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Bovine Mastitis in Oman Is Mainly Associated with Environmental Bacteria That Show High Resistance to Commonly Used Antibiotics

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Bovine Mastitis in Oman Is Mainly Associated with Environmental Bacteria That Show High Resistance to Commonly Used Antibiotics Arch Microbiol Immunology 2020; 4 (2): 38-50 DOI: 10.26502/ami.93650043 Research Article Bovine Mastitis in Oman is Mainly Associated with Environmental Bacteria that Show High Resistance to Commonly Used Antibiotics Al-Haddadi W1, Elshafie A2, Al-Ansari A3, Al-Mawly J1, Al-Hatali R1, Al-Habsi H1, Al- Hshami A1, Al-Ansari A2,* 1Bacteriology laboratory, Central laboratory of Animal Health, Animal Wealth General Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Oman 2Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Oman 3Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Oman *Corresponding Author: Aliya Al-Ansari, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Oman; Tel: +968 2414 6825; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 17 March 2020; Accepted: 29 March 2020; Published: 06 April 2020 Citation: Al-Haddadi W, Elshafie A, Al-Ansari A, Al-Mawly J, Al-Hatali R, Al-Habsi H, Al-Hshami A, Al- Ansari A. Bovine Mastitis in Oman is Mainly Associated with Environmental Bacteria that Show High Resistance to Commonly Used Antibiotics. Archives of Microbiology & Immunology 4 (2020): 38-50. Abstract (53.6%, 42.8% and 3.6%, respectively) and clinical In Oman, mastitis is an important disease that mastitis (62.5%, 25% and 12.5%, respectively). affects the dairy animals, especially cows. In this study, bacteria and fungi from subclinical and Antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolated clinical mastitis were identified using 16S rDNA bacteria for six commonly used antibiotics showed and 18S rDNA, respectively, in 76 milk samples an increase in resistance compared to a previous from 30 cows. The frequency of subclinical study in 1991. Most isolated bacteria were mastitis (75%) was higher than clinical mastitis resistance to AMP, while they were more sensitive (25%). Bacterial isolates were detected in 82% of for SXT and TE. Eleven percent of the isolated the samples, out of which 12% showed mixed bacteria were resistance to four of the antibiotics bacterial cultures. The most predominant isolated tested or more. bacteria were environmental bacteria rather than minor and contagious bacteria from subclinical Archives of Microbiology & Immunology Vol. 4 No. 2-June 2020 38 Arch Microbiol Immunology 2020; 4 (2): 38-50 DOI: 10.26502/ami.93650043 About half of the samples (47%) were positive for Introduction fungal growth. Most of those samples were positive Mastitis is an important, complex and for bacteria, which suggested that detected fungi multifactorial disease. It is the most common and may be opportunistic. However, 3% of the costliest disease affecting dairy farms in the investigated samples were negative for bacterial western world (Barkema et al., 2009; Gelasakis et growth, which may indicate pathogenic al., 2015). It affects the udder of dairy animals involvement in mastitis. causing several changes to milk and udder. These changes can be chemical, physical and pathological In conclusion, the major association of mastitis in the glandular tissues (Sukumar and James, with environmental bacteria and the detected multi- 2012). It may result from the interaction of host, antibiotics resistance emphasized the need for pathogen(s) and environmental factors (Sharif et using appropriate control protocols by allowing to al., 2009; Rofaida, 2010). investigate each case and determine whether antibiotic treatment is necessary and which According to the pathogens associated, antibiotics to be used. transmission mode and primary reservoir, mastitis is classified into contagious and environmental Keywords: Mastitis; Oman; Antibiotics mastitis (Makovec and Ruegg, 2003). Contagious resistance; Contiguous pathogens; Environmental pathogens are pathogens that live in the mammary pathogens; Fungi; Minor pathogens glands of the host and are able to cause subclinical infection. They are transmitted during milking from Abbreviations cow to cow through the hands of the milking PCR Polymerase chain reaction person, milking machine or udder cloths (Blowey ITS Internal transcribed spacer and Edmondson, 2010). Environmental pathogens EF Elongation factor are opportunistic pathogens that live in cow MWT Modified White Side Test environment (Kivaria, 2006). They can enter and SCC Somatic cell count attack the udder after milking (Blowey and CM Clinical mastitis Edmondson, 2010). SCM Subclinical mastitis AMP Ampicillin Different species of bacteria are associated with AML Amoxicillin mastitis in different geographical areas due to SXT Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole variation in the management practiced in the GE Gentamicin different countries (Ahmed et al., 2016). Mastitis TE Tetracycline caused by bacteria represents a major risk for S Streptomycin human health, as pathogenic bacteria and their NCBI National Center for Biotechnology toxins increase the chance of foodborne diseases Information (Ikiz et al., 2013; Bhatt et al., 2011; Sharma et al., BOLD Barcode of Life Data System 2011). Many mastitis bacteria are responsible for AST Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing several diseases in human such as tuberculosis, CNS Coagulase Negative Staphylococci streptococcal intoxication, colibacillosis, CPS Coagulase Positive Staphylococci streptococcal sore throat, and brucellosis GNB Gram Negative Bacteria (Tesfaheywet and Gerema 2017). Archives of Microbiology & Immunology Vol. 4 No. 2-June 2020 39 Arch Microbiol Immunology 2020; 4 (2): 38-50 DOI: 10.26502/ami.93650043 Overuse of antibiotics for mastitis treatment or for protection during the dry periods was associated Materials and Methods with the development of antibiotic resistant strains Sampling of milk of bacteria (Bradley, 2002) and also, the increase of Five to 15 ml Milk samples were obtained from 30 mastitis incidence caused by yeast (Erbaş et al., cows suspected to have clinical or subclinical 2017; Wawron et al., 2010). Fungal infections are mastitis during an eight months period (6/2017- associated with additional factors including the 1/2018). Samples of milk obtained from eight lack of hygiene, high humidity, high temperature, healthy animals (from the animal research centre wet teat and when animal barn is crowded Al-Rumais, MoAF) were used as controls. All (TalebkhanGaroussi et al., 2009; Pachauri et al., animals were hand milked by veterinary 2013; Lagneau et al., 1996). technicians and veterinarians in veterinary clinics after disinfecting the teats with 70% alcohol and From several dairy farms in Oman, staphylococcus discarding the first streams of milk. Five to 15ml of aureus reported to be the predominant causal milk were taken into sterile vials and were labelled pathogens of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle, cow, as from which quarter they were taken. The goats and sheep (Harby et al., 1991). Also, other samples were transported in a cool box with ice bacteria were reported by theses authors to be packs to the bacteriology laboratory at the central Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus laboratory of animal health. At the laboratory, the galactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, samples were kept at 4°C until used. Klebsiella spp, Micrococcus, Enterbacter aerogenesand Corynebacterium pyogenes. Notably, Laboratory analysis of milk sensitivity to 14 commonly used antibiotic were Consistency and colour evaluations were carried evaluated in the same study. out according to Quinn et al., (1994). The milk samples were checked for colour change and the To the best of our knowledge, there were no studies presence of blood, clots or flakes. on mastitis in Oman since 1991, except reports from the central lab of animal health, which The pH of the milk samples were checked using pH identified the pathogens using culture method and test strips. the vitecx machine (2016 and 2017). Identified species were Staphylococcus spp, Coliform Modified White Side Test (MWT) mastitis, Pseudomonas luteola, Enterobacte The test was performed as described by Kahir et raerogenes, Enterobacterspp, Streptococcus al., 2008. Briefly, 100 µL of sodium hydroxide uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, solution 4% was added to 250 µL of cold milk on Klebsiella pneumonia spp, Salmonella enteric, slide on black background and then stirring the Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus mastitis, coliform and mixture vigorously for 20 seconds. The milk of Escherichia coli. normal quarter will have no reaction with addition of sodium hydroxide solution and remains Thus, this study aimed to identify the major uniformly opaque. While the milk of cow suffering microorganisms associated with bovine mastitis from mastitis shows reaction with addition of cases in Oman including bacterial and mycotic sodium hydroxide solution. pathogens by sequencing and to evaluate the The reaction was scored as follow: sensitivity of pathogens being isolated to the Negative(N): opaque, milky mixture, no precipitant commonly used antibiotics. (+): Clumping of slight degree is present Archives of Microbiology & Immunology Vol. 4 No. 2-June 2020 40 Arch Microbiol Immunology 2020; 4 (2): 38-50 DOI: 10.26502/ami.93650043 (++): Mixture thickness, coagulated materials are denaturation for 30 seconds at 94°C, annealing for present 30 seconds at 50°C and extension for 4 minutes at (+++): Large mass of precipitants 72°C. Additional extension step was carried out for 2 minutes at 72°C. Culturing of bacteria and fungi For bacteria, the milk samples were cultured in The internal transcription spacer (ITS) region and nutrient
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