DOCSLIB.ORG

Red Sea Marine Protectorates Revenue Generation Options

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Red Sea Marine Protectorates Revenue Generation Options MOBIS Task Order 263-M-00-00002-00 Red Sea Marine Protectorates Revenue Generation Options Submitted by: Dr. Michael E. Colby et al. February, 2003 Program Support Unit Egyptian Environmental Policy Program Cairo, Egypt International Resources Group, Ltd. 1211 Connecticut Ave NE, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 Contract Fact Sheet USAID Contract: MOBIS Task Order No. 263-M-00-00002-00 Contract Purpose: Provide core management and analytical technical services to the Egyptian Environmental Policy Program (EEPP) through a Program Support Unit (PSU) USAID/Egypt’s Cognizant Technical Officer: Holly Ferrette Contractor Name: International Resources Group, Ltd Primary Beneficiary: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) EEAA Counterpart: Dr. Moustafa Fouda, Head of Nature Conservation Sector. EEPP Policy Objective: Enhanced management and conservation of Red Sea coral reefs, islands, and linked ecosystems of importance. EEPP Policy Measure: EEAA develops revenue generation and funding mechanisms for Northern Zone Work Assignment Title: Red Sea Conservation Finance: Budgets, Revenue Generation, Valuation Work Assignment Author: Dr. Michael Colby Work Assignment Supervisor: John McEachern Red Sea Marine Protectorates Revenue Generation Options February 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables..............................................................................................d Acknowledgements .. ....................................................................................................e List of Acronyms and Symbols...................................................................................... f EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Context: it takes money to make money (investing in conservation and resource management is necessary to sustain the Red Sea’s tourism-based economy) ......... 2 1.3 The chicken and egg paradox: which comes first, funding or protectorates?........... 3 1.4 Supporting studies and consultations...................................................................... 4 2. The Current Situation.................................................................................................... 6 2.1 The existing fee system in the Red Sea.................................................................. 6 RSMP Fees ........................................................................................................ 6 Governorate Fees ............................................................................................... 6 Fees charged by other Ministries and the private sector ...................................... 7 2.2 Current RSMP visitation rates and revenues.......................................................... 7 2.3 Current Governorate-wide diver and snorkeler visitation and revenues.................. 8 2.4 How existing entrance/user fees are distributed..................................................... 9 2.5 Unintended impacts of the existing fee system .................................................... 11 2.6 Estimating the missing numbers (of divers and snorkelers, revenues).................. 13 2.7 Issues to be addressed in a fee expansion proposal .............................................. 15 3. Revenue Needs: RSMP Conservation Budget Projections ......................................... 18 3.1 Review of recent RSMP budgets.......................................................................... 18 3.2 Future RSMP budget scenarios ............................................................................ 18 3.3 Some key assumptions behind the future budget scenarios................................... 23 3.4 Anticipating growth (planned tourism development)............................................ 24 3.5 Target: $4M/year for RSMP, $10-12M including EPF & Governorate................. 24 4. Tourists’ Willingness to Pay ........................................................................................ 25 4.1 International experience with protected area/marine park entry fees..................... 25 Bunaken and Bonaire cases .............................................................................. 27 Palau case ........................................................................................................ 27 4.2 The Red Sea tourism sector seems willing to pay for conservation....................... 28 Key survey results............................................................................................ 28 Specific results from Sharm el Sheikh tourists.................................................. 28 Specific results from Hurghada tourists ............................................................ 29 Highlights from tourism operators.................................................................... 29 b 5. Preliminary Screening of Potential Funding Mechanisms ......................................... 30 5.1 Potential revenue mechanism types...................................................................... 30 5.2 Evaluation criteria................................................................................................ 31 A note on equity and transparency.................................................................... 31 5.3 Preliminary feasibility screening I: NON-entrance fee mechanisms .................... 32 Fine enforcement.............................................................................................. 32 Concession fees................................................................................................ 33 Permit fees ....................................................................................................... 33 Adoption programs (i.e., corporations) ............................................................. 33 Membership programs and donations (i.e., individuals).................................... 34 Product sales .................................................................................................... 34 Marina/jetty use fees ........................................................................................ 35 Mooring buoy use fees ..................................................................................... 35 Port mooring fees for cruise ships and yachts ................................................... 35 Fee for private use of RSMP infrastructure and services................................... 36 Boat licenses and inspection fees -- perhaps capped in number and tradable..... 36 5.4 Preliminary screening II: retail entrance fee mechanisms ..................................... 37 Simple expansion of existing entry fees to all protected reef sites..................... 37 Entry fees for land protectorates....................................................................... 39 Premium entry fees for special diving/snorkeling sites ..................................... 40 Hotel environmental fee ................................................................................... 40 Unified annual entry pass or stamp, implemented at Airport arrival or exit....... 42 5.5 Summary: most promising revenue mechanism options ....................................... 44 5.6 Legal questions.................................................................................................... 45 6. Potential Revenues from Most Promising Options..................................................... 47 6.1 Expansion of the area covered by RSMP daily fees.............................................. 48 6.2 Hotel environmental fee....................................................................................... 50 6.3 Unified annual environmental pass/fee................................................................. 51 6.4 Summary of revenue potentials............................................................................ 52 7. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................ 55 8. References .................................................................................................................... 56 9. Annex A: Contractual Information............................................................................ 58 EEPP and PSU Background........................................................................................ 58 About the Authors ...................................................................................................... 59 Terms of Reference .................................................................................................... 60 Policy Measure 2.2 (Red Sea Finance) Workplan and Schedule.................................. 63 10. Annex B: Contacts...................................................................................................... 66 11. Annex C: Supporting Data Tables............................................................................. 68 c List of Figures and Tables Chapter 1: Figure 1. Satellite Image of Egyptian Red Sea & Southern Sinai/Gulfs ................................ 2 Chapter 2: Table 1. Recent RSMP Diver-days + Snorkeler-days (tickets sold) ...................................... 7 Table 2. Recent RSMP Revenues........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Down and Out: Founding Elections and Disillusionment with Democracy in Egypt and Tunisia
    Down and Out: Founding Elections and Disillusionment with Democracy in Egypt and Tunisia Sharan Grewal and Steve L. Monroe Forthcoming, Comparative Politics Which electoral losers become the most disillusioned with democracy following the first free and fair elections? Exploiting surveys before and after founding elections in post-Arab Spring Egypt and Tunisia, we find that the most disillusioned losers were those residing in areas where the losing parties were strongest. We argue that expectations matter. Losers whose parties are strong locally tend to overestimate their popularity nationally and thus become more disillusioned after the first elections. Beyond these attitudinal results, we find that these areas witnessed a greater increase in support for candidates from former autocratic regimes in subsequent elections. These findings clarify subnational variation in electoral losers’ attitudes towards democracy. They suggest that decentralization may keep otherwise disillusioned losers invested in democracy. 1 “She was in a state of shock and confusion. [...] It was one thing for the [Muslim] Brotherhood to win close to 40 percent, but how could 28 percent of her countrymen vote for ultraconservative Salafi parties? [...] She mourned not only for what she feared Egypt might become, but for a country that she could no longer recognize, a country that was no longer really hers. It raised the question: was [democracy] worth it? For liberals like [her], it apparently wasn’t.”1 How citizens respond to electoral loss is critical to the success of democratic transitions.2 Supporters of losing parties in founding elections must opt to remain within the democratic system for a nascent democracy to take root.
    [Show full text]
  • Basrah Governorate Profile
    Basrah Governorate Profile Source map: JAPU Basrah at a Glance Fast Facts Area: 19,070 km2 Capital City: Basrah Average High Temperatures: 17,7°C Average Low Temperatures: 6,8°C (January) to 41,8°C (August) (January) to 27,4°C (July) Population: 2,403,301 Population Distribution Rural-Urban: 20,1%-79,9% Updated December 2015 Geography and Climate Basrah is the most southern governorate of Iraq and borders Iran, Kuwait and Saudi-Arabia. In the south, the governorate is made up of a vast desert plain, intersected by the Shatt Al-Arab waterway which is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at Al-Qurnah and empties into the Persian Gulf. Around Al-Qurnah and Al-Medina a number of lakes can be found, while marshland stretches from the north of the governorate into the neighboring governorates of Thi-Qar and Missan. The governorate is Iraq’s only access to the sea. Similar to the surrounding region, the governorate of Basrah has a hot and arid climate. The temperatures in summer are among the highest recorded in the world. Due to the vicinity of the Persian Gulf, humidity and rainfall are however relatively high. The governorate receives an average amount of 152mm of rainfall a year between the months of October and May. Population and Administrative Division The governorate of Basrah is subdivided into seven districts: Abu Al-Khaseeb, Al-Midaina, Al-Qurna, Al- Zubair, Basrah, Fao, and Shatt Al-Arab. The city of Basrah, the governorate’s capital, is Iraq’s third largest urban center.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulaymaniyah Governorate Profile November 2010
    Sulaymaniyah Governorate Profile November 2010 Overview Located in the north east of Iraq on the border with Iran, Sulaymaniyah combines with Erbil and Dahuk governorates to form the area administrated by the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). Sulaymaniyah contains the third largest share of the population, which is one of the most urbanized in Iraq. The landscape becomes increasingly mountainous towards the eastern border with Iran. Unemployment is relatively low in the governorate at 12%. However, the relatively high unemployment (27%) among women, the low proportion of women employed in wage jobs outside agriculture, allied to the relatively low percentage of jobs for women in the public sector implies that women face barriers to employment in non-agricultural sectors. Sulaymaniyah’s economy has potential advantages due to the governorate’s plentiful natural water supplies, favourable climate and peaceful security situation. Commercial flights have been operational between Sulaymaniyah and cities in the Middle East and Europe since 2005. However, poor infrastructure and bureaucratic barriers to private sector investment are hindering development. Few of Sulaymaniyah’s residents (3%) are among Iraq’s poorest, but the governorate performs badly according to many other developmental and humanitarian indicators. Education levels are generally below average: illiteracy rates among women are approaching 50% in all districts apart from Sulaymaniyah and Halabja, and are above 25% for men in Penjwin, Pshdar, Kifri and Chamchamal. 14% of Kifri and Demographics Chamchamal’s residents suffer from a chronic diseases. There are also . widespread infrastructural problems, with all districts suffering from Governorate Capital: Sulaymaniyah prolonged power cuts, and Penjwin, Said Sadik, Kardagh and Area: 17,023 sq km (3.9% of Iraq) Sharbazher experiencing poor access to the water network.
    [Show full text]
  • South Sinai Governorate
    Contents Topic Page No. Chapter 1: Preface Industrial Development in South Sinai Governorate 1 Total number of Industrial Establishments in South Sinai 2-3 Governorate distributed according to the Activity in Each City Financial and Economic indicators of the industrial activity in 4 South Sinai Governorate Chapter 2 - Abstract 5 - Information about South Sinai Governorate - Location – Area - Administrative Divisions 6 - 15 - Education 15 - Population 16 - Health 17 Chapter 3 Primary, Natural Materials and Infrastructure First: Agriculture wealth 18 Third: Animal Wealth 19 Second: Mineral wealth 20-21 Fourth: Infrastructure 21 Chapter 4 - Factors of Investment 22 - Incentives for attracting investment in South Sinai Governorate 23 - 24 References 25 Chapter 1 South Sinai Governorate Preface In the framework of the direction of the state to establish industrial zones in different governorates to achieve industrial development in the Arab Republic of Egypt, the state began to develop the governorates bordering the gulfs of Suez and aqaba, of which the investment in promising governorates such as South Sinai Governorate, on which the new industrial areas was established because of the natural resources which the governorate has (such as White Sand - Kaolin - Coal - Manganese - Copper - Sodium Chloride). The Governorate contributes in industrial activity through many Ferro Manganese - Gypsum - Ceramics and Chinese - plastic and paper industries. The number of existing facilities recorded In IDA reached 9 facilities with investment costs about 5.4 billion pounds and employs about 4604 workers with wages of about 99 million pounds divided on all activities, mainly activities of oil, its refined products and natural gas, followed by mining and quarrying, building materials, Chinese porcelain and refractories.
    [Show full text]
  • Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (As an Extension of the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park)
    Asia / Pacific Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (as an extension of the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park) Philippines WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION TUBBATAHA REEFS NATURAL PARK (PHILIPPINES) ID No. 653 bis Background note: At the time of the inscription of Tubbataha Reef Marine Park in 1993, IUCN recommended that t��������o nearb islets �ith important reefs (Jessie Beazle Reef and Bastera Reef) be included in a future extension of the propert. This recommendation �as repeated in the state of conservation report on the propert presented at the�� 2�th Session of the World Heritage Committee in 2005. In August 2006, the State Part extended the National Marine Park to include Jessie Beazle Reef and renamed it the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP). The park’s area �as increased from ����������������33,200 ha������� to 96,�2������������������������������������������������������ ha. The ne� boundaries and legal protection do not include Bastera Reef �hich lies in a different municipalit and at a greater distance from both Tubbataha north and south atolls and Jessie Beazle Reef. The present nomination is for an extension to the World Heritage propert to the same boundaries as that of the TRNP. 1. DOCUMENTATION i) Date nomination received by IUCN: 15 March 200�. ii) Additional information officially requested from and provided by the State Party: IUCN requested supplementary information after the first meeting of the World Heritage Panel in December 2008 related to a number of points concerning the management capacit and budget for the propert. The State Part provide a response to IUCN on these points on 30th Januar 2009. iii) IUCN/WCMC Data Sheet: Sourced from nomination document �hich cites 22 references.
    [Show full text]
  • Gangga Resort, Manado, Indonesia + [Other Articles] Undercurrent
    The Private, Exclusive Guide for Serious Divers January 2011 Vol. 26, No. 1 Gangga Resort, Manado, Indonesia reefs, muck and luxury living Dear Fellow Diver: IN THIS ISSUE: When the alarm clock went off at 4:30 a.m., I thought, Gangga Resort . .1 “The diving better be tremendous.” I’d already flown 15 hours from JFK to Hong Kong, where I overnighted before a Manado, Indonesia map . .2 four-hour flight to Bali, then overnighted again. Now, in All Those Weird Critters. .3 two hours I was to board a 6:30 a.m. flight to Makassar, Indonesia, with a five-hour layover in a stifling termi- Gangga Island Resort nal, then fly another 90 minutes to Manado, where it would Star Chart. .4 require an hour ride to the dock, where, at last we were Where Travel Insurance to be greeted and taken for the last 30-minute boat ride Counts . .5 to Gangga Island Resort. (Yes, there are a lot shorter ways to fly here, but our itinerary wasn’t one of those.) Caribbean Explorer II: Saba/St.Kitts . .6 Well, my buddy and I made it to the dock, but were greeted by no one. As dusk approached, a boat finally Caribbean Explorer II Saba appeared in the distance and we finished the last leg & St. Kitts Star Chart . .7 of our journey in the rain. As you might imagine, I was Saba & St. Kitts map . .8 interested in an adult bever- Why No Statia? . .9 age and bed, but as our gear At Last, Justice in Belize .
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT Sustainable Tourism for Marine Recreation Providers
    DRAFT Sustainable Tourism for Marine Recreation Providers Wolcott Henry photo The Coral Reef Alliance: Coral Parks Program Education Series ©2004 Sustainable Tourism Introduction In this era of the global economy, tourism has become a primary source of revenue for many regions of the world, generating nearly $500 billion in worldwide revenues in 2001, and continuing to grow (WTO, 2001). The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) facilitated a study that points out that the tourism industry now represents more than 10% of the world’s gross domestic product (UNEP, 2002). While tourism brings significant benefits for both local and global economies, its rapid growth and development in recent decades has caused widespread social and environmental change across the globe, particularly in popular coastal resort destinations. In contrast, the concept of sustainable tourism is now seen as a way to promote socio-economic development in a given region while simultaneously protecting local culture and the natural environment. In order to address these issues and how they impact coral reefs, the Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) has compiled this Sustainable Tourism for Marine Recreation Providers handbook. In an effort to promote sustainable tourism, the information contained in this handbook highlights some of the current environmental problems associated with tourism growth and development, and promotes practical solutions for marine recreation providers to adopt good environmental practices. We encourage readers to provide us with feedback as to how we can improve this publication. Comments, questions and general suggestions can be addressed to: The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) 417 Montgomery Street, Suite #205 San Francisco, CA 94104 (415) 834-0900 tel.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishermen's Household Characteristics in Bunaken National Park Area, North Sulawesi Province
    IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 1, Ver. III (Jan. 2014), PP 56-62 www.iosrjournals.org Fishermen’s Household Characteristics in Bunaken National Park Area, North Sulawesi Province Jueldy1*, Sahri Muhammad2, Djoko Koestiono2, Gybert Mamuaya3 1PhD student at Brawijaya University, Malang. Lecturer at Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, UNSRAT, Manado 2 Professor at Faculty of Fisheries and marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang 3 Professor at Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang Abstract: This study was aimed at knowing and analyzing the fishermen’s household characteristics in Bunaken National Park. It used survey method through structured interviews in order to obtain primary data of the fisheries business owner’s and boat crew’s households. The secondary ones were also collected from the office of Marine and Fisheries Services at the provincial, regency, and municipality levels for 2006 – 2010, Fishermen’s household sampling was carried out with cluster and multi stage random sampling. Results showed that fishing, post-harvest and non-fisheries activities of the owner’s household per working period were higher than those of the boat crews. In contrast, the working opportunity of the owner’s household in fishing, post- harvest, and non-fisheries was lower than that of crew’s household. The average income from fishing, post- harvest, and non-fisheries for the owner’s household was higher than that of the crew’s household. Based on the average number of the owner’s households as many as 3.5 people and of the crew’s as many as 3 people, the income per capita was IDR 14.365 million/year or an average of IDR.
    [Show full text]
  • Underwater Photographyphotography a Web Magazine
    UnderwaterUnderwater PhotographyPhotography a web magazine Oct/Nov 2002 Nikon D100 housings Fuji S2 housing Sony F707 housing Kodak DCS Pro 14n Sperm whale Nai’a liveaboard U/w photojournalist - Jack Jackson Henry the seadragon Scilly Seals Lights & divers Easy macro British fish Underwater tripod Visions 2002 UwP 1 What links these sites? Turn to page 7 to find out... UwP 2 UnderwaterUnderwater PhotographyPhotography a web magazine Oct/Nov 2002 e mail [email protected] Contents 4 Travel & events 30 Meet Henry 43 Easy macro 8 New products 14 Sperm whale by Andy & Angela Heath with Ee wan Khoo 35 Scilly Seals 47 British fish with Tony Wu 19 Nai’a liveaboard with Will & Demelza by Mark Webster Posslethwaite 54 Size matters 35 Lights & divers by Jukka Nurminen & Alex Mustard by Pete Atkinson 25 U/w photojournalist by Martin Edge Cover photo by Tony Wu 58 Visions 2002 by Jack Jackson UwP 3 Travel & events Jim Breakell Tahiti talk at Dive Show, Oct 12/13 2002 In September Jim Breakell of Scuba Safaris went on a fact finding trip to the Pacific. First off he went to Ryrutu for for a few days humpback whale watching, then a week on the inaugural trip of the Tahiti Aggressor and then on to Bora Bora (what a hard life he has!) He will be giving an illustrated talk about his trip at the Dive Show in Birmingham on October 12/13th 2002. For more information contact Scuba Safaris, PO Box 8, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 7ZS. Tel 01342 851196. www.scuba-safaris.com John Boyle video trip May 2003 INVITATION John Boyle will be hosting a video diving trip from Bali to Komodo on Kararu next year.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Foreign Policy (Special Reference After the 25Th of January Revolution)
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PÚBLICO Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES TESIS DOCTORAL Egyptian foreign policy (special reference after The 25th of January Revolution) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR Rania Ahmed Hemaid DIRECTOR Najib Abu-Warda Madrid, 2018 © Rania Ahmed Hemaid, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Políticas Y Socioligía Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales Doctoral Program Political Sciences PHD dissertation Egyptian Foreign Policy (Special Reference after The 25th of January Revolution) POLÍTICA EXTERIOR EGIPCIA (ESPECIAL REFERENCIA DESPUÉS DE LA REVOLUCIÓN DEL 25 DE ENERO) Elaborated by Rania Ahmed Hemaid Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda Professor of International Relations in the Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, 2017 Ph.D. Dissertation Presented to the Complutense University of Madrid for obtaining the doctoral degree in Political Science by Ms. Rania Ahmed Hemaid, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid. University: Complutense University of Madrid. Department: International Public Law and International Relations (International Studies). Program: Doctorate in Political Science. Director: Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda. Academic Year: 2017 Madrid, 2017 DEDICATION Dedication To my dearest parents may god rest their souls in peace and to my only family my sister whom without her support and love I would not have conducted this piece of work ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda for the continuous support of my Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • País Região Cidade Nome De Hotel Morada Código Postal Algeria
    País Região Cidade Nome de Hotel Morada Código Postal Algeria Adrar Timimoun Gourara Hotel Timimoun, Algeria Algeria Algiers Aïn Benian Hotel Hammamet Ain Benian RN Nº 11 Grand Rocher Cap Caxine , 16061, Aïn Benian, Algeria Algeria Algiers Aïn Benian Hôtel Hammamet Alger Route nationale n°11, Grand Rocher, Ain Benian 16061, Algeria 16061 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Safir Alger 2 Rue Assellah Hocine, Alger Centre 16000 16000 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Samir Hotel 74 Rue Didouche Mourad, Alger Ctre, Algeria Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Albert Premier 5 Pasteur Ave, Alger Centre 16000 16000 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Hotel Suisse 06 rue Lieutenant Salah Boulhart, Rue Mohamed TOUILEB, Alger 16000, Algeria 16000 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Hotel Aurassi Hotel El-Aurassi, 1 Ave du Docteur Frantz Fanon, Alger Centre, Algeria Algeria Algiers Alger Centre ABC Hotel 18, Rue Abdelkader Remini Ex Dujonchay, Alger Centre 16000, Algeria 16000 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Space Telemly Hotel 01 Alger, Avenue YAHIA FERRADI, Alger Ctre, Algeria Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Hôtel ST 04, Rue MIKIDECHE MOULOUD ( Ex semar pierre ), 4, Alger Ctre 16000, Algeria 16000 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Dar El Ikram 24 Rue Nezzar Kbaili Aissa, Alger Centre 16000, Algeria 16000 Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Hotel Oran Center 44 Rue Larbi Ben M'hidi, Alger Ctre, Algeria Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Es-Safir Hotel Rue Asselah Hocine, Alger Ctre, Algeria Algeria Algiers Alger Centre Dar El Ikram 22 Rue Hocine BELADJEL, Algiers, Algeria Algeria Algiers Alger Centre
    [Show full text]
  • Change Detection of Bunaken Island Coral Reefs Using 15Years of Very
    Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Change detection of Bunaken Island coral reefs using 15 years of very high resolution satellite images: A kaleidoscope of habitat trajectories ⁎ Eghbert Elvan Ampoua,b,c, , Sylvain Ouillonc, Corina Iovana, Serge Andréfouëta a UMR9220 ENTROPIE, IRD, Université de la Réunion, CNRS, B.P.A5, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia b Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, SEACORM/INDESO center, Jl. Baru Perancak, Negara-Jembrana, Bali 82251, Indonesia c Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNRS, CNES, UPS, 14 avenue Edouard-Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In Bunaken Island (Indonesia), a time-series of very high resolution (2–4 m) satellite imagery was used to draw Indonesia the long-term dynamics of shallow reef flat habitats from 2001 to 2015. Lack of historical georeferenced ground- INDESO truth data oriented the analysis towards a scenario-approach based on the monitoring of selected un- Remote sensing ambiguously-changing habitat polygons characterized in situ in 2014 and 2015. Eight representative scenarios Reef flat (coral colonization, coral loss, coral stability, and sand colonization by seagrass) were identified. All occurred Marine habitat simultaneously in close vicinity, precluding the identification of a single general cause of changes that could Resilience have affected the whole reef. Likely, very fine differences in reef topography, exposure to wind/wave and sea level variations were responsible for the variety of trajectories. While trajectories of reef habitats is a way to measure resilience and coral recovery, here, the 15-year time-series was too short to be able to conclude on the resilience of Bunaken reefs.
    [Show full text]