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Tourism in Wakatobi: Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Participation

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Tourism in Wakatobi: Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Participation Tourism in Wakatobi: Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Participation in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia Thesis-report MSc Leisure, Tourism and Environment Wageningen University Charlotte Soedjak June 2012 Supervised by: Prof. Dr. René van der Duim Michael Marchman, MA Student: Charlotte Soedjak Student number: 821223-783-120 Programme: MSc Leisure, Tourism and Environment, Wageningen University Thesis code: SAL80433 Submission date: June, 2012 Supervisors: Michael Marchman, MA and Prof. Dr. René van der Duim (Sources of photos on cover page can be found in Bibliography - last page) 2 | P a g e Acknowledgements Nearly seven months ago I travelled to Sulawesi, Indonesia to conduct my first ever research related to a topic that, until then, I had only studied in theory. Writing this report has just been a part of a process; of meeting and connecting with people in a, to me, very different environment. This report therefore is the product of the help many people, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone that has assisted with this process. To start with I would like to thank the 29 people in Wakatobi that were willing to share their time, views and experiences during interview sessions. These people have provided me with valuable insights of the Wakatobi tourism development process, which enabled me to reflect on in a broader context. Special thanks also to Uddie, Ichal, and Sadar, who have assisted with translating work. I would like to thank WWF for providing me with the opportunity to be based at the WWF- TNC Joint Programme office in Wakatobi, with special thanks to Lida Pet-Soede, Pak Veda Santiadji, Pak Sugiyanta, and Indarwati Aminuddin for making these arrangements. Many thanks to the WWF-TNC staff in Wakatobi for sharing their time, insights, energy, and laughter, and for making my stay in Wakatobi an unforgettable experience. Thanks also to the WWF staff in Kendari, for hosting me, and assisting with required paperwork and procedures. Many thanks to my supervisors René and Michael, for their patience and advice. I highly appreciate the way they have guided me through this process, and provided me with valuable feedback and advice. I would like to thank Hardin and his family for providing me with a place to stay, and for making me feel at home in Wakatobi. Thanks also to my lovely new friends in Kendari, who have not only hosted me, but also made a huge effort to include me in their life and social activities. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, and my good friend and flat mate Jesse for being there, for being involved, for exchanging thoughts, and providing me with their view and feedback. 3 | P a g e Contents List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................... 7 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 8 English ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Ringkasan di Bahasa Indonesia ............................................................................................. 10 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 14 1.1. About the Wakatobi Marine National Park ............................................................... 14 1.1.1. National park and protected area ...................................................................... 14 1.1.2. Population .......................................................................................................... 15 1.1.3. Tourism in WMNP .............................................................................................. 16 1.1.4. Governance ........................................................................................................ 17 1.1.5. Tourism policy .................................................................................................... 19 1.2. Research scope .......................................................................................................... 19 1.2.1. Problem statement ............................................................................................ 19 1.2.2. Objective ............................................................................................................ 20 1.2.3. Research questions ............................................................................................ 20 1.2.4. Relevance of study ............................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 22 2.1. Contested concepts ................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1. Community ......................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2. Sustainability ...................................................................................................... 23 2.1.3. Ecotourism .......................................................................................................... 23 2.2. Stakeholder analysis .................................................................................................. 24 2.3. Participatory planning in tourism development ....................................................... 26 2.3.1. Participatory methods and critiques .................................................................. 26 4 | P a g e 2.3.2. Sidaway’s framework for assessing participation in decision-making ............... 28 2.4. Power in tourism ....................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1. The concept of power ........................................................................................ 29 2.4.2. The ‘Power Jigsaw’ and the role of power in development planning................ 31 Chapter 3: Methodology .......................................................................................................... 33 3.1. Data collection ........................................................................................................... 33 3.1.1. Study site ............................................................................................................ 33 3.1.2. Sample and method of data collection .............................................................. 33 3.2. Data analysis .............................................................................................................. 35 3.3. Challenges and limitations ......................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4: Research Findings ................................................................................................... 38 4.1. Stakeholder analysis .................................................................................................. 38 4.1.1. Stakeholder identification .................................................................................. 38 4.1.2. Stakeholder groups, interests and relations ...................................................... 39 4.1.3. Description of stakeholders ............................................................................... 42 4.2. Stakeholders’ views towards tourism development ................................................. 53 4.2.1. What type of tourism to develop? ..................................................................... 53 4.2.2. Opportunities in tourism .................................................................................... 53 4.2.3. Concerns for tourism development ................................................................... 55 4.2.4. Views towards existing tourism developments ................................................. 58 4.3. Participatory process of tourism development ......................................................... 59 4.3.1. Initiation ............................................................................................................. 59 4.3.2. Inclusiveness ....................................................................................................... 61 4.3.3. Information......................................................................................................... 63 4.3.4. Influence ............................................................................................................. 65 4.3.5. Balance of power ................................................................................................ 67 5 | P a g e 4.4. Role of WWF in tourism development ...................................................................... 70 4.4.1. Individual role WWF ........................................................................................... 70 4.4.2. Role of the Joint Programme as perceived by other stakeholders .................... 70 4.4.3. Role of the Joint Programme in tourism development ..................................... 73 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 75 5.1. Discussion .................................................................................................................
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