material, and GenBank accession numbers.

Table S3 Primers used for amplification and sequencing in this study.

Table S4 Fossil age constraints utilized in this study of Fagales diversification.

Table S5 Fossil reviewed in this study.

Xiang et al., Page S2

Table S6 Statistics from the analyses of the various data sets.

Table S7 Estimated ages for all families and genera of Fagales using BEAST.

Table S8 Age and diversification rates estimated for the nodes of interest in Fagales.

Xiang et al., Page S3

Figure S1-S14 Legends

Fig. S1. Examples of the diversity of diaspore shapes in Fagales. (1) hupehensis; (2) Betula luminifera; (3) equisetifolia; (4) Platycarya strobilacea; (5) Rhoiptelea chiliantha; (6) paliurus; (7) Carpinus cordata;

(8) Ostryopsis nobilis; (9) spicata; (10) Trigonobalanus doichangensis;

(11) Fagus hayatae; (12) Quercus viminea; (13) Corylus ferox; (14) mandshurica; (15) rubra; (16) Lithocarpus xylocarpus; (17) Carya illinoinensis.

Fig. S2. Cladogram of Fagales obtained from the 5-marker data set. Values above branches represent Bayesian posterior values, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony bootstrap values. (*) denotes the clades with 100% support, and (-) denotes the nodes not supported. The numbers in circles show the locations of fossil calibration points, as referred to Table S4.

Fig. S3. Chronogram of Fagales obtained from analysis of the 5-marker data set in

BEAST.

Fig. S4. Time scale of major fagalean divergence events during the past 105 Ma. Blue circles represent cladogenic events leading to the seven families. Black and red circles represent stem ages of the winged and wingless genera, respectively. Black and red Xiang et al., Page S4

squares represent the initial diversifications of the winged and wingless genera, respectively. Numbers indicate the node number, as referred to Fig. S3 and Table S7.

Fig. S5. Confidence intervals of expected clade diversity (log scale) according to age of stem group, given a fixed background diversification rate (r) equal to that of

Fagales as a whole. The black lines are the 95% confidence interval in the absence of

extinction (r = 0.0686). Quantitatively similar results were obtained for a relative

extinction fraction of 0.9. (A) Winged clades; horizontal dashed lines are the 95%

highest probability densities of ages estimated in BEAST. (B) Wingless clades;

horizontal lines as above.

Fig. S6. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with BiSSE model. Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S7. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with Mk1 model. Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S8. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with MuSSE model. Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S9. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Terminal taxa

correspond to those in Fig. S3. Xiang et al., Page S5

Fig. S10. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with BiSSE model.

Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S11. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with Mk1 model.

Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S12. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with MuSSE model. Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S13. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with Mk1 model. Terminal taxa correspond to those in Fig. S3.

Fig. S14. Stratigraphy of fossil fagalean genera based on macrofossil and information.

Xiang et al., Page S6

Table S1

Genera of Fagales indicating the number of recognized and sampled species, diaspore sizes, habits, pollination modes, and geographic distributions.

Family No. species No. spp. sampled Diaspore size Habit Pollination mode Distribution (mm) Alnus ~40 23 2−4 or anemophilous North Temperate Zone Betula ~60 21 1.5−5 trees or shrubs anemophilous Northern hemisphere Carpinus ~50 18 2−6 trees or shrubs anemophilous North temperate zone, Central America Corylus ~20 15 7−15 trees or shrubs anemophilous North temperate zone Ostrya 8 6 6−8 trees anemophilous North temperate zone Ostryopsis 2 1 4−6 shrubs anemophilous Western , Mongolia 58 6 3−8 trees or shrubs anemophilous Casuarina 17 12 3−8 trees or shrubs anemophilous Tropical , Australia Ceuthostoma 2 1 3−8 trees or shrubs anemophilous Gymnostoma 18 10 3−8 trees or shrubs anemophilous Australia, Castanea 12 6 15−30 trees entomophilous North Temperate Zone ~120 20 10−25 trees entomophilous tropical and subtropical Asia 2 2 8−13 trees anemophilous Western N America Fagus 10 9 15−25 trees anemophilous North Temperate Zone Quercus ~450 38 13−45 trees or shrubs anemophilous Northern hemisphere, tropical America Lithocarpus ~300 14 16−35 trees entomophilous Tropical Asia, southwestern USA Trigonobalanus 3 2 4−5 trees anemophilous, secondarily , northern S America entomophilous Xiang et al., Page S7

Juglandaceae 7 4 16−25 trees anemophilous Central America Carya (incl. ) 18 13 16−40 trees anemophilous Eastern N America, China, northern Cyclocarya 1 1 7 trees anemophilous Eastern China Engelhardia (incl. Alfaropsis) 7 4 3−6 trees anemophilous Indo-China, Indo-Malaysia Juglans 20 13 25−50 trees anemophilous North Temperate Old world, America Platycarya 1 1 3−6 trees or shrubs entomophilous Eastern Asia Pterocarya 6 6 6−9 trees anemophilous Eastern and central Asia Oreomunnea 2 2 7−10 trees anemophilous Central America Rhoiptelea 1 1 2−3 trees anemophilous SW China, N Vietnam Morella ~48 11 10−20 trees or shrubs anemophilous Temperate or subtropical regions of both hemisphere Myrica 2 2 2.5−3 anemophilous Eastern N America 1 1 20 shrub anemophilous Eastern N America Canacomyrica 1 1 10 or shrub entomophilous New Caledonia Nothofagaceae Nothofagus 35 23 6−7 trees or shrubs anemophilous South America, Australasia Ticodendraceae Ticodendron 1 1 35 trees anemophilous Tropical America

Data are obtained from several sources (Hewson, 1989; Johnson and Wilson, 1993; Kubitzki, 1993; Herbert et al., 2006; Electronic databases: www.efloras.org). Xiang et al., Page S8

Table S2

List of taxa included in this study, sources of plant materials, and GenBank accession numbers.

Species Voucher Accession number rbcL matK trnL trnL-F atpB-rbcL Betulaceae Alnus acuminata Xia K et Zhou ZK 200813, KUN KF418925 KF419022 KF418978 KF419068 KF418869 A. cordata FJ844569 FJ844590 - - - A. cremastogyne LDXR 137, PE FJ844571 KF419023 KF418979 KF419069 KF418870 A. firma AB060562 AB060053 AB063548 - - A. formosana Ying TS 001, PE KF418926 KF419024 KF418980 KF419070 KF418871 A. glutinosa Feng M 967024, PE KF418927 KF419025 AF327573 - FJ423675 A. hirsuta Chen ZD et Hong DY 9811033, PE FJ844576 KF419034 FJ012047 FJ012047 - A. incana Chen ZD 0712, PE X56618 KF419026 AF327574 - FJ423677 A. japonica Chen ZD et Hong DY 9811045, PE FJ844577 KF419035 AY211427 AY211427 - A. mandshurica Chen ZD 2118, PE KF418928 KF419036 - - - A. maritima Li JH et Chen ZD 20011217-4, PE KF418929 KF419027 KF418981 KF418981 KF418872 A. matsumurae FJ844578 FJ844595 - - - A. nepalensis Chen ZD 9501, PE KF418930 KF419028 KF418982 KF419071 FJ423678 A. nitida Chen ZD 2014, PE KF418931 KF419029 KF418983 - KF418873 A. orientalis Chen ZD 2005, PE KF418932 KF419030 KF418984 KF419072 - A. rubra Chen ZD 2008, PE KF418933 KF419031 KF418985 KF419073 KF418874 A. rugosa FJ844593 FJ844600 - - - A. serrulata FLAS 201719, PE KF418934 KF419032 KF418986 KF419074 - A. serrulatoides FJ844586 FJ844603 - - - A. sinuata Chen ZD 357-97B, PE AY263926 AY263914 AY147067 AY147067 KF418875 A. trabeculosa FJ844588 FJ844604 - - - A. viridis Chen ZD 990010, PE KF418935 KF419033 DQ860513 - KF418876 Chen ZD 990020, PE KF418936 AY372015 KF418987 KF419075 KF418877 B. alnoides - FJ011821 FJ012051 FJ012051 FJ423679 B. costata GU373375 GU373389 - - B. dahurica - FJ011824 FJ012054 FJ012054 FJ423680 Xiang et al., Page S9

B. ermanii Chen ZD 2121, PE KF418937 AY372016 KF418988 KF419076 KF418878 B. fruticosa GU373338 AY372017 GQ244637 - - B. glandulosa Xia K et Zhou ZK 200814, KUN KF418938 KF419037 KF418989 KF419077 KF418879 B. insignis GQ248555 GQ248086 - - - B. lenta Feng M 967014, PE KF418939 AY372019 KF418990 KF419078 FJ423682 B. luminifera Chen ZD 960500, PE KF418940 KF419038 KF418991 KF419079 - B. medwediewii Chen ZD 0967, PE KF418941 KF419039 KF418992 KF419080 KF418880 B. neoalaskana GU373370 AY372026 GQ244640 - - B. occidentalis Chen ZD et Hong DY 9811037, PE KF418942 AY212012 AY211428 - KF418881 B. papyrifera Chen ZD 990022, PE X56617 AY372022 KF418993 KF419081 KF418882 B. pendula Chen ZD 200804, PE KF418943 AY372011 AF327578 - KF418883 B. platyphylla AY263927 AB015457 FJ012060 FJ012060 FJ423685 B. populifolia Chen ZD et Hong DY 9811036, PE KF418944 AY372024 KF418994 KF419082 KF418884 B. pumila GU373377 GU373399 - - - B. schmidtii - AY372027 FJ012061 FJ012061 FJ423686 B. utilis - AY191717 FJ012062 FJ012062 FJ423687 AY263928 AJ417511 AF327579 - FJ423640 C. caroliniana X56621 AY212016 AY211399 AY211399 FJ423639 C. cordata Hong YP 99054, PE KF418945 AY211986 AY211400 AY211400 FJ423641 C. fangiana - AY211987 AY211402 AY211402 FJ423642 C. japonica - FJ011786 FJ012015 FJ012015 FJ423643 C. kawakamii Xia K et Zhou ZK 200815, KUN KF418946 KF419040 KF418995 KF419083 KF418885 C. laxiflora AB060585 AB060076 AY211403 AY211403 FJ423645 C. londoniana - AY211990 AY211406 AY211406 FJ423646 C. monbeigiana - AY211991 AY211410 AY211410 - C. orientalis Zhou ZK 200805, KUN KF418947 AJ417516 KF418996 - FJ423648 C. polyneura - FJ011790 FJ012020 FJ012020 FJ423649 C. pubescens - AY211995 AY211411 AY211411 - C. putoensis - AY211791 AY211412 AY211412 - C. rankanensis - FJ011791 FJ012021 FJ012021 FJ423650 C. tientaiensis - AY211997 AY211413 AY211413 FJ423651 C. tschonoskii Chen ZD 0752, PE KF418948 AY211998 AY211414 AY211414 AB237228 C. turczaninowii - AY211999 FJ012024 FJ012024 FJ423652 C. viminea HQ427161 AY212000 AY211416 AY211416 FJ423653 Xiang et al., Page S10

Corylus americana Chen ZD 990063, PE KF418949 AB015459 AY211417 AY211417 KF418886 C. avellana AY263929 AY373443 AY147072 AY147072 FJ423655 C. chinensis Chen ZD 961222, PE KF418950 AF297385 AY211418 AY211418 FJ423656 C. colurna Chen ZD 0745, PE KF418951 AF297383 KF418997 KF419084 FJ423657 C. cornuta X56619 AF297368 AY211419 AY211419 - C. fargesii - FJ011799 FJ012029 FJ012029 FJ423658 C. ferox - FJ011800 FJ012030 FJ012030 FJ423659 C. heterophylla Feng M et Huang CZ 969019, PE KF418952 AF297380 KF418998 KF419085 FJ423661 C. jacquemontii Xia K et Zhou ZK 200816, KUN KF418953 AF297390 KF418999 KF419086 KF418887 C. mandshurica Chen ZD 2143, PE KF418954 KF419041 KF419000 KF419000 FJ423664 C. maxima Xia K et Zhou ZK 200817, KUN KF418955 AF297366 KF419001 KF419087 KF418888 C. sieboldiana - AF297376 FJ012036 FJ012036 FJ423663 C. yunnanensis - AF297382 FJ012037 FJ012037 - Ostrya carpinifolia Chen ZD 2011, PE KF418956 AY212004 AY211420 AY211420 FJ123667 O. japonica Chen ZD et Hong DY 1988-33-1, PE KF418957 AY212005 AY211421 AY211421 FJ423668 O. knowltonii - AY212006 AY211422 AY211422 FJ423669 O. multinervis Luo ZC 02, PE KF418958 KF419042 KF419002 KF419088 - O. rehderiana Lu AM 9903, PE KF418959 AY212007 AY211424 AY211424 FJ423670 O. virginiana X56620 AY212009 AY211425 AY211425 FJ423671 Ostryopsis nobilis Li WH et Hu Y 422, PE KF418960 FJ011814 AY211426 AY211426 FJ423672 Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina decussata AY033855 AY033834 - - - A. lehmanniana Li LQ et al. 052, PE AY033851 AY191640 KF419003 KF419089 KF418891 A. littoralis AY033849 AY191651 - - - A. muelleriana L28948 AY191648 - - - A. torulosa AY033850 AY191659 - - - A. verticillata X69527 AY191656 - - - Casuarina collina AY033856 AY033835 - - - C. cristata - AY191698 - - - C. cunninghamiana X69528 AY033836 - - - C. equisetifolia Feng M 967021, PE AY263930 AY015462 AY147090 AY147090 KF418890 C. incana - AY191700 - - - C. obesa AY033853 AY191709 - - - C. oligodon - AY191706 - - - Xiang et al., Page S11

C. parapotamia - AY191712 - - - C. stricta - U92858 - - - C. riparia - AY191711 - - - C. timorensis - AY191710 - - - Ceuthostoma terminale AY033860 AY033838 - - - Gymnostoma chamaecyparis AY033861 AY033839 - - - G. glaucescens AY033864 AY033841 - - - G. deplancheanum AY033862 AY191682 - - G. intermedium AY033864 AY033842 - - G. leucodon AY033865 AY191683 - - G. nobile AY033866 AY191687 - - - G. nodiflorum AY033867 AY191691 - - - G. sumatranum AY033870 AY191693 - - - G. webbianum X69531 AY191680 - - - Fagaceae Castanea crenata AB060565 AB060056 AY211426 AY211426 AB107615 C. dentata Xia K et Zhou ZK 200801, KUN KF418892 AY042419 AF344180 AF344180 KF418832 C. henryi - EF057123 EF057147 EF057147 AY042450 C. mollissima Chen ZD 200010533, PE KF418893 EF057128 AF344182 AF344182 KF418833 C. sativa AF500363 - AF327580 AF344183 AY548965 C. seguinii AY263937 AY263920 AY147082 - - Castanopsis amabilis EF057136 EF057159 EF057159 - C. argyrophylla Xiang XG 291, PE KF418894 AY040497 - AB106933 FJ185059 C. calathiformis - EF057131 EF057144 EF057144 - C. carlesii - FJ185052 AY714633 AY714633 FJ185060 C. cerebrina - EF057130 EF057142 EF057142 - C. chinensis JF941159 HQ415399 HE608965 HE608965 HE608966 C. cuspidata AB060563 AB060054 AB063525 AB063549 AB124939 C. delavayi - EF057138 EF057151 EF057151 - C. eyrei - EF057125 EF057152 EF057152 - C. fabri - EF057132 EF057158 EF057158 - C. fargesii - EF057133 EF057157 EF057157 - C. fissa Xiang XG 321, PE KF418895 EF057128 EF057140 EF057140 FJ185061 C. henryi - EF057123 - - - Xiang et al., Page S12

C. inermis AB125011 AB125028 AB124977 - AB124941 C. lucida AB125012 AB125029 AB124978 - AB124942 C. sclerophylla - EF057137 EF057146 EF057146 - C. sieboldii AB060564 AY060055 - AB106931 AB124940 C. tibetana Li JQ 0603, PE AY147096 AY263921 AY147083 AY147083 KF418834 C. uraiana - EF057135 EF057156 EF057156 - Chrysolepis sempervirens AF061995 U92863 - - - C. chrysophylla Xia K et Zhou ZK 200811, KUN KF418896 KF419004 KF418961 KF418961 FJ185062 Chen ZD 2004090604, PE AB060567 AB046503 - AB043751 KF418849 F. engleriana Luo ZC 03, PE KF418909 AY042391 KF418972 KF418972 AY042403 F. grandifolia AY935745 U92861 AY147087 AY147087 AY042412 F. hayatae JF941505 JF953714 AB046522 AB046522 AY042414 F. japonica Ying JS 2004090603, PE AB060566 AB046505 KF418973 KF418973 AB124944 F. longipetiolata JF941509 AY042402 - - AB042414 F. lucida Luo ZC 05, PE KF418910 EF057139 EF057162 EF057162 AY042409 F. orientalis Zhou ZK 200801, KUN KF418911 AY042396 AF533691 AF533691 AY042408 F. sylvatica Zhou ZK 200802, KUN L13340 KF419012 - AB070965 AY042405 Lithocarpus bancanus AB125013 AB125030 - - AB124945 L. cleistocarum - EF057117 EF057148 EF057148 - L. dealbatus - EF057115 EF057150 EF057150 AY182856 L. echinophorus - EF057116 EF057149 EF057149 AY182859 L. edulis AB060569 AB060060 AB063531 AB063555 AB124946 L. fenestratus Hong YP 017, PE KF418897 KF419005 EF057161 EF057161 KF418835 L. glaber AB060568 HQ427322 AB063530 AB063554 AB124947 L. henryi Chen ZD 961124, PE AY147097 EF057119 AY147086 AY147086 KF418836 L. litseifolius - EF057121 EF057153 EF057153 - L. lucidus Xia K et Zhou ZK 200820, KUN AB125014 AB125031 AB124980 - KF418837 L. pachylepis - FJ185054 - - FJ185065 L. paihengii Xiang XG 292, PE KF418898 KF419006 KF418962 KF419043 KF418838 L. wallichianus AB125015 AB125032 - - AB124949 L. xylocarpus - FJ185055 - - FJ185066 Quercus acutissima AB060578 AB060069 - AB063564 AB124951 Q. alba Xia K et Zhou ZK 200802, KUN KF418899 - KF418963 KF419044 AY042501 Q. argentata AB125016 AB125033 - AB124999 AB124953 Xiang et al., Page S13

Q. arizonica Xia K et Zhou ZK 200803, KUN KF418900 AY042491 KF418964 KF419045 - Q. bicolor Xia K et Zhou ZK 200804, KUN KF418901 KF419007 - - KF418839 Q. castanea Xia K et Zhou ZK 200805, KUN KF418902 KF419008 KF418965 KF419046 KF418840 Q. cerris AB125017 AB125034 - AJ002164 AB124954 Q. chrysolepis Xia K et Zhou ZK 200806, KUN KF418903 - KF418966 KF419047 KF418841 Q. ciliaris HQ427169 HQ427318 - - - Q. coccifera AB125018 AB125035 - AJ002160 AB124955 Q. corrugata JQ592114 JQ587931 - - - Q. dentata AB060579 AB060070 - AB063565 AB124956 Q. falcata Xia K et Zhou ZK 200807, KUN KF418904 - - AY586318 - Q. frainetto FN675741 HE583629 HM770035 HM770035 - Q. gemelliflora AB125019 AB125036 AB124985 - AB124957 Q. glauca AB060571 AB060062 - AB063557 AB124959 Q. hondae - AB060074 - - AB124960 Q. ilex AB125020 AB125037 AF268939 AF268939 AB124961 Q. ithaburensis FN675729 FN675333 AF133647 AF133647 - Q. lyrata AB125021 AB125038 AB124987 - AB124962 Q. macrocarpa HQ590229 EU749362 - - - Q. mexicana Xia K et Zhou ZK 200808, KUN KF418905 KF419009 KF418967 KF419048 KF418842 Q. mongolica AB060584 AB060075 AB043747 AB727901 AB727909 Q. monimotricha Xia K et Zhou ZK 200809, KUN KF418906 KF419010 KF418968 KF419049 KF418843 Q. multinervis Chen ZD 961142, PE AY263938 AY263922 - AY147084 KF418844 Q. myrsinifolia AB060572 AB060063 - AB063558 FJ185068 Q. nigra Xia K et Zhou ZK 200818, KUN EU002284 EU002188 KF418969 KF419050 KF418845 Q. oleoides AB125022 JQ587933 - - - Q. palustris AB125023 AB125040 AB124989 - AB124967 Q. petraea AB125024 AB125041 HM770060 HM770060 AY042509 Q. phillyraeoides Xia K et Zhou ZK 200819, KUN AB060573 AB060064 AB063559 - KF418846 Q. polycarpa - HE583742 HM770046 HM770046 - Q. pubescens FN675736 HE966980 AF133652 AF133652 AY042508 Q. robur AB125025 AB125042 AF268937 AF268937 AB124970 Q. rubra Marello et al. 123, PE AB125026 AB124043 AB124992 - KF418847 Q. suber AB125027 AB124044 AF268938 AF268938 AB124975 Q. tomentella Xia K et Zhou ZK 200810, KUN KF418907 U92865 KF418970 KF419051 FJ185071 Xiang et al., Page S14

Q. variabilis AB060574 AB060065 - AB063560 AB124976 Trigonobalanus verticillata AB084766 AB084769 AY147085 AY147085 AB084774 T. doichangensis Xiang XG 366, PE KF418908 KF419011 KF418971 KF419052 KF418848 Alfaroa costaricensis - - - AF303776 AF303749 Alfaroa guanacastensis Chen ZD 200801, PE KF418912 KF419013 - AF303777 AF303750 Alfaroa manningii - - AF303778 AF303778 AF303751 Alfaroa williamsii - U92849 AF303779 AF303779 AF303752 Carya aquatica Zhang JW et Susan 200703, PE - - - KF419055 KF418855 C. cathayensis Sun HY 815-40, PE - - - KF419056 KF418856 C. cordiformis Chen ZD 990015, PE HQ590020 HQ593223 - AF303793 AF303766 C. floridana Chen ZD 7069, PE - - - KF419057 KF418857 C. glabra Chen ZD 0750, PE L12637 - - AF303796 AF303769 C. hunanensis Ren BQ 162, PE KF418915 KF419016 - KF419058 KF418858 C. illinoinensis Zhang JW et Susan 200701, PE U00436 KF419017 - KF419059 AF303771 C. laciniosa Chen ZD 2010055, PE - - - KF419060 KF418859 C. mystriciformis Zhang JW et Susan 200702, PE KF418916 KF419018 - AF303794 AF303767 C. ovalis Chen ZD 2010038, PE - - - KF419061 KF418860 C. ovata Chen ZD 2010056, PE AY263931 U92850 - AF303795 AF303768 C. sinensis AY263935 AY263919 - AF303791 AF303764 Cyclocarya paliurus AY263942 AY147098 AY147075 AY147075 AF303763 Engelhardia roxburghiana - HQ415111 - AF303774 AF303747 E. fenzelii Li ZY 11186B, PE AY147095 AY147099 AY147076 AY147076 - E. serrata Xiang XG 346, PE KF418914 KF419015 - EF141001 KF418854 E. spicata HQ415289 - - AF303775 AF303748 Juglans ailanthifolia Chen ZD 200803, PE KF418917 AF118024 KF418975 KF419062 AY293314 J. australis - AF118025 AY213169 AY213169 AY293319 J. californica - AF118027 AY293384 AY293384 AY293323 J. cathayensis Xiang XG 265, PE KF418918 AF118028 AY293396 AY293396 AY293312 J. cinera Sun HY 2005, PE KF418919 AF118029 AY293392 AY293392 AY293318 J. hindsii - AF118031 AY293338 AY293338 AY293326 J. major - AF118032 AY293386 AY293386 AY293325 J. mandshurica AY263932 AF118033 AY147077 AY147077 AY293397 J. microcarpa - AF118034 - AF303784 AY293324 Xiang et al., Page S15

J. neotropica - AF118035 AY231168 AY231168 AY293321 J. nigra AF206785 U92851 AY231170 AY231170 AY293327 J. olanchana - AF118037 AY293387 AY293387 AY293328 J. regia Xiang XG 293, PE KF418920 AF118038 AY293395 AY293395 AY293322 Oreomunnea mexicana Chen ZD 200802, PE KF418913 KF419014 - KF419054 AF303753 Oreomunnea pterocarpa - - - EF141006 EF140996 Platycarya strobilacea AY263933 AY147100 AY147078 AY147078 AF303754 Pterocarya delavayi Liu ED 200801, KUN - - - KF419063 KF418861 Pterocarya fraxinoifolia Xiang XG 317, PE KF418921 KF419019 - KF419064 - P. macropetra - - - AF303787 AF303760 P. stenoptera Xiang XG 284, PE KF418922 AF118042 KF418976 KF419065 AY293313 P. tonkinensis Xiang XG 344, PE - AF118043 - KF419066 KF418862 Rhoiptelea chiliantha AF017687 U92852 AY147081 AY147081 AF303746 Myricaceae Comptonia peregrine Chen ZD 20070731, PE AJ626756 U92856 AY263905 AY263905 KF418863 Canacomyrica monticola DQ310504 - DQ263905 DQ263905 - Myrica gale X69530 AY191715 DQ501454 DQ501454 - M. hartwegii DQ310503 - DQ310507 DQ310507 - Morella californica Schultz LN 4956, PE AJ626763 - DQ501438 DQ501438 KF418864 M. caroliniensis GQ248648 GQ248162 DQ501437 DQ501437 - M. cerifera Chen ZD 20061124, PE AJ626759 U92857 AY147089 AY147089 KF418865 M. cordifolia DQ310502 - DQ310506 DQ310506 - M. faya AJ626761 - DQ501436 DQ501436 - M. nana Xiang XG 250, PE KF418923 KF419020 DQ501446 DQ501446 KF418866 M. pensylvanica Kong HZ 0701, PE AJ626758 AY491657 KF418977 KF419069 KF418867 M. pilulifera JF265521 JF270867 DQ501426 DQ501426 - M. quercifolia AJ626760 - DQ501433 DQ501433 - M. rivas-martinezii AJ626762 - DQ501435 DQ501435 - M. rubra Xiang XG 255, PE KF418924 KF419021 DQ501448 DQ501448 KF418868 Nothofagaceae Nothofagus alpine L13342 - - - - N. antrarctica L13343 AY263924 AY147091 AY147091 AF015689 N. alessandrii Xiang XG 201001, PE AY605489 - - AY605519 KF418850 N. balansea L13344 - - - - Xiang et al., Page S16

N. betuloides L13345 - - GQ863315 - N. brassii L13346 - - - - N. codonandra L13347 - - - - N. cunninghamii L13348 U92859 - AY605528 AY605490 N. discoidea L13349 - - - - N. dombeyi Xia K et Zhou ZK 200821, KUN L13350 - KF418974 KF419053 KF418851 N. fusca L13351 - AY605501 AY605521 - N. glauca Xia K et Zhou ZK 200822, KUN L13352 - - AY605522 KF418852 N. grandis L13353 - - - - N. gunnii Xiang XG 201002, PE L13354 - - AY605523 KF418853 N. menziesii L13355 - AY605504 AY605524 - N. moorei AY605495 - - AY605525 AF015704 N. nitida AY745881 U92860 - AY745882 AF015702 N. oblique AY605496 AJ581438 - AY605526 AF015706 N. perryi L13359 - - GQ863387 - N. pumilio L13360 - - - - N. resinosa L13361 - - - - N. solandri AY605497 AB015464 - AY605527 AF015708 N. truncata L13363 - - AY605520 AF015709 Ticodendraceae Ticodendron incognitum Chen ZD 20040909001, PE AB015455 U92855 AY147073 AY147073 KF418889 Outgroups Cucurbitales Anisophyllea fallax AF127696 AY935923 AY968560 - - Coriaria nepalensis AY968522 AB016460 - - - Cucumis sativus DQ535747 DQ536662 DQ536765 DQ536765 - Rosales Celtis philippensis AY263941 AY263925 - - - Morus alba L01933 AY257531 - - - Rhamnus cathartica L13189 AY257533 - - - Urtica urens FJ432249 EU002192 - - - Fabales Polygala vulgaris AJ829703 EU604046 - - - Xiang et al., Page S17

Quillaja saponaria U06822 AY386843 - - - Stylobasium australe U07679 EU604032 - - - Celastrales Brexia madagascariensis L11176 AY935899 AY968576 - - Malpighiales Humiria balsaminifera L01926 EF135549 AF350941 AF350941 -

PE: Chinese National Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences; KUN: Herbarium, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese

Academy of Sciences.

Xiang et al., Page S18

Table S3

Primers used for amplification and sequencing in this study.

Region Primer Sequence (5’ to 3’) Reference rbcL 1F ATG TCA CAC AAA CAG AAA CT Chen et al. (1998) 991R CGG TAC CAG CGT GAA TAT GAT Chen et al. (1998) 1494R GAT TGG GCC GAG TTA ATT AC Chen et al. (1998) matK trnK3914 GGG GTT GCT AAC TCA ACG G Johnson and Soltis (1995) AF CTA TAT CCA CTT ATC TTT CAG GAG T Kato et al. (1998) 06F TCC GTA ACC AAT CTT CTC ATT T This study 06R AAA TGA GAA GAT TGG TTA CGG A Kato et al. (1998) 8R AAA GTT CTA GCA CAA GAA AGT CGA Kato et al. (1998) trnL c CGA AAT CGG TAG ACG CTA CG Taberlet et al. (1991) d ATT TGA ACT GGT GAC ACG AG Taberlet et al. (1991) trnL-F e GGT TCA AGT CCC TCT ATC CC Taberlet et al. (1991) f GGGGATAGAGGGACTTGAAC Taberlet et al. (1991) atpB-rbcL atpBE GTG GAA ACC CCG GGA CGA GAA GTA GT Hodges and Arnold (1994) rbcL ACT TGC TTT AGT TTC TGT TTG TGG TGA Hodges and Arnold (1994)

Xiang et al., Page S19

Table S4

Fossil age constraints utilized in this study of Fagales diversification.

Node Fossil Geologic age Mean (Stdev) 95% HPD (Ma) Node assignment Stratum Age (Ma) Basis of age Method Justification 1 Tricoplate pollen Barremian-Aptian ≤125 Palynology 125 (5) 116.8−133.2 Apomorphy-based The oldest tricolpate pollen , defining boundary Eudicotyledoneae, are from the Barremian-Aptian boundary (Hughes, 1994). 2 Protofagacea Campanian ≥83.5 Palynology 3.5 (0.5) 98.05−158.9 Apomorphy-based The oldest known Fagales fossil is from the allonensis Campanian (Herendeen et al., 1995). Sauquet et al. (2012) has assigned the fossil to the Fagales stem. 3 Nothofagus pollen Campanian ≥75 Palynology 1.0 (0.5) 76.19−86.19 Apomorphy-based Four pollen groups of Nothofagus all first appeared in the fossil record approximately 75 Ma (Dettmann et al., 1990). Knapp et al. (2005) has constrained the Nothofagus crown using 75 Ma as the minimum age. 4 Nothofagus Pleistocene ≥0.8 Palynostratigraphy 3.5 (0.5) 15.05−76.17 Apomorphy-based, The fossil with cuticles are highly cunninghamii Phylogenetic similar with extant N. cunninghamii leaves (Hill, 1983). Phylogenetic analysis further supported the fossil sister to extant N. cunninghamii (Jordan and Hill, 1999). 5 Nothofagus mucronata Early Oligocene ≥31.5 Palynostratigraphy 2.0 (0.5) 34.75−48.02 Phylogenetic A fossil N. mucronata (Hill, 1991) is assignable to the Nothofagus subgenus Brassospora (Jordan and Hill, 1999), and it is Xiang et al., Page S20

therefore used to constrain the divergence of the subgenus from subgenus Nothofagus. 6 Fagus langevinii Middle Eocene ≥47 K-Ar dates 3.5 (0.5) 61.55−122.4 Apomorphy-based The fossil Fagus langevinii from the Middle (Ewing, 1981) Eocene (Manchester and Dilhoff, 2004) is definitively assignable to extant Fagus based on trigonal nuts borne within spiny four-valved cupules on long peduncles. 7 Castanopsis crepetii Eocene ≥43.8 40Ar−39Ar dates, 3.5 (0.5) 58.05−119.2 Apomorphy-based A fossil belonged to extant Castanopsis based and Bridgerian on morphological data mammal fossils (Manchester 1994). 8 Polyptera manningii Paleocene ≥64.4 40Ar-39Ar dates 2.0 (0.5) 67.65−81.22 Phylogenetic Using the 8-marker topology as a backbone (Belt et al., 2004). and 64 morphological data, extinct Polyptera (Manchester and Dilcher, 1982, 1997) was supported as sister to the clade consisting of extant Cyclocarya, Juglans, Pterocarya, and Platycarya (Zhang et al., 2013). 9 Paleoplatycarya Middle Eocene ≥52.7 40Ar-39Ar dates 2.0 (0.5) 55.95−69.52 Phylogenetic Paleoplatycarya fossils were described from wingii (see Sauquet et al., the Middle Eocene (Manchester, 1987). The 2012). fossil genus was supported as sister to extant Platycarya using the DNA scaffold method (Zhang et al., 2013). 10 Cyclocarya brownia Late Paleocene ≥55.8 Stratigraphic 2.0 (0.5) 59.05−72.62 Apomorphy-based Based on characters, the fossil correlation Cyclocarya brownia (Manchester and Dilcher, 1982) is assignable to extant Cyclocarya. Xiang et al., Page S21

11 Comptonia difforme Middle Eocene ≥48 Palynostratigraphy 2.0 (0.5) 51.25−64.82 Apomorphy-based Based on leaves with two veins and acute lobes, the fossil Comptonia difforme (Berry, 1906) is assignable to extant Comptonia. 12 Gymnostoma antiquum Late Paleocene ≥55.8 Late Paleocene 3.5 (0.5) 59.05−72.62 Apomorphy-based The fossil Gymnostoma antiquum (Scriven Upper and Hill, 1995) was assigned to extant Gymnostoma, but the fossil shows no convincing apomorphies; it is likely a stem lineage of the Casuarinaceae (Manchester, personal communication). Thus, we assigned the fossil to the Casuarinaceae stem. 13 Corylus johnsonii Middle Eocene ≥48 Palynostratigraphy 2.0 (0.5) 51.25−64.82 Apomorphy-based The oldest Corylus fossil was described from the middle Eocene (Pigg et al. (2003), indicating the generic divergence from its relatives.

Xiang et al., Page S22

Table S5

Fossil fruits reviewed in this study.

Species Geological time Locationa Wingb Fruit size Reference (mm)c Betulaceae Cranea wyomingensis Paleocene NA Y S (4.75) Manchester and Chen (1998) Palaeocarpinus orientalis Paleocene As Y S (5) Manchester and Guo (1996) Palaeocarpinus aspinosa Paleocene NA Y S (5.5) Manchester and Chen (1996) Palaeocarpinus joffrensis Paleocene NA Y S (4.5) Sun and Stockey (1992) Palaeocarpinus laciniata Paleocene Eu Y S (4.35) Crane (1981) Palaeocarpinus dakotensis Paleocene NA Y S (6.25) Manchester et al. (2004) Corylus jonsonii Mid-Eocene NA ? L (12.5) Pigg et al. (2003) Carpinus perryae Mid-Eocene NA ? S (5.75) Pigg et al. (2003) Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae Mid-Eocene NA Y S (3.75) Pigg et al. (2003) Palaeocarpinus stonebergae Mid-Eocene NA Y S (3.05) Pigg et al. (2003) Palaeocarpinus dentatus Mid-Eocene NA Y S (4) Pigg et al. (2003) Asterocarpinus perplexans Oligocene NA Y S (2.75) Manchester and Crane (1987) Casuarinaceae Gymnostoma tasmanianum Oligocene TAS ? S (7) Guerin and Hill, 2003 Casuarina sp. Miocene NZ ? S (10) Campbell, 1985 Fagaceae Castanopsoidea Paleocene-Eocene NA N ? Crepet and Nixon (1989) columbiana Cascadiacarpa spinosa Eocene NA N S (6.5) Mindell et al. (2007) Fagus langevinii Eocene NA N S (8.75) Manchester and Dillhoff (2004) Fagus schofieldii Eocene NA N L (12) Mindell et al. (2009) Quercus paleocarpa Mid-Eocene NA N ? Manchester (1994) Castanopsis crepetii Mid-Eocene NA N ? Manchester (1994) Quercus huntsvillensis Oligocene NA N L (17) Daghlian and Crepet (1983) Quercus parachampionii Oligocene As N ? Zhou (1999) Quercus huntsvillensis Oliogcene NA N L (17) Daghlian and Crepet (1983) Fagus deucalious Oligocene Eu Y L (11) Kvacek and Walther (1989) Fagopsis longifolia Oligocene NA ? S (5) Manchester and Crane (1983) Castanopsis salinarum Oligocene Eu N ? Zhou (1999) Pseudofagus idahoensis Miocene NA N L (37.5) Smiley and Huggins (1981) Quercus sapperi Miocene Eu N L (20) Walther and Kvacek (1991) Quercus microcerrisaecarpa Miocene Eu N S (10) Walther and Kvacek (1991) Fagus decurrens Pliocene Eu ? L (11) Denk and Meller (2001) Fagus microcarpa Pliocene Eu ? S (9.75) Denk and Meller (2001) Fagus ferruginea Pliocene Eu ? S (7.5) Denk and Meller (2001) Juglandaceae Caryanthus sp. Late Cretaceous Eu ? S (1.075) Manchester (1987) Juglandicarya simplicarpa Paleocene NA N L (17) Brown (1946, 1962) Casholdia microptera Paleocene Eu Y S (2.725) Crane and Manchester (1982) Cyclocarya brownii Paleocene NA Y ? Manchester and Dilcher (1982) Cyclocarya minuta Paleocene NA Y L (13) Manchester (1987) Polyptera sp. Paleocene NA Y S (7) Manchester and Dilcher (1982) Polyptera manningii Paleocene NA Y S (7) Manchester and Dilcher (1997) Amurcarya lobata Paleocene As N S (7.5) Kodrul and Krassilov (2005) Cyclocarya coalmontensis Paleocene-Eocene NA Y S (6.5) Manchester and Dilcher (1982) Juglandicarya depressa early Eocene Eu, As N S (7) Manchester (1987) Paleoplatycarya wingii Early Eocene NA Y S(6) Wing and Hickey (1984) Platycarya americana Early Eocene NA Y S (2.75) Hickey and Doyle (1977) Xiang et al., Page S23

Pterocaryopsis Early Eocene Eu Y ? Manchester (1987) Juglandicarya lubbocki Early Eocene Eu N S (8) Reid and Chandler (1933) Platycarya richardsoni Early Eocene Eu Y S (1.75) Chandler (1964) Palaeocarya puryearensis Eocene NA Y ? Manchester (1987) Palaeocarya nevadensis Eocene NA Y S (6) Manchester (1987) Palaeocarya clarnensis Eocene NA Y S (4) Manchester (1987) Palaeocarya mississippiensis Eocene NA ? S (6.5) Manchester (1987) Palaeocarya uintaensis Eocene NA Y S (3) Manchester (1987) Pterocarya macginitii Eocene NA Y ? Manchester and Dilcher (1982) Beardia vancouverensis Eocene NA N S (5.75) Elliott et al. (2006) Cruciptera schaarschmidtii Eocene Eu Y L (19) Manchester et al. (1994) Beardia vancouverensis Eocene NA N S (5.75) Elliott et al. (2006) Palaeocarya wolfei late Eocene NA Y S (4.5) Manchester (1987) Hooleya lata Mid-Eocene NA Y S (2.5) Wing and Hickey (1984) Paraengelhardtia sp. Mid-Eocene NA Y ? Manchester (1987) Paraengelhardtia eocenica Mid-Eocene NA Y S (4.5) Manchester (1987) Palaeoreomunnea sp. Mid-Eocene NA Y ? Manchester (1987) Palaeoreomunnea stonea Mid-Eocene NA Y L (18.5) Dilcher et al. (1976) Pterocarya macginitii Mid-Eocene NA Y S (3.5) Manchester (1987) Palaeocarya macroptera Eocene-Pliocene Eu Y ? Manchester (1987) Carya lacrymabunda Eocene-Oligocene Eu N L (26.5) Manchester (1987) Carya quadrabgula Oligocene Eu N L (29.5) Leroy (1953) Carya ventricosa Oligocene Eu N L (24) Mai (1981) Cyclocarya tymensis Oligocene As Y S (5.6) Dorofeev (1970) Cyclocarya tomskiana Oligocene Eu, As Y S (5.95) Dorofeev 1970) Pterocarya occidentalis Oligocene NA Y S (4) Manchester (1987) Carya costata Oligocene Eu N L (25) Mai (1981) Cyclocarya cycloptera Oligocene; Eu, As Y S (6) Iljinskaya (1953) Cyclocarya tavdensis Oligocene As Y S (5.2) Dorofeev (1970) Carya kryshtofovichii Oligocene As N L (34.5) Manchester (1987) Palaeocarya willamettensis Oligocene NA Y S (3.4) Manchester (1987) Carya florissantensis Oligocene NA N L (22.5) Manchester (1987) Juglans lacunosa Oligocene NA N S (2.3) Manchester (1987) Juglans tephrodes Oligocene Eu N S (4.4) Hills et al. (1974) Palaeocarya koreanica Oligocene-Miocene As Y S (3.75) Manchester (1987) Juglans siouxensis Lower Oligocene NA N ? Manchester (1987) Hooleya hermis Lower Oligocene Eu Y S (3.5) Reid and Chandler (1926) Carya rostrata Oligocene-Miocene Eu N L (20) Mai (1981) Carya strychnine Oligocene-Miocene Eu N L (27.5) Mai (1981) Carya kompassica Oligocene-Miocene As N L (20) Manchester (1987) Cyclocarya cycloptera Oligocene-Pliocene Eu, As Y ? Manchester (1987) Sphaerocarya Oligocene-Pliocene Eu, As ? S (7.7) Dorofeev (1970) Pterocarya castaneaefolia Oligocene-Neogene Eu, As Y S (6) Manchester (1987) Carya bohemica Miocene Eu N ? Manchester (1987) Carya pusilla Miocene Eu N L (12.5) Mai (1981) Carya washingtonensis Miocene NA N L (19) Manchester (1987) Carya miocathayensis Miocene As N L (25) Hu and Chaney (1940) Carya caryoides Miocene Eu N L (26) Manchester (1987) Pterocarya smileyi Miocene NA Y S (4) Manchester (1987) Pterocarya eomacroptera Miocene NA Y S (8) Manchester (1987) Carya bohemica Miocene Eu N L (29.5) Mai (1964) Carya rugosa Miocene Eu N L (20) Madler (1939) Palaeocarya olsoni Miocene NA Y S (3) Manchester (1987) Carya paludis-naabi Miocene Eu N L (42) Gregor (1978) Juglans clarnensis Miocene NA N L (19) Scott (1954) Juglans nevadensis Miocene NA N ? Manchester (1987) Juglans siberica Miocene As N S (4.9) Dorofeev (1972) Juglans eocinerea Miocene NA N S (4.3) Hills et al. (1974) Xiang et al., Page S24

Pterocarya crassa Miocene As N ? Manchester (1987) Pterocarya kireeevskiana Miocene As N ? Manchester (1987) Pterocarya protostenoptera Miocene As Y S (4) Manchester (1987) Pterocarya raciborskii Miocene Eu N ? Manchester (1987) Carya globosa Miocene-Pliocene Eu N L (20) Madler (1939) Juglans linkii Miocene-Pliocene SA N L (30) Dorofeev (1972) Juglans megacinerwa Miocene-Pleistocene As N L (57.5) Manchester (1987) Carya askenasyi Pliocene Eu N L (24.9) Madler (1939) Carya leiocarpa Pliocene As N L (12) Miki (1955) Carya nanocarpa Pliocene As N L (20) Miki (1941) Carya angulata Pliocene Eu N L (18.5) Manchester (1987) Carya ovatocarpa Pliocene As N ? Manchester (1987) Pterocarya limburgensis Pliocene Eu N ? Manchester (1987) Carya striata Neogene As N L (25) Miki (1955) Carya ovatocarpa Neogene As N L (17.5) Miki (1955) Pterocarya asymmetrosa Neogene As Y S (6.5) Manchester (1987) Nothofagaceae Nothofagus glandularis Oligocene-Miocene TAS ? S (3.0) Scriven and Hill (1996) Nothofagus cooksonii Oligocene TAS ? S(6) Hill (1991) Nothofagus bulbosa Oligocene TAS ? S (4) Hill (1991) Nothofagus smithtonensis Oligocene TAS ? S (4.5) Hill (1994) Nothofagus peduncularis Oligocene TAS ? L (10.5) Hill (1991) Ticodendraceae Ferrignocarpus bivalvis Eocene Eu, NA N S (6.3) Manchester (2011) Fagales stem Protofagacea allonensis Late Cretacoues NA Y S (2.15) Herendeen et al. (1995) Antiquacupula sulcata Late Cretaceous NA ? S (1.5) Sims et al. (1998) aAs: Asia, Eu: , NA: , NZ: New Zealand, TAS: . bY: present, N: absent. cS: <10 mm, L: ≥10 mm. Xiang et al., Page S25

Table S6

Statistics from the analyses of the various data sets.

Data set Taxon Total Variable Parsimony-informative Model Tree CI RI length characters characters length rbcL 233 1398 549 283 GTR+I+G 1417 0.503 0.880 matK 234 1672 1043 775 TVM+G 2685 0.590 0.929 trnL 177 677 324 174 TIM+I+G 559 0.778 0.954 trnL-F 219 652 383 264 TVM+I+G 841 0.639 0.940 atpB-rbcL 185 1073 482 338 TVM+G 963 0.728 0.949 Five loci 296 5472 2781 1834 GTR+I+G 6645 0.589 0.921

Xiang et al., Page S26

Table S7

Estimated ages (million years ago, Ma) for the families and genera of Fagales using

BEAST.

Node Age (LHPD−UPHD) 1 − Fagales stem 124.5 (121.1−125.4) 2 − Fagales crown / Nothofagus stem 105.2 (101.3−107.3) 3 − Nothofagus crown 76.7 (75.2−77.0) 4 − Fagaceae stem 99.3 (95.5−101.2) 5 − Fagaceae crown 82.4 (76.6−87.1) 6 − Fagus crown 17.2 (7.9−24.2) 7 − Quercoideae crown 59.6 (50.6−66.1) 8 − Quercoideae except Trigonobalanus 56.4 (50.6−66.1) 9 − Trigonobalanus crown 28.9 (12.5−47.0) 10 − Chrysolepis stem 23.8 (18.4−27.7) 11 − Chrysolepis crown 13.7 (3.7−24.0) 12 − Lithocarpus stem 45.8 (41.3−50.6) 13 − Lithocarpus crown 31.4 (22.2−41.4) 14 − Castanea stem 34.6 (23.5−43.2) 15 − Castanea crown 32.8 (21.7−42.8) 16 − Juglandaceae stem 93.4 (88.2−96.9) 17 − Juglandaceae crown / Rhoiptelea stem 79.9 (71.2−96.4) 18 − Divergence of Juglandaceae except Rhoiptelea 70.6 (64.1−75.9) 19 − Engelhardia stem 37.7 (28.0−49.4) 20 − Engelhardia crown 31.8 (21.4−40.5) 21 − Split of Alfaroa and Oreomunnea 20.5 (12.4−29.3) 22 − Oreomunnea crown 9.8 (1.1−22.0) 23 − Alfaroa crown 12.4 (4.7−19.3) 24 − Carya stem 66.6 (62.6−70.0) 25 − Carya crown 24.4 (9.1−44.2) 26 − Platycarya crown 64.5 (61.2−67.1) 27 − Cyclocarya crown 61.9 (59.3−63.1) 28 − Split of Juglans and Pterocarya 22.6 (12.4−37.3) 29 − Pterocarya crown 10.9 (2.4−16.4) 30 − Juglans crown 17.7 (11.3−24.2) 31 − Myricaceae stem 90.4 (85.0−94.6) 32 − Canacomyrica crown / Myricaceae crown 69.7 (60.4−81.7) 33 − Comptonia crown 54.3 (49.6−58.6) 34 − Split of Myrica and Morella 30.8 (19.0−45.1) 35 − Myrica crown 6.0 (0.5−14) 36 − Morella crown 21.5 (14.1−27.8) 37 − Casuarinaceae stem 82.8 (74.7−88.6) Xiang et al., Page S27

38 − Casuarinaceae crown 56.2 (43.3−65.7) 39 − Gymnostoma crown 28.0 (13.5−45.1) 40 − Ceuthstoma crown 47.5 (37.1−56.0) 41 − Split Allocasuarina and Casuarina 35.8 (25.6−42.7) 42 − Allocasuarina crown 25.7 (14.8−32.8) 43 − Casuarina crown 29.6 (18.7−38.2) 44 − Ticodendraceae / Betulaceae stem 74.0 (66.9−80.3) 45 − Betulaceae crown 64.3 (59.4−72.5) 46 − Corylus stem 54.0 (50.6−56.4) 47 − Corylus crown 28.8 (18.2−39.0) 48 − Ostryopsis crown 48.9 (37.2−54.4) 49 − Ostry-Carpinus crown 25.2 (16.1−36.5) 50 − Carpinus stem 16.6 (10.5−22.3) 51 − Carpinus crown 12.8 (8.7−16.4) 52 − Alnus or Betula stem 59.6 (46.8−66.0) 53 − Betula crown 23.1 (14.8−34.2) 54 − Alnus crown 28.8 (22.7−35.2)

The node numbers correspond to those in Fig. S3. UHPD and LHPD are the upper and lower Highest Posterior Densities, respectively. Xiang et al., Page S28

Table S8

Age and diversification rates estimated for the nodes of interest in Fagales.

Node Best age (Ma) No. species r (ε = 0) r (ε = 0.9) 3 76.7 35 0.046354 0.019317 8 56.4 884 0.120390 0.079645 18 70.6 69 0.059973 0.029095 19 37.7 20 0.079462 0.028242 25 24.4 19 0.120674 0.042198 30 17.7 20 0.169250 0.060153 32 69.7 52 0.042980 0.015276 33 54.3 51 0.072409 0.032997 34 30.8 50 0.127013 0.057628 38 56.2 95 0.081030 0.041669 39 28.0 18 0.162638 0.083636 40 47.5 77 0.060850 0.020911 41 35.8 75 0.121335 0.060105 42 25.7 58 0.167996 0.082811 43 29.6 17 0.137177 0.064260 45 64.3 180 0.080614 0.045710 47 28.8 20 0.104018 0.036969 48 48.9 60 0.083729 0.039499 49 25.2 58 0.159233 0.074592 52 59.6 100 0.077268 0.040080 53 23.1 60 0.199358 0.103410 54 28.8 40 0.142164 0.067067

Node numbers correspond to those in Figs. 1 and S3. Xiang et al., Page S29

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(6) (16) (17)

(1) (19)

(15) (3) (7) (13)(14) (9) (2) (5)

(4) (8) (13) (11) (10) (12)

1 cm 99/58/65 Juglans neotropica Fig. S2 99/55/66 Juglans australis Juglans olanchana Juglans hindsii */85/84 Juglans californica Sect. Rhysocaryon 98/ / 75/66/68 Juglans microcarpa Juglans major 99/58/62 Sect. Trachycaryon Juglans */90/84 Juglans mandshurica */83/71 Juglans ailanthifolia Sect. Cardiocaryon 99/ / Juglans cathayensis 91/85/79 Sect. Juglans 89/52/73 Pterocarya delavayi 99/ /66 Pterocarya macropetra Sect. Platyptera */*/99 99/ /71 Pterocarya tonkinensis Juglandoideae 10 */88/94 Pterocarya stenoptera Sect. Pterocarya Pterocarya 86/63/63 Pterocarya hupehensis */*/99 9 Pterocarya fraxinoifolia Juglandaceae Cyclocarya paliurus Cyclocarya Platycarya strobilacea Platycarya Carya cordiformis Carya illinoinensis Sect. Apocarya Carya aquatica */*/* Carya mystriciformis 8 99/67/83 Carya floridana 99/75/77 Sect. Carya Carya 98/76/87 Carya ovalis Carya hunanensis */92/97 98/61/59 Carya cathayensis */*/* Carya kweichowensis Sect. Sinocarya Carya sinensis */*/* Alfaroa guanacastensis 99/90/84 Alfaroa costaricensis Alfaora 82/70/70 Alfaroa manningii */*/* Alfaroa williamsii */*/* 99/57/63 Oreomunnea pterocarpa */*/* Oreomunnea mexicana Oreomunnea Engelhardoideae */97/88 Engelhardia serrata 56/50/61 Sect. Engelhardia */*/* Engelhardia fenzelii Engelhardia Engelhardia roxburghiana Sect. Psilocarpeae Rhoiptelea chiliantha Rhoiptelea 71/ / 55 79/ / Castanopsis argyrophylla Castanopsis sclerophylla Castanopsis tibetana 80/54/ Castanopsis fissa 99/63/58 Castanopsis cerebrina 87/ / Castanopsis calathiformis 99/65/84 Castanopsis fabri Castanopsis fargesii Castanopsis 83/-/ Castanopsis uriana Castanopsis amabilis 89/63/94 Castanopsis chinensis Castanopsis carlesii */83/70 Castanopsis eyrei 99/-/56 7 Castanopsis delavayi */69/79 Castanopsis lucida Castanopsis inermis */*/* Castanea dentata */83/95 Sect. Eucastanon */69/84 Castanea 94/-/ */99/98 Sect. Hypocastanon Castanea crenata Sect. Eucastanon 87/ /- 69/ /58 Lithocarpus echinophorus 55/ /- Lithocarpus xylocarpus */*/99 */81/89 Lithocarpus cleistocarpus 66/ /79 Lithocarpus dealbatus */79/87 Lithocarpus pachylepis 99/78/83 Lithocarpus fenestratus 73/ /- Lithocarpus paihengii 86/ /- 80/ /- Lithocarpus edulis Lithocarpus 70/ /- Lithocarpus glaber 81/ /51 99/88/93 Lithocarpus henryi Lithocarpus litseifolius */*/98 Lithocarpus wallichian */92/98 Lithocarpus bancanus Lithocarpus lucidus */*/* Quercus gemelliflora Quercus argentata 71/74/* Quercus glauca Quercoideae 65/-/64 Quercus myrsinifolia Subg. Cyclobalanopsis */82/92 58/ / 51 Quercus ciliaris Quercus hondae Fagaceae Quercus multinervis 96/59/63 Quercus suber 77/ /- Quercus cerris 86/ /68 Quercus ithaburensis Quercus phillyraeoides Sect. Cerris */95/* Quercus variabilis Quercus acutissima Quercus arizonica Quercus corrugata */64/69 Quercus macrocarpa */-/- Quercus oleoides Sect. Quercus 84/-/- */86/89 Quercus alba Quercus bicolor 84/56/58 Quercus chrysolepis Quercus tomentella Sect. Protobalanus Quercus 61/ /- Quercus falcata 66/ /- Quercus castanea Subg. Quercus 64/ /- Quercus mexicana 83/ / 81/ /63 Quercus palustris Sect. Lobatae 86/50/67 Quercus rubra Quercus nigra */*/* 77/ /- Quercus pubescens 73/-/56 */*/* 86/-/- 66/ / Quercus petraea Quercus mongolica Sect. Quercus 100/-/78 98/58/75 Quercus polycapa Quercus frainetto Quercus robur Quercus dentata Quercus monimotricata Sect. Cerris */*/* Quercus coccifera Quercus ilex Sect. Quercus */*/98 Chrysolepis sempervirens Chrysolepis */99/98 Trigonobalanus doichangensis Trigonobalanus */*/* Trigonobalanus verticillata 6 65/ /57 Fagus engleriana Subg. Engleriana 53/55/- Fagus hayatae 76/ /57 Fagus lucida Fagus crenata 84/-/- Fagus longipetiolata Subg. Fagus Fagus Fagoideae */98/ 93/52/51 99/70/72 Fagus orientalis 2 */*/* Fagus japonica Subg. Engleriana Subg. Fagus 89/ /67 Nothofagus perryi 99/67/71 Nothofagus grandis 85/-/- Nothofagus resinosa 99/58/73 Nothofagus brassii 78/ /58 Nothofagus balansae Sect. Brassospora */76/77 Nothofagus codonandra 92/57/52 Nothofagus discoidea 5 */88/96 Nothofagus antarctica 96/68/52 Nothofagus pumilio */96/99 87/ /60 Nothofagus nitida Sect. Nothofagus Nothofagaceae */81/85 Nothofagus betuloides Nothofagus dombeyi Nothofagus 65/ / Nothofagus truncata */91/83 Nothofagus fusca */96/95 Nothofagus solandri 99/85/79 Sect. Fuscospora */*/* */*/* Nothofagus gunnii 3 Nothofagus alessandrii 96/76/94 Nothofagus cunninghamii */83/99 4 Nothofagus moorei 77/64/ Nothofagus menziesii 73/ /68 Nothofagus obliqua Sect. Lophpzonia */99/* Nothofagus alpina Nothofagus glauca 69/51/60 Cucumis sativus 1 */*/* Anisophyllea fallax Coriaria nepalensis 80/59/75 Morus alba */90/89 Urtica urens */*/* Celtis philippensis 98/ /65 Rhamnus cathartica Outgroups 63/69/69 Quillaja saponaria */*/* Stylobasium australe Polygala vulgaris Brexia madagascariensis Humiria balsaminifera Fig. S2 (cont.) Alnus serrulatoides 98/66/66 Alnus hirsuta Alnus trabeculosa 97/ /74 Alnus matsumurae Alnus japonica Alnus formosana Sect. Alnus 58/ / 86/-/ 60/ / Alnus incana 52/ / Alnus cremastogyne Sect. Cremastogune 98/66/62 58/ / Alnus nepalensis Alnus Alnus nitida Sect. Clethropsis 80/ / 85 Alnus sinuata 84/ /71 Alnus mandschurica Sect. Alnus 80/58/71 86/-/64 Alnus viridis Alnus firma Sect. Alnobetula */83/86 Alnus martima Sect. Clethropsis */*/* 99/63/80 Alnus rugosa 96/-/77 Alnus serrulata Sect. Alnus Alnus acuminata Betula alnoides Sect. Betulaster Betuleae Sect. Betula Betula davurica 73/ /67 Betula schmiditii 51/ /53 Betula insignis Sect. Chinenses Betula fruticosa Betula pumila Sect. Humiles 85/ / 63 Betula costata Betula utilis Sect. Costatae Betula ermanii Betula 83/ / Sect. Humiles 88/ / Betula pubescens */ / Sect. Betula 99/ / */97/* Betula medwediewii 55/ / Betula alleghaniensis Sect. Costatae 98/ / Betula lenta Sect. Betula Betula luminifera Sect. Betulaster Carpinus monbeigiana 81/ /75 Carpinus polyneura Betulaceae 54/ / Carpinus pubescens */64/80 Carpinus kawakamii 92/-/ Carpinus turczaninovii 96/-/ */*/* 98/-/57 Carpinus betulus Sect. Carpinus Carpinus orientalis Carpinus londoniana */52/67 Carpinus tschonoskii Carpinus 69/ / 90/ /- Carpinus tientaiensis */55/79 Carpinus laxiflora Carpineae Carpinus viminea Carpinus putoensis Carpinus rankanensis */87/92 Carpinus japonica Sect. Distegocarpinus Carpinus cordata Carpinus fangiana */*/* 99/76/81 Ostrya rehderiana 97/55/73 Ostrya multinervis */72/79 Ostrya japonica */88/94 95/ /74 Ostrya carpinifolia Ostrya */86/86 Ostrya knowltonii Ostrya virginiana Ostryopsis nobilis Ostryopsis 58/52/56 Corylus ferox Sect. Acanthochlamys 56/ / Corylus fargesii */*/* 13 81/ /75 Sect. Corylus 50/ / Corylus mandshurica */88/99 Corylus sieboldiana 79/ / Corylus colurna Sect. Acanthochlamys Coryleae Corylus yunnanensis Corylus */98/100 Corylus jacquemontii Corylus chinensis Sect. Corylus */81/88 Ticodendron incognitum Ticodendron Ticodendraceae */*/* 64/ / Casuarina stricta 12 59/ / 89/55/ 100/-/62 */64/78 Casuarina incana Casuarina 81/ /75 Casuarina parapotamia */60/78 Casuarina riparia 89/-/65 Casuarina timorensis Casuarina collina */*/* */*/* Allocasuarina lehmanniana */78/80 */96/92 */92/87 */85/96 Allacasuarina */*/* Allocasuarina verticillata Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina decussata Allocasuarina muelleriana Ceuthostoma terminale Ceuthostoma Gymnostoma glaucescens 83/58/58 */*/* 99/72/68 Gymnostoma deplancheanum Gymnostoma leucodon 67/ / Gymnostoma poissonianum Gymnostoma webbianum 92/57/60 Gymnostoma chamaecyparis Gymnostoma Gymnostoma nodiflorum */95/98 Gymnostoma intermedium */*/98 Gymnostoma nobile Gymnostoma sumatranum */97/99 Morella pensylvanica 90/61/64 Morella cerifera 92/-/ Morella caroliniensis */*/* Morella rubra 62/-/ Morella nana 54/58/96 Morella quercifolia Morella */75/96 99/69/75 Morella cordifolia Morella pilulifera Myricaceae Morella californica */85/97 */95/97 Morella rivas-martinezii Morella faya */*/* 11 */*/* Myrica hartwegii Myrica */*/* Myrica gale Comptonia Canacomyrica monticola Canacomyrica Fig. S3 Castanopsis uriana Alnus serrulatoides Alnus trabeculosa Castanopsis fargesii Alnus hirsuta Castanopsis fabri Alnus matsumurae Castanopsis amabilis Alnus formosana Alnus glutinosa Castanopsis chinensis Alnus cordata Castanopsis carlesii Alnus orientalis Alnus subcordata Castanopsis sclerophylla Alnus incana Castanopsis cuspidata Alnus japonica Castanopsis sieboldii Alnus cremastogyne Alnus nitida Castanopsis argyrophylla Alnus nepalensis Castanopsis eyrei Alnus viridis Alnus mandschurica Castanopsis delavayi 54 Alnus sinuata Castanopsis cerebrina Alnus firma Castanopsis fissa Alnus rugosa Alnus martima Castanopsis calathiformis Alnus serrulata Castanopsis tibetana Alnus rubra 14 Alnus acuminata Castanea dentata Betula pumila Castanea mollissima Betula costata Castanea seguinii Betula platyphylla Betula alnoides 15 Castanea henryi 52 Betula insignis Castanea sativa Betula davurica Castanea crenata Betula fruticosa Betula neoalaskana Castanopsis lucida Betula schmidit Castanopsis inermis Betula utilis Betula glandulosa Lithocarpus echinophorus Betula pendula Lithocarpus xylocarpus Betula ermanii Lithocarpus cleistocarpus Betula lenta Betula papyrifera 12 Lithocarpus dealbatus 53 Betula luminifera Lithocarpus pachylepis Betula alleghaniensis Betula occidentalis Lithocarpus fenestratus Betula populifolia Lithocarpus paihengii Betula pubescens Lithocarpus litseifolius Betula medwediewii Carpinus tientaiensis Lithocarpus henryi Carpinus londoniana 13 Lithocarpus glaber Carpinus tschonoskii 4 Lithocarpus edulis Carpinus laxiflora Carpinus viminea Lithocarpus wallichian 45 Carpinus putoensis Lithocarpus bancanus Carpinus cordata Carpinus fangiana Lithocarpus lucidus Carpinus japonica Quercus gemelliflora 51 Carpinus rankanensis Carpinus monbeigiana Quercus argentata Carpinus polyneura Quercus tomentella Carpinus pubescens Quercus polycarpa Carpinus kawakamii 50 Carpinus turczaninovii Quercus castanea Carpinus caroliniana Quercus falcata Carpinus betulus Quercus palustris Carpinus orientalis 49 Ostrya multinervis Quercus rubra Ostrya rehderiana 10 Quercus nigra Ostrya japonica 44 48 Ostrya carpinifolia 11 Chrysolepis chrysophylla Ostrya virginiana Chrysolepis sempervirens Ostrya knowltonii Quercus petraea Ostryopsis nobilis Corylus fargesii Quercus lyrata Corylus ferox Quercus mongolica gros 46 Corylus maxima 8 Corylus jacquemontii Quercus dentata Corylus mandshurica Quercus pubescens Corylus heterophylla Quercus robur Corylus avellana Corylus chinensis Quercus frainetto Corylus yunnanensis Quercus corrugata 47 Corylus colurna Quercus oleoides Corylus sieboldiana Corylus americana Quercus macrocarpa Corylus cornuta Quercus bicolor Ticodendron incognitum Casuarina incana Quercus alba 37 Casuarina timorensis 2 Quercus arizonica Casuarina parapotamia Quercus chrysolepis Casuarina riparia Casuarina collina Quercus mexicana Casuarina oligodon Quercus ithaburensis 43 Casuarina stricta 7 Quercus cerris Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina pauper Quercus suber Casuarina cristata Quercus acutissima 41 Casuarina obesa Casuarina cunninghamiana Quercus variabilis Allocasuarina lehmanniana Quercus phillyraeoide 40 Allocasuarina littoralis Quercus ciliaris Allocasuarina torulosa 42 Allocasuarina verticillata Quercus hondae Allocasuarina decussata Quercus glauca Allocasuarina muelleriana Ceuthostoma terminale Quercus myrsinifolia Gymnostoma deplancheanum Quercus multinervis 38 Gymnostoma leucodon Quercus ilex 31 Gymnostoma poissonianum 5 Gymnostoma glaucescens Quercus coccifera Gymnostoma webbianum Quercus monimotricata Gymnostoma chamaecyparis 9 Trigonobalanus verticillata 39 Gymnostoma nodiflorum Gymnostoma intermedium Trigonobalanus doichangensis Gymnostoma nobile Fagus engleriana Gymnostoma sumatranum Morella rivas-martinezii Fagus lucida Morella faya Fagus crenata Morella californica Fagus hayatae Morella rubra Morella nana Fagus sylvatica Morella cerifera Fagus orientalis 36 Morella pensylvanica 6 Fagus longipetiolata Morella caroliniensis 34 Morella cordifolia 1 Fagus japonica Morella quercifolia Fagus grandifolia 33 Morella pilulifera 35 Myrica hartwegii Nothofagus perryi 32 Myrica gale Nothofagus grandis Comptonia peregrina Nothofagus resinosa Canacomyrica monticola Juglans microcarpa Nothofagus brassii Juglans major Nothofagus balansae Juglans nigra Juglans californica Nothofagus codonandra Juglans olanchana Nothofagus discoidea Juglans hindsii Nothofagus antarctica Juglans neotropica Juglans australis Nothofagus pumilio 16 30 Juglans cinerea Nothofagus betuloides Juglans ailanthifolia Nothofagus nitida Juglans mandshurica Juglans cathayensis Nothofagus dombeyi 28 Juglans regia Nothofagus solandri Pterocarya delavayi Pterocarya macropetra Nothofagus truncata 27 Pterocarya tonkinensis Nothofagus fusca 29 Pterocarya stenoptera Nothofagus gunnii 26 Pterocarya fraxinoifolia 3 Pterocarya hupehensis Nothofagus alessandrii Cyclocarya paliurus Nothofagus cunninghamii Platycarya strobilacea Carya glabra Nothofagus moorei Carya laciniosa Nothofagus menziesii 24 Carya mystriciformis Nothofagus alpina Carya ovata Carya cordiformis Nothofagus obliqua Carya aquatica Nothofagus glauca Carya floridana Carya illinoinensis Cucumis sativus Carya ovalis Anisophyllea fallax 25 Carya hunanensis Coriaria nepalensis 18 Carya cathayensis Carya kweichowensis Stylobasium australe Carya sinensis Polygala vulgaris 23 Alfaroa costaricensis Quillaja saponaria Alfaroa guanacastensis 21 Alfaroa manningii Rhamnus cathartica 17 22 Alfaroa williamsii Celtis philippensis 19 Oreomunnea mexicana Oreomunnea pterocarpa Urtica urens Engelhardia spicata Morus alba 20 Engelhardia serrata Brexia madagascariensis Engelhardia fenzelii Engelhardia roxburghiana Humiria balsaminifera Rhoiptelea chiliantha 125 100 75 50 25 0 Ma 100 75 50 25 0 Ma Fig. S4

Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Q Early Late Paleoc. Eocene Oligoc. Miocene

43 53 42 39 30 36 29 13 35 25 6 15 23 20 22 9 38 54 51 47 27 48 3 11 24 40 10 32 12 28 5 26 46 21 44 19 33 21 17 52 28 37 52 41 2 31 50 44 34 16 7 14 4 34 2 41

Ma 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 K-Pg Fig. S5

A B 10000 95% CI, r = 0.0686 10000 95% CI, r = 0.0686 3 42 8 18 43 33 25 19 45 34 27 48 30 47 32 1000 38 49 1000

39 52

40 53 41 54

100 100

Log Log species richness Log Log species richness 10 10

1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Stem group age (Ma) Stem group age (Ma) Fig. S6 Diaspores winged wingless

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S7 Diaspores winged wingless

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S8

Dispersal modes wind scatterhoarding endozoochorous unassisted

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S9

Dispersal modes wind scatterhoarding endozoochorous unassisted

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S10

Pollination anemophilous entomophilous

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S11

Pollination anemophilous entomophilous

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S12

Habitat types open closed open & closed

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S13

Habitat types open closed open & closed

Ma Ma 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 Fig. S14

Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Q Late Paleoc. Eocene Oligoc. Miocene Antiquacupula Protofagacea Asterocarpinus Carpinus

Corylus Betulaceae Betula Palaeocarpinus Cranea Casuarina Gymnostoma Casuariaceae

Pseudofagus Trigonobalanopsis Fagopsis Cascadiacarpa Lithocarpus Castanopsis Fagaceae Quercus Trigonobalanus Fagus Trigonobalanoidea Castanopsoidea Sphaerocarya Carya Oreoroa Juglans Palaeoplatycarya Palaeoreomunnea Paraengelhardia Hooleya Palaeocarya Pterocarya Platycarya Juglandaceae Cruciptera Beardia Pterocaryopsis Cyclocarya Amurcarya Polyptera Casholdia Juglandicarya Caryanthus Antiquocarya Manningia Comptonia Myricaceae Nothofagus Nothofagaceae Ferrignocarpus Ticodendraceae

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0