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Dairy Cattle Mastitis in and Around Sebeta, Ethiopia

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Dairy Cattle Mastitis In and Around Sebeta, Ethiopia Hunderra Sori, DVM, MS1 Ademe Zerihun, DVM, MS, PhD2 Sintayehu Abdicho, DVM, MS3 1National Veterinary Institute Debrezeit, Ethiopia 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Debrezeit, Ethiopia 3National Animal Disease Research Center Sebeta, Ethiopia KEY WORDS: cattle, dairy, mastitis, ing number of functional quarters). The Sebeta, Ethiopia infection rate showed statistically significant difference between the lactating quarters ABSTRACT and non-lactating quarters (P < 0.01). The A total of 180 local and crossbred dairy infection rate also varied significantly (P < cows were examined to determine the over- 0.05) between crossbred (56.29%) and local all prevalence of mastitis in and around zebu (34.48%). The prevalence of mastitis Sebeta using Californian Mastitis Test also significantly differed between animals (CMT), which revealed the overall mastitis with teat lesion, teat end shape, and status of prevalence in the area as 52.78% (16.11% ventilation (P < 0.01), udder conformation clinical and 36.67% sub-clinical cases). Of (P < 0.05), type of management (P < 0.01), 134 bacterial isolates identified from CMT- and frequency of barn cleaning (P < 0.01). positive samples sent to a laboratory for In 53.13% of animals sampled and 31.68% microbiological examination, the majority of CMT-positive quarters, mixed infection of isolates were Staphylococcus aureus per animal and per quarter was observed. (44.03%) followed by Staphylococcus epi- d e r m i d i s (14.93%) and M i c r o c o c c u s s p e c i e s INTRODUCTION (6.72%), and lowest isolation rate was for Mastitis has been known to cause a great Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aerugi- deal of loss or reduction of productivity, to nosa (0.75% each). Other species isolated influence the quality and quantity of milk include Streptococcus agalactiae ( 3 . 7 3 % ) , yield, and to cause culling of animals at an Streptococcus dysagalactiae ( 4 . 4 8 % ) , unacceptable age.1 Most estimates have Streptococcus uberis and other species shown a 30% reduction in productivity per (2.99% each), Corynebacterium bovis a n d affected quarter and a 15% reduction in pro- Actinomyces pyogenes (5.97% each), duction per cow/lactation,2 , 3 making the dis- Corynebacterium ulcerans (2.24%), and ease one of the most costly and serious B a c i l l u s species (4.48%). Of 720 quarters problems affecting the dairy industry world- examined, 27 (3.75%) had blind teats; 212 w i d e . 4 The disease generally involves inter- quarters (30.93%) showed evidence of play between management practice and infection of mastitis (from 693, the remain- infectious agents. Among various infectious 332 Intern J Appl Res Vet Med • Vol. 3, No. 4, 2005 Table 1. study was based on the questionnaire survey, physical and clinical exami- Clinical Status nations of clinical cases, screening Infection Status Clinical Sub-Clinical Total tests using the Californian Mastitis Infected 29 (16.11%) 66 (36.67%) 95 (52.78%) test (CMT), aseptic meticulous sam- Non-infectedPrevalence of0 Clinical and85 Sub-Clinical85 pling, and microbiological investiga- Mastitis in and around Sebeta. Total 29 151 180 tion (culture, stain, and biochemical tests on the pure isolates). The Table 2. screening tests were prepared according to Schalm et al.5 T h e Mastitis Status microbiological techniques were pre- Breed Infected Non-Infected Total % pared according to Carter6 and Carter Local 10 19 29 34.48 and Chengappa.7 Animals were cate- Cross 85 66 151 56.29 Prevalence of Mastitis in Different Breeds of gorized on the basis of breed, physio- Cows.Total 95 85 180 52.78 logical state (lactating and χ2 = 4.65, df = 1, P < 0.05. non-lactating), and presence or Table 3. absence of risk factors (teat or udder lesions, herd size, the clinical state of Physiologic State of the Mammary Gland mammary gland, udder conforma- Infection Lactating Non-Lactating Total tion, milking routine, and manage- Mastitic 79 (48.77%) 16 (88.89%) 95 (52.78%) ment types). Non-mastiticMastitis83 Prevalence (51.23%) in2 Relation (11.11%) to 85 (47.22%) Data Analysis TotalPhysiological State162 of Mammary Gland.18 180 χ2 = 10.49, df = 1, P < 0.01 The prevalence of mastitis was cal- culated using percentage values, and agents, bacterial pathogens (the greatest the possible association of the dis- share of these organisms) have been known ease with different risk factors was analyzed 2 to be widely distributed in the environment by using chi-squared (χ ) test. of dairy cows, constituting a threat to the mammary gland.5 RESULTS In Ethiopia, even though the disease of Of the total 180 animals utilized for the mastitis has been known locally, it has not study purpose, the results showed preva- been studied systematically, making infor- lence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis as mation available on the prevalence of dis- 16.11% and 36.67%, respectively (Table 1). ease and associated economic loss Results of Intrinsic Risk Factors inadequate. The objective of the present As shown in Tables 2 and 3, a significantly study is to assess the overall prevalence of higher infection rate was observed in cross- mastitis in local and crossbreed dairy cows, bred cows and in non-lactating cows. The to isolate and identify major mastitis infection rate in cows with pendulous udder pathogens, and to assess risk factors of mas- (77.78%) was significantly higher (χ2 = titis in and around Sebeta, which is found in 5.01, degree of freedom [df] = 1, P < the Oromiya Regional State of Ethiopia. 0.05) than the non-pendulous udder (50.00%). The results also showed signifi- MATERIAL AND METHODS 2 cantly higher infection rate (χ = 11.36, df Data were collected from 180 lactating and = 1, P < 0.01) in cows with udder (teat) non-lactating indigenous and crossbreed lesions (84%) than cows with normal udder cows, brought to the Alemgana wereda vet- or teats (47.74%). Cows with disk-shaped, erinary clinic for udder or teat treatment, inverted, pointed, and round-shaped teat another purpose, or via farm visits. The ends had 88.46%, 61.54%, 54.17%, and Intern J Appl Res Vet Med • Vol. 3, No. 4, 2005 333 Table 4. Clinical Status Clinical Sub-Clinical Pooled Species of Bacteria Identified N % N % N % Staphylococcus aureus 16 34.04 43 49.43 59 44.03 StaphylococcusBacteria epidermidis Species Isolated from4 Bovine8.51 Clinical and16 Sub-Clinical18.39 Mastitis 20 14.93 Micrococcus spp 5 10.64 4 4.60 9 6.72 Streptococcus agalactiae 3 6.38 2 2.30 5 3.73 Streptococcus dysagalactiae 2 4.26 4 4.60 6 4.48 Streptococcus uberis 3 6.38 1 1.15 4 2.99 Other Streptococcus spp 2 4.26 2 2.30 4 2.99 Actinomyces pyogenes 3 6.38 5 5.75 8 5.97 Corynebacterium bovis 4 8.51 4 4.60 8 5.97 Corynebacterium ulcerans 1 2.13 2 2.30 3 2.24 Bacillus spp 2 4.26 4 4.60 6 4.48 Escherichia coli 1 2.13 0 0 1 0.75 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 2.13 0 0 1 0.75 Total 47 100.0 87 100.0 134 100.0 40.86% rates of infection, respectively, quarters), 212 quarters (30.93%) showed and the difference was significant evidence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis (χ2 = 19.035, df = 3, P < 0 . 0 1 ) . of which 112 quarters samples were sent to a laboratory for microbiological examination; Result of Extrinsic Risk Factors 101 (90.18%) were found bacteriologically Out of 48 intensively, 107 semi-intensively, positive. The infection was higher in left rear and 25 extensively managed cows studied, (34.3%) and right front (30.06%) quarters the highest infection rate was seen in inten- than in the remaining 2 quarters. The overall sively managed cows (66.67%) followed by difference was not statistically significant. the semi-intensive (52.34%), and the least for the extensively managed animals (28%). Results of Bacteriological Examination Infection rate of the mammary gland of From the 95 CMT-positive cows tested, 64 these groups was significantly influenced (χ2 cows (67.37%) were sampled for each of = 9.87, df = 1, P < 0.01). There was a their positive quarters (25 animal from clini- higher prevalence of mastitis in poorly venti- cal and 39 animals from sub-clinical cases) lated farms than in well-ventilated farms from which a total of 134 bacterial isolates with infection rates of 87.5% and 49.39%, were identified (47 isolates from clinical and respectively; the result was significantly dif- 87 isolates from sub-clinical mastitis cases). ferent (P < 0.05). The result showed no sig- The relative prevalence rates of various nificant difference in farms that had drainage bacterial species isolated from the clinical or in different group-sized herds, but there and sub-clinical cases are shown in Table 4. was a significant difference in farms that Staphylococci were the major pathogens out regularly cleaned their barn (P < 0 . 0 1 ) . of which Staphylococcus aureus c o n t r i b u t e d the major share (44.03%) accounting for Screening Test Result 34.04% and 49.43% from clinical and sub- Of 720 quarters examined, 20 animals clinical mastitis cases, respectively. (11.11%) had an overall incidence of 27 Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated (3.75%) blind teats. From the remaining from clinical and sub-clinical mastitis at the functional teats examined by CMT (693 rate of 8.51% and 18.39%, respectively. 334 Intern J Appl Res Vet Med • Vol.
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  • The Status of Urban Agriculture in and Around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    The Status of Urban Agriculture in and Around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 20, No.2, 2018) ISSN: 1520-5509 Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania THE STATUS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN AND AROUND ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA Mekuria Delelegn1 & Messay Mulugeta2 1Faculty of Social Science, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Ethiopia 2College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to assess the overall situation, challenges and potentials of urban agriculture (UA) in and around Addis Ababa in view of its contribution to socioeconomic development. The research attempted to contribute to the limited, if not inexistent, researches in UA and brings to light the exigency of a well-built national UA policy. In so doing, the necessary data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources through key informant interview, document review and observations. Key experts in related government offices, researchers, selected small-scale urban producers, consumers and entrepreneurs were interviewed. Relevant policy documents, scholarly journal articles, reports and the experiences of some countries were reviewed. A few field observations were also carried out to observe the existing real situations of UA in and around Addis Ababa. The synthesis of this research shows that UA is playing key roles in poverty reduction, food security improvement, urban waste management and recycling, urban greening and job creation in the area. However, it is found that very low attention has been given to UA as a result of which the sector has been suffering from lack of proper awareness among stakeholders, and high scarcity of vital inputs such as water and power. Hence, owing to its unique characteristics, UA requires typical policy framework and by-laws; vigilant monitoring and evaluation systems; well-ordered marketing scheme; stringent pollution controlling mechanisms; and efficient utilization and management of resources.