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Status, Trends and Future Dynamics of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Underpinning Nature’S Contributions to People

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Status, Trends and Future Dynamics of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Underpinning Nature’S Contributions to People CHAPTER 3. STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS UNDERPINNING NATURE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEOPLE CHAPTER 3 1 STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND CHAPTER ECOSYSTEMS UNDERPINNING 2 NATURE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEOPLE CHAPTER Coordinating Lead Authors: Molau (Sweden), Telmo Morato (Portugal), George Nakhutsrishvili (Georgia), Ana Nieto Piero Visconti (Italy/United Kingdom of (Spain), Oxana Nikitina (Russian Federation), 3 Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Victoria Ruslan Novitsky (Belarus), Kristiina Nurkse Elias (Russian Federation), Isabel Sousa (Estonia), Angel Pérez Ruzafa (Spain), Pinto (Portugal), Markus Fischer (Germany/ Kristina Raab (Germany), Uri Roll (Israel), Switzerland) Axel G. Rossberg (United Kingdom of Great CHAPTER Britain and Northern Ireland), Resad Selimov Lead Authors: (Azerbaijan), Emil Shukurov (Kyrgyzstan), Valida Ali-Zade (Azerbaijan), András Báldi Andrey Sirin (Russian Federation), Henrik (Hungary), Sandra Brucet (Spain), Elena G. Smith (Sweden), Mark Snethlage (The Bukvareva (Russian Federation), Kenneth Netherlands/Switzerland), Boris Solovyev 4 Byrne (Ireland), Paul Caplat (Sweden), Alan (Russian Federation), Tatyana Svetasheva 3Feest (United Kingdom of Great Britain and (Russian Federation), Franziska Tanneberger Northern Ireland), Rodolphe Gozlan (France), (Germany), Wilfried Thullier (France), Boris Dusan Jelić (Croatia), Zaal Kikvidze (Georgia), Tuniyev (Russian Federation), Fons van der Alexandra Lavrillier (France), Xavier Le Roux Plas (The Netherlands/Germany), Vigdis CHAPTER (France), Oksana Lipka (Russian Federation), Vandvik (Norway), Stephen Venn (United Petr Petrík (Czech Republic), Bertrand Schatz Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern (France), Ilya Smelansky (Russian Federation), Ireland/Finland), Vladimir Vershinin (Russian Frédérique Viard (France) Federation), Marten Winter (Germany), Egor 5 Zadereev (Russian Federation), Nugzar Fellow: Zazanashvili (Georgia) Carlos Guerra (Portugal/Germany) Review Editors: CHAPTER Contributing Authors: Guntis Brūmelis (Latvia), Andreas Troumbis (Greece) Yaakov Anker (Israel), Céline Bellard (France), Steffen Boch (Germany/Switzerland), Monika This chapter should be cited as: Böhm (Germany/United Kingdom of Great 6 Britain and Northern Ireland), Anders Dahlberg Visconti, P., Elias, V., Sousa Pinto, I., (Sweden), Ksenia Dobrolyubova (Russian Fischer, M., Ali-Zade, V., Báldi, A., Brucet, S., Federation), Johan Ekroos (Finland/Sweden), Bukvareva, E., Byrne, K., Caplat, P., Feest, A., Daniel P. Faith (Australia), Anat Feldman Guerra, C., Gozlan, R., Jelić, D., Kikvidze, Z., (Israel), Bella Galil (Israel), Mariana García Lavrillier, A., Le Roux, X., Lipka, O., CHAPTER Criado (Spain), Dmitry Geltman (Russian Petrík, P., Schatz, B., Smelansky, I. and Federation), Antoine Guisan (Switzerland), Viard, F. Chapter 3: Status, trends and future Hans Joosten (The Netherlands/Germany), dynamics of biodiversity and ecosystems Bakhtiyor Karimov (Uzbekistan), Vladimir underpinning nature’s contributions to Korotenko (Kyrgyzstan), Jonne Kotta people. In IPBES (2018): The IPBES regional (Estonia), Elena Kreuzberg (Canada/ assessment report on biodiversity and Uzbekistan), Marina Krylenko (Russian ecosystem services for Europe and Central Federation), Aleksei Kurokhtin (Kyrgyzstan), Asia. Rounsevell, M., Fischer, M., Torre-Marin Daria Kuznetsova (Russian Federation), Boris Rando, A. and Mader, A. (eds.). Secretariat Leroy (France), Lada Lukić Bilela (Bosnia of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy and Herzegovina), Shai Meiri (Israel), Tatiana Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Minayeva (Poland/Russian Federation), Ulf Services, Bonn, Germany, pp.187-382. 187 THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... 190 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 196 3.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES ................................................ 196 3.2.1 General importance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions and services. 196 3.2.2 Positive effect of biodiversity on the magnitude of ecosystem functioning ......198 3.2.3 Effects of biodiversity on stability and resilience of ecosystem functioning ......200 3.2.4 Importance of all hierarchical levels of biodiversity .........................202 3.2.5 Long-term maintenance of multiple ecosystem functions and services. 203 3.3 PAST AND CURRENT TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS BY UNIT OF ANALYSIS ..................................................... 205 3.3.1 Introduction .....................................................205 3.3.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems .............................................205 3.3.2.1 Snow- and ice-dominated systems ............................205 3.3.2.2 Tundra and mountain grasslands (only high elevation grasslands) .....206 3.3.2.3 Temperate and boreal forests and woodlands ....................208 3.3.2.4 Mediterranean forests, woodland and scrub .....................210 3.3.2.5 Tropical and subtropical dry and humid forests ....................211 3.3.2.6 Temperate grasslands ......................................214 3.3.2.7 Deserts .................................................215 3.3.2.8 Peatlands ................................................217 3.3.2.9 Agricultural areas ..........................................221 3.3.2.10 Urban areas ..............................................228 3.3.2.11 Special systems ...........................................232 3.3.2.11.1 Heathlands ......................................232 3.3.2.11.2 Caves and other subterranean habitats ................235 3.3.2.12 Progress towards Multilateral Environmental Agreements for terrestrial ecosystems ....................................239 3.3.3 Inland surface waters ..............................................239 3.3.3.1 Freshwater systems ........................................239 3.3.3.2 Enclosed seas and saline lakes ...............................243 3.3.3.3 Implementation of the Ramsar Convention by the countries of Europe and Central Asia ...................................247 3.3.4 Marine systems ..................................................248 3.3.4.1 North East Atlantic Ocean ...................................249 3.3.4.2 Baltic Sea ...............................................252 3.3.4.3 Mediterranean Sea .........................................255 3.3.4.4 The Black and Azov Seas ....................................257 3.3.4.5 Arctic Ocean .............................................260 3.3.4.6 North West Pacific Ocean ...................................262 3.3.4.7 Deep-sea in Europe and Central Asia ...........................265 3.3.4.8 Progress towards goals of Multilateral Environmental Agreements .....266 3.4 PAST AND CURRENT TRENDS BY TAXONOMIC GROUP ...................... 275 3.4.1 Introduction .....................................................275 3.4.2 Birds ..........................................................275 3.4.3 Mammals .......................................................280 3.4.4 Reptiles ........................................................281 3.4.5 Amphibians .....................................................284 3.4.6 Fishes .........................................................286 188 CHAPTER 3. STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS UNDERPINNING NATURE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEOPLE 3.4.6.1 Marine fishes .............................................286 3.4.6.2 Freshwater fishes ..........................................288 3.4.7 Terrestrial Invertebrates .............................................290 3.4.8 Freshwater invertebrates ...........................................292 3.4.9 Vascular plants ...................................................294 3.4.10 Bryophytes ......................................................295 3.4.11 Lichens ........................................................296 3.4.12 Fungi ..........................................................297 3.4.13 Progress towards Multilateral Environmental Agreements for species conservation ............................................300 3.5 FUTURE DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS .................. 304 3.5.1 Terrestrial systems ................................................304 3.5.1.1 Species distribution and conservation status .....................304 3.5.1.2 Community composition ....................................306 3.5.1.3 Ecosystem extent, function and structure ........................306 3.5.1.4 Emerging drivers of change ..................................307 3.5.2 Freshwater systems ...............................................307 3.5.2.1 Species distribution and conservation status .....................307 3.5.2.2 Community composition ....................................307 3.5.2.3 Ecosystem functioning ......................................309 3.5.2.4 Emerging drivers of change ..................................309 3.5.3 Marine systems ..................................................310 3.5.3.1 Species distribution and conservation status .....................310 3.5.3.2 Community composition ....................................310 3.5.3.3 Ecosystem extent and function ...............................311 3.5.3.4 Emerging drivers of change ..................................313 3.6 KNOWLEDGE GAPS ....................................................... 313
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