DOCSLIB.ORG

International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences www.iaard.net IAARD Journals eISSN:2456-009X International Journal of Agriculture And Veterinary Sciences IAARD-International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2018, 4(2),11-15 Occurrence and prevalence of Metazoan Parasites in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromusniloticus) and Commoncarp (Cyprinuscarpio) in Sebeta fish farm, Sebeta, Ethiopia *Marshet Adugna Mitiku *EthiopianInstitute of Agricultural Research, National Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia P. O. Box 64, Sebeta, Ethiopia Email: marshetadu@gmail.com ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Abstract: Fish farming is the fastest growing sector of agriculture worldwide but many factors affect its development including fish parasites. A cross sectional study was conducted from November, 2016 to April, 2017 with the objective of identifying and determining the prevalence of internal parasites of fish from Nile tilapia and Common carp in Sebeta fish farm.Parasite identification was done based on the standard protocols and available manuals. The overall prevalence of internal parasites infection in the two species of fish was 46.67%. The risk factors considered in this study including sex and size of fish for the prevalence of internal parasite infestation showed statistically significant difference (P< 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of the parasite between the two species of fish. The highest prevalent parasite was the trematode Clinostomum species(13.6%) followed by Cestode Botherocephalus species and Nematode Contracaeum species. The lager sized fish are found highly infested than smaller sized fish. It is therefore important to control intermediate host, washing and disinfecting of ponds regularly and keeping good quality water as a means of prevention of the occurrence of internal parasites. Key words: Occurrence; Nile tilapia; Common carp; Parasites; Prevalence; Sebeta ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction diseases have been described from fish of Ethiopian waters so Fish farming is a means of improving food security far, although their pathogenic significance is well recognized and supplementing income for families at subsistence level and [5]. Study on disease of fish in general and metazoan parasites the little surplus produced is sold in the local markets in particularly in culture condition are not well studied in the developing countries [1]. It has recently received increasing country. Previous studies in the country by Florio et al. [3]was attention among governments due to rapid increase in human based on same tilapia breeding farm, a dam, caged and riverine population, increasing need for inexpensive sources of protein fish. This study therefore aimed at investigating and and the stagnating or declining catches of fish from inland determining the prevalence of metazoan fish parasites infesting natural lakes have justified[1,2]. Nile tilapia farmed tilapia and common carp and associated risk factors in (Oreochromisniloticus) accounts the highest culture Sebeta fish farm. production, followed by African catfish (Clariasgariepinus), common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) and goldfish Material and Methods (Carassiusauratus) in Ethiopia. Nile tilapia and Common carp Study Area are the main species farmed and all of fish farming system is The study was conducted in Sebeta fish farm which under semi-intensive system. Some of the common challenges serves as spawning and research purpose for the National Fish of fish farming in the Ethiopia has challenged by predators, and Aquatic Life Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia. Sebeta lack of feeds, high mortality of fingerlings, lack of fish Farm is located in Oromia regional state in Sebeta city management information and availability of pathogen free administration. It is 24 km far from the capital city Addis fingerlings and environmental pollution, biosecurity and spread Ababa. It is situated at 2200m above sea level and an altitude of fish diseases including metazoan parasites [3]. of 8°55′N 38°37′E covering a total area of 16 hectare. The area Fish metazoan parasitic infestations in cultured fish is characterized by a moderately warm climate with annual farms can cause epizootics and mass mortality and the fish mean temperature of about 21OC. The area gets annual rainfall deaths may go unnoticed particularly when the few dead fishes of about 866–1200 millimetres. The annual minimum and are immediately consumed by piscivorous birds[4]. Fish maximum temperature is 18 oC to 25 oC respectively. metazoan parasites are a key constraint to production, sustainability and economic viability in aquaculture but little Study Population has been documented on fish parasites and their associated risk Nile tilapia and common carp were selected to be factors in small scale fish farms in Ethiopia well. The experimental animals. These fish species are the commercially occurrences of metazoan parasites and losses due to parasitic important fish species in the country and best candidate infestations have not been investigated in Ethiopia. Very few *Marshet Adugna Mitiku Page No.11 IAARD-International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2018, 4(2),11-15 aquaculture fish species cultured in many small scale fish farms Results in Ethiopia. In the present study, one genus of cestode (Bothriocephalus spp.), one genus of nematode Study Design and Sample size (Contracaecumspp.) and three genera of trematode The study designewas across sectional study and the (Clinostomumspp, Euclinostomum spp. and Dactylogyrus spp.) fish selected for this study include Orechromisniloticus and parasites have been identified. The total prevalence of internal cyprinuscarpio. The factors considered were species of the parasites of O. niloticus and C. carpio in this study was found animal, sex, size and parasite type.The sample size wad to be 46.7% among which 50.00% and 45.6% of the C. carpio determined based on the tabulated value at 5% desired level of and O. niloticuswas infected by different genera of internal accuracy and at an estimate prevalence rate of 50% are most parasites respectively. The prevalence of internal parasites commonly used for presumed pathogenic agent with a 95% between the species of O. niloticus and C.capriofish were confidence limit [6]. Sample size needed to detect at least one compared (Table 1).The result showed that both species are infected host in fish population is 150, which represent greater susceptible to internal helminth parasites and C. carpio was the than 10,000 fish population however for better precision value highest prevalent (50%) and followed by O. niloticus with 180 fish sample size were taken. 45.58%. However there were no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the helminth parasite between Fish Sampling the two species(x2<3.84, p>0.05). Both Nile tilapia and Common carp fish species were selected for this study as they are the most common cultured With regard to the size of the fish, comparative fish species in the farm. A total of 180 fish sample of two analysis of the prevalence was done (Table.2) and hence the species was caught using scoop nets. The fish specimen was prevalence has been observed to be higher in bigger sized fish transported to the laboratory live in water containing bucket. than smaller sized fish. There was statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the internal parasites among Morphometric measurements different sized fish(x2>3.84, p<0.05). The prevalence was also The sampled fish were killed humanely by dislocating compared between the two sexes of fish (Table.3). The the spinal cord using surgical blade. The morphometric prevalence was higher in female than male fish and showed parameters including total length (cm) and total weight statistically significant difference(x2 >3.84, p<0.05) in (gm)were measured with the aid of measuring board and prevalence of internal parasite among the sex. From the result weighing balance respectively. nematodes all are localized in the pericardial cavity (Table 4). The prevalence of Contracecum species in the O.niloticuswas Parasite examination found to be 9.55% and the prevalence of Contracecumspp. in External examination of the fish was made by the C.carpiowas found to be 9.09%. There is no statistically observing the skin and fins using naked eye and magnifying significant deference in the prevalence of the Contracecum glass. Mucus sample was then taken from the body surface parasite between the two species of fish(X2<3.83, P>0.05). especially from pectoral and ventral fish and direct smear was made on a slide and examined using compound The cestode parasite Bothriocephalus spp. was the only microscope.The abdominal wall was opened by inserting a cestode parasite recorded in this study found located in sharp end of scissor through the vent. The alimentary canal intestine as their predilection sites (Table 5). The relative were there after removed sectioned in to its parts; esophagus, prevalence of Bothrocephalus spp. in O.niloticus and C.carpio stomach, intestine and rectum and each section was separated was found to be 11.02% and 9.09% respectively. There is no in to Petri dish containing normal pond water, incised and statistically significant difference(X2<3.84, P>0.05) between examined for parasite by naked eye and under microscope. the two species with regard to the prevalence of Bothroephalus Other organs such as gas bladder, liver, spleen, heart, gill eye spp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Next Stage for Dairy Development in Ethiopia
    The NEXT STAGE IN DAIRY DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHIOPIA Dairy Value Chains, End Markets and Food Security Cooperative Agreement 663-A-00-05-00431-00 Submitted by Land O'Lakes, Inc. P.O. Box 3099 code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2010 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Pages ACRONYMNS…………………………………………………………………………………. 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………... 6 1. OVERVIEW OF THE DAIRY SUB-SECTOR STUDY………………………………….10 1.1. The Role of the Dairy Sub-Sector in the Economy of Ethiopia 1.1.1. Milk Production and its Allocation 1.1.2 Livestock and Milk in the household economy 1.2. The Challenges 1.3. A Value Chain Approach 1.4. The Tasks and the Study Team 2. DEMAND FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS…………………………………….…. 15 2.1. Milk Consumption 2.1.1. Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Urban Areas 2.1.2. Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Rural Areas 2.1.3. Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Pastoral Areas 2.2. Milk Consumption Compared to Other Countries 2.3. Milk’s Role for Food Security and Household Nutrition 2.4. Consumption of Imported Milk Products by Areas and Product Categories – domestic and imported 2.5. Milk Consumption in 2020 2.5.1.. High Estimate 2.5.2. Middle of the Range Estimate 2.5.3. Low Estimate 2.6. Assessment 3. DAIRY PRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..…… 30 3.1. Current Situation 3.2. Milk Production Areas (waiting on the maps) 3.3. Production systems and Milk Sheds (see zonal data in annex 3.3.1. Commercial Production 3.3.2. Peri-Urban and Urban Production 3.3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia COI Compilation
    BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Ethiopia: COI Compilation November 2019 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared within a specified time frame on the basis of publicly available documents as well as information provided by experts. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: accord@redcross.at Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord This report was commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 4 1 Background information ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Geographical information .................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 Map of Ethiopia ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oromia Region Administrative Map(As of 27 March 2013)
    ETHIOPIA: Oromia Region Administrative Map (as of 27 March 2013) Amhara Gundo Meskel ! Amuru Dera Kelo ! Agemsa BENISHANGUL ! Jangir Ibantu ! ! Filikilik Hidabu GUMUZ Kiremu ! ! Wara AMHARA Haro ! Obera Jarte Gosha Dire ! ! Abote ! Tsiyon Jars!o ! Ejere Limu Ayana ! Kiremu Alibo ! Jardega Hose Tulu Miki Haro ! ! Kokofe Ababo Mana Mendi ! Gebre ! Gida ! Guracha ! ! Degem AFAR ! Gelila SomHbo oro Abay ! ! Sibu Kiltu Kewo Kere ! Biriti Degem DIRE DAWA Ayana ! ! Fiche Benguwa Chomen Dobi Abuna Ali ! K! ara ! Kuyu Debre Tsige ! Toba Guduru Dedu ! Doro ! ! Achane G/Be!ret Minare Debre ! Mendida Shambu Daleti ! Libanos Weberi Abe Chulute! Jemo ! Abichuna Kombolcha West Limu Hor!o ! Meta Yaya Gota Dongoro Kombolcha Ginde Kachisi Lefo ! Muke Turi Melka Chinaksen ! Gne'a ! N!ejo Fincha!-a Kembolcha R!obi ! Adda Gulele Rafu Jarso ! ! ! Wuchale ! Nopa ! Beret Mekoda Muger ! ! Wellega Nejo ! Goro Kulubi ! ! Funyan Debeka Boji Shikute Berga Jida ! Kombolcha Kober Guto Guduru ! !Duber Water Kersa Haro Jarso ! ! Debra ! ! Bira Gudetu ! Bila Seyo Chobi Kembibit Gutu Che!lenko ! ! Welenkombi Gorfo ! ! Begi Jarso Dirmeji Gida Bila Jimma ! Ketket Mulo ! Kersa Maya Bila Gola ! ! ! Sheno ! Kobo Alem Kondole ! ! Bicho ! Deder Gursum Muklemi Hena Sibu ! Chancho Wenoda ! Mieso Doba Kurfa Maya Beg!i Deboko ! Rare Mida ! Goja Shino Inchini Sululta Aleltu Babile Jimma Mulo ! Meta Guliso Golo Sire Hunde! Deder Chele ! Tobi Lalo ! Mekenejo Bitile ! Kegn Aleltu ! Tulo ! Harawacha ! ! ! ! Rob G! obu Genete ! Ifata Jeldu Lafto Girawa ! Gawo Inango ! Sendafa Mieso Hirna
    [Show full text]
  • (MRSA) from Bovine Mastitic Milk in and Around Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia
    Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research ISSN: 2474-9222 Isolation and Identification of Methicilin Resistant Staphylcoccus aureus (MRSA) from Bovine Mastitic Milk in and around Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia Biniam Tadesse Derib1*, Biruk Tesfaye Birhanu2, Tesfaye Sisay Research Article 3 1 Tessema and Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet Volume 2 Issue 3 1National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia Received Date: February 07, 2017 Published Date: June 13, 2017 2Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia 3Addis Ababa University, institute of biotechnology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Biniam Tadesse, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia, Email: Binimanu10@gmail.com Abstract In recent years, there has been increased concern about antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and multiple antibiotic resistant strains have started to emerge. Development of resistance has been attributed to the extensive therapeutic use of antimicrobials. A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to May 2014 in and around Wolaita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia, to isolate and identify MRSA and their resistance to different antimicrobials and also identify risk factors associated with occurrence of dairy cow mastitis. A total of 257 dairy cows were included during the study period. Total of 1010 quarters were examined to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis by physical examinations of udder and milk and California mastitis Test (CMT), respectively. Milk samples were collected from each of clinically and sub clinically mastitic non-blind quarters of the selected cows for bacterial isolation. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates were tested for anti-microbial susceptibility by disc diffusion method.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: Administrative Map (August 2017)
    Ethiopia: Administrative map (August 2017) ERITREA National capital P Erob Tahtay Adiyabo Regional capital Gulomekeda Laelay Adiyabo Mereb Leke Ahferom Red Sea Humera Adigrat ! ! Dalul ! Adwa Ganta Afeshum Aksum Saesie Tsaedaemba Shire Indasilase ! Zonal Capital ! North West TigrayTahtay KoraroTahtay Maychew Eastern Tigray Kafta Humera Laelay Maychew Werei Leke TIGRAY Asgede Tsimbila Central Tigray Hawzen Medebay Zana Koneba Naeder Adet Berahile Region boundary Atsbi Wenberta Western Tigray Kelete Awelallo Welkait Kola Temben Tselemti Degua Temben Mekele Zone boundary Tanqua Abergele P Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Tsegede Tselemt Mekele Town Special Enderta Afdera Addi Arekay South East Ab Ala Tsegede Mirab Armacho Beyeda Woreda boundary Debark Erebti SUDAN Hintalo Wejirat Saharti Samre Tach Armacho Abergele Sanja ! Dabat Janamora Megale Bidu Alaje Sahla Addis Ababa Ziquala Maychew ! Wegera Metema Lay Armacho Wag Himra Endamehoni Raya Azebo North Gondar Gonder ! Sekota Teru Afar Chilga Southern Tigray Gonder City Adm. Yalo East Belesa Ofla West Belesa Kurri Dehana Dembia Gonder Zuria Alamata Gaz Gibla Zone 4 (Fantana Rasu ) Elidar Amhara Gelegu Quara ! Takusa Ebenat Gulina Bugna Awra Libo Kemkem Kobo Gidan Lasta Benishangul Gumuz North Wello AFAR Alfa Zone 1(Awsi Rasu) Debre Tabor Ewa ! Fogera Farta Lay Gayint Semera Meket Guba Lafto DPubti DJIBOUTI Jawi South Gondar Dire Dawa Semen Achefer East Esite Chifra Bahir Dar Wadla Delanta Habru Asayita P Tach Gayint ! Bahir Dar City Adm. Aysaita Guba AMHARA Dera Ambasel Debub Achefer Bahirdar Zuria Dawunt Worebabu Gambela Dangura West Esite Gulf of Aden Mecha Adaa'r Mile Pawe Special Simada Thehulederie Kutaber Dangila Yilmana Densa Afambo Mekdela Tenta Awi Dessie Bati Hulet Ej Enese ! Hareri Sayint Dessie City Adm.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa City Structure Plan
    Addis Ababa City Structure Plan DRAFT FINAL SUMMARY REPORT (2017-2027) AACPPO Table of Content Part I Introduction 1-31 1.1 The Addis Ababa City Development Plan (2002-2012) in Retrospect 2 1.2 The National Urban System 1.2 .1 The State of Urbanization and Urban System 4 1.2 .2 The Proposed National Urban System 6 1.3 The New Planning Approach 1.3.1 The Planning Framework 10 1.3.2 The Planning Organization 11 1.3.3 The Legal framework 14 1.4 Governance and Finance 1.4.1 Governance 17 1.4.2 Urban Governance Options and Models 19 1.4.3 Proposal 22 1.4.4 Finance 24 Part II The Structure Plan 32-207 1. Land Use 1.1 Existing Land Use 33 1.2 The Concept 36 1.3 The Proposal 42 2. Centres 2.1 Existing Situation 50 2.2 Hierarchical Organization of Centres 55 2.3 Major Premises and Principles 57 2.4 Proposals 59 2.5 Local development Plans for centres 73 3. Transport and the Road Network 3.1 Existing Situation 79 3.2 New Paradigm for Streets and Mobility 87 3.3 Proposals 89 4. Social Services 4.1 Existing Situation 99 4.2 Major Principles 101 4.3 Proposals 102 i 5. Municipal Services 5.1 Existing Situation 105 5.2 Main Principles and Considerations 107 5.3 Proposals 107 6. Housing 6.1 Housing Demand 110 6.2 Guiding Principles, Goals and Strategies 111 6.3 Housing Typologies and Land Requirement 118 6.4 Housing Finance 120 6.5 Microeconomic Implications 121 6.6 Institutional Arrangement and Regulatory Intervention 122 6.7 Phasing 122 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence and Antibiogram of Escherichia Coli O157 Isolated from Bovine in Jimma, Ethiopia: Abattoir- Based Survey
    Ethiop. Vet. J., 2017, 21 (2), 109-120 Prevalence and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from bovine in Jimma, Ethiopia: abattoir- based survey Aklilu Feleke Haile1*, Daniel Kebede2, and Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet3 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. 2School of Veterinary Medicine,Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia. 3National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia. *Corresponding author: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, E-mail: ataklilu@yahoo.com https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v21i2.8 Abstract E. coli O157 is an important serotype that caused many food borne outbreaks worldwide in the past decades. This study was carried out to estimate the prev- alence and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli O157 isolated from bovine carcasses and cecal contents at one abattoir in Jimma. A total of 300 samples from bovine carcass swabs(n=150) and cecal contents(n=150) were examined to identify E. coli O157 by ISO 17604:2005 method and by using Dry spot E. coli O157 latex test kit. Susceptibility to panels of 9 antimicrobial agents for all 25 E. coli O157 isolates was examined The overall prevalence of E. coli O157 from bovine carcass swabs and cecal contents were 9.3% and 7.3%, respectively. All E. coli O157 isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, cef- triaxone, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline and 96% of the isolates were susceptible to amoxacillin-clavulanic acid. Twenty-eight, 24% and 20% of the isolates were resistant to amikacin, streptomycin and cephalothin respec- tively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Urban Agriculture in and Around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 20, No.2, 2018) ISSN: 1520-5509 Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania THE STATUS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN AND AROUND ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA Mekuria Delelegn1 & Messay Mulugeta2 1Faculty of Social Science, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Ethiopia 2College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to assess the overall situation, challenges and potentials of urban agriculture (UA) in and around Addis Ababa in view of its contribution to socioeconomic development. The research attempted to contribute to the limited, if not inexistent, researches in UA and brings to light the exigency of a well-built national UA policy. In so doing, the necessary data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources through key informant interview, document review and observations. Key experts in related government offices, researchers, selected small-scale urban producers, consumers and entrepreneurs were interviewed. Relevant policy documents, scholarly journal articles, reports and the experiences of some countries were reviewed. A few field observations were also carried out to observe the existing real situations of UA in and around Addis Ababa. The synthesis of this research shows that UA is playing key roles in poverty reduction, food security improvement, urban waste management and recycling, urban greening and job creation in the area. However, it is found that very low attention has been given to UA as a result of which the sector has been suffering from lack of proper awareness among stakeholders, and high scarcity of vital inputs such as water and power. Hence, owing to its unique characteristics, UA requires typical policy framework and by-laws; vigilant monitoring and evaluation systems; well-ordered marketing scheme; stringent pollution controlling mechanisms; and efficient utilization and management of resources.
    [Show full text]
  • ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (Aait) School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT) School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Evaluation of Static Voltage Stability of Ethiopian Grid By: Mizan Welderufael Massa THESIS SUBMITTED TO ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Advisor: Dr.-Ing. Getachew Biru Date: July 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT) School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Evaluation of Static Voltage Stability of Ethiopian Grid By: Mizan Welderufael Massa APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS: Amare Assefa (MSc.) ______________ __________ Chairman, Department Signature Date Dr.-Ing. Getachew Biru _____________ __________ Advisor Signature Date Prof. N. P. Singh _____________ ___________ Internal Examiner Signature Date Mengesha Mamo (PhD) _____________ ___________ External Examiner Signature Date ii Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that this MSc thesis is my original work, has not been presented for fulfillment of a degree in this or any other university, and all sources and materials used for the thesis have been acknowledged. Name: Mizan Welderufael Massa Signature: _________________________ Place: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Date of submission: 14th July, 2017 This thesis work has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor. Dr.-Ing Getachew Biru _________________ Advisor’s Name Signature iii Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the strength and motivation to complete the entire work. Secondly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. -Ing. Getachew Biru, for understanding me, giving me continuous support, constructive comments, motivation, suggestions, and encouragements.
    [Show full text]
  • (BSC) As an Integral Tool of Public Sector: Reform in Selected Sectors of the Oromia Regional Government
    Examining the Outcomes of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as an Integral Tool of Public Sector: Reform in Selected Sectors of the Oromia Regional Government Tolla Berisso Geda, Arsi University, Ethiopia Daniel Beyera, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia Abstract Over the last two decades Ethiopia has been actively engaged in reforming its public sector in an attempt to make it more responsive, transparent, flexible, and compatible with the demand of its public and its constituencies to ensure good governance. Nevertheless, despite repeated comprehensive reform programs applied and acclaimed success stories by public authorities, the public outcry for responsive public service remains an outstanding challenge. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the application of the Balanced Score Card (BSC) using a blend of survey and case study methods in 12 organizations selected from three major sectors in four major cities. The study intends to draw lessons for policy implications and consultants who aspire to support the public sector reform efforts in least developed countries. The preliminary output that applied descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative analysis obtained from focus group discussions suggest that there is a strong desire from the public authorities to align public sector service delivery outcomes with strategic goals and public interest so as to make each job holder accountable for the intended result(s). Nevertheless, there were limitations in maintaining the momentum of the reform: both political and management support were erratic. Although the reform has resulted in a positive mental revolution with respect to the use of BSC among the constituencies involved in the process, the realization of their intentions has remained more form than substance.
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia Aka - Alyume © Bernhard Lindahl (2005)
    Local History of Ethiopia Aka - Alyume © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) HC... Aka (centre in 1964 of Bitta sub-district) 07/35? [Ad] HFC14 Akab Workei (Aqab Uorchei) 13°42'/36°58' 877 m 13/36 [+ Gz] akabe saat: aqabe sä'at (Geez?) "Guardian of the Hour", at least from the 15th century a churchman attached to the palace and also in the 18th century "the first religious officer at the palace"; akkabi (aqqabi) (A) guardian, custodian; (T) collector, convener HFE50 Akabe Saat (Acab Saat, Aqab Se'at, Akabie Se'at) 14/38 [+ Gu Ad Gz] (mountain & place) 14°06'/38°30' 2385 m (sub-district & its centre in 1964) 1930s Towards midday on 29 February 1936 the 'April 21st' Division, at the head of a long column, reached the heights of Acab Saat without encountering the enemy, and consolidated its position there. [Badoglio (Eng.ed.)1937 p 115] On 29 February as above, Blackshirt and voluntary soldier Francesco Battista fought during four hours at Akabe Saat before he was killed. He was posthumously honoured with a gold medal. [G Puglisi, Chi è? .., Asmara 1952] 1980s According to government reports TPLF forces deployed in the May Brazio-Aqab Se'at front around 8-9 February 1989 were estimated to be three divisions, two heavy weapon companies and one division on reserve. [12th Int. Conf. of Ethiopian Studies 1994] HED98 Akabet (Ak'abet, Aqabet) 11°44'/38°17' 3229 m 11/38 [Gz q] HDM31 Akabido 09°21'/39°30' 2952 m 09/39 [Gz] akabo: Akebo Oromo penetrated into Gojjam and were attacked by Emperor Fasiledes in 1649-50 ?? Akabo (Accabo) (mountain saddle) c1900 m ../.
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia Sata - Seiz © Bernhard Lindahl (2005)
    Local History of Ethiopia Sata - Seiz © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) HCP95 Sata 08°06'/36°10' 2167 m, west of Dembi 08/36 [Gz] HCP95 Sata 08°08'/36°13' 2199 m, west of Dembi 08/36 [Gz] GD... Satano Suchi (in Kelem awraja) 08/34? [Ad] A private school in 1968 had 42 boys and 8 girls in grades 1-3, with two teachers. HDB06 Sateye 08°10'/36°15' 2272 m, north-west of Dembi 08/36 [Gz] GD... Sati (Saty) (in Kelem awraja) 08/34? [+ Ad] Seventh Day Adventist Mission school in 1968 had 49 boys in grades 1-4 and no girls, with one teacher. HEC16 Satima (Denguiya, Denguia) (mountain) 10/37 [Gz] 10°57'/37°12' 2604 m , east of Injibara HFE16 Satiya 13°43'/38°59' 1927 m, north of Abiy Adi 13/38 [Ad] (centre in 1964 of Lai Tsetsera sub-district) HFF52 Satta (village) 14/39 [Gu] GDF96 Sattakor (Sattacor) (area) 09/34 [+ WO] JDC70 Sattaua (area) 1910 m 08/41 [WO] JDS05 Sattaua 10°02'/43°02' 1578 m, at border of Somalia 10/43 [Gz] sattawa, satawwaa (O) giraffe, Giraffa reticulata, G. camelopardalis; satawa (O) jolliness satto, sato (O) 1. sheath for protecting the blade of a spear; 2. mocker, scoffer, comedian; saatoo (O) Erica arborea, giant heather which grows mostly above 3000 m HDA05 Satto 08°12'/35°15' 1571/1767 m, west of Gore 08/35 [WO Gz] sattu (O) kind of shrub, Psychotria sp. HDA49 Satu 08/35 [WO] HCP85 Satuma (Satumma) (wide area) 08/36 [WO Wa] HER23 Saua, see Sawa HES77 Sauana, see Sawana JCP16 Sauena, see Sawena HFE77 Sauria (mountain) 14/39 [Pa] sava: savva (Salt's transcription of T) milk HET70 Sava Mariam, see Saba Maryam HEC79 Savat Ammen, see Sabat Ammen HBS98 Save 05/38 [Ro] HER05 Saviera 12/37 [WO] sawa (T) kind of small tree, Combretum collinum Sawa, name of an Oromo tribe; sawwa (O) cow, cattle HER23 Sawa (Saua) (area), cf Sewa 12/36 [+ WO] ?? Sawa Meda (visiting postman under Dessie) ../.
    [Show full text]