Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships in the Walnut Family Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences and Secondary Structures(ITS2)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships in the Walnut Family Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences and Secondary Structures(ITS2) Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships in The Walnut Family Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences and Secondary Structures(ITS2) Zhongzhong Guo Tarim University Qiang Jin Tarim University Zhenkun Zhao Tarim University Wenjun Yu Tarim University Gen Li Tarim University Yunjiang Cheng Tarim University Cuiyun Wu Tarim University rui Zhang ( [email protected] ) Tarim University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4360-5179 Research Article Keywords: Base sequence, Evolution, Juglandaceae, Ribosomal spacer, Secondary structure Posted Date: May 13th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-501634/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/23 Abstract This study aims to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the Juglandaceae family based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer's primary sequence and secondary structures (ITS2). Comparative analysis of 51 Juglandaceae species was performed across most of the dened seven genera. The results showed that the ITS2 secondary structure's folding pattern was highly conserved and congruent with the eukaryote model. Firstly, Neighbor-joining (N.J.) analysis recognized two subfamilies: Platycaryoideae and Engelhardioideae. The Platycaryoideae included the Platycaryeae (Platycarya+ (Carya+ Annamocarya)) and Juglandeae (Juglans-(Cyclocarya + Pterocarya)). The Engelhardioideae composed the (Engelhardia+Oreomunnea+Alfaroa)). The Rhoiptelea genus was generally regarded as an outgroup when inferring the phylogeny of Juglandaceae. However, it is clustered into the Juglandaceae family and showed a close relationship with the Platycaryoideae subfamily. Secondly, the folded 3-helices and 4-helices secondary structure of ITS2 were founded in the Juglandaceae family. Therefore, these ITS2 structures could be used as formal evidence to analyze Juglandaceae's phylogeny relationship. The morphology based on the secondary structure nicely coincided with previous investigations. This study further conrms that ITS2 can serve as a valid basis for parsing evolutionary relationships in higher woody fruit trees. Introduction Several molecular (nuclear and plastid) studies have been conducted to infer phylogenetic relationships at a low taxonomic level. The coded ribosomal RNA (rDNA) repeat has been useful in intra- and inter- specic phylogenetic studies within the angiosperms. In eukaryotic cells, the highly conserved rRNA genes are abundant and are arranged in a tandem series at the nucleolar organizer region (NORs) of chromosomes. Each unit is comprised of a non-transcribed spacer known as an intergenic spacer (IGS), the transcription unit coding for the precursor of the rRNA, so the composed basic unit contains the following segments is 5'-IGS-18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-26S-3’[1–4]. The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2), which are part of the nuclear ribosomal cistron, but are not incorporated into mature ribosomes, have been regarded as valuable targets when used as markers in systematic studies. Sequencing of rDNA regions, including the small ribosomal subunit 5.8S and ITS, have been widely applied in phylogenetic classications because of the relatively higher mutation rate [5–8]. Furthermore, the ITS2 sequence has been widely used to infer phylogenetic relationships at low intra- and inter-hierarchical levels even at the species and genus ranks based on the predominance nature of hypervariable subregions, biparental inheritance, and intergenomic variability [3]. However, the typical challenge on the alignment of ITS2 sequences arises from closely related and recently radiated taxa due to the highly conserved nature of some ITS2 subregions and other parts that seem to vary high randomly substitution [9]. When phylogenetic inferences are limited to subregions with precise alignment, effective information content may be lost. To gain more insights into the processes shaping expansion segments, studies aimed at comparing the evolution of ITS2 primary sequences and secondary structures are required [10, 11]. The ITS domain brings the large and small ribosomal submits into proximity for mature Page 2/23 processing; the ITS domain's secondary structures were considered important in dening the cleavage sites for the rRNA release. So, the ITS2 secondary structures did not incorporate into mature ribosomes and were relatively highly conserved [9, 11]. Hence, it is crucial to identify the ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure when performing alignments and reconstruct phylogenies. The Juglandaceae, also known as the walnut family, comprises woody trees and shrubs and belongs to the order Fagales. The Juglandaceae is a vital nut and timber producer in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, South America, and North America. The Juglandaceae consists of 9 genera and 72 species in the world. Based on Manos's results [12], the Juglandaceae family comprises two major subfamilies; the Juglandoideae and the Engelhardioideae. Within the Engelhardioideae subfamily, the genus Engelhardia was paraphyletic to the sub-clade composed of Oreomunnea + Alfaroa genus. In the Juglandoideae, the full Juglandeae clade (Carya-(Juglans-(Cyclocarya + Pterocarya))) was the sister group to the Platycaryeae genus. However, Schaarschmidt [13] suggested that the Juglandaceae comprised the Platycaryoideae and Juglandoideae. The Platycaryoideae contains two sister groups, the Platycaryeae and Engelhardieae, and the Juglandoideae includes the Juglans, Pterocarya, and Cyclocarya genera. The germplasm in the Juglans genus is of great economic value in the Juglandaceae family. Based on leaf and ower morphology by Dode [14], and fruit and nut morphology by Manning's [15], the Juglans genus can be divided into four sections, namely, Dioscaryon Dode (traditional Juglans), Rhysocaryon Dode (black walnuts), Cardiocaryon Dode (Asian butternuts), and Trachycaryon Dode (American butternut). Aradhya [16] suggested that the Juglans section includes the cultivated Persian (English walnut, Juglans regia L.), and iron walnut (Juglans sigillata Dode), which is originated in the Southern Chinese province of Yunnan and Tibet. Based on results published by Ross-Davis [17], the J. cinerea was located close to J. nigra and other members of the Rhysocaryon section than to the Asian members of the Cardiocaryon section. Previous studies based on fossils, morphology, chemical, chromosome, and sequence analysis have established a framework for the Juglandaceae family [12] [18, 19]). The present cladistic analysis included 51 taxa across six genera (including Juglans, Cyclocarya, Pterocarya, Platycarya, Carya, Annamocarya), with the outgroup Rhoiptelea and the partial subfamily Engelhardioideae (Engelhardia, Alfaropsis, Oreomunnea). The present study focused on the features of the secondary structure of ITS2. The objective of the study was to provide new information for the phylogenetic status of the Juglandaceae family. This work will improve our understanding of the phylogeny of the Juglandaceae family. Materials And Methods Plant materials A total of 51 taxa were included in the analysis. A total of 21 accessions were collected in China, which included nineteen ingroup taxa of accessions collected from different locations, including senile Page 3/23 germplasm, wild germplasm, and Pterocarya hupehensis. The last was Juglans nigra (introduced from the USA). The ITS sequence of other genera was downloaded from the GeneBank of NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) (Table 1). Page 4/23 Table 1 Species list, collection site, geographic origin, and GenBank accession number of the 51 Juglandaceae species used for phylogenetic analysis Species list Collection Species/origin Description GenBank accession site number/ provider 21 Juglans regia Shannxi China old cultivars 9 Juglans regia Hutian Xinjiang old cultivars China 13 Juglans regia Wensu Xinjiang old cultivars China 16 Juglans regia Ili Xinjiang old cultivars China 28 Juglans regia Jining China old cultivars 14 Juglans regia Ruoqiang Xinjiang old cultivars China 23 Juglans regia Wenquan Gansu China cultivars 18 Juglans regia Ili Xinjiang wild walnut China 15 Juglans regia Kuche Xinjiang old cultivars China 11 Juglans regia Yecheng Xinjiang old cultivars China 17 Juglans regia Ili Xinjiang wild walnut China 10 Juglans regia Hutian Xinjiang old cultivars China 12 Juglans regia Yecheng Xinjiang old cultivars China 25 Juglans regia Jinin China old cultivars 19 Juglans regia Ili Xinjiang wild walnut China 27 Juglans regia Tibet China wild walnut * 8 Juglans regia EF141011 24 Juglans regia Wensu Xinjiang cultivars China * provided by the National Fruit Germplasm Tai’an Walnut & Chestnut Repositor. Page 5/23 Species list Collection Species/origin Description GenBank accession site number/ provider 26 Juglans Yunnan China landraces * sigiliata Juglans cinerea AF338480 22 Juglans Shannxi China Landraces mandshurica Juglans Hebei China landraces * hopeiensis 42Juglans AF179576 mandshurica Juglans major AF338480 Juglans neotropica AF179578 Juglans australis AF179568 Juglans AF179573 guatemalensis Juglans hindsii AF338477 Juglans californica AF338475 Juglans olanchana AF179580 Juglans AF338485 microcarpa 5Juglans nigra AF338490 20 Juglans nigra Ili Xinjiang Introduction China from USA Cyclocarya AF303817 paliurus Pterocarya Hubei China landraces hupehensis Pterocarya AF303814 macroptera Pterocarya AF303816 stenoptera Platycarya AF303808 strobilacea Carya glabra AF303823 * provided by the National Fruit Germplasm Tai’an Walnut & Chestnut
Recommended publications
  • Shining a Light on Species Delimitation in the Tree Genus Engelhardia
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 152 (2020) 106918 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Shining a light on species delimitation in the tree genus Engelhardia T Leschenault ex Blume (Juglandaceae) Can-Yu Zhanga,i, Shook Ling Lowb, Yi-Gang Songc,e, Nurainasd, Gregor Kozlowskie, Truong Van Dof, Lang Lia,g,j, Shi-Shun Zhoug, Yun-Hong Tang,j, Guan-Long Caoa,i, Zhuo Zhouh, ⁎ ⁎ Hong-Hu Menga,g, , Jie Lia,g,j, a Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650023, China b CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China c Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China d Department of Biology, Faculty of Math. & Nat. Sci. Andalas University, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia e Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland f Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam g Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar h CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China i University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China j Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Enhanced efficacy in species delimitation is critically important in biology given the pending biodiversity crisis Species delimitation under global warming and anthropogenic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Impactos De La Carretera Sobre La Fauna Silvestre, Tramo Huancabamba – Tunqui En La Carretera Oxapampa - Pozuzo Del Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén (Pasco)”
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO MAESTRÍA EN CONSERVACIÓN DE RECURSOS FORESTALES “IMPACTOS DE LA CARRETERA SOBRE LA FAUNA SILVESTRE, TRAMO HUANCABAMBA – TUNQUI EN LA CARRETERA OXAPAMPA - POZUZO DEL PARQUE NACIONAL YANACHAGA CHEMILLÉN (PASCO)” Presentada por: PAOLA JOHANNA GODOY MARTINEZ TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGISTER SCIENTIAE EN CONSERVACIÓN DE RECURSOS FORESTALES Lima – Perú 2017 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO ESPECIALIDAD EN CONSERVACION DE RECURSOS FORESTALES “IMPACTOS DE LA CARRETERA SOBRE LA FAUNA SILVESTRE, TRAMO HUANCABAMBA – TUNQUI EN LA CARRETERA OXAPAMPA - POZUZO DEL PARQUE NACIONAL YANACHAGA CHEMILLÉN (PASCO)” TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGISTER SCIENTIAE PAOLA JOHANNA GODOY MARTINEZ Sustentada y aprobada ante el siguiente jurado: Mg. Sc. Jorge Chávez Salas Mg. Sc. Pedro Vásquez Ruesta PRESIDENTE PATROCINADOR Ph. D. Gilberto Domínguez Torrejón Mg. Sc. María de Los Angeles La Torre MIEMBRO MIEMBRO LIMA – PERÚ Dedicatoria En memoria a mi madre Paula Reynalda Martínez Condezo. A mi padre Toribio Godoy Belleza, por su apoyo incondicional. A mis hermanos, por su motivación e insistencia. A mi pequeño hijo Santiago, por su inmenso cariño. Agradecimiento Agradezco al Jardín Botánico de Missouri (Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development), en especial a Rocío Rojas, por el financiamiento del presente proyecto. A Judith Figueroa y Marcelo Stucchi, por el constante apoyo de supervisión y asesoramiento de este proyecto. A Gilberto Alván y Genaro Yarupaitán, por otorgarme la autorización de investigación dentro del Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén (Oxapampa, Pasco). A Antonio Peña, César Rojas y Dennyse Nieves por la colecta de los especímenes botánicos. A Rodolfo Vásquez, Abel Monteagudo y Gina Castillo por la identificación de las especies botánicas.
    [Show full text]
  • Malosma Laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. Ex Abrams
    I. SPECIES Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams NRCS CODE: Family: Anacardiaceae MALA6 Subfamily: Anacardiodeae Order: Sapindales Subclass: Rosidae Class: Magnoliopsida Immature fruits are green to red in mid-summer. Plants tend to flower in May to June. A. Subspecific taxa none B. Synonyms Rhus laurina Nutt. (USDA PLANTS 2017) C. Common name laurel sumac (McMinn 1939, Calflora 2016) There is only one species of Malosma. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data and a combination of D. Taxonomic relationships molecular and structural data place Malosma as distinct but related to both Toxicodendron and Rhus (Miller et al. 2001, Yi et al. 2004, Andrés-Hernández et al. 2014). E. Related taxa in region Rhus ovata and Rhus integrifolia may be the closest relatives and laurel sumac co-occurs with both species. Very early, Malosma was separated out of the genus Rhus in part because it has smaller fruits and lacks the following traits possessed by all species of Rhus : red-glandular hairs on the fruits and axis of the inflorescence, hairs on sepal margins, and glands on the leaf blades (Barkley 1937, Andrés-Hernández et al. 2014). F. Taxonomic issues none G. Other The name Malosma refers to the strong odor of the plant (Miller & Wilken 2017). The odor of the crushed leaves has been described as apple-like, but some think the smell is more like bitter almonds (Allen & Roberts 2013). The leaves are similar to those of the laurel tree and many others in family Lauraceae, hence the specific epithet "laurina." Montgomery & Cheo (1971) found time to ignition for dried leaf blades of laurel sumac to be intermediate and similar to scrub oak, Prunus ilicifolia, and Rhamnus crocea; faster than Heteromeles arbutifolia, Arctostaphylos densiflora, and Rhus ovata; and slower than Salvia mellifera.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterization of 12 Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers in Engelhardia Roxburghiana (Juglandaceae)
    Zhang et. al.·Silvae Genetica (2014) 63-3, 109-112 SINGH, G. and S. R. ASOKAN (1984): Economic and man- VARSHNEY, R. K., A. GRANER and M. E. SORRELLS (2005): agement aspects of harvesting and processing resin in Genic microsatellite markers: features and applications, India. Center for Management in Agriculture, Indian Trends in Biotechnology, 23: 48–55. Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. VENDRAMIN, G. G., P. LELLILR ROSSI and M. MORGANTE SINGH, H., A. SAKLANI and B. LAL (1990): Ethnobotanical (1996): A set of primers for the amplification of 20 observations on some Gymnosperms of Garhwal chloroplast microsatellites in Pinaceae. Molecular Ecol- Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India. Economic Botany, 44: ogy, 5: 595– 598. 349–354. VOS, P., R. HOGERS, M. BLEEKER, M. REIJANS, T. VAN DE SINGH, V. and S. KUMAR (2004): Seed quality as affected by LEE, M. HORNES, A. FRIJTERS, J. POT, J. PELEMAN, mid cone diameter in Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Indian M. KUIPER and M. ZABEAU (1995): AFLP: a new tech- Forester, 130(7): 757–761. nique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research, SINGHAL, R. M., P. KUMAR and S. D. SHARMA (1987): Study 23(21): 4407–4414. of the humus forms in some ecosystems of Chakrata for- WILLIAMS, J. G. K., A. R. KUBELIK, K. J. LIVAK, J. A. RAFAL- est (Dehradun) U. P., India. Indian Forester, 113(2): SKI and S. V. TINGEY (1990): DNA polymorphisms ampli- 117–126. fied by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. SINHA, B. (2002): Introduction of the European pines in Nucleic Acids Research, 18: 6531–6535. the Himalyas: A brief note.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Check List and Host Index Arizona Wood
    Annotated Check List and Host Index for Arizona Wood-Rotting Fungi Item Type text; Book Authors Gilbertson, R. L.; Martin, K. J.; Lindsey, J. P. Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 28/09/2021 02:18:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/602154 Annotated Check List and Host Index for Arizona Wood - Rotting Fungi Technical Bulletin 209 Agricultural Experiment Station The University of Arizona Tucson AÏfJ\fOTA TED CHECK LI5T aid HOST INDEX ford ARIZONA WOOD- ROTTlNg FUNGI /. L. GILßERTSON K.T IyIARTiN Z J. P, LINDSEY3 PRDFE550I of PLANT PATHOLOgY 2GRADUATE ASSISTANT in I?ESEARCI-4 36FZADAATE A5 S /STANT'" TEACHING Z z l'9 FR5 1974- INTRODUCTION flora similar to that of the Gulf Coast and the southeastern United States is found. Here the major tree species include hardwoods such as Arizona is characterized by a wide variety of Arizona sycamore, Arizona black walnut, oaks, ecological zones from Sonoran Desert to alpine velvet ash, Fremont cottonwood, willows, and tundra. This environmental diversity has resulted mesquite. Some conifers, including Chihuahua pine, in a rich flora of woody plants in the state. De- Apache pine, pinyons, junipers, and Arizona cypress tailed accounts of the vegetation of Arizona have also occur in association with these hardwoods. appeared in a number of publications, including Arizona fungi typical of the southeastern flora those of Benson and Darrow (1954), Nichol (1952), include Fomitopsis ulmaria, Donkia pulcherrima, Kearney and Peebles (1969), Shreve and Wiggins Tyromyces palustris, Lopharia crassa, Inonotus (1964), Lowe (1972), and Hastings et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Subclase Hamamélidas
    PLANTAS VASCULARES INGENIERIA EN RECURSOS NATURALE S Y MEDIO AMBIENTE SUBCLASE HAMAMÉLIDAS Con excepción de algunos taxa del O rden Urticales, en la Subclase Hamamélidas , las familias son típicamente leñosas (árboles y arbustos ) , con hojas bien desarrolladas (a excepción de las Casuarináceas , familia en la que son muy peque ñas y escamiformes), persistentes o caedizas . Las flores se caracterizan por ser reducidas, con frecuencia imperfectas , agrupadas en amentos en los grupos más avanzados y con perianto ausente o pobremente desarrollado. La polinización es anemófila . Los fr utos maduros contienen un solo óvulo. En general , poseen alto contenido de taninos como defensa química contra los herbívoros . Este grupo deriva probablemente de las Magnólidas primitivas . Esta subclase es la más pequeña de las Magnoliópsidas , posee unas 3.400 especies agrupadas en 11 órdenes y 24 familias. Se originó hace aproximadamente 100 millones de años en el C retácico inferior, como un grupo caracterizado por la polinización por viento y por la reducción floral. Hace 80 millones de años estaban b ien establecidas. Los principales Órdenes son: Hamamelidales, Juglandales, Urticales, Fagales y Casuarinales. Clave de los Órdenes que se estudian A. Ramificaciones de último orden no articuladas; con nomófilos normales B. Gineceo súpero. Árboles , arbustos o hierbas, con hojas simples no aromáticas O rden Urticales B’. Gineceo ínfero. Árboles con hojas pinnaticompuestas, aromáticas O rde n Juglandales A’ . Ramificaciones del último orden articuladas ; nomófilos reducidos a escamas, en v erticilos Orden Casuarinales ORDEN URTIC ALES Árboles, arbustos o hierbas. Hojas simples, alternas, estipuladas. Flor es pequeñas, generalmente imperfectas , monoclamídeas, vert icilo con 4 a 6 tépalos.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketplace Plants Used in Ceremonial Cleansing Among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Marshall University Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2007 Marketplace plants used in ceremonial cleansing among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador Sushma Shrestha Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Folklore Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Shrestha, Sushma, "Marketplace plants used in ceremonial cleansing among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador" (2007). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1275. https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1275 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Marketplace plants used in ceremonial cleansing among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador Thesis submitted to The Graduate School of Marshall University In partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences by Sushma Shrestha Dr. Dan K. Evans, Ph.D., Chairperson Dr. Charles Somerville, Ph.D. Dr. Tom Pauley, Ph.D. Marshall University 2007 ii TO MY FAMILY and INDIGINOUS PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to Dr. Evans for further igniting my interest in plant and indigenous people. I appreciate all your help in Ecuador and here during the research and beyond with both academic and financial support for the work. You are a wonderful professor, advisor and a travel companion.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Ancient Plant Use and the Importance of Geophytes Among the Island Chumash of Santa Cruz
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Ancient Plant Use and the Importance of Geophytes among the Island Chumash of Santa Cruz Island, California A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Kristina Marie Gill Committee in charge: Professor Michael A. Glassow, Chair Professor Michael A. Jochim Professor Amber M. VanDerwarker Professor Lynn H. Gamble September 2015 The dissertation of Kristina Marie Gill is approved. __________________________________________ Michael A. Jochim __________________________________________ Amber M. VanDerwarker __________________________________________ Lynn H. Gamble __________________________________________ Michael A. Glassow, Committee Chair July 2015 Ancient Plant Use and the Importance of Geophytes among the Island Chumash of Santa Cruz Island, California Copyright © 2015 By Kristina Marie Gill iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my Family, Mike Glassow, and the Chumash People. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have provided guidance, encouragement, and support in my career as an archaeologist, and especially through my undergraduate and graduate studies. For those of whom I am unable to personally thank here, know that I deeply appreciate your support. First and foremost, I want to thank my chair Michael Glassow for his patience, enthusiasm, and encouragement during all aspects of this daunting project. I am also truly grateful to have had the opportunity to know, learn from, and work with my other committee members, Mike Jochim, Amber VanDerwarker, and Lynn Gamble. I cherish my various field experiences with them all on the Channel Islands and especially in southern Germany with Mike Jochim, whose worldly perspective I value deeply. I also thank Terry Jones, who provided me many undergraduate opportunities in California archaeology and encouraged me to attend a field school on San Clemente Island with Mark Raab and Andy Yatsko, an experience that left me captivated with the islands and their history.
    [Show full text]
  • Juglans Californica, Southern California Black Walnut
    The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T35154A9915361 Juglans californica, Southern California Black Walnut Assessment by: World Conservation Monitoring Centre View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Juglans californica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T35154A9915361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35154A9915361.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED
    [Show full text]
  • Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case Studies from the Drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C
    Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor This book is dedicated to the memory of Margarito Sánchez Carrada, a student who worked on the research project described in these pages. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the European Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site
    Powell, Schmidt, Halvorson In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Plant and Vertebrate Vascular U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Open-File Report 2005-1167 Southwest Biological Science Center Open-File Report 2005-1167 February 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site By Brian F. Powell, Cecilia A. Schmidt , and William L. Halvorson Open-File Report 2005-1167 December 2006 USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web:http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested Citation Powell, B. F, C. A. Schmidt, and W. L. Halvorson. 2006. Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of 11 Juglandaceae Gen O Types Based on Morphology
    BREEDING, CULTIVARS, ROOTSTOCKS, & GERMPLASM RESOURCES HORTSCIENCE 38(6):1178–1183. 2003. genetic similarity of the component elements, can be of practical advantage. Our long term goal is to develop superior rootstocks for Jug- Characterization of 11 Juglandaceae lans trees for timber production. The fi rst step towards that goal was to infer phy lo ge net ic Gen o types Based on Morphology, relatedness between our accessions based on morphology, cpDNA, and RAPD analysis cpDNA, and RAPD presented in this study. 1 G. Orel Materials and Methods Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith DC, NSW 1797, Accessions used (Table 1).Juglans nigra L. and J. olanchana Standl. et L.O. Williams are Australia from temperate and subtropical North Amer i ca, National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs respectively, and J. neotropica Diels. and J. australis Griseb. from tropical and temperate Macquarie·s Road, Sydney NSW 2000, Aus tra lia South America. Juglans nigra is a well-identi- A.D. Marchant fi ed cultivated species, while the other three are new germplasm accessions. Juglans regia National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs is of Eurasian origin; J. sigillata Dode and an Macquarie·s Road, Sydney NSW 2000, Aus tra lia undescribed species (“J. sp.”) from China, and J. ailantifolia Carr. from Japan. Engelhardia J.A. McLeod and G.D. Richards spicata Leschenault ex Blume is from Royal Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Botanic Gardens, Sydney, of Viet nam ese prov- Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith DC, NSW 1797, enance.
    [Show full text]