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Horticultura Huerta Familiar Horticultura Huerta Familiar PDF generado usando el kit de herramientas de fuente abierta mwlib. Ver http://code.pediapress.com/ para mayor información. PDF generated at: Mon, 14 Nov 2011 01:43:12 UTC Contenidos Artículos Horticultura 1 Huerto 3 Verdura 5 Hortaliza 11 Fruta 13 Portal:Rural 20 Referencias Fuentes y contribuyentes del artículo 24 Fuentes de imagen, Licencias y contribuyentes 25 Licencias de artículos Licencia 26 Horticultura 1 Horticultura La horticultura proviene etimológicamente de las palabras latinas hortus (jardín, huerta, planta) y cultura ("cultivo") clásicamente significaba «cultivo en huertas». En sentido técnico estricto, el término se aplica a la producción comercial de hortalizas (es decir, de plantas herbáceas) con destino al consumo, distinguiéndose de la Fruticultura, es decir, de la producción y manejo de especies leñosas y semileñosas productoras de frutas. Ambas disciplinas se distinguen tanto en el tipo de materiales usados, de prácticas, de manejos y de requerimientos. Huerta en una pequeña propiedad rural en Avaré, São Paulo, Brasil. Características Los horticultores trabajan en la propagación de las plantas, mejora de las cosechas, abonos de las plantaciones e ingeniería genética, bioquímica y fisiología de la plantas herbáceas. Los horticultores mejoran el rendimiento de las cosechas, su calidad y su valor nutricional, su resistencia a los insectos, enfermedades y a los cambios ambientales. Se utiliza la genética como una herramienta fundamental en el desarrollo de plantas que puedan sintetizar moléculas químicas para emplearlas en la lucha contra plagas, enfermedades y malezas. Áreas de estudio En los países de habla inglesa, y considerando el término "Horticulture" como las prácticas que se realizan en un huerto, la Sociedad Internacional para las Ciencias Hortícolas (ISHS), indica que la horticultura comprende cinco áreas adicionales de estudio: • floricultura (incluye producción y mercadeo de plantas y flores cortadas con fines ornamentales. • olericultura (incluye producción y mercadeo de las hortalizas, sean de hoja, raíz, tubérculo o fruto). • fruticultura (incluye producción y mercadeo de las frutas). • Aromáticas, medicinales y perfumíferas incluye la producción de plantas como lavanda, lemon grass, etc. • fisiología post-cosecha (comprende el mantenimiento de la calidad y prevención de la degradación y pérdida de las cosechas). Sin embargo, en países de habla hispana, el término "Horticultura" designa el estudio y prácticas efectuadas en un huerto con especies herbáceas cuyo destino es la alimentación humana (hortalizas de hoja o de fruto, por ejemplo), mientras que la "Fruticultura" designa el estudio y prácticas realizadas en un huerto establecido con especies leñosas y semileñosas (árboles y arbustos frutales productores de frutas). Industria Los horticultores pueden trabajar para la industria, el Estado, o instituciones educativas. Son ingenieros agrícolas, vendedores, propietarios de negocios al por menor, trabajadores de campo en propagación de especies o cultivadores especialistas en un determinado grupo de plantas (fruta, verduras, ornamentales, y césped), inspectores de cosechas, consejeros expertos en la producción de cosechas, especialistas en un determinado cultivo, cuidadores de plantas, científicos investigadores, y por supuesto profesores. Los cursos de enseñanza universitaria que completan la Horticultura son : biológicas, botánica, entomología, químicas, matemáticas, genética, fisiología, estadística, informática, y ciencia de la comunicación. Los cursos de Horticultura 2 Botánica y horticultura incluyen: materiales de plantas, propagación de plantas, cultivo de tejidos vegetales, producción de cosechas, manejo de las cosechas, abono de las plantas, polinización, abono para la cosecha, entomología, fitopatología, económicas, y mercadeo. Algunas especialidades de ciencias hortícolas requieren de un "master" (MS) o graduación post-doctoral (PhD). Véase también • Portal:Rural. Contenido relacionado con Rural. • Agricultura • Historia de la jardinería • Horticultura orgánica • Huerta a cuadros • Royal Horticultural Society • Viticultura • Permacultura Enlaces externos • La huerta, abonos, hortalizas (en español) [http://www.planetahuerto.es/revista/ Revista sobre Horticultura [1] (en español) • Sociedad Internacional para las Ciencias Hortícolas [2] Bélgica (en inglés) • Colegio de Horticultura de Gales [3] (en inglés). • Nombres de plantas de cultivo y nombres comunes [4] (en inglés). • Recursos libremente disponibles en la red sobre la industria Hortícola, tendencias y eventos [5] (en inglés). Referencias [1] http:/ / www. bricopage. com/ horticultura/ index. htm [2] http:/ / www. ishs. org/ [3] http:/ / www. wcoh. ac. uk [4] http:/ / www. postharvest. com. au [5] http:/ / www. greenmediaonline. com Huerto 3 Huerto Un huerto o huerta es un cultivo de regadío, muy frecuente en las vegas de los ríos por ser un tipo de agricultura que requiere riego abundante, aunque el sistema de riego por goteo, muy apropiado en las parcelas de horticultura, economiza una enorme cantidad de agua. Los principales cultivos de las huertas suelen ser las hortalizas, verduras, legumbres y, a veces, árboles frutales. Suelen recibir por ello el nombre genérico de cultivos hortícolas. Huerto urbano Este tipo de cultivo procede en los albores de la agricultura durante la Revolución Neolítica de las prácticas de siembra de las mujeres, que sembraban semillas alrededor de la cueva o vivienda donde vivían, con lo cual llegaron a desarrollar e inventar un modo de economía más seguro, ya que las plantas de cultivo le permitían guardar gran parte de la cosecha para las épocas de escasez. Construcción de un huerto familiar en el patio de una vivienda de un barrio de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Más recientemente, la práctica de los huertos familiares correspondía a los jardines en las casas urbanas de las afueras de la ciudad. Las casas de la clase terrateniente en los Estados Unidos en el siglo XIX (por ejemplo, Mount Vernon, el hogar de Jorge Washington) tenían un huerto bastante grande que se conocía como The Kitchen Garden (el jardín de la cocina). Pero modernamente, la práctica de mantener pequeños huertos urbanos se está extendiendo entre las familias de escasos recursos, generalmente habitantes de zonas urbanas marginales. Muchas veces la finalidad de estos huertos, propiciados por entidades gubernamentales y ONGs, no es la de suplir una cantidad importante Un granado junto al castillo de Aledua, en el de alimento sino que más bien la de promover una diversificación de término municipal de Llombay, es testigo mudo los hábitos alimentarios. de la costumbre de los musulmanes de sembrar en los alrededores de sus poblaciones árboles y En el huerto orgánico frecuentemente se aplican técnicas orgánicas, plantas en pequeñas áreas que pueden evitando el uso de biocidas (herbicidas, insecticidas, acaricidas, etc), considerarse huertos. recreando un ecosistema que se sostiene con la diversidad de los cultivos, la rotación de los mismos y el aporte de abonos orgánicos. La agricultura urbana brinda un marco en el cual la familia, vecinos, o grupos afines pueden aprender a observar y facilitar los procesos naturales (siembra, crecimiento, cuidados, floración-reproducción, injertos, cosecha, poda, conservación, elaboración de alimentos, resiembra). Además de tener propósitos productivos, tiene un contenido educativo y reconstructivo, ayuda a fortalecer la integración y el trabajo en equipo y recuperar la autoestima, como así también promover hábitos nutricionales saludables. Se tiende a lograr un Huerto 4 sistema de producción continua en el que se aporta trabajo y conocimiento todo el año y se obtienen hortalizas frescas, frutas y hierbas aromáticas para la ingesta diaria. Los huertos urbanos a menudo reciben el nombre de huertos vacacionales o de fines de semana. Es el caso de aquellos huertos que quedan lejos de las poblaciones y son posteriores a la construcción de una casa de veraneo o chalet. En el chalet como se entiende en España y algunos países no centroeuropeos resulta una vivienda secundaria en El huerto en la hacienda - plantación de George la que casi siempre se desarrolla alguna actividad agrícola que sirve de Washington en Mount Vernon, Virginia, del siglo pasatiempo. XVIII. Rodeado por un seto, pueden observarse los cultivos para abastecerse de vegetales frescos. Imágenes de satélite • Huertos urbanos de tamaño diverso en Martorell (Barcelona) que aprovechan, a través de acequias, el agua del río Anoia, antes de desembocar en el Llobregat: [1] • Detalle de la imagen anterior, donde se puede ver (de acuerdo con la escala gráfica) el pequeño tamaño de muchas mini-parcelas: [2] Véase también Huerta extensa en la provincia de Valencia. • Huerta de Valencia • Huerta de Murcia • Huerta de Orihuela • Huerta de Maule • Huerta a cuadros • Portal:Rural. Contenido relacionado con Rural. • Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre HuertoCommons. Wikilibros • Wikilibros alberga un libro o manual sobre Huertos familiares urbanos. Enlaces externos • Revista sobre huertos urbanos [3] • Hortalia pagina dedicada a los huertos urbanos [4] Referencias [1] http:/ / www. wikimapia. org/ #lat=41. 4751618& lon=1. 9262016& z=17& l=3& m=a& v=1 [2] http:/ / www. wikimapia. org/ #lat=41. 4739761& lon=1. 9239861& z=18& l=3& m=a& v=1 [3] http:/ / www. planetahuerto. es/ revista/ [4] http:/ / www. hortalia. net/ horturba. php?idioma=2/ Verdura 5 Verdura Las verduras son las partes comestibles de las plantas
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