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Operation Kipion: Royal Navy Assets in the Persian by Claire Mills Gulf
BRIEFING PAPER Number 8628, 6 January 2020 Operation Kipion: Royal Navy assets in the Persian By Claire Mills Gulf 1. Historical presence: the Armilla Patrol The UK has maintained a permanent naval presence in the Gulf region since October 1980, when the Armilla Patrol was established to ensure the safety of British entitled merchant ships operating in the region during the Iran-Iraq conflict. Initially the Royal Navy’s presence was focused solely in the Gulf of Oman. However, as the conflict wore on both nations began attacking each other’s oil facilities and oil tankers bound for their respective ports, in what became known as the “tanker war” (1984-1988). Kuwaiti vessels carrying Iraqi oil were particularly susceptible to Iranian attack and foreign-flagged merchant vessels were often caught in the crossfire.1 In response to a number of incidents involving British registered vessels, in October 1986 the Royal Navy began accompanying British-registered vessels through the Straits of Hormuz and in the Persian Gulf. Later the UK’s Armilla Patrol contributed to the Multinational Interception Force (MIF), a naval contingent patrolling the Persian Gulf to enforce the UN-mandated trade embargo against Iraq, imposed after its invasion of Kuwait in August1990.2 In the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq conflict, Royal Navy vessels, deployed as part of the Armilla Patrol, were heavily committed to providing maritime security in the region, the protection of Iraq’s oil infrastructure and to assisting in the training of Iraqi sailors and marines. 1.1 Assets The Type 42 destroyer HMS Coventry was the first vessel to be deployed as part of the Armilla Patrol, followed by RFA Olwen. -
Ministry of Defence: Design and Procurement of Warships
NATIONAL AUDIT OFFICE Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General Ministry of Defence: Design and Procurement of Warships Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 5 June 1985 LONDON HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE E3.30 net 423 This report is presented to the House of Commons in accordance with Section 9 of the National Audit Act, 1983. Gordon Downey Comljtroller and Auditor General National Audit Office 4 June 1985 Contents Ministry of Defence: Design and Procurement of Warships Pages Summary and conclusions l-5 Report Part 1: Background 6 Part 2: Division of Responsibilities for Warshipbuilding 7-8 Part 3: Effectiveness of MOD’s Design and Development Arrangements 9-12 Part 4: Performance of Warshipbuilders 13-15 Part 5: Negotiation of Warship Contracts 16-17 Glossary of abbreviations 18 Appendix Mr Levene’s recommendations on warship procurement 19 Ministry of Defence: Design and Procurement of Warships Summary and conclusions 1. This Report records the results of an examination by the National Audit Office (NAO) of the Ministry of Defence (MOD)‘s arrangements for design and procurement of warships. It covers the progress made in increasing warshipbuil- ders’ involvement in and responsibility for design; the difficulties encountered in design and development of new ships; and MOD’s influence on the performance and productivity of the warshipbuilders and the effect of the latter on the achieve- ment of value for money. These matters have all been the subject of earlier Reports by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC). I intend to provide PAC with further details to supplement this Report, on a confidential basis. -
Is a Naval Architect an Atypical Designer – Or Just a Hull Engineer?
IS A NAVAL ARCHITECT AN ATYPICAL DESIGNER – OR JUST A HULL ENGINEER? David Andrews1 ABSTRACT As the demands for future ships become ever greater, due to economic pressures to achieve “value for money” and due to assumptions of more precision in potential ship solutions, then the question to be addressed is whether the naval architectural profession is still best placed to lead in designing complex ships. Other disciplines might be seen to be more relevant in meeting specific ship demands, such as the marine engineer in achieving better fuel efficiency and greener solutions or the combat systems engineer for future naval vessels. Beyond these two disciplines the complexity of particularly naval ship design has led to the generic project management discipline of systems engineering being promoted as more appropriate than naval architecture as the lead discipline. Thus the naval architect becomes a mere “hull engineer” practicing the specific “naval architectural” sub-disciplines, instead of being “primes inter pares” in managing ship design and acquisition. Such a proposal arises both from a belief that the whole ship safety issues need the senior most naval architect’s main attention and that systems engineering rather than the naval architect’s design skills are best for the overall management of design and acquisition due to its agnosticism with regards to the cross disciplinary conflicts that arise in such a highly interactive multi-disciplinary exercise. This issue is explored by considering what are the essential engineering skills employed by a naval architect as the ship equivalent, for large constructional projects, of a terrestrial civil engineer and whether this is just “hull engineering” or something more like the ship equivalent of an architect for major constructions, such as airport termini. -
Osprey Publishing, Elms Court, Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 9LP, United Kingdom
WOLF PACK The Story of the U-Boat in World War II The Story - oat iq-Workd War 11 First published in Great Britain in 2005 by Osprey Publishing, Elms Court, Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 9LP, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] Previously published as New Vanguard 51: Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939-45 (1); New Vanguard 55: Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939-45 (2); and Warrior 36: Grey Wolf. © 2005 Osprey Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. CIP data for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 84176 872 3 Editors: Anita Hitchings and Ruth Sheppard Design: Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK Artwork by Ian Palmer and Darko Pavlovic Index by Alan Thatcher Originated by The Electronic Page Company, Cwmbran, UK Printed and bound by L-Rex Printing Company Ltd 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY PLEASE CONTACT: NORTH AMERICA Osprey Direct, 2427 Bond Street, University Park, IL 60466, USA E-mail: [email protected] ALL OTHER REGIONS Osprey Direct UK, P.O. Box 140, Wellingborough, Northants, NN8 2FA, UK E-mail: [email protected] www.ospreypublishing.com EDITOR'S NOTE All photographs, unless indicated otherwise, are courtesy of the U-Boot Archiv. -
World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C. -
The Old Pangbournian Record Volume 2
The Old Pangbournian Record Volume 2 Casualties in War 1917-2020 Collected and written by Robin Knight (56-61) The Old Pangbournian Society The Old angbournianP Record Volume 2 Casualties in War 1917-2020 Collected and written by Robin Knight (56-61) The Old Pangbournian Society First published in the UK 2020 The Old Pangbournian Society Copyright © 2020 The moral right of the Old Pangbournian Society to be identified as the compiler of this work is asserted in accordance with Section 77 of the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, “Beloved by many. stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any Death hides but it does not divide.” * means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the Old Pangbournian Society in writing. All photographs are from personal collections or publicly-available free sources. Back Cover: © Julie Halford – Keeper of Roll of Honour Fleet Air Arm, RNAS Yeovilton ISBN 978-095-6877-031 Papers used in this book are natural, renewable and recyclable products sourced from well-managed forests. Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro, designed and produced *from a headstone dedication to R.E.F. Howard (30-33) by NP Design & Print Ltd, Wallingford, U.K. Foreword In a global and total war such as 1939-45, one in Both were extremely impressive leaders, soldiers which our national survival was at stake, sacrifice and human beings. became commonplace, almost routine. Today, notwithstanding Covid-19, the scale of losses For anyone associated with Pangbourne, this endured in the World Wars of the 20th century is continued appetite and affinity for service is no almost incomprehensible. -
HMS Southampton
HMS Southampton HMS SoutHaMpton The replacement for the destroyers of the County-class, were much more compact and austere than their fore bearers. The primary on role of the Type 42s was to provide area air I defence for the ships they had to escort. With their long-range sensor fit they also could act as radar pickets, sailing ahead of a Task Group to act as its eyes and ears. The loss of HMS Sheffield and Coventry dem- Introduct onstrated, this latter role denied the ships supporting fire from accompanying warships and highlighted their vulnerability. 2 Warship 09 developMent In the 1960s the Royal Navy was still one On 14 February 1966, after a day long an all-gas turbine (COGOG) propul- of the premier carrier fleets in the world, meeting, the Cabinet decided to cancel sion system, using Rolls-Royce Olympus second only to the US Navy which was the plans for the construction of the new turbines for main drive and Tynes for in the process of building 80,000 tons carrier. The Labour government calculated cruising. aircraft carriers of the Kitty Hawk-class. that maintaining a carrier air group East of Although lacking Ikara, the ASW capabil- The increasing weight and size of modern Suez would be 60% more expensive than ity was greatly improved over previous jet fighters meant that a larger deck area as a land based airforce. Along with the ships by providing a hangared Lynx light was required for take offs and landings. cancellation went the proposed Type 82 helicopter (armed with torpedoes and Although the Royal Navy had come up destroyers designed to escort them. -
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Spectrum: Tension in the Gulf - the Warships Move In
Page 1 490 of 999 DOCUMENTS The Times (London) July 22 1987, Wednesday Spectrum: Tension in the Gulf - The Warships Move In BYLINE: GEORGE HILL SECTION: Issue 62827. LENGTH: 420 words The Americans were uncharacteristically tight-lipped yesterday about their naval movements in the Gulf. Their Middle Eastern Force of nine ships - the guided missile cruisers Fox, Warden and Reeves, with four frigates and one destroyer - is believed to be in the vicinity of Fujairah, where two Kuwaiti tankers now flying the Stars and Stripes are waiting to pass through the Straits. The giant 80-000-ton carrier Constellation, with a force of about eight attendant ships, is officially said to be 'in the general area of the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea'. It is undoubtedly not far off, and it is an open secret that the battleship Missouri is on its way to the area, with its devastating batteries of 16-inch guns, capable of firing shells as big as a small car. But she can scarcely be expected in the crisis zone in much less than 10 days. In addition, the helicopter carrier Guadalcanal moved through the Suez Canal last week. Britain's patrol to escort British-flag tankers through the Gulf is continuing, in spite of reports that the Royal Navy has pulled back from the Gulf to give the gathering US fleet a clear run. In the seven years since the outbreak of war, the Royal Navy has safely escorted more than 120 vessels through the zone. Naval sources stress that Britain's operations in the Gulf are continuing as usual, in implicit contrast with the US's highly-publicized build-up. -
Crown Copyright Catalogue Reference
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:cab/66/16/40 Image Reference:0001 - THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT $ : : : : : j / j SECRET I Copy No. W.P.. (41) 117 VK (Also Paper No. C.O.S. (41) 337) \ May 29, 11)41 . j \ V I TO BE KEPT UNDER LOCK AND KEY? It is requested that special care may be taken to ensure the secrecy of this document. WEEKLY RESUME (No. 91) of the NAVAL, MILITARY AND AIR SITUATION from 12 noon May 22nd, to 12 noon May 29th, 1941 [Circulated with the approval of the Chiefs of Staff.] The reports of operations in and around Crete are given on page 5. NAVAL SITUATION. General Review. The Mediterranean Fleet continues to be engaged in the Cretan operations. The German battleship Bismarck has been sunk in the Atlantic. Shipping losses have been light. Home Waters and North Atlantic. 2. Following reports received from air reconnaissance, the German battle ship Bismarck and cruiser Prinz Eugen were sighted by H.M. Ships Norfolk and Suffolk late on the 23rd May in -the Denmark Strait. They were shadowed until early on the 24th, when they were engaged by H.M. Ships Hood and Prince of Wales. H.M.S. Hood was hit and blew up, and the chase continued throughout the 24th. Torpedo aircraft from H.M.S. Victorious obtained one hit on Bismarck at 1220, but touch was then lost until 1030 on the 26th, when she was again sighted by a Catalina aircraft, and later by H.M.S. -
Ministry of Defence: Collaborative Projects
Report by the Comptroller and = Auditor General NATIONAL AUDIT OXICE Ministry of Defence: Collaborative Projects Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 26 February 1991 .London: HMSO E8.95 net 247 This report has been prepared under Section 6 of the National Audit Act, 1983 for presentation to the House of Commons in accordance with Section 9 of the Act. John Bourn Comptroller and Auditor General National Audit Office 22 February 1991 The Comptroller and Auditor Generalis the head of the National Audit Office employing some 900 staff. He, and the NAO, are totally independent of Government. He certifies the accounts of all Government departments and a wide range of other public sector bodies: and he has statutory authority to report to Parliament on the economy, efficiency and effectiveness with which departments and other bodies use their rasourcas. MINISTRY OF ,,EFENCE: COLLABORATIVE PRO~CT.5 Contents Pages Summary and conclusions 1 Part 1: Background and scope of the National Audit Office study 6 Part 2: The Department’s consideration of collaboration 7 Part 3: Advantages and disadvantages of collaboration 13 Part 4: Central management of collaborative projects 19 Part 5: External audit arrangements 23 Glossary 26 Appendices 1. Collaborative projects involving the United Kingdom as at 1 March 1989 28 2. Background information on the projects examined by the National Audit Office 31 3. Structure and organisation of the Conference of National Armaments Directors and the Independent European Programme Group 52 4. SPY0 Howitzer 54 5. European Defence Industry Study - Independent European Programme Group Action Plan 56 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE: COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS Summary and conclusions Background 1. -
1 Introduction 1
Notes 1 Introduction 1. A debate exists whether a ‘Second Cold War’ did in fact break out or whether this merely a changing phase of the ongoing Cold War. This changing situation in East-West relations from the late 1970s onwards will henceforth, be referred to as the Second Cold War. See, for example, Fred Halliday, The Making of the Second Cold War (London: Verso Editions and NLB, second edition, 1986). 2. Private discussions. In 1979 only 2 per cent of the electorate thought defence was a major issue in the election. By 1983 this had risen to 38 per cent. Michael Heseltine, ‘The United Kingdom’s Strategic Interests and Priorities’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, pp. 3–5, p. 3. The 1983 election campaign was noteworthy for the action of the previous Labour Prime Minister, James Callaghan, who took the unprecedented step of repudiating his own party’s defence policy; Ian Aitken, ‘Callaghan Wrecks Polaris Repairs’, Guardian, 26 May 1983; Peter M. Jones, ‘British Defence Policy: the Breakdown of the Inter-party Consensus’, Review of International Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1987, pp. 111–31; Bruce George and Curt Pawlisch, ‘Defence and 1983 Election’, ADIU Report, vol. 5, no. 4, July/August 1983, p. 2; Michael Heseltine, Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2000), p. 250. 3. Peter Calvocoressi, ‘Deterrence, the Costs, the Issues, the Choices’, Sunday Times, 6 April 1980. 4. Nicholas J. Wheeler, ‘Perceptions of the Soviet Threat’, in British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War, edited by Stuart Croft (London: HarperCollins Academic, 1991), p.