Status Quo & Master Plan Liechtenstein

Status Quo Report and Master Plan

Author: Peter Droege and Team

Contact: University of Liechtenstein Fürst-Franz-Josef-Straße | 9490 Vaduz Professor Peter Droege and Team Contact: [email protected]

Status Quo Reports are contributing to AlpStore WP4, Action 4.2 Masterplans are contributing to AlpStore WP5, Action 5.2

Work Package Responsible WP4, University of Liechtenstein, Professor Peter Droege and Team, Work Package Responsible WP5, Novae Alsace (Freshmile), Arnaud Mora

Lead Partner B.A.U.M. Consult Ludwig Karg, Patrick Ansbacher, Anja Lehmann, Dr. Michael Stöhr

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

AlpStore Status Quo- and Masterplans:

Status Quo Reports: All subconsortia describe the regional situation in their pilot region concerning the current impact and future trends of hybrid, electric and gas powered vehicles, energy storagesys- tems, smart grids and renewable energy sources - taking planned demonstration sites as representa- tive examplesand considering transnational opportunities (e.g. roaming with electric cars, cross border aggregation of flexibility of mobile storages).

Masterplans: All subconsortia develop holistic masterplans for their respective regions with the specific emphases listed in Table 1. The masterplans build on the overarching STORM principle as developed in WP4 (see Appendix). With the masterplans developed in WP5 decision makers inthe involved regions are to receive long-range conceptsto enhance their regional and municipal development planning. With many different types of regions being involved many other decision making and planning processes in the Alpine Space can be informed by these masterplans as blueprints.

Table 1: Overview of AlpStore Status Quo- and Masterplans: No. Region Specific Emphasis of Masterplan according Application Resp. PP 1 West Milan IT EV fleet management and VPS, involvement of ESCO EU-IMP and PAES for efficient energy management 2 Aosta IT “AOSTA Valley Regional Energy Plan 2011-2020” AOSTA 3 Lombardy IT electric public transport ALOT integration of VPS long term plan (gas, PV) with sustain- AGIRE able mobility needs and storage opportunities 4 Alsace FR fleet management with EV and fuel cell vehicles in of- FRESH fice buildings UTBM 5 Vorarlberg AT small hydro pump vs. mobile and stationary battery VLOTTE storage, mass roll-out of EV 6 Güssing AT mobile vs. stationary use of biogas EEE 7 Haslital Brienz CH controlled charging with 2nd life batteries in semi- KWO public areas (supermarkets) 8 Gorenjska SI off grid situations of small mountain villages UL RDA JEZ 9 Allgäu DE integrated storage and mobility for public transport, BAUM electric car and e-bike charging infrastructure fully integrated plus energy houses EZA 10 Ebersberg DE managing biogas and wind energy in Ebersberg BAUM FFE 11 Berchtesgaden DE small hydro pump, pressed air storage in salt mines in BAUM Berchtesgaden FFE 12 Ticino CH Ticino RE Platform USI 13 Liechtenstein LI potential for RES in various settlement forms LIECH FL (masterplan focused on potential for RES in various settlement forms)

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

Contents Contents ...... 3 1 Summary ...... Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. 2 The Pilot Region ...... 5 3 Status quo of Energy System ...... 8 3.1 Energy Production ...... 8 3.1.1 Conventional Power Plants ...... 8 3.1.2 Renewable Energies ...... 8 3.2 Energy Consumption ...... 10 3.2.1 Business clients ...... 11 3.2.2 Private consumers and small-scale business clients ...... 11 3.2.3 Trends ...... 11 3.3 Energy Transmission and Distribution ...... 11 3.3.1 Power grid ...... 11 3.3.2 Metering points ...... 11 3.3.3 (Smart) grid issues and development status ...... 11 3.4 Energy Storage ...... 11 4 Future Energy System ...... 12 4.1 Regional Energy Production ...... 12 4.1.1 Conventional Power Plants ...... 12 4.1.2 Renewable Energies ...... 12 4.2 Regional Energy Consumption ...... 12 4.2.1 Business clients ...... 12 4.2.2 Private consumers and small-scale business clients ...... 12 4.2.3 Trends ...... 13 4.3 Transmission and Distribution Grids ...... 13 4.3.1 Stressors for the Regional Power Grid ...... 13 4.3.2 (Smart) Grid Solutions ...... 13 5 Future Energy Storage ...... 13 5.1 Storage Requirements ...... 13

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

5.1.1 Short Term Storage ...... 13 5.1.2 Long Term Storage ...... 13 5.2 Potentials for Regional Storage ...... 14 5.3 Benefits of Regional Energy Storage ...... 14 6 Framework for future Storage Systems ...... 14 6.1 Governance ...... 14 6.2 Technology Trends ...... 14 6.3 R&D activities ...... 15 6.4 Stakeholders ...... 15 7 Master Plan ...... 15 7.1 Objectives ...... 15 7.1.1 Vision ...... 15 7.1.2 Goals ...... 15 7.2 Regional Storage Park...... 15 7.3 Storage Roadmap ...... 16 7.3.1 Measures and Projects ...... 16 7.3.2 Timelines, milestones and Controlling ...... 16 7.4 Implementation Structure ...... 16 7.4.1 Performance framework and criteria for storage strategies, plans and pilots ...... 16 7.4.2 Options for storage strategies, plans and pilots ...... 17 7.4.3 Ideal Implementation Structure in the Region ...... 17 7.4.4 Building up the Ideal Structure ...... 17

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

1 The Pilot Region

Location and connection The Principality of Liechtenstein is located in the Alpine Rhine Valley between Switzerland and Aus- tria. The west border is formed by the Alpine Rhine and the east border by a massive mountain range. Liechtenstein and also the whole Alpine Rhine Valley profits of its location by working as a hub between the agglomeration centers Zurich, Munich, Innsbruck and Chur. The Swiss highway A 13/E43 is the main connection line running besides the Alpine Rhine. In Liechtenstein the main street is the Landesstrasse leading from north to south built by the Romans and marking the border between flood prone plane and slopy hillside.

Topography, climate and nature It is possible to divide the topography into three different areas. The flat plane as the lowest area consists of sand and gravel soil, but is also driven by running and standing waters. The second area is characterised by a slopy hillside, with steep slopes, plateaus, terraces, screes, but also with loess- deposits. At least there are the mountains with high valleys and peak formations. (Droege et al., Erneuerbares Liechtenstein). The climate is compared to other Alpine Space milder because of warm fall winds with precipitation between 900 and 1,200 milimeters per year.

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

Settlement and mobility The traditional development is characterized by small village cores and sprawled single detached farms all over the country. Less dense typologies lead also to a urban sprawl character of Liechten- stein, but also to a dependency on transportation. In the case of Liechtenstein to an high individual transport. This leads also to a high energy demand in the transportation sector. Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung sind ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit, wobei es sich vorwiegend um schweizerische, österreichische und deutsche Staatsangehörige handelt. (Amt für Statistik, Bevölke- rung und Wohnen 2013)

General data Amount of area: 160.475 km² Border length to Switzerland: 41.2 km Border length to Austria: 36.7 km Highest point: Vorder-Grauspitze 2,599 m above Sealevel Lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m above Sealevel

Usage km² % 66 km² 41% Forest area 53 km² 33% Agricultural area 24 km² 15% Settlement area 17 km² 11% Unproductive area

Communities km² Above sea level 1 Vaduz 17.316 460 2 Triesen 26.477 512 3 Balzers 19.730 477 4 Triesenberg 29.693 886 5 Schaan 26.921 462 6 Planken 5.341 786 7 Eschen 10.381 457 8 Mauren 7.491 472 9 Gamprin 6.188 468 10 Ruggell 7.378 433 11 Schellenberg 3.558 630

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

Population and residential Households seperated in different typologies 2000 und 2010 2000 2010 Change in % Total 13 325 15 474 16.1 Private households 13 282 15 463 16.4 One person households 4 321 5 284 22.3 Couples without children 2 978 3 855 29.4

Couples with childen 4 656 4 783 2.7 Father/Mother with child 926 1 250 35.0 Residual private households 401 291 -27.4 Collective households (Sen- 43 11 -74.4 iorenheim) (Amt für Statistik, Bevölkerung und Wohnen 2013)

Buildings and flats with residential usage 2000 und 2010 2000 2010 Change in %

Total Buildings 8 903 10 383 16.6 Single family houses 5 961 6 198 4.0 Multiple family houses 1 576 2 160 37.1 Residential building with 804 1 708 112.4 mixed usage Residual buildings with resi- 562 317 -43.6 dential usage Total flats with residental use 12 601 15 463 22.7 Self used flats 6 385 7 884 23.5 Rented flats 6 006 7 321 21.9 Residual flat with residential 210 258 22.9 usage (Amt für Statistik, Bevölkerung und Wohnen 2013)

 Existing energy and climate activities, plans (e. g. SEAP) etc. Energiestrategie 2020 Renewable Liechtenstein Alpenrheinkraftwerk

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

2 Status quo of Energy System

2.1 Energy Production

2.1.1 Conventional Power Plants There are six natural gas supported combined heat and power units in the communities of Vaduz, Triesen, Balzers, Schaan, Eschen and Schellenberg. The natural gas is imported from abroad. (Amt für Statistik, Energie- statistik 2011)

2.1.2 Renewable Energies  Water Hydro power is the most important renewable energy source in Liechtenstein. Twelve hydro power stations cover around 19% of the whole electric energy demand of the country. They produce 66,450,000 kWh/year. The hydro power station Samina is transformed to a hydro pump storage station in the moment. (Energiestrategie 2020)

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

 Wind There are no mentionable wind mills installed in Liechtenstein.

 Photovoltaic In 2012 photovoltaic installations produced an amount of 8,741,512 kWh.

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

 Combined heat and power generation Besides six natural gas supported combined heat and power units, one is also connected to the waste water treatment plant in Bendern. Produced biogas from the plant is connected to the CHP and pro- duces energy. It will be changed in the future to directly feed in biogas the grid.

2.2 Energy Consumption

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

2.2.1 Business clients  large-scale consumer, > 100.000 kWh/a

2.2.2 Private consumers and small-scale business clients  consumption < 100.000 kWh/a

2.2.3 Trends

2.3 Energy Transmission and Distribution

2.3.1 Power grid  High-voltage  Medium-voltage  Low-voltage

2.3.2 Metering points

2.3.3 (Smart) grid issues and development status

2.4 Energy Storage

 Units in operation or construction Hydro pump storage Samina. LKW takes part in projects like the Largo Bianco project in Switzer- land.

 Units planned The waste water treatment plant will feed in biogas into the gas grid. There are no other units planned at the moment.

 Units available on the market

. Biogas digesters and storage tanks Waste water treatment plant

. Power-to-Gas (methane in gas grid) The waste water treatment plant will feed in biogas into the gas grid.

. Power-to-Gas (hydrogen in gas grid) . Power-to-Gas (hydrogen local) . Chemical storage (zeolite etc.) . Compressed air storage

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

. Pump storage (regional in Alpine Space) . Pump storage (Scandinavia etc.) . Thermal energy storage systems – High temperature . Thermal energy storage systems – Low temperature . Thermal energy storage system - Water . Thermal energy storage system - Salt . Thermal energy storage system – Materials like concrete, stones or sand . Flywheels (small-sized) . Flywheels (large-sized) . Mobile batteries (electric vehicles) . Stationary batteries

3 Future Energy System  10 - 20 pages  What will be the situation in the future concerning energy production, energy consumption and energy transmission and distribution

3.1 Regional Energy Production

3.1.1 Conventional Power Plants Change of natural gas into biogas supported CHP units.

3.1.2 Renewable Energies  Water

 Wind

 Photovoltaic

 Combined heat and power generation

3.2 Regional Energy Consumption

3.2.1 Business clients  large-scale consumer, > 100.000 kWh/a

3.2.2 Private consumers and small-scale business clients

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

 consumption < 100.000 kWh/a

3.2.3 Trends

3.3 Transmission and Distribution Grids

3.3.1 Stressors for the Regional Power Grid  High-voltage  Medium-voltage  Low-voltage

3.3.2 (Smart) Grid Solutions  Grid Operation and Automation  Balancing Energy and Flexibility Management

4 Future Energy Storage  10 - 20 pages  What will be the situation in the future concerning our AlpStore key issue energy storage?

4.1 Storage Requirements

4.1.1 Short Term Storage Wind and solar generated energy causes also fluctuations in the second and minute sector, because of a calm, change of wind direction or a cloud. There will be a demand for really short term storages to store energy for seconds and minutes. This can be the task for flywheels, smaller and big ones.

Because Liechtenstein will have around 70 GWh/year produced by photovoltaic systems the peak load at midday requires a lot of storage capacity to shift this peak load to the night and next day morning. That means for the day-to-day business at least around 18 hours.

Short term storage systems will be covered by stationary and mobile batteries.

4.1.2 Long Term Storage

Key Question:  What are the relevant results and conclusions from the status quo and future energy system as- sessment?

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

4.2 Potentials for Regional Storage

 description of technical and spatial potentials , limitations etc.

. Biogas digesters and storage tanks . Power-to-Gas (methane in gas grid) . Power-to-Gas (hydrogen in gas grid) . Power-to-Gas (hydrogen local) . Chemical storage (zeolite etc.) . Compressed air storage . Pump storage (regional in Alpine Space) . Pump storage (Scandinavia etc.) . Thermal energy storage systems – High temperature . Thermal energy storage systems – Low temperature . Thermal energy storage system - Water . Thermal energy storage system - Salt . Thermal energy storage system – Materials like concrete, stones or sand . Flywheels (small-sized) . Flywheels (large-sized) . Mobile batteries (electric vehicles) . Stationary batteries

4.3 Benefits of Regional Energy Storage economy – ecology - society

5 Framework for future Storage Systems  5 -10 pages  What will be the influences on the situation in the future?

5.1 Governance

 Summary and Reference to the documents about National and EU-frameworks  Regional specifics  Regional binding plans (spatial planning)  Political aspects

5.2 Technology Trends

 e-mobility, plus-energy-house,…  market development

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

5.3 R&D activities 5.4 Stakeholders

 enterprises  energy groups  …

6 Master Plan  20 - 30 pages  What is our plan for the region?

6.1 Objectives

6.1.1 Vision The vision is to create a 100% renewable energy system for Liechtenstein. We especially focus on the development of settlements with integrated power and heat storage systems. A new planning cul- ture and expression in architecture with implementation of storages and renewable energies will support the spatial integrations, the public acceptance and the success of the renewable revolution.

6.1.2 Goals  Milestones towards meeting the goals  Increasing renewable energies  Decreasing energy demand in Liechtenstein and the region  Integration of storages into architecture and urban design

6.2 Regional Storage Park

 description of future storage elements to be implemented in the region, their potentials etc.

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

. Thermal energy storage system - Water . Thermal energy storage system - Salt . Thermal energy storage system – Materials like concrete, stones or sand . Flywheels (small-sized) . Flywheels (large-sized) . Mobile batteries (electric vehicles) . Stationary batteries

6.3 Storage Roadmap

6.3.1 Measures and Projects  descriptions of key development and deployment projects to build the storage park (typically one of these projects being the one to be implemented in AlpStore)

6.3.2 Timelines, milestones and Controlling

6.4 Implementation Structure

6.4.1 Performance framework and criteria for storage strategies, plans and pilots

Main methodology is to set up criteria and principles for architects and urban design planners to generate buildings which respond to our aim of a 100% renewable energy system.

They will be able to store thermal energy, generated by their solar collectors. Generated power by the photovoltaic roof is stored stationary in the home and surplus energy transported to the mobility sector. The mobility sector consists of several underground, surface parking areas and load stations for electric cars and several shelters for e-bikes.

This concept of storing the energy firstly in the private household, will decrease energy load in the power grid and push private investors forward. People prefer to store their own produced energy and to consume it. The national grid will be able to access the power storages if needed.

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

6.4.2 Options for storage strategies, plans and pilots

The question will be which space is being used for energy production, storage and consumption. How will storages be integrated into the space and how can the urban structure support the energy net- work.

6.4.3 Ideal Implementation Structure in the Region

6.4.4 Building up the Ideal Structure

Key Questions:  What are the relevant structures for the process at the moment?  What are the needed structures for a successful implementation process?  How can this ideal structure be accomplished?

7 Sources

Droege, P., Genske, D., Jödecke T., Roos, M., Ruff A. (2012) Erneuerbares Liech- tenstein, Published by Universität Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Fürstentum Liech- tenstein. Amt für Statistik, Fürstentum Liechtenstein (2012). Energiebericht 2011. Retrie- ved 24 October 2012 from http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-as- energiestatistik_2011_vers.1

Region13 Liechtenstein: Status Quo and Masterplan

Amt für Statistik, Fürstentum Liechtenstein (2012). Fahrzeugstatistik 2012. Ret- rieved 15 December 2012 from http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-as- fahrzeugstatistik_bestand_30._juni_2012. Amt für Statistik, Fürstentum Liechtenstein (2013). Statistisches Jahrbuch 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013 from Amt für Statistik, Fürsten Liechtenstein (2013). Bevölkerung und Wohnen 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013 from http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-as- bevoelkerung_und_wohnen_fliz2013. D’Elia, S.,Senn J., Ospelt C. (2012) Energiestrategie Liechtenstein 2020, Published by Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein, Ressort Wirtschaft. LKW (2012). Energiedaten 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2013 from