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Manjine Za Manjine Zakonodavni Okviri I Dobre Prakse Međuetničke Suradnje Zemalja Zapadnog Balkana I Europske Unije

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Manjine Za Manjine Zakonodavni Okviri I Dobre Prakse Međuetničke Suradnje Zemalja Zapadnog Balkana I Europske Unije MANJINE ZA MANJINE Zakonodavni okviri i dobre prakse međuetničke suradnje zemalja Zapadnog Balkana i Europske unije MINORITIES FOR MINORITIES Legal Frameworks and Examples of Good Practice of Inter-Ethnic Relations in the Western Balkans and the European Union Manjine za manjine Zakonodavni okviri i dobre prakse međuetničke suradnje zemalja Zapadnog Balkana i Europske unije Zagreb, 2010. Izdavač / Published by: Centar za mirovne studije / Centre for Peace Studies Selska 112 a, Zagreb, Hrvatska www.cms.hr Za izdavača / Edited by: Mirjana Mikić Zeitoun Petra Jurlina Dizajn / Design: METAKLINIKA Beograd Printing studio: SITOPAPIR d.o.o. Prijevod / Translation: Marwan Zeitoun Urša Mužič Lektura / Proofreading: Ines Brenko ISBN 978-953-99374-8-3 CIP zapis dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 755441 Ova publikacija je izrađena uz pomoć Europske unije. Sadržaj ove publikacije isključiva je odgovornost Centra za mirovne studije i ne mora nužno odražavati stajališta Europske unije. EU čini 27 zemalja članica koje su se odlučile postupno povezivati svoja znanja, resurse i sud- bine. Zajednički su tijekom razdoblja proširenja u trajanju od 50 godina izgradile zonu stabil- nosti, demokracije i održivog razvoja, zadržavajući pritom kulturalnu raznolikost, toleranciju i osobne slobode. Europska unija posvećena je dijeljenju svojih postignuća i svojih vrijednosti sa zemljama i narodima izvan svojih granica. This publication was produced with the assistance of the European Union. The views expre- ssed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. saDrŽaj CONTENTS Predgovor ..............................................................................5 Foreword ..........................................................................163 Prava nacionalnih manjina na The rights of national minorities in području bivše Jugoslavije .............................................7 the countries of former Yugoslavia ........................165 Noviji trendovi zaštite i (posebnih) prava Some newer trends in the protection and (special) nacionalnih manjina: europski kontekst ...............10 rights of ethnic minorities: European context ..........168 Pravni okvir: Slovenija ..................................................26 Legal framework: Slovenia ........................................186 Primjeri dobre prakse: Slovenija ..............................42 Description of good practices: Slovenia ............. 207 Zakonski okvir za zaštitu Legal framework of the minority manjina u Njemačkoj ....................................................49 protection in Germany ...............................................216 Primjeri dobre prakse: projekt “Heroji” Description of the good practice: project u Berlin-Neuköllnu, Njemačka ................................. 56 »Heroes« in Berlin-Neukölln, Germany..............225 Pravni okvir za zaštitu Legal framework of the minority manjina u Švedskoj ........................................................ 59 protection in Sweden ................................................. 228 Primjeri dobre prakse: Centar za Description of the good practice: Sweden ..........237 suzbijanje rasizma u Švedskoj ...................................66 Legal framework of the minority Zakonski okvir za zaštitu protecting in Finland .................................................. 240 manjina u Finskoj ...........................................................69 Description of the good practice: immigrant Primjeri dobre prakse: žene i women and children in Finland ............................. 249 djeca imigranti u Finskoj .............................................77 Legal framework of the minority Pravni okvir za zaštitu protection in Estonia ...................................................252 manjina u Estoniji ..........................................................80 Description of the good practice: Estonian integra- Primjeri dobre prakse estonske strategije tion strategies 2000-2007 and 2008-2013 .............260 integracije 2000.-2007. i 2008.-2013. .....................87 Constitutional framework for protection Pravni okvir: Hrvatska ..................................................90 of minorities, Croatia ................................................. 264 Primjeri dobre prakse: Hrvatska ............................104 Examples of good practices: Croatia .....................277 Pravni okvir: Legal framework of the minority protection: Bosna i Hercegovina ....................................................120 Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................................291 Primjeri dobre prakse: Examples of good practices: Bosna i Hercegovina ....................................................132 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................................... 302 Pravni okvir: Srbija .......................................................138 Constitutional framework: Serbia ........................ 308 Primjeri dobre prakse: Srbija ...................................153 Good practice examples: Serbia ..............................322 Umjesto zaključka ........................................................158 Instead of a conclusion ...............................................326 PREDGOVOR Deset godina nakon prestanka oružanih tivno i dramatično, ali upravo zbog toga prešu- ratnih sukoba na Balkanu, novonastale dr- tjeli smo i pozitivne primjere koji čine povijest žave susreću se s brojnim problemima rat- manjinsko-većinskih odnosa. nog nasljeđa. Stvaranje države kroz oružane U ovoj publikaciji donosimo niz primjera sukobe nosi u sebi dugotrajne posljedice u koji svjedoče o kvalitetnim i stvarnim odnosi- međuljudskim odnosima i brojne prepre- ma između manjina i većine, ali i kako i kada ke za razvoj zajednice i probleme na kojima je takav odnos izgrađen na dobrobit čitave za- je potrebno raditi u poslijeratnom periodu. jednice. Time ni na koji način ne želimo mar- Tako i nakon jednog desetljeća odmaka i dalje ginalizirati probleme koji postoje, već samo na našim prostorima uveliko raspravljamo o želimo doprinijeti što širem pogledu na od- modelima garantiranja manjinskih prava, ali nose manjina i većina u našoj regiji. Takva i zajedno učimo što to znači biti bilo manji- iskustva mogu nam svima biti inspiracija za na, bilo većina i na koji način graditi društvo nastavak rada na unapređenju manjinskih i državu u kojima manjinsko-većinski odnosi prava, i dati mali vjetar u leđa za sav trud koji nisu prepreka, već prednost. se ulaže u poboljšanje zajedničkog života Što smo dalje od rata i sukoba, lakše je manjina i većina. Izlaganje ovakvih primjera razgovarati o manjinskim pitanjima. Ono što možda trenutno ima male, ali za budućnost je prije deset deset godina izgledalo nezami- izuzetno važne i vrijedne rezultate. slivo, danas je ipak ostvarivo. Ali i dalje, kada Uz primjere dobrih praksi ova publikaci- govorimo o manjinama, pristupamo toj temi ja sadrži i pregled analiza zakonskih rješenja sa stajališta problema. Manjinska prava često vezanih uz zaštitu manjinskih prava u ze- jesu formalno zakonski dobro garantirana, mljama regije, kao i neke primjere iz zemalja ali u stvarnom životu ona se iznevjeravaju te Europske unije. Iako su zakonska rješenja problemi i nadalje postoje. slična, ona također oslikavaju specifičnosti Ako su nekada manjine bile problem za položaja pojedinih manjina u pojedinim ze- suverenitet države, danas su manjine ponov- mljama. Pravni okviri manjinskih prava ispit no problem, ali iz potpuno druge perspektive: su za demokratizaciju svake zemlje. Oni bi kako da većina omogući stvarno razumijeva- prvenstveno trebali služiti stvaranju poticaj- nje manjina i kako da njihovu ravnopravnost nog okruženja za kvalitetan život manjinskih ostvari u realnom životu. Govorimo o manji- i većinskih zajednica. Istovremeno, ti okviri nama sa stanovišta problema i pri tome pot- govore o zrelosti većine. Odnos prema manji- puno legitimno navodimo niz loših primjera nama je mjera političke i društvene mature koje je potrebno prevazići. svakoga društva i svake države. Ovom publikacijom želja nam je pitanjima Međutim, pravni okviri nisu dovoljni sami manjina prići ne nužno sa stajališta problema. po sebi. Naime, manjinski odnosi uvelike su optereće- Važniji su ljudi koji svojim radom poka- ni brojnim sukobima: s jedne strane odnosom zuju kako odnos manjine i većine može biti između većine i manjine, a s druge sukobima transformiran u smjeru dobrobiti svih člano- unutar manjinskih zajednica. Takvih primje- va zajednice. ra u ratnoj povijesti naše regije ima jako puno. Vjerujemo da upravo kombinacija primje- Svjesno ili nesvjesno, mi smo prešutjeli nega- ra dobrih praksi kao i pregled zakonodavstva 5 vezanog uz prava manjina u regiji u konačnici mogu stimulirati sve nas, a posebno one koji imaju moć pri donošenju odluka i kreiranju politika. Traume i pitanja koja su nakupljena u našoj regiji istovremeno predstvljaju jedno veliko iskustvo koje i nama, i svijetu oko nas, može biti osnova za kreiranje što skladnijih odnosa manjina i većina. Gordan Bosanac – Centar za mirovne studije, Zagreb Lev Kreft – Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana Borka Pavićević – Centar CZKD, Beograd Branka Rajner – Biro za ljudska prava, Tuzla 6 Sandra Benčić PRAVA NACIONALNIH MANJINA NA PODRUČJU BIVŠE JUGOSLAVIJE Promjene koje su se događale od kraja među državnih ratnih sukoba. Priznanje sta- 80tih godina u pogledu raspada Jugoslavije tusa nacionalnih manjina pojedinim etničkim dovele su i na međunarodnom i nacionalnom grupama različito je u svakoj od
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