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722-Tes-Ca-6410 Presente Y Futuro De La Alta Velocidad PROJECTE O TESINA D’ESPECIALITAT Títol 722-TES-CA-6410 PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LA ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL MUNDO Autor/a SARA FERNÁNDEZ BRAVO Tutor/a ANDRÉS LÓPEZ PITA Departament INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORT I DEL TERRITORI Intensificació Data JULIOL 2015 RESUMEN TÍTULO: Presente y futuro de la alta velocidad en el mundo AUTORA: Sara Fernández Bravo TUTOR: Andrés López Pita ¿Qué es la alta velocidad? ¿Dónde se opera actualmente con estos servicios? ¿Cuál es la tendencia mundial en relación a su implementación como modo de transporte? ¿Cuáles y cómo son los elementos principales que la caracterizan? Mediante esta tesina vamos a tratar de dar respuesta a los interrogantes planteados. Hace ahora cincuenta y un años que se puso en servicio la primera línea de alta velocidad en el mundo, fue la línea Tokio‐Osaka, en Japón en 1964. Diecisiete años después, en 1981 se pondría en servicio la línea París‐Lyon, en Francia, y sería la primera línea de estas características en Europa. Desde entonces, los servicios de la alta velocidad se han ido extendiendo a lo largo del planeta, sobretodo en Europa Occidental y Asia Oriental, en la última década casi de forma exponencial, existiendo en la actualidad más de 23.500 km operativos y con la previsión de que en el horizonte del año 2025 se amplifiquen sus servicios a lo largo de más de 54.500 km por todo el mundo. Así pues, tras el éxito conseguido con los modelos europeo y asiático, las principales economías mundiales proyectan sus nuevas líneas (Estados Unidos, Brasil, sudeste asiático, Europa oriental…) con el objetivo de dar un mayor impulso al sistema de transportes que tienen instaurado. A lo largo de esta tesina vamos a ver el desarrollo de la alta velocidad, tanto en los países donde es una realidad, como en aquellos que tienen intención de implementar sus servicios y cuáles son las necesidades que motivan a iniciar un proyecto de este tipo. Se intentará dar una idea general de los aspectos más relevantes que intervienen en la implantación de los servicios de alta velocidad como por ejemplo los indicadores para verificar la eficacia de la solución proyectada, la demanda de viajeros de una relación dada en referencia con otros modos de transporte, los costes y beneficios que resultan de su implantación o los impactos medioambientales que se generan. Tras la experiencia adquirida en los distintos países que tienen una red de alta velocidad, se ha podido constatar que el impulso en favor de la alta velocidad muchas veces ha significado una dura competencia con los servicios aéreos, restándoles cuota de mercado. En este contexto se deberían enfocar los esfuerzos en establecer acuerdos de colaboración entre las empresas aéreas y ferroviarias, de forma que se permita implementar una oferta intermodal que flexibilice el sistema de transportes al descongestionar la red viaria y el espacio aéreo. En definitiva, la alta velocidad será un modo significativo en el sistema de transporte en la medida en que resulte útil a la sociedad, es decir, que efectúe de forma satisfactoria su principal misión, que es la de transportar personas o mercancías. Palabras Clave: alta velocidad, costes y beneficio, demanda, tráfico de viajeros, velocidad, reparto modal, intermodalidad. ABSTRACT TITLE: Present and future of high speed train around the world AUTHOR: Sara Fernández Bravo TUTOR: Andrés López Pita What is high speed? Where it is currently operating with these services? What is the global trend in relation to its implementation as a mode of transportation? What and how are the main elements that characterize it? Through this minor thesis we will try to answer the questions raised. Fifty‐one years ago was put into service the first high speed line in the world, was the Tokyo‐ Osaka line, in Japan in 1964. Seventeen years later, in 1981 put into operation the Paris‐Lyon line, in France, and it would be the first line of this kind in Europe. Since then, high‐speed services have spread throughout the world almost exponentially, especially in Western Europe and East Asia in the last decade. Nowadays exists a high speed net outstanding over 23,500 km and the forecast on the horizon of 2025 is the extension of their services across more than 54,500 km around the world. So, after the success achieved with the European and Asian models, the major world economies project new lines (United States, Brazil, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe ...) in order to give greater impetus to the system of transport that have established. Throughout this thesis we will see the development of high speed in countries where it is a reality, and those who intend to implement their services and what are the needs that motivate to start a project of this type. We will try to give an overview of the most important aspects involved in the implementation of high‐speed services such as indicators to verify the effectiveness of the projected solution, the passenger demand a relationship given in reference to other modes of transport , the costs and benefits resulting from its implementation or the environmental impacts generated. After the experience acquired in countries which have a high‐speed network, it has been shown that the push for high speed often has meant a hard competition with air services, subtracting them market share. In this context, the efforts should be focused on establishing agreements between airlines and rail companies in order to implement an intermodal offer which makes more flexible the transport offer and decongest roads and airspace. Definitely, high speed is a significant mode in the transport system in a way that it is useful to society, that is, to complete successfully its primary mission, which is to transport people or goods. Key words: high speed, costs and benefit, demand, passenger traffic, speed, modal split, intermodality AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, mi más sincero agradecimiento a mi tutor, el profesor Andrés López Pita, por todas las facilidades brindadas. En este poquito tiempo he descubierto a un gran profesional y una formidable persona. A todas las personas que han formado parte de esta larga etapa, porque de todas he aprendido algo. A Alejandro, por su inagotable ayuda y todos sus consejos. Sin olvidarme tampoco del gran equipo que le respalda. A Luis, por transmitirme sus conocimientos y ser un ejemplo de formalidad. A Fran, por su paciencia y por estar ahí en los buenos y malos momentos. A toda mi familia, y en especial a mis padres por dármelo todo y ser un ejemplo de sacrificio y esfuerzo. Por último a mi hija Alma, por sacar lo mejor de mí este último año. PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LA ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL MUNDO ÍNDICE 1. JUSTIFICACIÓN Y ALCANCE DE LA TESINA ................................................................. 8 1.1. Introducción y objetivos ..................................................................................................... 8 2. CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS DE LAS LÍNEAS DE ALTA VELOCIDAD ........................ 10 2.1. El Trazado y la Infraestructura de una Línea de Alta Velocidad ....................................... 10 2.1.1. Generalidades ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. El radio de las alineaciones curvas ............................................................................ 11 2.1.3. La caracterización de las rampas ............................................................................... 12 2.2. La sección transversal de la vía ......................................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Sección a cielo abierto sobre plataforma natural ..................................................... 14 2.2.2. Sección en viaducto ................................................................................................... 15 2.2.3. Sección en túnel ........................................................................................................ 16 2.3. Requerimientos a la infraestructura ................................................................................. 17 2.4. La superestructura de la vía .............................................................................................. 18 2.4.1. La vía sobre balasto ................................................................................................... 18 2.4.2. La vía en placa ........................................................................................................... 21 3. CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DE LA ALTA VELOCIDAD ..................................................... 23 3.1. Definición de Alta Velocidad ............................................................................................. 23 3.2. Los inicios de la Alta Velocidad ......................................................................................... 23 3.3. Las primeras Líneas de Alta Velocidad .............................................................................. 26 3.3.1. Japón, la primera Línea de Alta Velocidad en el mundo ........................................... 26 3.3.2. Continente Europeo. Plan Director Europeo de Infraestructura (PDEI 1972) .......... 28 3.3.3. Francia ....................................................................................................................... 29 3.3.4. Alemania ................................................................................................................... 29 3.3.5. Italia ..........................................................................................................................
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