EBRAHIMI Anita THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'acquisition De La Compétence De Communication Dans L'enseignement Du Français Langue Ét

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EBRAHIMI Anita THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'acquisition De La Compétence De Communication Dans L'enseignement Du Français Langue Ét THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE D'ANGERS COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 595 Arts, Lettres, Langues Spécialité : Sciences du langage et didactique des langues Par EBRAHIMI Anita L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien Thèse présentée et soutenue à Angers, le 21 / 09/ 2018 Unité de recherche : CIRPaLL, EA 7457 Julien KILANGA Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Composition du Jury : PAIVANDI Saeed, Professeur des universités, Université Lorraine Julien KILANGA, Professeur des universités, Université d’Angers, Directeur de thèse RAJ Mohamed, Professeur des universités, Université Hassan 1er Jonas Makamina-BENA Professeur des Universités,Université de Lubumbashi NIKLAS-SALMINEN Aino, Maître de conférence HDR, Université Aix-Marseille PAIVANDI Saeed, Professeur des universités, Université Lorraine RAJ Mohamed, Professeur des universités, Université Hassan 1er L’auteur du présent document vous autorise à le partager, reproduire, distribuer et communiquer selon les conditions suivantes : − Vous devez le citer en l’attribuant de la manière indiquée par l’auteur (mais pas d’une manière qui suggérerait qu’il approuve votre utilisation de l’œuvre). − Vous n’avez pas le droit d’utiliser ce document à des fins commerciales. − Vous n’avez pas le droit de le modifier, de le transformer ou de l’adapter. Consulter la licence creative commons complète en français : http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/2.0/fr/ EBRAHIMI Anita | L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien. Université d’Angers, 2018. 1 J’aimerais tout d’abord remercier mon directeur de thèse, le professeur de l’Université d’Angers, Julien KILANGA, de m’avoir fait confiance, de m’avoir accueillie et accompagnée au cours de cette recherche. Sa confiance en moi et ses précieux conseils tout au long de cette recherche m’ont permis de mener à bien ces travaux. Je remercie également Benaouda LEBDAI et Emmanuel VERNADAKIS pour leur participation à REMERCIEMENTS mon comité de suivi de thèse, leur lecture et leur permission de m’inscrire aux années supérieures de thèse. Merci sincèrement aux membres du jury de thèse pour leur participation et leur lecture de ce travail. Je remercie Makamina-Nsunda Mbanunu Jonas Bena professeur des Universités, Université de Lubumbashi, de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être membre de jury de thèse. Je remercie NIKLAS-SALMINEN Aino, Maître de conférence HDR, Université Aix-Marseille, de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être membre de jury de thèse. Je remercie PAIVANDI Saeed, professeur des Universités, Université Lorraine, de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être rapporteur de cette thèse. Je remercie RAJ Mohammed, professeur des Universités, Université Hassan 1er, de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être rapporteur de cette thèse. Je tiens également à remercier la bibliothèque de l’Université d’Angers d’avoir mis différents ouvrages à ma disposition afin d’écrire cette thèse. Mes remerciements vont aussi à l’Université d’Angers qui m’a fourni tous les matériaux, les formations, les outils, les équipements pour que je puisse étudier ce domaine dans les meilleures conditions. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements aux personnes qui m’ont aidée pour lire et corriger cette thèse (des fautes d’orthographe), ceux qui ont consacré leurs temps pour la lecture ce travail, Jean-Paul VEBER, Jacqueline BIREE, Catherine DE LASA, Anne AUTIER et Joëlle CHABOT KLOTZ. Je remercie particulièrement mon cher conjoint, Mehrdad, pour son soutien quotidien indéfectible, sa patience et son accompagnement sans faille, dès le début de cette thèse jusqu’à la fin, comme dans notre vie commune. Ces remerciements ne peuvent s’achever, sans penser aux êtres que j’aime infiniment du fond du cœur c’est-à-dire mon père, ma mère et mes chères sœurs. Les personnes qui me donnent de l’espoir grâce à leur soutien et leur présence constants. EBRAHIMI Anita | L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien. Université d’Angers, 2018. 2 à mon père, à mon mari EBRAHIMI Anita | L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien. Université d’Angers, 2018. 3 L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien EBRAHIMI Anita | L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien. Université d’Angers, 2018. 4 Sommaire Sommaire…………………………………………………………………….. 5 Introduction générale ........................................................................................ 6 Partie 1 : Le cadre théorique ........................................................................ 10 Partie 2 : L’enquête de terrain .................................................................... 109 Partie 3 : Contextualisation des tâches communicatives .......................... 232 Conclusion générale……………………………………………………….. 302 Annexe 1……………………………………………………………………. 316 Annexe 2……………………………………………………………………. 324 Annexe 3……………………………………………………………………. 326 La table des matières ..................................................................................... 327 EBRAHIMI Anita | L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien. Université d’Angers, 2018. 5 Introduction générale La notion de compétence de communication attire l’attention des spécialistes car elle constitue le noyau dur de l’enseignement/apprentissage d’une langue étrangère. Plusieurs tentatives ont été faites afin de trouver de bons moyens pour le développement de cette compétence dans le processus d’enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères. En effet, communiquer de manière efficace dans une langue étrangère ou savoir utiliser les formes linguistiques appropriées à la situation est le principal objectif de l’enseignement/apprentissage. La compétence de communication comprend le savoir et le savoir-faire. « Les quatre compétences parler, lire, écrire et écouter sont les objectifs primordiaux d’enseignement/apprentissage d’une langue étrangère. La compétence de communication est un échange interactionnel entre les individus qui sera réalisable à travers l’usage des signes verbaux et non-verbaux » (Moirand 1982).1 Il est pertinent de savoir comment les étudiants iraniens acquièrent des connaissances langagières pour pouvoir les utiliser dans un acte de langage. Il nous paraît également indispensable de clarifier le constat et la motivation à l’origine de ce sujet de l’apprentissage de la compétence de communication du français dans le contexte iranien. Il faut noter que la motivation de ce choix vient des années récentes, pendant lesquelles nous avons étudié le français en contexte universitaire iranien. Nous l’avons étudié pendant quatre ans durant la licence (traduction de français langue étrangère/FLE) puis pendant deux ans en master (didactique du FLE). À travers ces années d’études, nous nous sommes rendue compte que la majorité des étudiants avaient des difficultés de communication en FLE dans les situations spontanées et réelles. Ainsi, nous supposons que la majorité d’entre eux a des difficultés à communiquer en français quand ils tentent de mettre en pratique leurs savoirs dans une situation d’échange. Ils n’aboutissent pas à une autonomie en FLE, malgré leurs études dans le contexte universitaire iranien. 1 Sophie MOIRAND, Enseigner à communiquer en langue étrangère, Paris, Hachette, 1982. EBRAHIMI Anita | L'acquisition de la compétence de communication dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, en contexte universitaire iranien. Université d’Angers, 2018. 6 Il est ainsi indispensable de préciser la problématique de notre recherche : 1. Pourquoi les étudiants iraniens ont-ils des difficultés dans la compétence de communication du FLE ? 2. Comment ont-ils acquis la compétence de communication en français langue étrangère (FLE) ? 3. Comment peut-on contextualiser l'acquisition de la compétence de communication du FLE chez eux ? À travers cette thèse nous souhaitons répondre à ces questions. Pour cela, il est nécessaire, dans un premier temps, de connaître le contexte hétéroglotte iranien dans lequel les étudiants apprennent le français langue étrangère (voir Cuq 2003).2 Ensuite, il est indispensable de connaître les supports, les matériaux, les manuels utilisés dans le contexte universitaire iranien. Il faut aussi connaître les programmes pédagogiques et les pratiques des acteurs principaux qui jouent un rôle important dans le processus de l’enseignement/apprentissage du FLE. Enfin, il est nécessaire de connaître les représentations des activités communicatives par lesquelles nous pouvons produire des tâches adaptées au contexte iranien pour créer les situations interactives dans l’apprentissage du FLE, notamment, dans la compétence de la communication. Nos hypothèses peuvent ainsi être formulées de la manière suivante : - Les étudiants acquièrent la compétence de communication du FLE, plutôt de façon arbitraire, par imitation, sans attachement à leur culture maternelle et sans relation réelle. L’acquisition de la compétence de communication se limitent seulement à des dialogues du manuel et des phrases courtes et simples. - Ils
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