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Running Head: UN Peacekeeping 1 Why United Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 1 Why United Nations Peacekeeping Fails, A Look Into the Failures California State University Maritime Academy Eric V. Garrard Jr Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 2 Abstract This paper will take a deeper look into the failures the United Nations has encountered while conducting peacekeeping operations in the post-Cold War era and why ceratin operations failed while others are hailed as successes. The paper will also discuss current military peacekeeping operations as of October 2019. It will discuss the collective action problem with peacekeeping and troop contributions by region. This paper analyzes the failed operations, successful operations, rules of engagement, national origin of peacekeeper, collective security, and sexual malfeasance that impacts peacekeeping operations. Lastly, it will give solutions that the U.N. Security Council can use to make future operations more successful. Key Terms Rules of Engagement (ROE): What and when troops are allowed to do when engaged by an aggressor. Contingent Troops: Troop force within a country or region that is able to conduct combat operations. Policekeeping: Police forces sent to a country or region instead of combat troops, these are to promote security and public safety when a countries police force is nonexistent. Areas of Responsibility (AOR): the area or region that the peacekeepers are responsible for and are operating. Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 3 Introduction United Nations Peacekeeping is authorized under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The United Nations’ goal is to remain impartial and to stop the fighting. (United Nations, 2019). An ​ ​ important aspect to understand is Chapter VII of the Charter which allows the Security Council to send peacekeepers to a combat zone to prevent war crimes (United Nations Charter, 1945). ​ ​ However, seen time and time again the peacekeeping missions have been unsuccessful. Reasons such as lack of training, the national origin of peacekeepers, outdated equipment, rules of engagement, and malfeasance within the area of responsibilities are critical factors when analyzing U.N. Peacekeeping outcomes. Peacekeeping cannot prevent nor end civil conflicts, it is only to prevent further loss of life (Autesserre, 2019). Peacekeepers are spread thin and cannot be in conflict zones where they ​ ​ may be needed. There are nearly 70,000 peacekeepers deployed worldwide (Autesserre, 2019), ​ ​ and among them, they are generally ineffective. With peacekeepers spread so thin within their area of responsibility, it makes it difficult for them to do their jobs successfully. The issue also stems from which nation the peacekeeper comes from and if it is an impoverished country then it is more likely that they have less training. Peacekeeping has been seen in many civil conflicts, and the objective is to prevent the loss of civilian life. However, the UN is often there too late. When they arrive, their mission is to sustain peace in the region. (L. M. Howard, 2007). Often having to standby as innocent people ​ ​ are killed. A key issue are the rules of engagement as evidenced by absolute failures in Rwanda and Bosnia. Each of these cases has its own issues. In Rwanda and Bosnia, there were genocides Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 4 that killed over a million people in the 1990s. The U.N. peacekeepers were there to maintain order while the transition of power occurred. The mission in Rwanda failed for a multitude of reasons and the withdrawal of troops led to the genocide. (Brattberg, 2012). When the genocide occurred it shocked the international ​ ​ community. The reason is because of the lack of Peacekeeper presence in the country. The withdrawal of troops caused things to be horrible. The repercussions can still be seen today. With the deaths of so many people, the question is how the international community let this happen? The same can be said with Bosnia and Kosovo where thousands of people died as a result of ethnic ties that date back centuries. Sexual malfeasance within the area of responsibility is another major issue. Cases range from sexual exploitation of minors to rape. These cases occur during so-called “peacekeeping” missions, yet these occur near peacekeeper’s encampments. (Westendorf & Searle, 2017). The ​ ​ initial issue is that these peacekeepers come from all reaches of the globe, where certain acts may be socially acceptable. However, for an international coalition, these acts of sexual misconduct can bring resentment towards the operation as a whole. This, in turn, will make it difficult for locals to gain the trust of the peacekeepers. For this reason, the issue has made headlines when a peacekeeper partakes in these activities. A way to circumvent this would be to train the soldiers before they deploy on operations. The United Nations Peacekeeping Operations have been surrounded by many controversies and failure after failure with intermingled success. (Idriss, 2010). Peacekeeping ​ ​ Operations Somalia and Rwanda were both failures and very costly for the UN. This discusses two of the different operations one being a success in the Sinai and how it was the first one to be Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 5 successful. This established the way the Security Council believed operations would go in the future. The history of peacekeeping operations has changed since it was first used in the 1950s. (Amrith & Sluga, 2008). The history is important because there are some cases that will be ​ looked into more in-depth. Without certain case studies, this would be very difficult to understand. The first successful UN Peacekeeping mission was in the 1950s, United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I). (United Nations UNEF I, 2019). With the first successful operation ​ ​ in the Siani, it gave the leaders of future operations the idea that it will be successful in the future. The next major operation was the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) which was a failure following the detachment of Irish peacekeepers surrendering and being held as prisoners of war. (United Nations ONUC, 2019). The capture of these peacekeepers was the first ​ ​ instance of peacekeepers being taken prisoner. The need to prevent genocide and other human rights violations is an important issue that the Security Council needs to keep in mind. (Sutterlin, 2003) The issue is when these events ​ ​ occur the United Nations is either too late or unprepared to prevent more atrocities from occurring. This was evident in the response that the U.N. had in the former Yugoslavia, where it was so mismanaged that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had to step in. This also is the first time NATO was used since its inception. Another example was in Rwanda where U.N. troops were withdrawn from orders by their home countries. Private Chauncy Chitete, a peacekeeper from Mali was killed in action (KIA) in 2018, when on operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). His death shocked the UN and his family for his heroic actions under fire he received one of the highest medals a peacekeeper can receive. (United Nations News, 2019). His death will be discussed in-depth in ​ ​ Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 6 the paper to show what peacekeepers go through to make an attempt to stabilize a region. His death shows the lack of preparedness that the United Nations has when it goes on operations. These attempts may be in vain due to the fact that they may die for nothing. This would tie into the Rules of Engagement (ROE) (United Nations Peacekeeping, 2019). Furthermore how they ​ ​ limit what the peacekeeper can do to defend themselves. These ROEs make it so the soldier cannot take action to prevent the loss of life within their ranks and those they are trying to protect. United Nations Peacekeeping operations typically fail due to reasons that vary widely. Peacekeeping often is doomed from the planning stages of the operation. These planning stages often take months to develop. And when the peacekeepers arrive they are often overwhelmed with what they are seeing in front of them. (Jett, 1999). Often, peacekeepers know who the ​ ​ “good” side is but are obligated to not take sides. This puts them in a predicament when they cannot protect those who need it and are just bystanders. During the planning stages of the operation, it is asked if the area is worth the risk of sending troops. (Jett, 1999). Peacekeeping also has unintended consequences that are oftentimes not seen until contingent troops are in the country. These can range from the overwhelming costs of supporting operations or to the issues that arise with the locals. (Aoi, de Coning, & Thakur, 2007). The ​ ​ issues vary based on the operation. While most military operations end up costing the United Nations millions of dollars it can give the locals have a sense of peace. In recent years the issue of sexual misconduct has been brought to light within the United Nations peacekeeping force. Although this has been addressed, cases of misconduct still occur within the areas peacekeepers are present. Running Head: U.N. Peacekeeping 7 The sexual misconduct that has been brought to light in recent years has been seen as a success in the trust-building area of peacekeeping. In 2013 the United Nations issued a statement that sexual misconduct is one of the biggest issues and threats to all operations. (Westendorf & ​ Searle, 2017). That being said, it is still an issue that needs to be looked at and talked about ​ more. The issue is that how can peacekeepers attempt to keep the peace if the locals fear them. All due to peacekeepers committing horrible acts of rape and sex trafficking. The next issue is on global security, even though the peacekeeping force is meant to be an international force, they often comprise of troops from poorer countries while wealthy countries like the United States reap the benefits.
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