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Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals, 3Rd Edition BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE IN FARM ANIMALS, 3RD EDITION Bishop_FM.indd i 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM Bishop_FM.indd ii 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE IN FARM ANIMALS, 3RD EDITION Edited by Stephen C. Bishop The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian, UK Roger F.E. Axford Formerly School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales, Bangor UK Frank W. Nicholas Department of Animal Science University of Sydney Sydney, Australia and John B. Owen Formerly School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales, Bangor UK Bishop_FM.indd iii 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org ©CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Breeding for disease resistance in farm animals/edited by Stephen C. Bishop [et al.]. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-555-9 (alk. paper) 1. livestock--Breeding. 2. Livestock--Genetics. 3. Veterinary immunogenetics. I. Bishop, S.C. (Stephen C.) II. C.A.B. International. III. Title. SF105.B696 2011 636.089’6079--dc22 2010017272 ISBN: 978 1 84593 555 9 Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Production editor: Kate Hill Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham. Bishop_FM.indd iv 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM Contents Contributors vii Part I Principles and Methods 1 1 Introduction 3 Stephen C. Bishop, Roger F.E. Axford, Frank W. Nicholas and John B. Owen 2 The Immune System 15 Pete Kaiser 3 Modelling Farm Animal Diseases 38 Stephen C. Bishop Part II Viruses and TSEs 55 4 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 57 Nora Hunter and Wilfred Goldmann 5 Viral Diseases in Chickens 70 Hans Cheng 6 Bovine Viral Diseases: the Role of Host Genetics 88 Elizabeth J. Glass, Rebecca Baxter, Richard Leach and Geraldine Taylor 7 Viral Diseases in Pigs 141 Joan K. Lunney v Bishop_FM.indd v 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM vi Contents 8 Breeding for Resistance to Viral Diseases in Salmonids 166 Thomas Moen Part III Bacteria 181 9 Genetics of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants 183 Rachel Rupp and Gilles Foucras 10 Salmonella in Chickens 213 Susan J. Lamont 11 Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Pigs 232 Inger Edfors, Montserrat Torremorell 12 Genetic Aspects of Resistance to Ovine Footrot 251 Herman W. Raadsma and Joanne Conington Part IV Parasites and Vectors 277 13 Breeding for Resistance to Nematode Infections 279 Michael J. Stear 14 Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in Cattle 295 Luciana Correia de Almeida Regitano and Kishore Prayaga Part V Metabolic and Production Diseases 315 15 Metabolic Diseases in Sheep and Cattle 317 Chris A. Morris and Sin H. Phua 16 Genetics of Metabolic Diseases in Poultry 335 Paul M. Hocking Index 349 Bishop_FM.indd vi 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM Contributors Rebecca Baxter, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Stephen C. Bishop, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Hans Cheng, ARS, USDA, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. Joanne Conington, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Luciana Correia de Almeida Regitano, Embrapa Southeast Cattle, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. Inger Edfors, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden. Gilles Foucras, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse, France; and Department of Animal Health, National Institute for Agricultural Research, F-31076 Toulouse, France. Elizabeth J. Glass, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Wilfred Goldmann, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Paul M. Hocking, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Nora Hunter, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. vii Bishop_FM.indd vii 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM viii Contributors Pete Kaiser, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Susan J. Lamont, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IO 50011, USA. Richard Leach, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Biocentre, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. Joan K. Lunney, APDL, ANRI, ARS, USDA, Building 1040, Room 103, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Thomas Moen, Aqua Gen AS, PO Box 1240, Sluppen, N-7462 Trondheim, Norway. Chris A. Morris, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, PB 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. Sin H. Phua, AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, PB 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand. Kishore Prayaga, CSIRO Livestock Industries, J.M. Rendel Laboratory, Rockhampton, Australia. Current address: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Australia. Herman W. Raadsma, Reprogen Animal Bioscience, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia. Rachel Rupp, Department of Animal Genetics, National Institute for Agricultural Research, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France. Michael J. Stear, Veterinary Genes and Proteins Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK. Geraldine Taylor, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK. Montserrat Torremorell, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. Bishop_FM.indd viii 10/12/2010 3:05:45 PM I Principles and Methods Bishop_Ch01.indd 1 10/12/2010 2:54:30 PM Bishop_Ch01.indd 2 10/12/2010 2:54:30 PM 1 Introduction STEPHEN C. BISHOP,1 ROGER F.E. AXFORD,2 FRANK W. NICHOLAS3 AND JOHN B. OWEN2 1The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK; 2Formerly School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, UK; 3Department of Animal Science, University of Sydney, Australia. Breeding for improved disease resistance has become perhaps the major challenge facing animal geneticists. The benefits of successfully improving the resistance of animals to an infectious disease are manifold, including improved animal welfare, increased efficiency and productivity, and hence a reduced environmental footprint, reduced reliance on other disease-control measures and improved public perception. However, breeding for disease resistance raises many technical challenges. Further, despite its apparent benefits, its sus- tainability is often questioned due to the potential of pathogen or parasite evolution; and the role of host genetics within integrated disease-control sys- tems is often unclear. This 3rd edition of Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals addresses many of the pertinent questions relating to the role of host genetics in disease control, with a number of case-specific scenarios explored. When considering breeding for disease resistance, it is necessary to be clear and consistent in the concepts and terminology being used, to ensure that readers from disparate disciplines have a common level of understanding of the topic. This Introduction covers many of the broad concepts necessary for all readers to appreciate the topic, with a particular focus on recent developments in genomics and their application to disease genetics. We hope it will make the individual chapters more enjoyable. Infectious Disease: the Context Infectious diseases in livestock result in high economic losses in both developed and developing countries. They also have potentially major impacts on the safety of animal products (especially for food safety), animal welfare and the public perception of livestock production industries. Further, due to the impacts of climate change and globalization, i.e. increased movement of people and ©CAB International 2011. Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals, 3rd Edition (eds S.C. Bishop et al.) 3 Bishop_Ch01.indd 3 10/12/2010 2:54:30 PM 4 S.C. Bishop et al. products, new disease threats continue to emerge (Foresight Project, 2006). For these reasons, the management of infectious disease is of critical impor- tance to livestock sectors worldwide and is the subject of considerable ongoing research. Disease-control strategies include both prevention and cure, and may include decisions affecting the animal (e.g. vaccination, culling diseased ani- mals, selection of resistant animals), the pathogen (e.g. chemotherapy) or the environment (e.g. biosecurity, sanitation).
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