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Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case Studies from the Drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor This book is dedicated to the memory of Margarito Sánchez Carrada, a student who worked on the research project described in these pages. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the European Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or the European Commission. This publication has been made possible by funding from the European Commission under the ReForLan project: INCO Contract CT–2006–032132. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: ©2011 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Newton, A.C. and Tejedor, N. (Eds.). (2011). Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration: Case studies from the drylands of Latin America. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xxvi + 383 pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1340-3 Photos: Front cover: ©N. Ramirez-Marcial; back cover: ©C. Echeverria Layout by: Bookcraft Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK Available from: IUCN Publications Services, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 999 0000, Fax: +41 22 999 0020 E-mail: [email protected] www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/ CONTENTS List of boxes ix Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xiv Contributors xv Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor 2 Assessing the current extent and recent loss of dryland forest ecosystems 23 J.M. Rey Benayas, L. Cristóbal, T. Kitzberger, R. Manson, F. López-Barrera, J. Schulz, R. Vaca, L. Cayuela, R. Rivera, L. Malizia, D. Golicher, C. Echeverría, R. del Castillo, J. Salas 3 Assessing fragmentation and degradation of dryland forest ecosystems 65 C. Echeverría, T. Kitzberger, R. Rivera, R. Manson, R. Vaca, L. Cristóbal, G. Machuca, D. González, R. Fuentes 4 Fragmentation and altitudinal effects ontree diversity in seasonally dry forests of Mexico and Chile 103 C. Smith-Ramírez, G. Williams-Linera, R.F. del Castillo, N. Ramírez-Marcial, R. Aguilar, N. Taylor, D. Golicher, P. Becerra, J.L. Celis-Diez, J.J. Armesto 5 Experimental analysis of dryland forest restoration techniques 131 G. Williams-Linera, C. Alvarez-Aquino, A. Suárez, C. Blundo, C. Smith-Ramírez, C. Echeverria, E. Cruz-Cruz, G. Bolados, J.J. Armesto, K. Heinemann, L. Malizia, P. Becerra, R.F. del Castillo, R. Urrutia 6 Socioeconomic valuation of dryland forest resources in dry areas of Argentina, Chile and Mexico 183 R.F. del Castillo, R. Aguilar-Santelises, C. Echeverría, E. Ianni, M. Mattenet, G. Montoya Gómez, L. Nahuelhual, L.R. Malizia, N. Ramírez-Marcial, I. Schiappacasse, C. Smith-Ramírez, A. Suárez, G. Williams-Linera 7 Impact of forest fragmentation and degradation on patterns of genetic variation and its implication for forest restoration 205 A.C. Premoli, C.P. Souto, S. Trujillo A., R.F. del Castillo, P. Quiroga, T. Kitzberger, Z. Gomez Ocampo, M. Arbetman, L. Malizia, A. Grau, R. Rivera García, A.C. Newton 8 Landscape-scale dynamics and restoration of dryland forest ecosystems 229 A.C. Newton, E. Cantarello, N. Tejedor, T. Kitzberger, C. Echeverría, G. Williams- Linera, D. Golicher, G. Bolados, L. Malizia, R.H. Manson, F. López-Barrera, N. Ramirez-Marcial, M. Martinez-Icó, G. Henriquez, R. Hill 9 Identifying priority areas for dryland forest restoration 273 D. Geneletti, F. Orsi, E. Ianni, A.C. Newton vii Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration 10 Development of policy recommendations and management strategies for restoration of dryland forest landscapes 307 M. González-Espinosa, M.R. Parra-Vázquez, M.H. Huerta-Silva, N. Ramírez- Marcial, J.J. Armesto, A.D. Brown, C. Echeverría, B.G. Ferguson, D. Geneletti, D. Golicher, J. Gowda, S.C. Holz, E. Ianni, T. Kitzberger, A. Lara, F. López-Barrera, L. Malizia, R.H. Manson, J.A. Montero-Solano, G. Montoya-Gómez, F. Orsi, A.C. Premoli, J.M. Rey-Benayas, I. Schiappacasse, C. Smith-Ramírez, G. Williams-Linera, A.C. Newton 11 Synthesis: principles and practice of forest landscape restoration 353 A.C. Newton viii LIST OF BOXES Box 1.1 Definition of some key concepts relating to forest restoration, from Lamb and Gilmour (2003) 1 Box 1.2 Elements of FLR, according to Mansourian (2005) 4 Box 1.3 Characteristics of FLR approaches, after Maginnis et al. (2007) 6 Box 1.4 Examples of FLR initiatives in different parts of the world 8 Box 1.5 Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) 8 Box 1.6 Principal partners of the ReForLan project 10 Box 2.1 Methodology used to assess the amount and the drivers of forest change 24 Box 2.2 Vegetation cover change in mountain ranges of central Chile (1955–2008) 33 Box 2.3 Land-use change in the Yungas Biosphere Reserve and its area of influence, Argentina (1975–2008) 35 Box 2.4 Historical distribution of the dryland forest in central Chile during the Spanish conquest in the 16th century 41 Box 2.5 Historical reconstruction of land-use patterns from 1920 to 1960 on communal lands of Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz, Mexico 44 Box 2.6 Tuning up coarse-grained potential vegetation maps for estimation of historical forest loss in tropical Mexico 48 Box 2.7 Different sets of drivers across study regions 51 Box 3.1 Landscape features associated with the passive recovery of Mediterranean sclerophyllous woodlands of central Chile 65 Box 3.2 Landscape connectivity in the highly fragmented drylands of the Central Valley of Chiapas 70 Box 3.3 Estimating forest degradation in dryland landscapes in central Chile using MODIS products 92 Box 3.4 Human-caused forest fires in Mediterranean ecosystems of Chile: modelling landscape spatial patterns on forest fire occurrence 96 Box 4.1 Altitudinal variation in vegetation structure and diversity of tree species in the tropical dry forest region of central Veracruz 109 Box 4.2 Diversity of woody vegetation in the Central Depression of Chiapas, Mexico 110 Box 4.3 Tree species diversity and forest structure in subtropical dry forest of northwestern Argentina 114 Box 4.4 Patterns of diversity of fungi in an altitudinal gradient 116 Box 4.5 Species diversity in northwestern Patagonian dryland forests: implications for restoration 116 ix Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Box 4.6 Avian-generated seed rain and germination in the patchy shrubland of central Chile 119 Box 4.7 Effect of fragmentation on plant communities of central Chile 121 Box 4.8 Tree species diversity driven by environmental and anthropogenic factors in tropical dry forest fragments of central Veracruz, Mexico 122 Box 5.1 Holistic ranching and landscape restoration in Chiapas, Mexico 135 Box 5.2 The role of cattle in tropical dry forest regeneration in Chiapas, Mexico 136 Box 5.3 Evaluation of commercial plantations and their management in the tropical dry forest region of Paso de Ovejas, Mexico 139 Box 5.4 Terraces to reforest degraded lands in Oaxaca, Mexico 140 Box 5.5 Replacement of a forest stand of exotic species by native plants in the dryland landscape in central Chile 143 Box 5.6 Early secondary succession as passive restoration in initial stages of ecological restoration of tropical dry forest 145 Box 5.7 Tropical dry forest restoration in Chiapas, Mexico, and basic knowledge for native tree species: phenology, seed germination and seedling growth 148 Box 5.8 Soil seed bank, seed removal, and germination in early secondary succession of a tropical dry forest region in central Veracruz, Mexico 149 Box 5.9 Effects of avian ingestion on seed germination in central Chile 150 Box 5.10 Tree-seedling establishment in fragmented Mediterranean forests of central Chile 153 Box 5.11 Post-fire restoration of native tree species: effects of wood shaving application 154 Box 6.1 Firewood consumption for pottery and projections for woody biomass production from Bursera simaruba 191 Box 6.2 Patterns of firewood use in a tropical dry forest landscape in central Veracruz 191 Box 6.3 Taking local
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