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Susceptibility to Mastitis : a Review of Factors Related to the Cow B SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASTITIS : A REVIEW OF FACTORS RELATED TO THE COW B. Poutrel To cite this version: B. Poutrel. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASTITIS : A REVIEW OF FACTORS RELATED TO THE COW. Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires, INRA Editions, 1982, 13 (1), pp.85-99. hal-00901361 HAL Id: hal-00901361 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00901361 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASTITIS : A REVIEW OF FACTORS RELATED TO THE COW B. POUTREL Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Pathologie de la Reproduction, 37380 Nouzilly, France LA SENSIBILITÉ AUX MAMMITES : REVUE DES FACTEURS LIÉS A LA VACHE Facteurs de sensibilité ou de résistance Factors of susceptibility or resistance aux infections mammaires to mammary infections 1. Sensibilité aux infections liée à des caractéristiques 1. Physiological factors of the cow influencing suscepti- physiologiques de la vache bility to infection 1.1. Nombre et stade de lactation 1.1. Age and stage of lactation 1.2. Production, facilité et vitesse de traite 1.2. Milk yield, ease and milking rate 2. Sensibilité aux infections liée à des caractéristiques morphologiques de la mamelle et du trayon 2. Morphological characteristics of the udder and teat influencing susceptibility to infections 3. Mécanismes de résistance aux infections au niveau du trayon 3. Teat resistance mechanisms 3.1. Sensibilité aux mammites liée à la et longueur 3.1. Influence of length and diameter of teat canal in au diamètre du canal du trayon to mastitis 3.2. Activité bactéricide de la kératine susceptibility 3.2. Bactericidal activity of keratin 4. Mécanismes de résistance aux infections au niveau de la mamelle 4. Infection resistance mechanisms in the udder 4.1. Protéines et enzymes du lait ayant une activité 4.1. Proteins and enzymes in milk having a non- bactérienne non spécifique specific antimicrobial activity 4.1.1. Le système lactoperoxydase/thiocya- 4.1.1. Lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen nate/peroxyde d’hydrogène peroxide system 4.1.2. Le lysozyme 4.1.2. Lysozyme 4.1.3. La lactoferrine 4.1.3. Lactoferrin 4.1.4. Le complément 4.1.4. Complement 4.2. Les immunoglobulines 4.2. Immunoglobulins 4.3. Les leucocytes 4.3. Leucocytes Induction et stimulation de la résistance Induction and stimulation of resistance aux infections mammaires to mammary infections 1. Résistance spécifique : la vaccination 1. Specific resistance : vaccination 2. Résistance non spécifique 2. Non-specific resistance 2.1. La sélection génétique 2.1. Genetic selection 2.1.1. Héritabilité de la sensibilité aux mammi- 2.1.1. Heritability of susceptibility to mastitis tes 2.1.2. Genetic selection markers 2.1.2. Marqueurs de sélection génétique 2.2. Inducing a cell-barrier to prevent the establish- 2.2. Induction d’une barrière cellulaire ment of intrammary infections Conclusions générales General conclusions Broadly, speaking, three interdependent ele- teat in an appropriate solution immediately after ments are involved in mammary infections of the milking, systematic treatment of quarters at dairy cow: microorganisms, environment and drying-off with an effective long acting antibio- the cow itself. tic, culling of animals which do not respond to Microorganisms are directly responsible for treatment. the disease. Streptococci and staphylococci are Mastitis control, however, has both concep- the cause of about 90 % of infections. Other tual and material limitations and the more long- species of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, term aim of research is to prevent mammary Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium pyogenes infections by reducing the susceptibility of the are sometimes isolated. Most infections are cow. latent or sub-clinical and are consequently not There exists a group of anatomical and apparent to the dairy farmer who has difficulty in physiological natural defence mechanisms, for appreciating their importance. the most part non-specific, which are involved at Environmental factors, nutrition, climate, hou- three successive stages of the infection pro- sing, bedding, milking machine, etc., influence cess : penetration, establishment, then multipli- the living conditions of bacteria the opportunity cation of bacteria. These defence mechanisms they are given to penetrate the quarters and, to have their effect at two levels, the teat and the a certain extent, the susceptibility of the animal. udder itself. The differences in susceptibility to The dairy farmer may have a beneficial or infections observed between cows, as well as unbeneficial influence, modifying the environ- the existence of different types of infection - ment according to his conception of herd latent, sub-clinical, chronic, or clinical-indicate management, the attention he gives to the that a difference also exists in the ability of the maintenance and use of his milking equipment host to respond to agression, according to the and to level of hygiene. efficiency of its defence mechanisms. The cow is often seen as a passive a element» This review proposes to examine the different although a certain number of studies have factors, located at teat and udder level, which reported differences between animals where could be involved in resistance to infections, as susceptibility to infections is concerned. well as the possible means of stimulating and/or The complex nature of this pathology makes inducing this resistance. progress in the fight against the disease slow and limited ; all in !all, the situation today seems little different to that of 30 years ago. It is nevertheless possible to obtain and maintain a low level of infection a by applying Factors of susceptibility or resistance mastitis control with the aim of system reducing to mammary infections the duration .of infections and incidence of new infection. This the system, perfected by English 1. Physiological factors of the cow researchers at the National Institute for Research influencing susceptibility to infection in Dairying at Reading in the 1960’s, is based on and of lactation the application of the following measures : good 1.1. Age stage general husbandry and milking practice, including Both quarter infections and clinical mastitis regular testing and maintenance of the milking occur increasingly with the age of lactation of machine, teat-disinfection by dipping the whole the animal (Oliver et al., 1956; Wilton et al., 1972 ; Rainard and Poutrel, soumis pour publica- correlation between milking rate and incidence of tion). According to Oliver et al. (1956) the infection during lactation and at the start of increase in the number of cases of clinical drying-off, Staphylococcus aureus being the mastitis in previously healthy animals is closely bacterial species most often isolated. Using this connected with age of lactation, up to the fifth species implanted 3 mm inside the teat canal, lactation. This does not necessarily imply a Prasad and Newbould (1968) confirmed the greater susceptibility to infection, but rather to preceeding results. They, in fact, established inflammation. A greater predisposition to infec- correlations between intramammary rate of tion could be the consequence of a number of infection and length of teat canal, milk yield and characteristics associated with age of lactation, milking rate. As Dodd and Neave (1951) point in particular lengthening of teat, of more preci- out, over-milking, more frequent with fast- sely of distance between udder and floor, lesions milking cows, cannot be offered as a valid present on the teat (Hebel et al., 1979) and loss of explanation for these results, as in such a case sphincter patency (Little, 1937). front quarters would be expected to have a The results of Oliver et al. (1956) indicate that higher incidence of infection, whereas the oppo- - on the whole occurrence of new infections and site is in fact observed hind quarters are more mastitis decrease according to stage of lactation frequently infected. They thus admit that a larger and that this decrease is greatest between the and slacker sphincter, characteristics associated first and second month of lactation. In an with fast milking facilitate the penetration of experiment conducted on three herds, we obser- bacteria. ved (Rainard and Poutrel, 1982) from bacteriolo- Other authors have found no significant gical analyses carried out every three weeks on correlation between yield and incidence of all quarters that 50 % of infections are establis- infection and mastitis (Legates and Grinnells, hed in the first three months of lactation. On the 1952 ; Schmidt and Van Vleck, 1965 ; Smith and other hand, the infection status remains practi- Schultze, 1970 ; Wilton et al., 1972 ; Geer et al., cally unchanged in the last two months of 1979). On the other hand, Grootenhuis et al. lactation. Reasons for a greater susceptibility of (1979) report a higher resistance to infection in animals at the start of lactation remain unknown. fast-milking animals with a high yield. It has been suggested that the important Relationships between milking characteristics hormonal physiological changes, particularly and incidence of mammary infections remain, which take ones, place « post partum» may therefore much debated. These conflicting re- reduce udder resistance (Astrbm, 1972 ; Guidry sults may be explained by the different methods et al., 1975). used, notably criteria taken into account for the It is worth noting that in the particular case of diagnosis of mastitis, which are, according to experimental staphyloccal infections carried out each particular case, results of bacteriological in the udder cistern, the most favourable period examinations, cell counts or California Mastitis for the establishment of persistant infections Test, or clinical symptoms.
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