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MASTITIS in DAIRY CATTLE ---O.Semu4 MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE ---O.Semu4 tTHESE GUYS RE EAS'f 'WHEN T4EY DoNT FIGHT BACK !." Station Bulletin 545 October 1954 S S eoge'u- - - MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE Here are answers to 28 questions about controlling mastitis in dairy cattle Veterinarian, Deportment of Veterinary Medicine CONTINUES tobethe Q.What causes mastitis? MASTITISforemost problem in dairying. A. Bacteria are usually the cause. Mastitis (garget, caked udder) reducesInjuries, such as bruises,cuts, and the value of the best milk cow tosores, aid the entrance of the infective carcass value. Itis your problem tobacteria. Poor management and care- reduce losses by proper prevention andless milking methods may add to oc- control measures. currence. Q. What is mastitis? Q. What bacteria cause mastitis? A. Mastitis is an inflammation of A. Most mastitis is a direct result of the udder. It usually is caused by in-streptococcal or staphylococcal infec- fective bacteria. tion but many other types of organisms Q. How seriously is productionoccasionally cause udder infection. The affected by mastitis? infective bacteria usually are present in A. Conservative estimates place na- theudderunnoticedfordaysto tional milk losses above 20 per cent.months, but symptoms appear when Exact figures are not available becauseconditions occur that reduce resistance of the complexity of the problem. Inin the cow's udder. the individual cow, production may be Q.Are all cases of mastitis de- reduced or completely lost temporarilytected immediately? or permanently in one or more quar- ters. This is repeated in every affected A. No. The infection may be chron- animal in the herd. In many herds ic,causinglittleor no swelling or mastitishas made dairy productionpain, and little or no change in the economically unsound. milk. Examination of milk samples during the dormant stage detects in- Q. Is mastitis contagious? fection. The dormant stage is a good A. Yes. Chronic cases as well astime to treat. This chronic condition acute cases spread organisms that aremay become active at any time. Flakes, infective to other teats of the same cowslugs, and other changes in appearance or to other cows. The organisms areof the milk, as well as off flavor and commonly carried on the hands of thesometimes a peculiar odor, are char- milkers, especially if wet milking isacteristics of mastitis milk. Milk pro- permitted, and by the teat cups ofduction usually is reduced or stopped milking machines. completely. Acute cases cause redness 3 of the teats and udder, swelling, fever, Udder swollen, red, and hot. and pain. The condition may remain Cow sick and off feed. local in the udder, or the cow may be- Udder may become blue, cold, necrotic come sick generally, with serious in- and slough off, and cow may die. volvements,evenlossof udder or High bacteria count. death of the animal. Q. What is the best milking pro- Q. What are some mastitis symp-cedure? toms? A. The question of "hand milking A. Listed below are some of thevs. machine milking" has been replaced most frequent symptoms. Any or all ofby "What isthe best type of ma- these conditions may indicate mastitischine ?" Let's discuss briefly some of infections in a herd: the normal physiology and anatomy Blind quarters and meaty udders. associated with milking, to point out Lumps in udders. the possible disturbances that can be Lumps, flakes,strings, and whey inprevented. strip cup. Difficulty in straining milk. One minute of udder manipulation End of teat sore or sealed over. and massage while washing, wiping, Sore or swollen teat causing milkingand strip-cuptesting stimulatesthe to be painful to the cow. release of the hormone oxytocin from Milk reduced in amount and changed theposteriorlobe ofthepituitary in odor, flavor, and appearance. gland. Oxytocin stimulates the milk 1V I C.OULO ONL-Y TELL HIM TO HFNDLE THAT oC'4 GENTLY Pp" The first indication of mastitis is often a change in a cow's good behavior due to teat and udder pain. 4 glands to contract, forcing the milkLess spectacular wounds oftenare they havestored toward theteats. accompanied withexcessivephysio- Oxytocin acts when the cow iscon- logicalchangesofthe surrounding tented. Any acute disturbance such as tissue and a rapid acute case of mastitis annoyance, pain, or fright stimulatesdevelops. Never minimize a teat or the flow of another hormone, adrena-udder injury, since it often aggravates line, by the adrenal glands. Adrenalinea hidden infection into a mastitis flare- prevents the oxytotic effect and thusup. It is best to introduce antibiotics the milk is"held up" by no wilfulinto the injured quarters immediately control of the cow. Milking should taketo prevent common mastitis develop- complete advantage of this hormonements. Milking machine injuries are activitybeginning withinaminutediscussed under milking procedure (p. afterthe thorough stimulation, and4). finishing within 7 minutes thereafter. Vacuum of the machine should not Q. What conditions may cause a exceed 15 pounds, but good milkingsudden outbreak? canbedoneatalower vacuum. Vacuum forthe machine and unit A. Milkingchangessuchasa should be adjusted properly atin- change of milkers is the history fre- stallation and tested regularly but notquently accompanying flareups. Ad- tampered with by the milker. Rapidverse weather conditions are the cause milking saves time.It also develops ofgreatermastitisflareupsinthe bettermilkinghabitsandreduces autumn and winter. These are not new creeping and vacuum damage that will infections,but dormant orchronic occur when the machine is hanging oncases that become acute. Teats injured a milked-out quarter. by being stepped on or sores associated with cow pox are often present. Milk- Q. How does the anatomy of theing machines in disrepair or left on cow encourage mastitis? after milking is completed are frequent offenders. The introduction of an in- A. Wounds occur most frequentlyfected cow into the milking string is tocows withlarge and pendulousthe most common cause of trouble. udders and/or large teats. Self-inflicted wounds by stepping on these parts is the commonest source of udder injury. Q. Are all breeds susceptible? A. Yes. Cows with the largest teats Q. What are some usual udderand udders are more often affected disturbances leading to mastitis? because of mechanical injury to the A. Wirecuts,cow pox wounds,teats and udder. scratches, wounds opening the milk cistern, and leaking teats are some of Q. What are the probabilities of the common causes. a clean herd becoming infected? A. Safeguards for purchasing cows Q. How can injured teats be pro- should include: Isolation of the animal tected from infection? until tests are completed, bacteriologi- A. Injuries opening the teat canalcal examination of the milk, and a are difficult to protect from infection.careful examination of the udder. 5 2 youWEREW'Y TOLD BOUT Mf5TJT]S" Sucking often causes permanent mastitis. Raise calves separately during the milk feeding age. Q.At what age are cowsaf- latedstalls where sucking othersis fected? impossible. When isolation is not prac- A. All ages may be affected andtical, tie calves separately for about an thecowiscontinually exposedto hour after feeding or until the desire mastitis. Older animals are more likelyfor sucking is gone. to be affected because of the greater length of exposure time. Q.Can mastitis be treated suc- cessfully with drugs? Q.Why do some heifers have in- A. Yes,iftreated early.Careful fected udders at their first freshen-udder palpation should detect those ing? animals that need to be culled. Always A. Pail-fed calves tend to suck each suspect a lumpy udder as being mastitis other.Sucking removes the sealin infected. Collect fore milk for labora- the teat canal. Bacteria can gain en-tory examination. Bacteriological find- trance. Calves fed mastitis milk areings are good guides for treatment. therefore likely to infect each otherRecheck milk samples 3 weeks after while sucking. Such infected heiferstreatment, but continue treatment and will often have active mastitis beforesampling until the herd is free from theirfirstfreshening. Young calves infection.Itis usually best to have while receiving milk should have iso-your veterinarian cull cows which don't 6 respond after two or three series ofcent cures. The efficiency varies with treatments. Only after following satis-prevailing conditions. factory sanitary measures and desir- able milking and isolation procedures Q.How is the appropriate treat- should treatment be attempted withment determined? chronic infections. A. Consider condition of the udder, type of organisms present, as deter- Q.Isit necessary to treat allmined by microscopic examination, and infected animals? stage oflactation when selectinga A. Yes. Remove and isolate animalstreatment. showing the presence of infective bac- Which drugs are effective? teria until treatment is successful. Q. A. Most treatment is directed first Q. How effectively have drugs toward removing Streptococcus agalac- eliminated the infection? tiae. Penicillin has proved to be effec- A. Drugs have been used in elim-tive for the above organism in dosages inatingstreptococci,especially S. beginning as low as 25,000 units per aga1actae. Their efficiency in properlyquarter. More penicillin per injection selected cases, after microscopic ex-gives a greater number of recoveries aminations, ranges from 50 to 95 peruntil 100,000 to 200,000 unit dosage is 5URt QETSBtUE IN R -IuPR'f rr" Immediate treatment is important incontrollingmastitis. The infection spreads rapidly and udder damage also
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