Dr N A Baloch The High and Humble Dr Baloch an exemplary scholar Dr Baloch Hiku Misaalee Aalim ڊاڪٽر بلوچ هڪ مثالي عالم، مرتب تاج جويو )انگريزي مضمون( Part 3 (Essays in English) Compiled by Taj Joyo

DR. N. A. BALOCH: THE HIGH AND HUMBLE

A Presentation Volume by his Admirers

Compiled by: Taj Joyo Published by: Muhammad Usman Mangi, Patron-in-Chief, Manik Moti Tanzeem, سنڌ ماڻڪ موتي تنظيم Hyderabad, Sindh 2001 A.D ENGLISH SECTION (of the work, entitled: Dr. Baloch Hiku Misaalee ‘Aalim

Contents

Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: Renaissance Man of Sindh: Dr. Hamida Khuhro:  Achieving the Hieghts of Knowledge :Muneeza Hashmi

 Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: as I have known him: Professor Nazir Ahmed

 Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: Scholar and Educationist. Aziz Malik

 Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: An Insight into a Living Legend: Dr. Habibullah Siddiqui

 Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: An Endless Journey: Seema Qureshi . Appendix: Dr. N.A. Baloch: Introduction to Al-Beruni's کتاب book: Kitab al- Jamahir fi Ma'arafat al Jawahir الجماهر في معرفت الجواهر

Dr. Baloch's Publications : Taj Joyo

Contributors

 Dr. Hamida Khuhro is a renowned scholar and historian, formerly Professor of History, University of Sind.  Muneeza Shamsie, an experienced Scholar who writes feature articles published in DAWN etc.  Professor Nazir Ahmad: Professor Government College Lahore, and, subsequently Joint Secretary, Cabinet Division Government of (Retired.)  Aziz Malik, Bureau Chief of DAWN, Hyderabad Sindh. Dr. Habibullah Siddiqui, an Educationist, Ex. District Education Officer, Secretary , Secretary Sindh Text Board, Ex. Director Bureau of Curriculum .

 Seema Qureshi, Columnist DAWN (Our grateful thanks are due to them for their learned contributions)

Dr. Hamida Khuhro

Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: Renaissance man of Sindh

Dr. Baloch is a man with the curiosity of an explorer and the application of a scholar. He is a natural born researcher who has devoted his life to uncovering every stone, as it were, of Sindh and revealing the life underneath to our gaze. A man of great mental capacity, an indefatigable worker and devoted to the cause of learning and knowledge. Dr. Baloch has helped Sindh make monumental leaps in its knowledge about itself. There is no corner of Sindh's folk literature, culture, history, geography and anthropology that is not researched by him. It would not be an exaggeration to call him an encyclopaedia of Sindh. Dr. Baloch has been generous in sharing his knowledge and it is to be found in the dozens of books that he has written on these subjects. His tally of books is very impressive for the number published and for the variety of subjects covered. They are of such excellence and cover such a wide field that the most exoteric interests in Sindh are to be found in his work. He himself is proudest of his ten volume definitive edition of the poetry of Shah Abdul Latif, the national poet of Sindh. But in my view perhaps his most valuable work is on the five-volume dictionary of Sindhi that must be regarded as a seminal work on the . It is a comprehensive work of great erudition and places Sindhi as a developed modern language of the subcontinent. The fact that Dr. Baloch has done the work himself with the help only of every small team of assistants is proof, if proof were needed of his immense knowledge of the language and his dedication to it. He has thus laid the basis of the language as an instrument of modern learning. The plain facts of the career of Dr. Baloch speak for themselves. Born in a small village in the district of Saghar his brilliance as a student became apart early. He studied at the Madressah and High School of Sindh. He obtained First class and the second position amongst the Muslim candidates of Sindh in the Matriculation examination. He graduated with Honours from Bahauddin College in Junagadh getting first Class and 3rd position in Bombay University which maintained the highest academic standards in India. He then did his M.A from Aligarh University getting the first position in the University. He was given a scholarship by the British Government of India and got his Masters and Doctorate in education from Columbia University in New York. Dr. Baloch's working career has been equally distinguished. He was selected for the superior services of Pakistan but gave up, what surely would have been a great career in the Government Service of Pakistan, for his first love, the academic world. Here his career has been a roll call of honour and distinction. As professor of Education he founded the first Department of Education in Pakistan that later he developed into an Institute of Education and Research. He is the pioneer in the field of higher professional education of teachers in Pakistan. He has been Vice Chancellor of the (1973-1976) He founded the department of Pharmacy and the Centre for Pakistan Studies in the University. He fully supported the establishment of the Shah Abdul Latif Campus of the Sindh University and at the main campus (Allama I.I. Kazi campus) he strengthened the University Library and the Institute of . He had the grant of the University increased and managed to get a number of scholarships and grants for the University. From 1976 the Federal Government at Islamabad acquired the services of Dr. Baloch. He was O.S.D Secretary Ministry of Education and Secretary Ministry of Culture. He was Chairman National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research where he initiated a vigorous programme of research and publications. As advisor to the National Hijra Council set up to celebrate the 15th century of the Islamic era, Dr. Baloch devised on ambitions programme of historic publications. These were the hundred great books of Islamic world. Chosen with great care, these hundred books were to be translated and edited and published in English. Dr. Baloch was the first Vice Chancellor of the Islamic University at Islamabad and set it up as a fully working University within a very short time. On his return to Sindh Dr. Baloch became the founding Chairman of the Sindhi Language Authority. In this capacity he continued his services to the Sindhi Language. In addition to the work on Sindhi, Dr. Baloch has written numerous books in , , Persian and English. In his retirement Dr. Baloch continues to work hard at writing and researching. His travels take him to every corner of the province where he finds not only congenial company of sughars, story tellers and musicians but also discovers interesting historic clues through which he identifies water wells constructed in specials manner which date them back three thousand years at a conservative estimate. His immense contribution to the fund of knowledge about Sindh is a monument to his genius. His 44 volumes of folk literature, more than 15 volumes on Shah Abdul Latif, his work on classical historical texts of Sindh, on Muslim scholars like Al-Beruni, Allama I.I. Kazi, on different aspects of the including music and musical instruments, on education, on the language including the dictionaries, are such accomplishments that it is difficult to imagine them equalled let alone surpassed. May God grant him health and a long life to continue the valuable work that he has devoted his life to.

Muneeza Shamsie Achieving the heights of knowledge

Dr. N.A. Baloch is one of Pakistan's most distinguished scholars and historians. He knows Persian and Arabic, is fluent in English and Urdu and "picked up Balochi and Punjabi" along the way. He established the pioneering Institute of Education at Sindh University and became the University's Vice-chancellor in 1973 and later, Director of the Institute of Historical and Cultural Research in Islamabad. His remarkable academic career however had an unlikely beginning: Dr. Baloch was born in a small Sanghar village, where there were no schools. "My father died when I was six months old and my uncle brought me up." Dr. N.A. Baloch said, "There was no canal system in those days. The river would flood and the water would rise up for 10 weeks sometimes. As children we often did not have much to eat and we skipped meals. When I was five my grandfather taught me the suras of the Quran, which I memorized, my uncle told me "When your father was dying, he said `Educate my son'. You must learn. "My uncle took me to the local baniya to teach me the baniya alphabet." He later attended a school a mile away from his village. An Education official, who used to travel around on a camel, wearing sola topee saw Dr. Baloch's work and said, "This child is brilliant. He should go to a high school." The village teacher had no idea what a high school was. The distances that Dr. Baloch and his uncle travelled on foot in their quest for education were vast. The middle school was 13 miles from their village. The high school meant a train journey and a walk of 14 miles from the station. A quiet, soft spoken man, with on old-world courtesy and beautiful, quaint manners, Dr. Baloch topped in the matriculation examination among Muslims of Sindh and found his way to Junagadh, where Muslim boys paid no fees, There he joined Bahauddin Collage which had "a magnificent domed building with laboratories, libraries and spacious grounds". There were excellent sports facilities, which Dr. Baloch thoroughly enjoyed. He saw the All-India hockey team play. He recalls Hanif Muhammad who was a little boy in those days and played cricket. Dr. Baloch attended many cultural activities too, including brilliant mushairas in which Jigar Moradabadi frequented. Dr. Baloch graduated with flying colours and was awarded Nawab Mahabat Khan Fellowship with a stipend of Rs. 100/= but failed to get clearance from Bombay as he had joined and organized the Khaksar Tehrik. "We used to carry belches and we marched up and down, a hundred strong." The Principal said "Do what I tell you. Go to Aligarh." "He gave me letter for the Vice Chancellor". "Aligarh opened up a new world", he recalled. "I met men of great learning. They were known internationally. The tradition at Aligarh was that students behaved immaculately in class. There was always a pin-drop silence. Otherwise, Aligrah students were a terror. They used to travel to Delhi free and never bought a train ticket, but no one dared question them. We fought it out. There was also this custom that seniors were honoured by juniors, although they could tease juniors mercilessly on the first night which was called Junior's Night. "Aligarh was a world of students. We had student autonomy. We came from different parts of India, but sat and ate together. The local students never made us feel like outsiders. People from other provinces were elected as presidents and office bearers. "Aligarh was a Muslim university in the true sense. We found equality between rich and poor. We learned respect for our teachers and we learned student power. I was still the leader of the Khaksar Tahrik and I was the first to suggest that we should give an official salute to the Quaid-i-Azam". Dr. Baloch who studied Persian and Arabic in Junagadh, continued with Arabic at Aligarh and topped in his Masters exam taking a law degree simultaneously. He went on to do historical research on “Early Arab Islamic Rule in Sindh.” Since then he has written books and papers on Islamic and South Asian history, including Islamic science. He has also challenged the British colonial interpretation of Indo-Muslim history. http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book47/Boo k_page22.html "The study of history never existed in the true sense in the British time", he said. "Because they were propagating certain ideas. These ideas divided Hindus and Muslims. They would refer to eye witnesses as "native historians", and imply that they wrote unscientifically and subjectively to please local rulers. They denigrated Akbar and Aurangzeb and chose not to compliment the Mughals. It was the Muslims who coined the word Hindu and Hindustan. They created India. True, the Muslims broke idols because they believed in the one God, but they integrated Hindus into the system. They even married Hindu wives. The Muslims studied Sanskrit, the Hindus studied Islam and Islamic languages. "This was destroyed by the colonial historians. The Muslim contribution to the subcontinent was downgraded. This tradition has continued in India today, where Indo- Muslim history is being studied and turned topsy-turvy. No one in Pakistan is doing anything. That is why Pakistanis are demoralised. They don't know anything about themselves." "The study of history", he continued" gives a sense of identity and culture to nation. This has been entirely neglected in Pakistan. The problem is that the source books are in Persian and Arabic so students have to rely on secondary sources written by British or Hindu historians. I am the only person who has done some work on the early Muslim period. I have come to the conclusion that there was no written history in India until the Muslims came and published the "Chachnama" One of Pakistan's foremost authorities of Sindh, Dr. Baloch has edited the "Chachnama" with introduction in English. He took advantage of a 13 month period of unemployment to wander across the interior collecting and compiling Sindh folklore which has become a milestone in Sindhi Studies. A lively and entertaining conversationalist, Dr. Baloch was still in Aligarh, when Pir Elahi Bakhsh persuaded him to come and teach at 's new Islamia College. Shortly afterwards, Dr. Baloch won a competitive government scholarship to Columbia University for higher studies in education. He did his Masters and his Doctorate there and was selected for a UN internship programme. While he was in New York, Pakistan came into being. On his return, Dr. Baloch was selected by the Public Services Commission. Here he fell foul of provincial wrangling in the Ministry of Education and after a time in the wilderness, joined External Publicity in the ministry of Information. He has many lively anecdotes to tell about the aggressive broadcasts that he developed to counter Indian and Afghan propaganda. He joined the faculty of Sindh University when the campus moved from Karachi to Hyderabad in the 1950's. He worked here for 25 years. He still lives in Hyderabad. "In Pakistan", he said "we say funds are not available for education but almost 80% could be corrected without funds. It's a question of management. We must correct the apparatus of education. We must see that teaching is done." "Students attend, exams are taken, and all other functions are performed as they should be. Appoint a principal and hold him/her responsible. At present no one cares because there is no reward and no accountability. Discipline has been thrown to the winds." "The British were not interested in educating the masses and we have followed that legacy. They set up universities and colleges to recruit colonial administrators and we still think those are more important than primary education. The fact is that a normal child, with six years of planned primary education, can be better prepared to participate in nation building activities, than the distracted youth, who graduates through a disorganized effort of years of misdirection."

(Daily Dawn, Karachi)

Professor Nazir Ahmed

DR. NABI BAKHSH KHAN BALOCH AS I HAVE KNOWN HIM

I first read about Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch (Dr. N. A. Baloch) in a letter of Faiz Ahmed Faiz written on 8 June 1953 to Mrs. Faiz from Hyderabad Jail, and included in ’صليبين ميرﻵ دريچـﻶ مين‘ the collection published from Karachi in 1971. Faiz describes him as a pleasant visitor, a professor in the local University who brought for him translations of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Sindh's great mystic poet. He recalls with affection the kind words of Dr. Baloch and the useful discussion with him on poetry and educational matters. A few years later when I was at the Ministry of Education, Islamabad and we were preparing lists of scholars from within the country and from abroad who could speak or write on Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in connection with his centenary celebrations, Dr. Baloch's name came up and he compiled a booklet on quotes from the Quaid-i-Azam in Urdu for students.

) طُلبه اور تعليم: قائداعظم ںے کيا سوچا اور کيا کہا ‘ مؤلف: اور مرتب: ڈاکڻر نبي بخش بلوچ، اسالم آباد 6791ع، ص: 97(

It continues to be a useful reference book despite the fact that Dr. S.M. Zaman has more recently published a comprehensive reference book on the subject. In 1975 in connection with “Sindh Through Centuries” Seminar, I heard Dr. Baloch speak on folklore and music with authority and aplomb, and it left on my mind an indelible impression of his multifaceted personality,-- as a scholar with multi-disciplinary approach, a scholar in the traditional mould having to do something or the other with the entire corpus of knowledge. Two of the major articles in the introductory brochure brought out on the occasion by Pyar Ali Allana, Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs, , and Chairman, Central Committee, “Sindh Through Centuries Seminar”, were by Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch, Vice Chancellor, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, namely: (1) 'Sindh, a Historical Perspective' and (2) 'Sindhi Folk Arts and Crafts'

I came in contact with him in 1976 when after having been Vice-chancellor, University of Sindh, Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch was posted as O.S.D (Secretary) in the Ministry of Education, Islamabad. The work assigned to him for supervision included programmes of century celebrations of the founding fathers of Pakistan, Quaid-i- Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Mohammad Iqbal, the programmes in the preparation of which I had played a pivotal role as secretary to the two Executive Committees concerned but I had in the middle of 1976 been posted abroad as Education Attaché at the Pakistan Embassy London. My predecessor there, Dr. S.M. Zaman (presently, Chairman, Council of Islamic Ideology) had returned home. I was fully prepared to leave as Mumtaz Daultana, ambassador of Pakistan in the United Kingdom had urged that the new Education Attaché should join immediately now to his assignment. Dr. Baloch probably felt that in my absence he might experience difficulties in implementing the centenary programmes. He therefore in a meeting convened by the Education Minister, Mr. Abdul Hafeez Pirzado brought up the subject and the Minister remarked that if the officer was so indispensable for the job, he should be stopped from proceeding abroad. A friend of mine who met me in Aabpara in the afternoon informed me about the development and sympathized with me. However, in an interview the following morning, the Education Minister okayed my going abroad and decided to host a reception bidding me farewell. Thus my contact with Dr. Baloch started on a discordant note which was, without loss of time, smoothed away for us, me as a junior and him as a senior, to resume a friendly relationship which continues to flourish. I returned from England in March 1981 and was posted in the Cabinet Division where circumstances again put me in touch with him but before I reminisce about those times, a word about activities of Dr. Baloch in the interval. Dr. Baloch consolidated his position and emerged as a figure of considerable consequence beginning from 1977. Late Mr. A.K. Brohi's association with the government of General Zia-ul-Haq as Minister turned out to be a helpful factor for him. Among other things Mr. Brohi headed the National Hijra Committee setup in April 1978 to mark the occasion of commencement of the 15th century of Hijra in a befitting manner in line with decisions taken in the meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Countries. One of the proposals of the committee led to the establishment of the Islamic University, Islamabad, Dr. Baloch was appointed the first Vice-chancellor of this University. He also came to head the Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, a research organization which had earlier been established as Commission for Historical and Cultural Research with Professor K.K. Aziz the well known historian as its chairman. Dr. Baloch as director of the institute continued with its programme of publication and research but reoriented it to suit new requirements and his own experience as a scholar.

Recalled here are two books of the period: 1) Dr. N.A. Baloch, ed, Pakistan: A comprehensive Bibliography of Books and Government Publications with Annotations 1947-80, Islamabad, Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, 1981, pp 515, 2) Dr. N.A. Baloch. Ed, Fatahnamah-i-Sind. Islamabad, Institute of Islamic History Culture and Civilization, 1982, pp A- English 158. B-Persian 279

The comprehensive bibliography is the joint compilation of the research scholars of the Institute who worked under the direction of Dr. Baloch. It is based on different bibliographical sources, and, besides English, lists books in Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi and Pashto, It also draws on government publications, documents and reports. Primarily relating to the post Independence Period (1947-80), the bibliography contains 8,385 entries which cover a wide range of subjects such as: (1) Reference Works. (2) Land and the people. (3) History. (4) Geography (5) Politics (6) Government (7) Economics (8) Foreign Affairs (9) Defence (10) Culture and Civilization (11) Art Architecture and (12) Language and Literature (13) Education (14) Religion and Philosophy (15) Sciences and Technology (16) Health and Medicine (17) Migration and (18) Mass Media and Information. In its general outline, the bibliography brings to one's mind the series titled “Books From Pakistan” published by the Pakistan Book Council under the supervision of late Ibne Insha. Fatahnamah-i-Sindh is a scholarly edition of a manuscript, work of Dr. N.A. Baloch in its entirety. He visualized for implementation by the Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization a 25- Volume Project dedicated to the original sources of the Indo- Muslim History, and issued Fatahnamah-i- Sindh as volume- I Part-I of the project. It has two sections, A- English (notes and commentary) and B- Persian (text). The manuscript contains the original record of the Arab conquest of Sindh by Mohammad b. Qasim (712-15-A.D). Besides detailed reports of the campaign in general and eyewitness accounts of different battles in particular, Fatahnamah also contains information on ethnological dissemination and Buddhism in Sindh, and on relations between the kingdom of Sindh and other contemporary kingdoms. An eminent literary scholar named Ali b. Hamid b. Abu Bakr Kufi found an Arabic work on the early history of the Arab conquest of Sindh in the form of a manuscript preserved by an illustrious family of Aror and Bakhar in Sindh. For wider dissemination of its contents Ali Kufi translated the Arabic manuscript into Persian in 1216. A.D. By drawing on Arabic sources of the 8th and 9th centuries A.D., Dr. N.A. Baloch has illuminated the scholarly background of the manuscript translated by Ali Kufi. He has also assessed the translation for its faithfulness (or otherwise) to the original. In doing so his objective has been to establish the correct Persian text of Fatahnamah -i- Sindh, important as it is as the first truly historical work about historical events which took place during a known historical period, ever compiled in the South Asian Subcontinent. In his research on Fatahnamah, Dr. Baloch has followed incremental approach, building the quantum of research gradually over a long period of time as the sources became available, and by taking into account English translation of the work in modern times. He has commented on and acknowledged the value of late Dr. U.M. Daudpota's research who first edited the Persian text based on five manuscripts and published in 1939. Dr. Baloch started his journey from where Dr. Daudpota left it and sustained it from 1943 onwards till the present edition with a tenacity and farsightedness of a genuine research scholar looking up major repositories of manuscripts in the subcontinent and the U.K. for materials relevant to his purpose, reading those materials with an incisive intellect and using them objectively to establish what is historically authentic in Fatahnamah and explaining what needs to be replaced in the text. The end result should be described as a major academic achievement. The work as published is Volume-I part of an unfulfilled dream, 25 volume projects on the original sources of Indo-Muslim History starting with the years 712 and ending in 1947 when Pakistan emerged as a sovereign state. After Dr. Baloch's is tenure as the Vice chancellor of the Islamic University and as Director Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization came to an end, the question of further utilization of his services was examined in the mid eighties by the Establishment and Cabinet Division in the light of a directive issued by the late President General Zia-ul-Hq. As a consequence of this exercise, I was asked to draft and issue, after due process, a government resolution setting up National Hijra Council, raising its status from a committee to an autonomous body under the administrative control of the Cabinet Division located at 20 Masjid Road F 6-4, Islamabad. Late Mr. A.K. Brohi remained its chairman and Dr. N.A. Baloch became advisor to the Council. He continued his scholarly work with unabated devotion. Three publications of the National Hijra Council during this period stand out vividly in my recollection. Those are:

1. S-Amjad Ali, ed., “the Muslim World Today”, Islamabad, National Hijra Council, 1985, pp 627. 2. Lois Lamya al-Faruqi, “Islam and Art”, Islamabad, National Hijra Council, 1985, pp 236. 3. Dr. N.A Baloch, ed, Muslim Luminaries, Leaders of Religious, Intellectual and Political Revival in South Asia, Islamabad, National Hijra Council 1988, pp 402.

The Muslim World Today is profusely illustrated survey of forty-six independent Muslim countries plus Palestine. A part of the book is devoted to the resurgence of Islam in Europe and America, The text was written and designed by S. Amjad Ali, Preface contributed by Dr. N.A. Baloch and foreword by late Mr. A.K. Brohi. It was printed by the Elite Publishers, Karachi in an extremely attractive manner. The book contains information on various aspects of the countries concerned some of which has become outdated but the major theme of the book namely, release of the Muslim world from imperialist domination to an era of freedom is of enduring historical value. Collection of the information that went into the making of the book required coordination of truly gigantic proportions, informed by vision and administrative efficiency. This was provided by Dr. N.A. Baloch with his characteristic sobriety in the publication of this unique book. The Muslim World Today was launched with late Prime Minister Mohammad Khan Junejo as the chief guest. He made a generous grant on this occasion to help the Hijra Council continue with its publications programme devoted to promoting consciousness of the historical role of Islam.

Islam and Art are authored by Dr. Lois Lamy al Faruqi, Professor of Religion and the Arts at the Temple University, Philadelphia, U.S.A. with a preface by Dr. N.A. Baloch. The book attempts to state the aesthetic principles of art and their uses with the principles of Islam in general, and to survey the artistic expression of Muslim sensibility in various forms and lands in the historical perspective. Calligraphy which is central to art in Islam has been discussed as arabesque with copious illustrations of contemporary scripts, and the various functions it has performed in the Islamic Culture. From calligraphy discussion moves to architecture. Common components in Islamic buildings such as enclosed courtyard, ,etc ,(محراب) dome, aisled sanctuary, mihrab have been identified. Arabesque decoration and its motif vocabulary as used in architecture, ceramics, carpets, textiles, and metal work have been high lighted. The last chapter deals with music. All in all, Islam and Art is a compact and concise volume sensitively conceived and aesthetically presented. The Muslim Luminaries is the first volume in the 3-volume project prepared by Dr. N.A. Baloch and approved by late Mr. A.K. Brohi who died in September 1987, a few months before the first volume was issued. Late Mr. A.K. Brohi's essay on Allama I.I. Kazi (1888-1963) is included in the book. The contributors and luminaries are as follows:

1. Dr. Burhan Ahmed Faruqi on Shaikh Ahmed Sarhindi (1563-1624) 2. Prof: G.N. Jalbani (Ghulam Hussain) on Shah Waliyullah (1704-1763) 3. Prof: M.Y. Abbasi, on Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) and Syed Amir Ali (1849-1928) 4. Dr. Afzal Iqbal, on Maulana Mohammed Ali (1879-1930) 5. Justice Dr. Javed Iqbal, on Dr. Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938) 6. Dr. M. Moizuddin, on Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi (1872-1944) 7. Prof: Sharif al Mujahid, on Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) 8. Syed Shabir Hussain, on Inayat ullah Khan El-Mashriqi (1888-1963) 9. A.K. Brohi, on I.I. Kazi (1888-1963) 10. Qazi Hasan Moizuddin, on Syed Abul A'la Maududi (1903-1979)

As would appear from the outline given above, selection of thinkers and leaders is faultless and so is the choice of scholars to write their biographies. The luminaries came alive on the stage of history and among themselves crystallized a period of nearly four centuries in which life of Muslims went through many changes but shaped up around great ideals emanating from their faith in Islam. The editor of the Muslim Luminaries (Dr. Baloch) has done a commendable job in getting quality material and producing a fascinating volume. One of the projects on which late Mr. A.K. Brohi expressed his views in quite a few meetings of the Hijra Council was based on the proposed publication of one hundred great works in English translation representing various aspects of Islamic culture and civilization down the ages. Dr. N. A Baloch took it up assiduously and prepared a conspectus of the project by listing works of scholarship which could mirror Islamic culture, and started consultation meetings with scholars in the Muslim world. Dr. Baloch implemented the project with rig our and published four volumes continuing further work on a dozen more. But the project could not be completed and it remained an unfulfilled dream of a fertile mind after Dr. Baloch departed from the Hijra Council.

My reminiscences of Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch in Islamabad have focused on his academic pursuits. Fact of the matter is that his dominant impression on my mind is that of an academician par excellence with profound interest in the Islamic world view in various fields and the evolution of Muslim Identity in the subcontinent. He carries on the tradition of classical scholarship deeply rooted in Persian and Arabic with a touch of the spirit of the Aligarh movement. He has been rightly complimented for his encyclopaedic knowledge of the Sindhi culture but he rises above this level to the status of a scholar who should figure prominently on the national sense in Pakistan and simultaneously find a respectable mention in the Muslim world as a whole. In my official dealings with Dr. N.A. Baloch I was struck by his sagacity. A few examples would suffice here. For some years he chaired the meetings of the scanning committee of the National Documentation Centre. I was the secretary of the committee. Our job was to finalize in consultation with historians and archivists selections of British Period historical materials for acquisition from the India Office Library and Record, London. Dr. Baloch would listen to everyone with enormous patience without wearing his own scholarship on his sleeve and imposing it on others. Practical consideration guided his course of action.

For sometimes we were both concerned in different capabilities, with our annual celebration of Independence Day. Each year I would convene a meeting at the Cabinet Division for one particular item, the publication programme for the day. The meeting was attended by representatives of all ministries and divisions concerned and Dr. Baloch chaired the meetings from the very beginning he was clear in his mind that the set of publications to be prepared each year for distribution among school children should be memorial in character, in memory of the event being celebrated. It should not have anything to do with the government of the day. The programme was implemented along those lines and everybody endorsed this approach. When late Mohammad Khan Junejo became the Prime Minister and the main celebrations on 14th August had to move out of the Presidency, a venue was to be selected to the purpose, Final choice of venue in front of the Parliament house was proposed by Dr. N. A. Baloch and adopted officially without much discussion.

Aziz Malik

Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: Scholar and Educationist

I have known Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch for the last 50 years but have always maintained a respectful distance. So for me writing about him proved to be a Herculean task. The problem was how to approach the elusive professor, as he has always shunned publicity. But like all great men he is the embodiment of humility. I could not believe my luck when Dr. Baloch himself called me to comment on a report I had filed and asked me to join him over a cup of tea.

Those who know Dr. Baloch 'The renaissance man of Sindh', also know how busy he was. He reads, sleeps, drinks, eats and writes books. Dr. Hamida Khuhro describes Dr. Baloch as "a man with the curiosity of an explorer and the application of a scholar. He is a born researcher and an indefatigable worker devoted to the cause of learning and knowledge. There is no corner of Sindh's folk literature, culture, history, geography and anthropology that has not been researched by him. It would not be an exaggeration to call him an encyclopaedia of Sindh." Born in small village of Sanghar district, Dr. Baloch has had a brilliant academic career. He was initially schooled at a local school and then went on to do his matriculation from High School Naushahro Feroze. Then came graduation with honours from Bahauddin College, Junagadh, and a Masters Degree from the Aligarh Muslim University. Yet another feather in his cap was his degree in Law. Based on his academic performance, he was selected by the British Government of India for higher studies abroad with specialization in Education. Selection in those days was made purely on merit: out of 600 candidates only about a dozen candidates were selected, Dr. Baloch being one of them. He proved his worth by obtaining Master’s and Doctorate degrees from Columbia University, New York. Since then Education has remained his passion and first love. Later he was also selected for a ten-week information techniques course by the U.N. The real educationist in Dr. Baloch emerged on the scene when he was appointed Press Attaché in the Middle East. He called on the great Allama I.I. Kazi, the Vice Chancellor of the Sindh University, when it was being shifted to Hyderabad. The Allama asked Dr. Baloch to join university and when he asked about the tenure, Dr. Baloch was told, "Till you retire". Without a moment's hesitation, Dr. Baloch tendered his resignation from the Ministry of Interior, Information and Broadcasting Division, where he was serving, and joined the university to become the founder of the Department of Education in Sindh University, which till then did not exist in any other university of the country. He then helped the other universities establish their Education Departments. His love for education is so profound that when he became the Vice Chancellor of Sindh University in the early 70's, he did not give up teaching, under his leadership; this department later became a full fledged Institute of Education and Research. It will not be exaggeration to say that Dr. Baloch is a pioneer in the field of higher professional education of teachers in Pakistan. Dr. Baloch served as a Vice Chancellor of Sindh University from December 1973 to January 1976, when his services were acquired by the federal government. In Islamabad he held important position as secretary (O.S.D) Ministry of Education and Ministry of Culture: Chairman, National Institute of Historical Research: Member of Pay Commission: Member of Federal Review Board: Advisor to the National Hijra Council: but perhaps his singular distinction is that he was the first Vice Chancellor of the Islamic University (now International Islamic University). As the first chairman of Sindhi Language Authority, Dr. Baloch presided over and participated in a number of national and international seminars and conferences. A recognized scholar of international repute, he is the author of a large number of research papers, and the author and editor of more than 80 books in five different languages: English, Sindhi, Urdu, Persian and Arabic. He developed and directed the monumental "Great Books Project" of the Hijra Council, Islamabad aimed at translating and editing into English one hundred great books of Islamic civilization. Earlier, he had directed another important project of the Sindhi Adabi Board, the 'Folklore Project'. He has published forty volumes on Sindhi folklore, ten volumes of the poetry of and five volumes of dictionary of Sindhi, which according to Dr. Hamida Khuhro "must be regarded as a seminal work on the Sindhi language."

Dr. Baloch has received Tamgha-e-Pakistan and Pride of Performance Awards, and the "Twentieth Century Scholar Award" from "Kalhora Seminar" organizing committee held in Karachi in 1996.

At present he is Professor Emeritus (Education) University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Only a scholar can assess the man who is a peerless educationist, historian, linguist, researcher and a literary giant. (Daily "DAWN" Karachi)

Dr. Habibulla Siddiqui

Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch: An Insight into a Living Legend of Sindh

”تو جو ڏيئو ڀانئيو، سا سورج سهائي، ان ڌ ن اونداهي، جي رات وهامي ڏينهن ٿيو“ )شاه لطيف، رامڪلي(

What you thought was a lamp, Was indeed the sun shine, It is dark for the blind, Though the night has ended and the day has dawned.

A chilly morning of January 1957, a heavy down pour and gushing northern wind, we were waiting for Dr. Baloch to come and preside the debate scheduled for the day. We thought and wished that a word would come from him that the debate is postponed: but at the exact time he appeared plodding his way through the rain. He gave us a quick smile and said, "It's a wonderful morning! Let us get to work." A cast steel disciplinarian, who would never allow a letup in work, has himself passed 84 years working incessantly and indefatigably. One can peep into his profile.

The Profile

Dr. Nabi bakhsh Khan S/o Ali Muhammad Khan s/o Arz Muhammad Khan Baloch, his ancestors migrated from Dera Ghazi Khan and settled in Saghar area, during Kalhora rule- was born on 16th December, 1917 A.D. Father died after four months and the uncle Wali Mohammad Khan took over the guardianship of the orphan nephew. There was no primary school in village Jafar Khan Laghari where he was born, so when he became of school going age, he was admitted in a primary school at village Palio Khan Laghari at a distance. Four standards of primary education he passed successfully, after playing truant and being punished for his weakness in arithmetic. For secondary education, he got admitted in the historic Naushahro Feroz Madresah & High School in 1929. An indigent bright student, he passed seven standards in seven years and matriculated from Bombay University in 1936. Bahauddin College Jhungarh, run by the philanthropist Nawab, offered a venue and he went there for four years more and in 1941 got the degree of B.A (Hons) with first class third position in the Bombay University. Then he had to move out of Jhungarh due to his Khaksar activities, which the State did not approve of. He went to Aligarh Muslim University and did his M.A, L.L.B there with first class first position in M.A, and first class ranking in L.L.B. When the Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah visited the University, he led the Khaksar contingent to present to him the guard-of- honour. On return from Aligarh, he served as lecturer at the Sindh Muslim College Karachi in 1945-1946. Due to his first class first position in M.A, he got scholarship from the British Government of India to prosecute further studies at the University of Columbia in New York City. He did M.Ed. and Ph.D. during 1946-1949, which were hot years of burning debate over the "two-nation-theory" in the sub-continent, discussed abroad with interest. An Indian scholar, Taraknath Das, was at the rostrum in New York outrightly condemning the two nation theory. Youthful Baloch, a student from the Columbia University, took his turn during the question answer time and raised such finding points that the speaker Taraknath Das could not refute and walked out. "Khan Baloch" won the day and became a popular debater. He had already organized a Muslim Students Association in the Columbia University. As its secretary, now he participated in the debates in important cities of the United States and Canada. At the first independence-day-celebration held in New York City in 1947, scholarly Baloch presided and presented a map of Pakistan to illustrate his presidential address. Then he went round the States and Canada to collect contributions in cash and kind for the rehabilitation of Muslim refugees uprooted from India. Nabi Bakhsh Khan became Doctor of Education, from the Columbia University, in 1949. He had an offer for employment in the UNO, but he preferred to get back home and engage in its development. Back home in May 1949, he found that the promised job had already been filled and he had to go unemployed for at least a year. Undaunted by adverse circumstances, he drew his own action-plan. During the year 1949-50, he visited many places in Sindh: its villages, hamlets and towns, organized kutchehris with the folk and educated himself about the culture and traditions of Sindh, and visited schools to address young students. He visited Dadu High School in 1950, when I was a student of IV Standard. His speech infused the spirit or organization amongst us. Soon we formed an English Debating and a Sindhi Bazm-i-Adab. In 1950, Dr. Baloch got a job in the Pakistan Information Division, and then in the Foreign Service, but he left good jobs to become a professor in the University of Sindh. The University of Sindh had been established in Karachi on 3rd April 1947, replacing the Bombay University as an examining authority for the colleges and high schools then existing in Sindh. After four years, the nascent University of Sindh got its godfather Allama I.I. Kazi as its second Vice Chancellor, who looked for talented young professors, who could help him turn the University of Sindh into a teaching University. Dr. N.A. Baloch was identified and picked up, along with a few more. A Department of Education was the first teaching institution which was made functional in September 1951 with Dr. N.A. Baloch as its founder Director. During the academic year 1952-53, the Department of Sindhi started working. It became the additional assignment of Dr. Baloch. Allama Kazi loved, appreciated and trusted him and he was also getting popular with the students community all over Sindh. The Sindh University was shifted to Hyderabad on 4th May 1951, and housed in what is now called the Old Campus, since named Elsa Kazi Campus, and Dr. N. A. Baloch took his residence there and is living and working there continuously ever since. Allama I.I. Kazi resigned from the Vice- chancellor's post on 25th May 1959, and passed away on 13th April 1969. Dr. N.A. Baloch continued to develop the Department of Education, raised it to the status of Institute of Education & Research and produced pristine research works on the history and culture of Sindh, since unprecedented. He was inspired by Allama I.I. Kazi and had turned a visionary for educational advancement of Sindh. He keeps the memory of his ideal alive by managing Allama I.I. Kazi Memorial Society, on behalf of which he has published a number of books on the teachings of the great sage of modern Sindh. Dr. N.A. Baloch was made the Vice- chancellor of the University of Sindh in 1973 and remained as such up to 1976, when he was called to Islamabad.  He was appointed as OSD (Jan 1976 to August 1977) in the Ministry Of Education,  then posted as secretary Ministry of Culture, Archaeology, Sports and Tourism (as a right man for the right job), where he worked from September 1977 to March 1979, and simultaneously during 1978-79 he remained a member of the Federal Review Board.  On the first of July 1979, he joined the National Institute for Research in History and Culture, at first as Chairman. Within three months he institutionalized it as "National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research" and became its founder Director (1979- 1982). In the meantime the International Islamic University was established in Islamabad in 1980 and he was chosen as the founder Vice Chancellor. He laid its foundation and raised its organs for two year (1980- 1982): th  When the 15 century celebrations were launched in 1983, he was taken up as Advisor of the Hijra council. He joined on 22nd November 1983 and worked for 7 years (1983-1990) on his 100 “Great Islamic Books Project” in right earnest. A number of useful books were translated and published with his scholarly editing and annotations.

 The Sindhi Language Authority was established on 4th December 1990 and Dr. N.A. Baloch was called up to become its founder –Chairman. He laid the foundations of the Sindhi Language Authority and developed it till 1994.

 In the mean while, he was assigned additional job of Minister for Education in the care-taker Government of Sindh Province.

 He returned to the University of Sindh as professor emeritus, managed the Allama I.I. Kazi Chair and ran Allama I.I. Kazi Memorial Society. He, as a founder of institutions, is ever busy at work, gets ready for the office/field work every morning. He has proved that a true teacher never retires.

He has been decorated by the Government of Pakistan with four awards so far.  Tamgha-i-Pakistan,  Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam,  President's Award for Pride of Performance,  and this year's Sitara-i-Imtiaz, th (announced on 14 August 2001)

The Personality A student may feel proud to be associated with the prodigious personality of his ideal teacher; So I do. My ideal teacher, Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch, reflects the traditional Islamic pattern of "simple-living and high thinking". He puts his thoughts into practice and digs deep into knowledge which he proliferates through his lectures, addresses and writings. During 1961-62, he taught us Anthropology. He entered the class room at the exact minute and did not leave a minute before time. All the time, he lectured according to the outlines prepared by him, and used the blackboard like a school teacher. We were required to note down the points and further study the relevant books in the seminar-library. He would not even let us heave a copy of his outlines; rather he stopped the supply of last years question papers which helped students cram answers accordingly.

His life style is simple, super and salutary, all the three aspects combined into an unassumingly stern and active personality called Dr. Baloch. Oliver Goldsmith (1730- 1774) described his village school master as: "A man he was stern to view, I knew him well, And every truant knew."

I do not feel any different, Forty years ago I was his student but the impact of his robust personality, I have carried up till now. He is regular in his evening walk, not a stroll rather a march. One evening I shuddered to encounter him on his way back from his walk. I was returning from the seminar library of which I was the secretary. "What are you doing here at this time?" He asked me, and I told him, "How many students come to the library in the evening hours?" He asked next, and I told him that some lady teacher-trainees attended regularly. He looked at me and said," I hope you don't come for them" and I really shivered in my shoes. One evening I saw cots laid outside Dr. Baloch's residence a 3- room quarter. I asked my name-sake, Habibullah, who was Dr. Baloch's personal friend and expert of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai's Risalo, about the guests. He told me that besides an office clerk and a student who cannot afford lodging and boarding hostel and live permanently with Dr. Baloch's family. Artisans and artists who came to Hyderabad to perform on Radio Pakistan or come on personal errands, also stay here and partake rice and pulses which Dr. Baloch can afford to offer them. Later on I learnt that Dr. Baloch had eleven cats, each with a name, a female hog- deer, chickens and other pet animals and birds, with whom he conversed, calling them by name, and feeding them personally on time every day. The hogdeer was donated to the municipal garden, where Dr. Baloch sometime went to meet her. He has a strong aesthetic sense and has abundant collection of fine arts, artefacts etc. He watches T.V for the National Geographic documentaries, the animal world and wrestling. He is free with his family members and plays with his children, now grandchildren, chess, cards and every other in-door game. Those days, I smoked pattay-ji-beeri but I did not know then that my ideal teacher also did the same. He was never seen smoking and nobody would believe that he could ever. As I know now, he went on with cigarettes, trying the finest and the cheapest brands, 555 to K-2, then cigars and finally the pipe, and then he gave up smoking after a heart by-pass when he was in Islamabad due to incessant heavy work. He was used to stimulation by tea taking and smoking. He has since given up the usual stimulation but not his life long work habit. He may be unkindly described as a penny pincher but honestly speaking he is not a miser. He spends where necessary, but he does so wisely. He saves prudently and manages economically. In 1987, Dr. Baloch received a sum of Rs. 8, 47,544, left by the late Allama I.I. Kazi with the late Mr. A.K.Brohi. It was the seed-money for the Allama I.I. Kazi Memorial Society of which Dr. Baloch was the General Secretary. He kept the money in fixed deposit and ran the society out of the mark-up earned each year. About 30 publications have been brought out (from the savings of this deposit) to proliferate the thought and teachings of Allama I.I. Kazi. An essay competition on the life and work of the great philosopher-educator was initiated at the 20th death anniversary on 13th April 1981. I got Rs. 4000 from the funds of the society sat the first prize, and my monograph was published by the Pakistan Study Centre on the initiative of Dr. Baloch. "Allama Kazi Cultural Centre" has been established by him adjacent to the Mausoleum. Yet the un- touched seed-money now stands at Rs. 9 lac. A financial wizard! No? I have seen him in relaxed mood as well. The first time, during 50's, when he came to our village to meet a sughar, uncle Haji Abdul Qadir Siddiqui. He sat through the night and got all his abiyat (poetry) transcribed, while listening to him and appreciating his art. He has had many such sittings in his research galore, through the length and breadth of Sind, and has collected much more material on the culture and literature of Sindh than has been published so for.

The contribution For me it is difficult to circumscribe the contribution of Dr. Baloch towards the renaissance of Sindh, revival of its educational tradition and enriching the world of knowledge. He is a prolific writer with over 100 published books and a lot unpublished. He has done original research on the life and poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (10 volumes) as well as compiled, edited and published the poetry of other prominent classical poets of Sindh. He has explored and published Sindhi folk-lore, (44 books) and helped promote arts, museums, libraries and art galleries. His services towards developing the Sindhi Adabi Board, the Sindh University, the Mehran Arts Council and Sindh's almost all literary, cultural and educational institutions, is a record so far in Sindh history. At the federal level, too, he has immensely contributed towards institution- building and advancement of knowledge. Indeed he has laid firm formations for continuous research in history, literature and education, with us he is a precious asset and golden apportunity for an overall advancement into the 21st century. Shah Latif, the mentor of Dr. Baloch and of us all, says: ”تان ڪي ساڻن اور، جان آهين )آه ن ( اوطاقن ۾“ converse with them (the saint scholars) till they are available at open houses). May he live long, but the mortal will leave us one day. After him, we will have to set a research institute to study the life and work of Dr. N. A. Baloch. (It would be) better to avail of his benevolent presence amongst us, these days. It requires a sharper insight. I would like to sum up my observations with the following couplet of Allama Iqbal: ہزار چشمہ ترے سںگ راہ سے پھوٹے خودی میں ڈوب کر ضرب کلیم پیدا کر

And conclude with a prayer, and blessing from Shah Latif.

” جکرا جيئين شال، تنهنجو ڪنين مدو م ُسڻان، جيئن تو اچي ڪالهه، ناالئق نوازيا.

Seema Qureshi

Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch: An Endless Journey

(Summarised …)

He is the son of the soil, a man of folk wisdom. Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch has devoted much of his time to (oral as well as written) and culture, an academician by profession, but a Sindhologist by instinct, he is a tireless traveller who has combed every nook and corner of Sindh to discover and record its past and present. From the life and times in the Indus valley, Sindh's mountains, deserts and plains to its people, it's fairy tales and political turmoil, from kings to poets, beggars to thieves, past civilizations to the present times, Dr. Baloch has discovered, collected, compiled, researched and authored a formidable range of subjects. "Dr. Nabi Bakshs Baloch never retires, "say his friends and foes in Sindh. He simply attributes all the plaudits to his simple upbringing. I come from a land of folklore, so it was but natural that I imbibe it, says Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch. Born in December 1917, his father Ali Muhammad Khan Baloch hailed from a peasant family from Jafar Khan Laghari Village (District Sanghar), whose inhabitants are known to be staunch followers of Pir Pagaro. Reminiscing over his childhood days, he says, "I still remember the socio-economic fabric of my village long before the introduction of canals in Sindh. There were the cobblers, the blacksmiths, and the potters. Peasants would irrigate their lands with naar (a wooden wheel fitted with clay pots that draws water from below and is driven by a pair of bullocks in a circle). It used to make a fascinating sound." The lifestyle and customs had a profound effect on Nabi Bakhsh Baloch's childhood. He was enrolled in the famous Naushahro Feroz Madressah and High School, which has produced men of high calibre like Allama Umar Bin Muhammed Doudpoto and Justice Muhammed Bachal Memon (who fearlessly authored Sindh High Court's historic judgment against the dissolution of Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly). Dr. Baloch did his matriculation from the same madressah with second position among the Muslim candidates from Sindh and graduated from Bahauddin College Junagadh. His youthful years in the 1930's were spent in Sindh. It was the time when the movement for separation of Sindh from Bombay was launched by Muslim nationalist politicians like Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Muhammad Ayub Khuhro. "Sindh, at that time, was a neglected province annexed to Bombay and Sindh Muslim masses were kept underprivileged," he says of those days. "Sindh progressed considerably after its separation from Bombay Residency and the introduction of the canal system," he elucidates further. These were the times when the Hur (the disciples of Pir Pagaro) were engaged in their revolt against the British in Sindh. After his B.A. (Honours) from Bahauddin College Junagadh he enrolled in the Aligarh Muslim University, then a hub of the Muslim nationalist student's movement. His thesis was on Islamic civilization. Dr. Baloch also actively participated in the Khaksar Movement at Aligarh. He did his master’s and law degrees from Aligarh in 1941-43. He was selected by the British Government for higher studies abroad with specialization in Education and got his master’s and doctorate from Columbia University, New York. Dr. Baloch was in the United States when Pakistan came into being. According to him he had a lot of intellectual and political conflicts with the then Hindu think-tanks like TarakNath Das. "I believed in what Mr. Jinnah stood for in the Lucknow Pact, "he says. Dr. Baloch established the Pakistan chapter of Muslim Students Association in the United States. "The main object of the association was to counter propaganda against movement for Pakistan." While there, Dr. Baloch joined the United Nations Internship and worked in the NGOs department (of ECOSOC) "long before the word 'NGOs' became fashionable here," he says. During his stay in the USA, Dr. Baloch also concentrated on oriental studies in context of the Islamic civilization. Dr. Baloch had left good impression as an interne in the U.N. and he was offered a 'lucrative' job in the NGO division by the Hungarian boss Mr. Laslo Hamorie, but he refused responding: "Don't you know Pakistan has come into being." He opted for his newly liberated country and with great difficulty got a job in the Ministry of Interior, Information and Broadcasting as an OSD. later on, Sindhi Adabi Board was set up and was drawing an outline on a comprehensive Sindhi dictionary (an idea originated by G.M Syed during his tenure as Sindh Education Minister). Dr. Baloch offered his services for the project. "The time limit for compiling the dictionary was three years. I worked for 20 hours a day with my team comprising of energetic young men,  Sardar Ali Shah Zakir,  Mumtaz Mirza,  Shaikh Muhammed Ismail and completed the project." After that he took upon himself the gigantic task of collecting and compiling various generic varieties of Sindhi folklore. For that he travelled to every nook and corner of Sindh and came across hundreds of sughars (wise men and women). The publication of more than 40 volumes of Sindhi folklore published by Sindhi Adabi Board goes to his credit, to the majority of people in interior Sindh. Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch is known for his works on Sindhi folklore. Then the Sindhi Adabi Board stopped publishing Sindhi folklore completely. "By doing so, they killed all ideas and prospective projects on Sindhi folklore and culture," he says. Dr. Baloch’s first appointment was OSD (Officer-on-special duty) in Information Broadcasting Division of Ministry of Interior from when he resigned in 1951. He was offered a job as professor of Education by the then Sindh University's Vice Chancellor saintly scholar Allama I.I. Kazi (Now Dr. Baloch is married to one of the nieces of Kazi Sahib). He had been teaching at the Sindh University, until he was appointed Vice Chancellor by the government of Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto in the wake of unrest in various Jamshoro campuses by Sindhi nationalist students. During his tenure as V.C., Sindh University, Shah Latif University Campus at Khairpur Mirs, S.U. Engineering College at Nawabshah, and the Department of Pharmacy and Pakistan Studies at Jamshoro campus were founded. He remained Vice Chancellor from 1973 to 1976 until he was replaced by Shaikh Ayaz. Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto wanted him in Islamabad-- "which proved to be a blessing in disguise for me, "he says He was appointed as a Secretary (OSD) in the Federal Ministry of Education and Culture. Dr. Baloch was appointed by the Zia government as the first Vice Chancellor of Islamic University. It was during his tenure that the university became completely functional. He also undertook an impressive “One Hundred Great Books” project for the Hijra Council Islamabad. The aim of the project was to translate and edit books on Islamic science and civilization into English. The books included Khawarzmi's book of Algebra, Bairuni's on Mineralogy (Precious Stones) Banu Musa's on Meachanical Devices and Automata and Jazari's work on Hydraulic Technology etc. Besides all this, he has 80 books on literature, education, history, culture, lexicography, music and folklore to his credit (they are either authored or edited by him). He has also served as a member of UNESCO's International Editorial Committee on the preparation of History of Central Asian Civilizations, and the first chairman of Sindhi Language Authority. Presently, Dr. Baloch is professor Emeritus of Sindh University and Honorary Professor on the Allama I.I. Kazi Chair. Currently, He is busy working on a ten volume standard edition of Shah Jo- Ressalo of which seven volumes have so far been completed. "I have never seen Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch but I have always imagined and visualized him since my childhood, when I started learning Sindhi alphabet, as I had read his name on our first Sindhi primary text-book edited by him," says Najma Baloch, a housewife in Hyderabad. With his very objective and professional approach as a historian, and his workaholic nature towards all the scholarly pursuits that he undertakes, he has often been subjected to criticism by a certain section of Sindhi writers and political activists, but Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch counters it in his own characteristic manner saying, "History can only be judged on the basis of evidence, because it's the past. It can not be decided by votes". (The Daily "DAWN" Karachi The Review, March 18.12.1998

Dr. N.A. Baloch Introduction to Beruni's book Kitab al-Jamahir fi Ma'arafalat-Jawahir

Beruni's book Kitab al-Jamahir fi Ma'arafalat-Jawahir is presented to the reader, in English translation, under the Great Books Project. This solid work, historically the first worthy text on mineralogy, has not received the scholarly attention commensurate with its importance, though the need for its detailed study has been felt for a long time. It was during the thirties of this century that Fritz Krenkow edited the Arabic text which was published by the Da'irat al-Ma'arif, Hyderabad Deccan, in 1355 A.H./1936 A.D. He used all the three known manuscripts of the book. the more complete and correct Tope Kapi Sarai Ms. (Tibb. 2047) transcribed in 626 A.H. the less accurate Escuarial Ms. and the more legible Rashid Effendi Ms. (Qaysariyah) and also offered the following description of the Tope Kapi Sarai Ms.:

"The copyist of this manuscript (Tibb. 2047) calls himself at the end Ahmad b. Siddiq b. Muhammad, the physician, and says that he completed the copy for his own use and of those after him, on the first day of the month of Safar, 121 A.H… In the margins of this copy are frequent notes often correcting or disputing statements of Beruni, by another scholar who claims to have had other works of our author at hand, and calls himself Muhammad b. Ahmad Khatib Dariya in the Salihiyya of Damascus. He lived somewhat later as he cites the book of drugs by Ibn al- Baitar. In a note on the front page he states that he acquired the manuscript in 678. A.H. The next owner is Muhammad b. Ibrahim b. Sajd al-Ansari. I have not been able to find a biography of the first, but the second is beyond doubt the celebrated Ibn al- Akfani who died in 749 A.H. of plague. He also composed a work on jewels (Nukhab ad- Dhakha'ir, a short treatise of 15 pages, published by Cheikho in the journal al-Mashriq in 1908)" With modifications wherever necessary, the present translation is based on the Arabic text as edited by Krenkow, with some of the gloss supplied by Khatib Dariya translated under the footnotes (pp. 231-235) which follow the text. In his epilogue (in Arabic), Krenkow mentioned his grappling with the terse style of Beruni (with whom economy of words and purposive brevity was a must) and the difficulty involved in identifying the unknown place names mentioned in the text. This would indicate the need for preparing a more thoroughly annotated edition of the book through a joint effort of specialists from different disciplines. It is to be hoped that the publication of this translation will, in a measure, facilitate this task. In the Arabic edition, the contents are placed in the following order.  The text of Kitab al-jamahir, beginning with the first Part (Fasl) comprising the introduction (pp. 1-31),  followed by the second Part (Fasl) divided into two Discourses, o Maqala-I (pp.31-228) and o Maqala-II (pp. 228-267). Here the text of Kitab al- Jamahir ends with the attestation of Ahmad b. Siddiq who transcribed it in the year 626 A.H.  There after, is places a 'Supplement' (Mulhq) on 'The Mines of Yaman'(pp. 268-271) by someone who composed it from the various manuscripts of Al- Hamadani's AL-IKLIL (Book- VIII) its date of transcription is 1112 A.H. (though it might have been added at an earlier date?).  Page 272 contains editor's references to the manuscripts used by him, and page 273 a note by the publishers (Majlis Da'rat al-Ma'arif).  Then in eleven pages, numbered separately (pp.1-11), is reproduced a part of the text of Kitab al-Jamahir which was mistakenly left out in the print (after line 14, page 141 of the Arabic text).  This is followed by editor Krenkow's khatimah or epilogue (1-4 pages in Arabic),  and finally the index of personal and place names (pp.1-41). The above sequence has been re-adjusted in this edition. In main, the mistakenly left out part has been put in its proper place (in this edition p. 116 line 25-p. 125-line28):and thus after reconstructing the complete text of Kitab al-Jamahir (pp. 1-227), is placed the supplement (Mulhaq) on 'The Mines of Yaman' (pp. 227)-231) which is followed by three constitutes Appendix-I, which is followed by Appendix-II and Appendix-III contributed by Hakim Mohammad Sa'id to show how gemstones, pearls, minerals and metals are utilized as effective ingredients in the Tibb System of Medicine. The multidimensional merit of this work as well as the versatile genius of Beruni have been underlined both in the 'Foreword' to the text and in the 'Evaluation' that follows it. Beside much of common sense, philosophy, anthropology, evolution, history, geography, lore and literature, the specifically scientific content (physics, geo-chemistry, botany, marine biology, mineralogy, metallurgy) is writ large in the text of Kitab al-Jamahir. In different contexts, Beruni has often made observations of scientific import. For example: - The crystal in its pristine state was liquid in motion (p.163). The crystal is congealed water (p. 160). - Milk, a liquid, forms bones, and the harder fruit stones are formed by water (p. 167). - The magnet piece which is in direct contact with the air and the sun loses its (magnetic) force (p. 184). - The capacity of the lightening to melt solid objects that can be melted, argues for the fact that air accompanies lightening and thunder bolt (p.215). - The alchemists (al-kimya'un) claim that they can make better gold than the natural gold….. can remain a claim only their product, which they call humtan, to say the least, is corrupt (pp. 211-12) Of great importance is his calculation of relative weights and volumes and specific gravities, which has engaged the attention of discerning scholars. Long back, Krenkow had observed: No other work in Arabic or Persian of which I have knowledge treats the subject in such a scientific manner, and as a rule other works made no pretence of investigating the specific weights, hardness and probable origin of the precious stones and minerals discussed. (The Chapter on Pearls). Of all the books on jewels and mined stones beruni's book enjoys superiority in that he has established the specific gravity of most of the stones and jewels he has described. It is only through the knowledge of the specific gravity of stones that imitation can be detected and the precious stones saved from imitation. (Khatima at the end of the Arabic ed.) More recently, attention was called particularly to the "scientific problems raised by al-Biruni in this work –viz. the origin of minerals and metals, growth of minerals and the progressive formation of metals, and the determination of specific gravity of metals and minerals. (Anawati, G.C.: The Kitab al- Jamahir, Al-Biruni Commemorative Volume, Hamdard Academy, Karachi. 1979). In view of all sorts of tales and claims about quality and purity of precious stones and metals, Beruni saw the need for devising a scientific method where by genuine metals and gemstones could be distinguished from the corrupt ones and also the comparative degree of excellence of each could be precisely established. The idea of standard weights and specific gravity had dawned upon him, and he sat down to prove it experimentally. Thus he devised a specific gravity flask and operating it in combination with his 'Water Balance' he determined relative weights and specific gravities of different metals and minerals. All this has not been elaborated by Beruni in Kitab al-Jamahir, but on the basis of his experimentation and verification, he has given relative weights of a number of metals and minerals and also made other relevant observation as under: (a) With gold as the axis (qutb) having the standard weight of 100. the relative weight. With equivalence in volume, of mercury= 71 (p. 199), tubal iron 41-1/3 (p. 215), copper= 45.2/3 (p.211). Shibh (yellow copper) = 44-7/8 (p. 225), lead= 60-1/8 (p. 221). (b) With ghubari ruby as the axis (qutb) having the standard weight of 100, a. the relative weight, with equivalence in volume, of the red ruby = 97-1/8 (p. 64), bussed 64-13/24 (p. 166), b. lapiz lazuli= 67-7/12 (p. 168). 1/2 c. Emerald 79 (p. 142), d. Subaj (about)=28 (p. 172), e. Kehruba = 21-5/12 (p. 182), 3/4 f. hajar al-awz = 103 (p. 186). g. Syrian glass = 62-19/24 (p. 191), h. and Green glass= 99-1/3 (p. 194). (c) Weight being the same, gold is less in volume than silver (p.26). (d) Weight of gold. As compared to any other metal/mineral of an equivalent volume, always remains less in value (p. 202). (e) Volume being the same, silver is less in mass and heavier than copper (p. 26). (f) Ratio of weight-gold ten dirhams: silver fifty dirhams: brass fifteen manma (p. 26). (g) Ratio in volume of iron and gold. Both of same weight is 151:63 as verified by me by means of the water balance (p. 202). (h) I have not verified the relative weights of bijadhi and ghmbari (rubies) (p.73). In this context. Beruni has also stated that he has authored a special Monograph (Maqalah) on this subject (p. 64). Its full title is to be found in the Fihrist (list) of his own works. Drawn up by Beruni himself as Maqalah fi al-nisab allati bayn al-filizzat wa al-jawahir fi al-hajm (The Treatise on Ratios in Volume of Metals and Precious Stones). As the Fihrist was compiled by him in 427 A.H. (1035). the Maqalah was obviously composed by him earlier. Being a scientific work of a pioneering nature. it was used subsequently by scientists for the next tow centuries. Though it continued to echo in scholarly circles for centuries thereafter.

Abu Jafar Al Khazini (d. 550 A.H. / 1155) extracted it in the Third Part (maqalah) of his own work Mizan Al-Hikmat2 (The Balance of Wisdom) referring to it as Abu Rayhan Beruni's "Kitab al-nisab bayn al-filizzat wa al-Jawahir fi al-hajm3"

Later on the scholastic Sa'id al-Din Al- Taftazani (d. 791 A.H. / 1389) recorded a description of Beruni's apparatus and experiment (most probably based on the Maqalah) in his own work Sharh al-Maqasid (see below). Both in Khazini's extraction and in Taftazani's description it is stated that the sample of water used by Beruni for filling in his specific gravity flask was drawn by him from one fixed place in the section of the Oxus (Jayhun) river adjacent to the capital city of Jurjaniyah. This confirms that Beruni had started studying gemstones, minerals and metals long before his arrival in Ghaznah in 408/1017. This was during his stay in Jurjaniyah on the Oxus, the capital of the Mamunid Princes (opposite to Kath on the other side which was the capital of the previous Banu Iraq dynasty) of Khwarazm. On the basis of the recorded events, the period of Beruni's stay in Jurjaniyah can more or less be precisely fixed from the year 399 A.H. to 407 A.H. (1008-1016/17 A.D.). He was born (Thursday, 3 Dhu'l Hijjah 362 A.H.) in his native city of Kath, the then capital of Khwarazm where after completing his education. he engaged himself in independent scientific research beginning at least from the year 380/990 when he made an astronomical observation. He continued his work uninterrupted for the next five years until 385/995 when civil war broke out and Beruni left the country. He remained out of Khwarazm for the next fourteen years (385- 399) except for a temporary visit to Kath in 387/997 to observe a lunar eclipse. He finally returned to his country some time before or early in 399/1008. This time to Jurjaniyah the capital of Abu al-Hasan Ali, the ruling Prince of the new Mamunid Dynasty, who had specially invited him. It was on the basis of his specialized knowledge based on his experimentally verified conclusions during this period that he came to be recognized as an authority on gemstones and was officially assigned the responsibility to oversee the annual dispatch of presents which would include precious stones of rare quality, to the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud (cf. k. al-jamahir, present ed. p. 47) by his brother-in-law Prince Abu al-Abbas Mamun of Khwarazm 399-407 A.H. Thus, mainly it was during the period of about 9 years (399-407 A.H.) prior to his arrival in Ghaznah in 408/1017, that Beruni had devised and perfected his apparatus and instruments. conducted his experiments and determined relative weights and volumes as well as specific gravity of a number of metals and gemstones with precision. On the hydrostatic method of finding specific gravity, Beruni observed thus: “Scientific men determine by means of water the measure of these differences in weights. They prepare a vessel filled with water in which they introduce 100 mithqals of each of the metals: the quantity of water thrown out by each gives the difference in volume and weight:  that one which displaces the largest bulk of water has consequently the largest volume but the least density,  and that one which displaces the least water is the heaviest.” The special flask for holding water which he designed was rightly called by Khazini after the name of Abu al- Rayhan Al- Beruni as “The Conical of Instrument of Abu al- Rayhan”. While experimenting with it, Beruni detected the capillary action which caused the water to rise in the mizab, with drops thereof remaining suspended in its curvature also. Beruni visualised the solution that if the mizab were given a circular flexure, made shorter than a semi circle and pierced with holes, the water will flow down through it smoothly without any of the droplets remaining suspended. He also understood it that the length and the diameter of the flask’s neck affected the experiment and noted that “he could have made it narrower than the little finger” but for the difficulty of inserting through it down into the vessel and again taking out of it the somewhat larger pieces of metals/minerals. After gaining such insights, he modelled to near perfection what historically became “Beruni’s Specific Gravity Flask”. Besides the shape of the flask, some other factors which caused variations in results were also detected by Beruni. The one was the absolute cleanliness of the metal/ mineral and purity of the water used. and the other, a more subtle one, temperature of water, Beruni knew that temperature influenced the density of water and of other liquids: and he had also determined it that difference between the density of cold and hot water was 0.041677 (N. Khanik off, p. 80). Beruni, therefore sounded the warning that in the kind of experiments conducted by him to determine specific gravity, it was but necessary to control the water factor, because of the changes occurring in water due to its different sources and coursed and the temperatures to which it was subjected during the four seasons. nn the analogy of air “Therefore he says “in all our experiments we used the water drawn from one fixed place from the oxus river adjacent to Jurjaniyah in the beginning of the autumn (kharif) season. However he also explained the general principle that even the ordinary drinking water was good enough provided the same water under the same conditions was used while experimenting with different metals and minerals, and yet the scientists after Beruni kept following him faithfully, not only in their careful use of the balance but, as Khazini informs they also related the process of finding the specific gravities to a determined sort of water, similar in density to the water of Jayhun of Khwarazam, exclusively of other waters (Mizan-al- Hikmat, p. 70 & Introduction, Section 5) Beruni’s keen observation, insights and understandings, and his ability to design and refine his apparatus, contributed to the success of his experiments in determining the specific gravity of gemstones, metals and other minerals with remarkable accuracy. In his study (Jr. Asiatique XI. 1858). j. j. Clement-Mullet produced a table of comparative figures of specific gravities for 18 metals/minerals as given by Beruni with modern figures (in 1858) to show the remarkable accuracy of Beruni’s calculations. Subsequently, H.C. Bolton also gave modern figures in his study in 1876 as in the following table. The scholastic Sa’d al- Din Taftazani’s concise and interesting description of Beruni’s experimentation in Jurjaniyah, Khwarazm, may be noted: In order to determine the comparative difference between metals and some stones from the point of volume, lightness and heaviness, Abu Rayhan had devised a vessel resembling the tabarzad, on the neck of which was mounted a curved tube (mizab) as it is in abariq (flasks). He filled the vessel with water and put into it one hundred mithqal (of a given metal/mineral) - say of gold, below the tip (ras) of the mizab, he placed one pan of the balance (to hold water) Modern Authorities Values as determined Figures Figures by Abu cited by cited by Rayhan Bolton Clement- Beruni Mullet 19.30 19.26 19.05 Gold 13.568 13.59 13.58 Mercury 11.346 11.35 11.33 Lead 10.52 10.47 10.35 Silver 8.05 to 10.47 8.82 Bronze 8.95 8.78 8.85 8.70 Copper 8.58 8.85 8.57 Brass 7.79 7.79 7.74 Iron 7.29 7.29 7.31 Tin 3.99 3.99 3.97 Sapphire 3.90 3.90 3.85 Oriental Ruby 3.52 3.52 3.58 Ruby mohs 2.73 2.7373 2.75 Emerald 2.75 2.75 2.69 Pearl 2.90 2.90 2.60 Lapis Lazuli 2.61 2.61 2.56 Cornelian 1.08 (?) 1.08 2.53 Amber (?) 2.58 2.58 2.50 Rock mohs crystal where by he intended to find the volume weight of water displaced from the vessel. For this experiment, it was first ensured by him that the metal/ mineral were clean and so also the water. The water used by him in his experiments was that of the Jaylum (Oxus) river in (the capital of) Khwarazm drawn during the kharif (autumn) season, for undoubtedly the results (according to him) depended on the quality of the water used in its changing conditions in different regions and seasons. From the weight/volume of the water displaced from the vessel on immersion of 100 mithqal of each metal/mineral he determined the relative difference between their weights and volumes… Abu Rayhan and his followers have prepared a standard table of the quantity of water that pours out of the vessel when (i) 100 mithqal of gold, silver or any other metal/mineral are put into it: (ii) when nine different metals/minerals equivalent in volume of 100 mithqal of gold, are put into it” (iii) when gemstones equivalent in volume to 100 mithqal of Celestial Hyacinth (al-Yaqut al-Asmanjuni) are put it: and (iv) when any weights, which have volume equal to that of 100 mithqal when out of water and different when inside water (al-Taftazani: Sharh Maqasid fi ‘Ilm Usul Aqaid al-Din, Al-Haj Muharram Effendi Press, Istanbul, Jumada-I, 1305 A.H., p. 376) References in Khazini’s Mizan al-Hikmat indicate that Beruni had continued his specific gravity experiments after his advent and settlement in Ghaznah here he had brought more of metals and liquids under study and increased the unit mass from 100 mithqal to ‘one cubit cube’ to determine relative weights. Recounting the history of the water balance and its use by scientists from early times, Khazini says in the introduction to his book that during the rule of the ‘House of Nasir al-Din’ (i.e. the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud and his successors), the balance was used with expertise by Abu Rayhan (Beruni) “who took observations on the relations of (different) metallic bodies and precious stones, one to another, as indicated by this balance, and carried his deductions so far as to distinguish one from another (in a compound), exactly and scientifically, without melting or refining by arithmetical methods.” This interesting observation shows than the 6th /12th century Central Asia, when Khazini wrote in Merv, the practice of determining the degrees of purity of gold by melting and refining was common and known, though the practice was not a scientific one. In much later times, one such practice known as banwari which had been developed in India by the experts in the imperial Mint of Emperor Akbar (1556-1605 A.H.) has been explained in detail by Abu’l Fazl in The A'in-i-Akbari (Engl. tr. by H. Blochmann, (“Ain 1: Banwari pp. 67-20”), the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 2nd ed. Calcutta 1927) In Chapter IV of the third Part, Khazini has described one of Beruni’s experiments in Ghaznah in which he used a cubit cube as the standard unit of volume/weight instead of 100 mithqals as before. Abu Rayhan ordered a cube of brass to be made, with as much exactness as possible and that it should be bored on its face at two opposite angles, with two holes, one for pouring water into it and the other for the escape of air from it and he weighed it in the flying balance first empty and hollow, then filled with fresh river-water of the city of Ghaznah……etc. etc. Khazini took this from Beruni’s Maqalah but he had also used Beruni’s Kitab al- Jamahir from which he only summarized (under Part IV, Chapter 60) Beruni’s observations on eight precious stones. It is also clear from the present text of K. al- Jamahir that Beruni has not described in it any of his experiments based on cubit cube as a unit. However he has cited the following one result which is based on the value of a cubit cube. Weight of a cubit cube of water is one nineteenth part of a similar cube of gold (p. 204). This was most probably determined by him in the experiments which he conducted in Ghaznah. It may therefore, be concluded that though Beruni finished composing K. al-Jamahir during the reign of the Ghaznavid Sultan M’udud (732-440 A.H./1040-1048 A.D.) most of his observations in it about relative weights/volumes of metals/gemstones are based on his early experiments of Jurjaniyah, conducted during the years 399-407 A.H. where he used the water of the Oxus; while his observation about the relative weights of a cubit cube of water and of gold is based on the experiments which he conducted at Ghaznah between 408 A.H. and 427 A.H. in which he used fresh water of the Ghaznah river. With this much said about Kitab al-Jamahir, it is a pleasant duty to acknowledge that publication of this volume became possible mainly through the courtesies and co- operation of Hakim Mohammad Sa'id. Philanthropist and patron of learning, who made available a complete typescript of this edition so that it could be printed under the Great Books Project with which he has been closely associated.

Islamabad, N.A. Baloch 69 Dhu’l Qa’dah 6707 A.H., Project Director 22 June 1989 A.d. & Advisor, Pakistan Hijra Council

1. Taj Joyo

Books in English authored/edited by Dr. N. A. Baloch

(1) A Programme of Teacher Education for the New state of Pakistan: (Ph.D Thesis): 1949, Columbia University, New York. (Published in parts, Sindh University Educational Journal) (2) Arts and Crafts of the lower Indus Valley: 1964, Mehran Arts Council, Hyderabad. (3) The Musical instruments of Sindh: 1967, Mehran Arts Council, Hyderabad. (4) Spanish Cante Jondo: It's origin in Sindh Music (by: Aziz Baloch: English Translation & one chapter addition by; Dr. N.A. Baloch) 1968. (5) Kitab Hasil-al-Nahj: (The Earliest work on Education in the Sub-continent in Persian, authored by: Makhdoom Jaffar- al Bubakai (Distt: Dadu). Discovered and edited with a chapter-wise summary in English by Dr. N.A. Baloch, 1969, Institute of Education, Sindh University. (6) Education in Sindh: Before the British conquest and the Educational policies of the British Government, 1971, Sindh University Press. (7) The Education Policy 1972:( Implications and implementations) Edited by: Dr. N.A. Baloch. (8) Development of Music in Sindh: 1973, Sindh University Press. (9) The Historical Sindh Era(Monographs): 1975. (10) Curriculum And Teacher Education: The volume on Muslim Education, First World Education Conference, Makka, 1977, Edited by N.A. Baloch jointly with M.H. Al-Affendi, published by: Hodder and Stoughton King Abdul-Aziz University, Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, 1980. (11) Seminar on the Documentation of Current History of Pakistan: Proceedings and Recommendations 1947-80, NIHCR, Islamabad, 1980 (12) Advent of Islam in Indonesia: 1980, NIHCR, Islamabad. (13) World of Islam Today: Proceedings, Recommendations and papers of the National Hijra Council on History and Culture, July 1980, NIHCR Islamabad, 1981. (14) Pakistan: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Books and Government Publications with Annotations 1947-80: Institute of History, Culture and Civilization, Islamic University Islamabad, 1981, (Edited). (15) Knowledge for What? Proceedings and Papers of the Hijra Seminar on Islamization of knowledge held on 7- 9 Rabi'al Awal 1402 H/ 4-6 January 1982, Institute of Education, Islamic University, Islamabad 1982. (Edited) (16) Fathnama-i-Sindh: (Persian Text with Comprehensive introduction in English, Islamabad, Institute of Islamic History, Culture and civilization 1982. (17) Beruni's Geodical Experiment on Nandana Fort: (Distt: Jhelum) Monographs: 1983, Islamabad. (18) Muslim Luminaries: Leaders of Religious intellectual and Political Revival in South Asia (711-1206A.D.), National Hijra Council, Islamabad, 1988. (Edited) (19) Great Books of Islamic Civilization: National Hijra Council, Islamabad, 1989. (20) The Educator speaks: thoughts of Allama I.I. Kazi, 1989, Sindh University Press Hyderabad, Sindh. (21) I.I. Kazi: Reflections on Evolution: 1992, Allama I.I. Kazi Memorial Society, Hyderabad, Sindh. (22) Lands of Pakistan: (Perspectives, historical and cultural), El. Mashriqi Foundation, Islamabad, 1995. (23) Sindh: Studies in History: (A Preliminary Version), Kalhora Seminar Committee, Karachi, 1996. (24) Islamabad: The Capital City of Pakistan etc. (25) Allama I.I.Kazi: Unpublished Speeches & Writings, 1999, Allama I.I.Kazi Chair Publication, University of Sindh. (26) Education Based on Islamic Values, imperatives and Implications: 2000, Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh.

Articles, Papers & Monographs: (1) Papers on "Bolochi Literature" included in the "Cultural Heritage of Pakistan" a work first published by the Department of Advertisement and Publications Govt: of Pakistan, Karachi, 1954. (2) "A Survey of Traditional Cultures of Pakistan and the Impact of Modern Development on Cultural Tradition" (A field study prepared for UNESCO), 1956 (3) A chapter on "Teacher Education" For National Education Commission of Pakistan, 1960. (4) "Folk Literature of Pakistan": A general Survey read at the Pakistan Folklore Seminar, Dacca, 1968. (5) "Education in Pakistan-1947-1970": A research survey, published in the book "Education in South East Asia", Sydney, Australia. (6) "Higher Education in Pakistan" Paper Published in Encyclopaedia of Higher Education.USA. (7) "A North Western Dialect of Swat- Kohistan": A paper read at the Pakistan Oriental Conference, Dacca. (8) "Folk Dances of West Pakistan": A paper published in the UNESCO sponsored journal of Traditional Cultures, Madras, India. (9) "Balochi Alphabet and Transliteration": Sindh University Research Journal, 1970. (10) "Historical Writings on Pakistan Tradition and Progress": Paper presented at the Congress of Pakistan History and Culture, University of Islamabad, April 1973. (11) "In Search of the Early Indus Sites". Paper presented at the International Seminar on Mohen-jo-Daro (1973), Published in the proceedings of the Seminar and in Bulletin , Jamshoro, July 1973. (12) "Amir Khusru's Discoure on Differntiation in the Fundamental and Subsidiary Principles of Music: Research Paper presented at the 700th Anniversary of Amir Khusrau, Islamabad, 1975. (13) "Objectives of Curriculum in the Pakistan Society before Colonial Rule": A research paper published in "Arabic and Islamic Garland. Historical, Educational and Literary Studies", the Islamic Cultural Centre, London, 1977. (14) "Teacher Education in the Muslim Society:" A paper contributed at the First World Conference on Muslim Education, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. 1977. (15) "Measurement of Space and Time in the Lower Indus Valley of Sindh": Research Paper, presented at the Science Conference, Islamabad. 1979. (16) Address at the conference on "Evolution of political thoughts in the Muslim World" Bahauddin Zakaria University, Multan, 1981. (17) "Early Irrigation System in the Indus Valley" Paper presented at the Sukkur Barrage Conference, Department of Irrigation, and Government of Sindh. (18) "World Decade for Cultural Development": An Article published in 1998. (19) "The Regions of Sindh, Baluchistan and Multan: The historical, social and economy setting." Article printed in the book "History of the Civilization of Central Asia", Volume IV, Multiple History series, UNESCO, 1998. (20) Article on "Baluchistan" and Article on "Sindh", in the latest edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. (21) The Following chapters contributed to the comprehensive historical work published by the Pakistan Historical Society, Karachi: (i) Pre-Islamic period of Indian History, (ii) The Muslim Conquest of Sindh. (iii) The Ghaznavid Rule in India. (iv) The Ghurid conquest in India. (22) The Advent of Sultan Jalal al-Din Khwarizm Shah in the Trans-Indus Territories (Present Pakistan): published in Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Oct-Dec: 2000 (Vol: XIVIII-No:4) (23) Foundations of Talpur Power, in Sindh: Hakim Mohammad Said Memorial lecture, delivered at the 19th Pakistan History Conference, Golden Jublee Session, Karachi, 20 October, 2001.

1. Krenkow, F.: ‘The chapter on Pearls in the Book on precious stones by Al-Beruni, the Quarterly Islamic Culture, (Hyderabad Deccan, Oct. 1941, pp. 399-402)in which Krenkow also mentioned that he had then made a ‘complete translation’ (English) of this book which “may see the light some day.” 2. Mizan al-Hikmat, Arabic edition, Hyderabad Deccan, India, 6357 A.H. ‘Analysis and expacts’ of it by N. Khanik off the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. VI, 1859, H.C. Bolton, ‘The Book of the Balance of Wisdom’ (The American Chemist, May 1876), reprint New York, 1876. English translation of this scientific work of great importance is being published separately under the Great Books Project. 3. Maqalah Monograph or (Treatise) as mentioned by Beruni himself, though also a book (kitab) in a general sense as mentioned by Khazini. For discussion of this ‘Treatise by modern scholars see J.J. Clement Mullet (jr. Asiatique, ve se’rie, Vol. XI, 1858), and E. Wiedemann (Sitzungsber. D. phys. Med. Soz, in Erlangen, Vol. XXXVIII, 1906) http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book47/Boo k_page24.html http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book47/Boo k_page26.html

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