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Galata's Strength Grew to the Point That It HigHer gre® ScoreS. Flexible prep optionS. Guaranteed results.* lImIted-tIme Offer † Get $200 off Gre ultimate courses. enroll bY MAY 15 | proMo code: scOremOre Prep with the Princeton review and you’re guaranteed to score higher on the Gre. Maximize your prep with Ultimate. You’ll get 24 hours of live instruction and focus your practice with 184 hours of online study tools, including 8 full-length, adaptive practice tests. We’ll help you master the content on the adaptive gre with adaptology™, an exclusive teaching method that seamlessly adjusts classwork and homework to your skill level. liVe inStrUction AVAilAble: In Person Online enroll today to get higher Gre scores and BIG savings! 800-2review (800-273-8439) Princetonreview.com/Greultimate *Visit PrincetonReview.com/guarantee for details. †The $200 discount is valid only on new enrollments between April 22–May15, 2014 in GRE Ultimate courses. Discount cannot be combined with any other offer and is available to U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada customers only. GRE is a registered trademark of the Educational Testing Service (ETS). The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University or ETS. JRGEFL1404_32 FOR COOP MEMBERS% ONLY OFF INSTANTLY OFF EVERY COOP PURCHASE – EVERYDAY NO MORE WAITING FOR REBATE CHECKS Join or Renew Now thecoop.com jointhecoopnow.com In Coop Stores Ask an Associate * Terms & conditions apply. See complete program details. www.thecoop.com About Tempus Tempus: The Harvard College History Review is the undergraduate journal of the Harvard History Department. Tempus was founded in 1999 by undergraduates Adam G. Beaver and Sujit M. Raman as a forum for publishing original historical scholarship through which all students have the opportunity to learn from their peers. Tempus also sponsors history events on campus and aims to promote an undergraduate community within the History Department. In the spring of 2009, Tempus became an online publication. In the spring of 2013, Tempus returned to print. The Spring ‘15 Editorial Board Sama Mammadova Editor-in-Chief Nancy O’Neil Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cody Dales Business Chief Martin Carlino Caleb Shelburne Emilie Robert Wong* Michael Avi-Yonah* Forrest Brown Editor-in-Chief Emeritus *Congratulations to our new members Design by Cody Dales Cover art by Charlie Caplan, with thanks Submissions and inquiries may be E-mailed to [email protected] or mailed to Tempus: The Harvard College History Review, Box 47, 59 Shepard Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. Additional information may be found online at both www.hcs.harvard.edu/ tempus/ and www.facebook.com/harvardtempus As always, we are appreciative for the support of the Harvard History Department and the financial support of the Undergraduate Council. We are forever grateful to all those who submitted papers for consideration for the high quality of their work. When God Gives Constantine Daughters 6 The Changing Roles of Imperial Byzantine Brides in 10th - 15th Century Interdynastic Marriages by Veronica Wickline 1 A Shipment from Europe 20 James Madison’s Pre-Federalist Use of History as Rhetoric by Matt Shuham 2 Galata and Constantinople 34 A Portrait of Fragmentation in the Eastern Mediterranean by Richard Rush 3 An Interview with Heidi Tworek 50 Lecturer and Assistant Director of Undergraduate Studies, Harvard History Dept. with Sama Mammadova and Nancy O’Neil 4 Editor’s Note Dear Reader, Welcome to the Spring 2015 Issue of Tempus, Volume XVI, Issue 1. It is my pleasure to present to you three wonderful pieces of historical research from Harvard undergraduates. Chosen among many undeniably worthy submissions, the three essays published in this issue explore a variety of historical topics including Byzantium, women’s roles in politics, the economic and military development of medieval colonies on the Mediterranean, and the literature that served as an inspiration for the US Constitution. Veronica Wickline’s paper on the Byzantine marriage diplomacy offers an important insight into the ways in which Byzantine brides were evaluated as potential brides, legitimized other dynasties through marriage, and promoted Byzantine interests abroad as spouses of foreign political figures. It is this essay that serves as inspiration for this issue’s cover art. Set at approximately the same time and place as Wickline’s paper, Richard Rush’s analysis of the increasing affluence and military strength of Galata, a Genovese colony situated across the Golden Horn from Constantinople, critically examines the complex net of political alliances in the late medieval and early modern Mediterranean. Removed from the two aforementioned pieces by miles and centuries, Matthew Shuham’s work investigates the potential sources of James Madison’s inspiration for the US Constitution based on a list of books that Thomas Jefferson had shipped for him from Europe. The Tempus staff has thoroughly enjoyed reading and editing the three essays that we now proudly present to you, and we hope that you enjoy them as much as we do. Sincerely, . Sama Mammadova 1 When God Gives Constantine Daughters The Changing Roles of Imperial Byzantine Brides in 10th - 15th Century Interdynastic Marriages by Veronica Wickline When God Gives Constantine Daughters 7 “Concerning this matter also a dread and authentic charge and ordinance of the great and holy Constantine is engraved upon the sacred table of the universal church of the Christians in Hagia Sophia, that never shall an emperor of the Romans ally himself in marriage with a nation of customs differing from and alien to those of the Roman order, especially with one that is infidel and unbaptized, unless it be with the Franks alone.”1 - Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, De Administrando Imperio riting to his son on the proper functions shifted in importance with the governance of Byzantium, changing political pressures spanning the Constantine VII found occasion six centuries. Three factors that consistently to quote the alleged words of influenced the establishment of marital alliances WConstantinople’s founder to support his claim between a royal Byzantine female and a foreign that Byzantines had no business making marital dignitary were birth rank, age, and physicality. alliances with peer polities. This piece was The importance of each of these factors in written in the mid-tenth century, when several determining a woman’s marital prospects marriage ties with Khazar and Bulgarian changed over time as different ideologies and royal families were already complicating political climates influenced the Byzantine traditionally insular marital practices. Indeed, court. Once the women were married, Byzantine royal women married foreign rulers imperial families expected women to perform with increasing frequency from the 10th century four official functions through these unions: through to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in legitimize the royal families’ claims to power; the 15th century. serve as ambassadors representing Byzantine interests abroad; create progeny loyal to both As royal women took to the global stage, states; and represent God’s character and the factors that determined when and whom dominion through the married couple’s pious a girl would marry, along with the functions governing of the state. As with the factors that a bride was expected to serve, formed a shaped women’s eligibility, the functions a bride dynamic system of marital expectations and was expected to perform in her new marriage considerations. Many of these factors and fluctuated in their importance in response to 1 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, De Administrando Imperio, ed. Gy. Moravcsik, trans. R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, DC, 1967), 13, 71. 8 Wickline the dynamic political and ideological pressures to Bayalun’s marriage provide the opportunity at play in the Byzantine Empire. to explore how the Byzantine ruling class used interdynastic marital alliances in a period when Four sources spanning six hundred years their global influence was declining. The fourth and representing four different regions of and final source, Voyage d’outremer, comes from origin capture the interplay of these factors and the Burgundian traveller, Bertrandon de la functions over time across the Byzantine world. Broquière, who passed through Constantinople First, in The Embassy of Liudprand, Liudprand on his return to Ghent from the Holy Land. of Cremona narrates his voyage in 968 to Bertrandon’s distaste for Byzantine reliance Constantinople to secure a Byzantine bride for on the Turks, combined with his observations Otto II, the Holy Roman Emperor. Liudprand’s about the Emperor’s bride from Trebizond, account, unlike that from his trip c. 950, casts offer us a glimpse into Byzantine marital the Byzantine court in a negative light. His alliance practices during the empire’s twilight. work demonstrates how marital alliances By examining what these four sources have to were negotiated when the Byzantines were say about which factors influenced a Byzantine at the height of their international influence. royal woman’s eligibility and what functions Secondly, The Alexiad, written c. 1148, Anna an imperial bride was expected to perform, Komnene chronicles the life and works of her I determine how the importance of each of father, Emperor Alexios I. In this biography, these factors and functions changed over time. Komnene sheds light on how women of the royal family took part in governance, revealing However, before one attempts to track some of their understandings about the the these changes across
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