OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 43 NO. 3 SUMMER 1993

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incor­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 porated non-profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 BACK ISSUES 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130,(614)653-9477 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres. James G. Hovan, 16979 South erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Meadow Circle, Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 business office for prices and availability.

BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantville, OH Aboriginal Explorers Club 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. President: Mark D. Cline, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 1994 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, Blue Jacket Chapter Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) President: Jon Mason Anspaugh, 210 East Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society (614)459-0808 President: Alan Easterday, 770 Woodland Ave., Wadsworth, OH 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH Cuyahoga Valley Chapter President: Jay Elias, 1780 A Treetop Trail, Akron, OH 43085, (614)885-0449 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH Flint Ridge Chapter President: Joe Kinser, 397 Tigre Dr., Newark, OH 43050, (614)393-2314 Fort Salem Chapter 1996 Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH 44805 President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel - N.R. Rd., New Richmond, OH (419)289-8313 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1996 Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Park., Chillicothe, OH President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH 45601,(614)772-5431 King Beaver Chapter 1996 James F. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Judith Storti, R.D. #2, Box 1519, Herrick St., New Castle, PA (614)323-2351 Lake County Chapter 1994 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH 723-7122 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Don Baker, 2011 Greenville Rd., Bristolville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Plum Run Chapter President: Scott Schrecengost, 937 S. 12th St., Beloit, OH Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Bay Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Sandusky Valley Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Jim Lightener, 631 N. Detroit, Kenton, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Seneca Arrow Hunters changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH ness Manager. Six River Valley Chapter President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Standing Stone Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Jim Dutcher, 11995 State Route 757 N.W., Glenford, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Sugarcreek Valley Chapter President: Garry L. Summers, 8170 Sharon N.W., N. Canton, OH

NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE The Troyer Site: A Hopewell Habitation Site, and a Secular View of Ohio Hopewell Villages The summer meetings are behind us and I would like to thank by Robert N. Converse 4 the host chapters and all who participated for a job well done. Two Artifacts from the Headwaters of the Scioto River Nancy and I enjoyed each of the meetings. Steve Parker is already in Hardin County planning for next summer's meetings so if your chapter would like by Claude Britt, Jr. 13 to host a meeting, please contact Steve. Two Fairfield County Axes by Ted McVey 15 In January the nominating committee will begin the task of find­ A Note on the Rushville Runestone by James L Murphy 16 ing candidates for the coming elections. If you are interested in A Human Skull Cup by C.J. O'Neill 18 running for an office, please contact the committee. The most im­ Western Basin Late Woodland Faunal Remains in Ohio portant qualifications are dedication and the willingness to work by Jonathan E. Bowen 20 hard. To hold office in the Society has always been a great honor The Jackman Tarburner Rock, Columbiana County, Ohio and any great honor deserves a strong commitment. by James L Murphy 24 The Chapters will also be holding elections and I encourage you to consider supporting your chapter by running for chapter office. The Gerber Decision by Robert N. Converse 25 The chapters are the backbone of the Society and deserve the Carter Cave Flint 28 support of our members. Hopewell Ritualistic Pipes byD.R. Gehlbach 29 Recently one of our members appropriately called me to task for A Study of Prehistoric Flint Caches in the Ohio Area mentioning ACPAC and their newsletter in my last column and not by Elaine Holzapfel 30 listing their address. It is as follows: ACPAC, P.O. Box 1171, More Names Than Types by Robert N. Converse 38 Whittier, CA 90609-1171. I would also like to encourage you to bring a display or provide a The Gerber Case 42 mini-session at one of our meetings. The displays and mini-ses­ The Meuser Miniatures 43 sions greatly enhance the quality of our meetings and provide an Five Points from the Old Britt Research Collection: opportunity to exchange useful information with other members of Are they Types or Varieties? our Society. by Claude Britt, Jr. 44 An Early Discovery of Flint Artifacts in a Small Limestone I look forward to seeing you at the meetings. Cavern in Shelby County, Ohio by Claude Britt, Jr. 47 Sincerely, Further Notes on Hopewellian Astronomy and Geometry Larry L. Morris by William F. Romain 48 President Letters 53 Map Available 55 Necrology 55

CP&Xb AND it^iseo.

flfE EOJJL Dfleniuei Front Cover: Shown is the famous double effigy pipe from Sunwatch (formerly called the Incinerator site) south of Dayton, Ohio, and now on display there. In the accompanying drawing are two views of a pipe which Dr. Meuser collected in the 1940s from the same site. Since both are dou­ ble effigies, J. Heilman of the Dayton Museum of Sr*m eflENiw^ Natural History is interested in learning of similar or other double effigy pipes in Midwestern collec­ tions. He can be reached at 2600 DeWeese ACTUAL SIW Parkway, Dayton, Ohio 45414.

^ice vied OF

3 THE TROYER SITE: A HOPEWELL HABITATION SITE, AND A SECULAR VIEW OF OHIO HOPEWELL VILLAGES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

There are countless problems concern­ tem. These theories too are predicated The original investigators, as well as most ing the interpretation of Ohio Hopewell. upon little more than tentative evidence. of the recent ones, did not concern Three major ones are the Hopewell social There is no doubt that Hopewellians themselves with searches for mundane structure, the subsistence system, and the gathered seeds such as chenopodium village evidence when there were location of Hopewell villages. These prob­ (and probably a great many we don't mounds and earthworks to explore. Even lems are inseparable, and the solution to know about) and ate them, but evidence the interiors of the large geometric earth­ any one of the three would go a long way for planting, cultivating, and harvesting works have received little attention, and in answering questions about the other once-wild plants as a total subsistence the areas adjacent to these monuments two. In an effort to understand the dynam­ pattern is tenuous at best. If the Hopewell have been mostly ignored. So far as I ics of Ohio Hopewell, numerous theories cultivated such plants (as agriculturists), know, few collections of surface material have been published in the past thirty then it seems strange that such an innova­ found near Hopewell earthworks have years, most of which are based on old re­ tion would not have been expanded upon been investigated or reported by profes­ ports or premised on evidence gathered and passed to succeeding cultures, sional archaeologists. from distant areas which bears only a su­ which seems not to have occurred. It is The theory in vogue in Ohio archaeol­ perficial resemblance to what occurred in possible that Hopewellians knew about ogy is that Hopewell people did not live Ohio. Many of these theories are predi­ corn, and if they were even remotely in villages, but settled in small farm­ cated on mound evidence only, which versed in the planting and harvesting of steads or family enclaves. This theory cannot be a window into the everyday as­ plants it is probable that they would has been accepted as dogma by many pects of Hopewell society. quickly have taken up its cultivation. archaeologists and is the result of a hy­ One of the most perplexing problems The social organization of Hopewell pothesis first advanced nearly thirty years is the kind of food procurement system has many esoteric and arcane aspects. ago in the McGraw Site Report (Prufer which supported a large population and It is another difficult question, the in- 1965). It was premised on several as­ which allowed the luxury of unoccupied tricies of which can only be guessed at. sumptions: that Hopewell subsistence time to construct large earthworks and Any attempt to interpret Hopewell soci­ was based on agriculture, that this agri­ create the exotic paraphernalia for which ety is limited since nearly all the classic culture centered on corn, that settle­ Ohio Hopewell is famous. All large com­ sites were excavated before 1925. There ments would be located only on flood- plex prehistoric societies in the world are many new theories on social organi­ plains since these were the ideal farm have had agriculture, animal husbandry, zation, but most of them bring forth lands (which excluded the likelihood of fishing, or some other reliable food more questions than they answer. Such finding them elsewhere), and that settle­ source which allowed them to flourish. ideas as food distribution as a means of ments would consist of small farmsteads Much to the consternation of Hopewell holding power, individual and group sta­ since evidence of large villages had not researchers, there is little solid evidence tus, the intentional removal of exotic been "reliably reported." in the mounds to tell us how Hopewell goods by including them in burials, ritu­ This model of Hopewell settlements succeeded in feeding themselves. alistic preparation of corpses, funeral has been accepted so energetically that Hunting and gathering is a lifeway rites, ceremonial holidays, death ritual any evidence disproving it is discounted, which was practiced by many primitive feasting, orientation of earthworks, even though the original hypothesis is se­ societies - some up to historic times, chiefdoms, and trade networks are the­ riously flawed. as, for example, Eskimos and Plains ories, few of which can be based on This theory disregards the fact that the Indians. Although most archaeologists hard evidence. Many writers have relied hundreds, if not thousands, of individuals believe that such a lifestyle would have on, and have based their theories on, re­ required to erect the monumental been unable to sustain large populations ports from distant sites, some of which Hopewell enclosures had to live some­ and especially large villages, this belief are so far from Ohio that they are unlike where while they were doing the building, should be re-examined. anything found in this state. even if the site was only temporary. For many years it was thought that It is probable that Hopewell was led and Neither does the theory allow for em­ agriculture was the only system which controlled by a religious or social hierar­ pirical evidence that there are villages could have supported Hopewell and that chy - or a combination of both - which which simply haven't been "reliably re­ the corn/squash/beans scheme was its out of respect or intimidation, could domi­ ported" or, more likely, have been found basis. But other than slight evidence for nate the general population. Beyond say­ but have gone unrecognized, misinter­ such cultivatable plants as squash and ing that, it is highly speculative to ascribe preted, or masked because of the multi- sunflower, and an occasional grain of any certainty to how this complicated and component nature of most large sites. corn, nothing of the scope required for complex society of 2000 years ago oper­ Investigators who expect to find exotic large populations can be found. ated. As with many ethnic and historic ex­ material as evidence for Hopewell occu­ The idea that Hopewell economy was amples of the unfathomable practices of pation are probably going to be disap­ based on corn (maize) has been mostly societal organization, when the reasons pointed, for it is unlikely that quantities of abandoned by present day researchers for such practices are learned they are so Hopewell exotica such as mica, copper, (see Brose 1979) (Mainfort 1988). With bizarre that they could never have been obsidian, pearl beads, and effigy pipes the absence of corn as the center of interpreted by logic or what we perceive will be found on village sites. Hopewell subsistence, some writers have as evidence. An analogy might be seen in the con­ proposed the cultivation of wild plants The question of Ohio Hopewell villages struction of the cathedrals of Europe; such as chenopodium or marsh elder as is another matter. Here again the old re­ stone masons who dressed cathedral the backbone of the Hopewell food sys­ ports give few clues to their locations. stone lived in wooden huts, makers of

4 stained glass did not even have windows unadulterated assemblage which, be­ The most numerous and important arti­ in their own homes, carvers of icons cause of its nature, had to be post- facts from Troyer's are Hopewell projec­ owned no carvings, and the sculptors of Hopewell or Late Woodland. Actually, tile points (Fig. 1). They have been given gargoyles had no such images mounted Chesser Cave was like numerous rock a number of meaningless names but suf­ on the eaves of their houses. Nor were shelters in southern Ohio and contained fice it to say they are simply a variety of any of these artisans buried under cathe­ material from Archaic to Fort Ancient; it is classic Hopewell points which have been dral floors. Therefore, it seems illogical to rare that rock shelter collections do not found at countless other Hopewell loca­ expect that exotic items typical of classic have components from these periods. tions. The type is common and occurs in Hopewell will be found anywhere except The Chesser Cave Fishspear Points were many parts of Ohio, especially the south­ in mounds, even though village crafts­ originally and erroneously called "Late ern half. Site collections from Ross men may have manufactured them. Woodland" points by Raymond S. Baby County, where one would expect to find A search of the old records reveals that in 1959 when John Schatz published a them, have them in abundance. Typically, perhaps there were habitation sites near paper on the type. Fishspears are all Hopewell points, large and small, have these works. For example, the Baum site Archaic, and the type is common on an expanded-fan-shaped base, either collection contains many Hopewell cores many Ohio Archaic sites and has nothing straight or convex. Chipping techniques and bladelets as well as Hopewell Points, to do with Late Woodland. Chesser Cave involved percussion flaking on the face of albeit it's being masked by later Fort contained Triangular Points and shell- the blade and short champfering pressure Ancient material. A large Hopewell settle­ tempered pottery - exactly what one flakes to trim the edges. Nearly all Ohio ment (not well reported) was found dur­ might expect from a Fort Ancient occupa­ Hopewell points display this treatment, ing the construction of the Newark by­ tion. The balance of the collection from even large specimens. pass, and a larger site was destroyed Chesser is Middle Woodland and con­ The predominant flint found in central and went uninvestigated. tains Hopewell projectile points which Ohio is locally available Delaware chert Surface collections in Ohio reveal were called "Chesser" under the assump­ and a majority of Troyer points - 140 of many substantial Hopewell occupation tion that they represented a transition them - are made from this earth-colored sites.There are several large village sites from Middle Woodland to Fort Ancient. stone (Fig. 2). Points made of Delaware on Flint Ridge, including the Dobson and The Middle Woodland evidence at chert seem to be generally somewhat Shallor sites. The Murphy site at Granville Chesser, leaving the Archaic Fishspears more crude, but this may be a reflection has been used as an example which con­ and Triangular Points aside, is identical to of the quality of the stone. Nearly all firms the small Hopewell hamlet theory. that found on numerous Middle Wood­ blanks or preforms are made of Delaware Knowledgeable Licking County collectors land or Hopewell sites in Ohio. chert (Fig. 10). say, that actually, Murphy is only a small Because of the Chesser report, many Flint Ridge flint is found in nearly all of corner of an extremely large Hopewell surface collections containing so-called the balance of the projectile points. It site nearly a half mile square, which con­ Chesser material have been dismissed could be said that these are a little more tained Hopewell cores, bladelets, points, from the Hopewell picture and relegated carefully fashioned. There are around 80 pieces of mica, pottery and other Hopewell to some poorly-defined, or undefined, whole and broken Flint Ridge Hopewell village debris. Local collectors who hunted Late Woodland culture, and many exca­ points in the collection. the site for years believe this to have been vated sites have had their earlier Ten Hopewell points of Flint Ridge one of the largest Hopewell sites in (Hopewell) dates dismissed as too early. flint have been made into bunts or Licking County. The Ice House site near If such sites, with their inventories of blunts (Fig. 4). These look like hafted Circleville has produced large quantities typical Hopewell Points, Flint Ridge cores scrapers, common Archaic tools, but of Hopewell cores, bladelets, and points. and bladelets, grit-tempered pottery, and differ in that both faces of the working Surface collections from Ross County are Hopewell celts are not Hopewell, then edge are chipped. Hopewell points are replete with Hopewell material. Near the Ohio archaeology has a paradox of major practically the only Ohio point type I Turner Works there was an extensive proportions. In other words, we have a have seen with this treatment. site, now destroyed, on which several Hopewell culture with enormous earth­ Four Hopewell points, and one Adena hundred Flint Ridge cores and bladelets works, which required thousands of man- point (the only such point from Troyer's) were found. Hopewell evidence is pro­ hours to construct, containing thousands have been made into burins (Fig. 3). fuse, and Hopewell Points are among the of exotic artifacts - AND NO VILLAGES, Typically these are made from broken most common of Ohio's types. The multi- while, on the other hand, we have many points from which one or more burin component aspect of many sites and the large, supposedly Late Woodland village flakes have been removed at right angles unfamiliarity of professional archaeolo­ sites, with no accompanying earthworks, to the broken edge. gists with surface collections are proba­ no means of food production, no evi­ Classic Hopewell bladelets are numer­ bly the reasons that this profusion of vil­ dence of where the culture arose, and ous, over 200 whole and fragmentary lage material has gone unrecognized. If which belong to some amorphous group specimens were found (Fig. 3). A few are Hopewell habitation sites consisted only who left their remains all over Ohio and of Indiana hornstone but all of the bal­ of small dispersed houses, this would then somehow disappeared from the ance are made from Flint Ridge jewel make Hopewell unique among the prehis­ face of the earth. flint. Other than a few amorphous chunks toric cultures of the world, nearly all of From the preceding conclusions it can of Flint Ridge flint, no cores have come which congregated in the largest numbers be surmised that a Hopewell village will from the site. It may be that on a site so practicable in order to provide for defense, contain abundant, mundane, non-exotic, far from Flint Ridge every piece of this co-operative food production, exchange but typically Hopewell material - and the high quality stone was used to exhaus­ of ideas, and to fulfill the human desire for Troyer site is just such a village. tion. Or perhaps the bladelets were made the cohesiveness necessary to any culture I first discovered the Troyer site nearly elsewhere and brought to the site. or society. forty years ago. It was first reported in There has been little research done in Much of the misinterpretation of Middle the Ohio Archaeologist in 1966 Ohio on knife types, so the knives from Woodland village evidence arose not only (Converse, 1966). In the intervening years Troyer's cannot definitely be assigned to with the McGraw report but also with the of surface hunting the site, much addi­ Hopewell (Fig. 6). However, nine of them are publication of the Chesser Cave report tional Hopewell material has been found, made of Flint Ridge chalcedony and in view (Prufer 1967). The Chesser site report all of which has confirmed my original as­ of the preponderance of other Hopewell concluded that the Chesser Cave collec­ sertion that it was a village of more than material at the site, it is reasonable to con­ tion was a single culture, homogenous, an isolated house or two. clude that they too are Hopewell.

5 Of interest are the numerous bladelets and fragmentary specimens have been only be about half of the site's potential. made of Delaware chert (Fig. 9). found (Fig. 8). One example, both halves Future text excavations will perhaps pro­ Although they do not have the classic of which were found several years apart, vide more information and radio-carbon three-facet design of the Flint Ridge shows what the other fragments must dates for this large site. bladelets, they nevertheless have the fa­ have originally looked like. They are all miliar parabolic curve and appear to be rectangular types which slightly excur- References what I call "poor man's" bladelets. vate side and ends. The two holes are Although few stone pieces have been closely spaced and some show evidence 1965Prufer, Olaf H. found, several celts are in the collection. of salvage holes for repair. One broken The McGraw Site, The Cleveland Museum of One is a classic specimen exactly like piece is the distal end of a classic Natural History Cleveland Hopewell pentagonal pendant, lower row 1967 Chesser Cave those found in mound contexts (Fig. 11). Studies in Ohio Archaeology, The Press of center. Both two-hole gorgets and pen­ A great deal of pottery litters the sur­ Wester Reserve University Cleveland face of the site. It is grit tempered and tagonal pendants have been found in 1979 Brose, David S. cord-marked. In color, it is red-orange or many Hopewell mound contexts. Discussion Summary of Background Papers buff (Fig. 7). Several small fragments of calcined Hopewell Archaeology, The Kent State Several drills appear to have been bone are shown in Fig. 12. They are gray University Press Kent made from broken or altered projectile or bluish-gray and appear to have been 1988Mainfort, Robt. C. points. All of them are of Delaware chert, parts of perhaps beads or some sort of Middle Woodland Settlement and and one, upper left, has had its shoulders tool. Some are highly polished. Ceremonialism in the Mid-South and Lower Mississippi Valley. Jackson removed by burin flaking (Fig. 5). In view of the fact that the prime part 1966 Converse, Robert N. The Troyer Site, The While slate pieces are not abundant on of the Troyer site has never been culti­ Ohio Archaeologist Vol.16 No. 1 central Ohio sites, a number of broken vated, this report reveals only what can Columbus

6 Fig. 1 (Converse) Hopewell points collected from the Troyer site. All are made of Flint Ridge flint. Typically, they show percussion flake scars on blade faces and short champfering trimming flakes along blade edges. Bases vary from straight to convex.

7 Fig. 2 (Converse) Hopewell points collect­ ed from Troyer site. All are made of earth- colored Delaware chert. Some of the Delaware chert points seem to be less carefully chipped than their Flint Ridge counterparts. Few of the Troyer points could be considered finely or delicately chipped. Hopewell points such as these are among Ohio's most common projec­ tile types. H'lifi

F/g. 3 (Converse) Some of trie more than 200 classic Hopewell bladelets from the Troyer site. All are made of Flint Ridge jewel flint except 3 of Indiana hornstone. Not a single core has come from this site, with the excep­ tion of the amorphous exhausted lump of l4«pUMltl| blue Flint Ridge flint at lower left.

iftfri^ajf *

9 Fig. 4 (Converse) Two kinds of Hopewell tools. Top row are points con- Fig. 5 (Converse) Hopewell or Middle Woodland drills. These are made verted to burins. Burin on right is made on an Adena point, the only from altered projectile points. such point found at the Troyer Site. Bottom two rows are bunts or blunts made on Hopewell points. The blades are sharpened from both sides. Top row left is a broken Hopewell point of red and green Flint Ridge flint, both halves of which were found several years apart. The basal portion has been converted to a hafted scraper.

Fig. 6 (Converse) Some of the knives from the Troyer site. All are of Flint Ridge chalcedony except lower right 3 examples of Delaware chert.

10 Fig. 7 (Converse) Troyer pottery is grit tempered, and most of it is cord- marked. Colors range from orange to buff.

Fig. 8 (Converse) Classic Hopewell two-hole gor­ gets top 3 rows. Bottom 2 rows are fragmentary pieces, some of which show evidence of having been sawed. Bottom center is a typical Hopewell pentagonal pendant. MlMM

Fig. 9 (Converse) Many bladelets of Delaware chert are found at Troyer's. They appear to be a local version of classic bladelets.

Fig. 10 (Converse) Projectile point preforms. Nearly all blanks or pre­ forms are made of locally available Delaware chert. Large numbers are in the collection, many of which were broken, probably in manufacture. Others have knots or flaws obviating the final step in point production.

Fig. 11 (Converse) Stone artifacts are scarce at Troyer. Shown are 3 Hopewell celts. Specimen on right is a classic 7'A" inch Hopewell type. Fig. 12 (Converse) Fragments of calcined and polished bone.

12 TWO ARTIFACTS FROM THE HEADWATERS OF THE SCIOTO RIVER IN HARDIN COUNTY by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

The Scioto River, an important water­ Although this slate piece as discovered age to the slate pendant would be by way of the Hopewell in southern Ohio, has only a mile form the Zimmerman Kame, comparison to similar slate items of its origin in Hardin County, a county which the type apparently is not known from known age found elsewhere. Even then, has probably produced more Piano points Glacial Kame association. In fact, gorgets perhaps this type was made over a long than any other county. Two complete and are what are usually found with Glacial period of time. It is possible that the pen­ exceptionally well-made artifacts, a slate Kame, not one-hole pendants. Converse dant and the drill were made by the same pendant and a flint drill (Fig. 1), were found (1979) does not show any of this slate peoples using the site? Or, were they on the surface of a newly plowed field by type in his Glacial Kame Indians book. made by different peoples at different a family member in 1975. Both pieces Hothem (1992) illustrates a total of 14 times who for some reason found the were discovered the same day on the slate pendants in his book, Indian same site appealing? Is it possible that same site near the headwaters of the Artifacts of the Midwest. Only one of this drill was used for making the hole in Scioto River. These artifacts have not these, a pendant from Geauga County, this pendant? We'll never know. been previously illustrated. In the area appears similar to the one shown here northeast of Roundhead, Ohio the river is from Hardin County (see Hothem, 1992: References so narrow that a person can almost jump 146, Plate 684). Illustrations in the litera­ Converse, Robert N. across it. The site yielding these two items ture showing pendants similar to the one 1979 The Glacial Kame Indians. The is located only a mile north of the famous from Hardin County are not numerous. Archeological Society of Ohio. 1971 Ohio Slate Types. The Archeological Zimmerman Glacial Kame (Converse, The three-inch white flint drill shown 1979: 85-90; Galitza, 1958). Society of Ohio here exhibits a common base type for 1970 Ohio Flint Types. The Archeological Both the pendant and the drill measure Ohio drills (Converse, 1970:66). Due to Society of Ohio approximately 3 inches long (see scale in the fact that both the pendant and drill Galitza, Edward Fig. 1). Converse (1971) does not illus­ were found on the surface, it isn't possi­ 1958 Glacial Kame Artifacts from the trate this type in his Ohio Slate Types ble to date either piece. Drills are known Zimmerman Site. Ohio Archeologist, Vol. book. The one shown in Fig. 1 differs from Paleo-lndian times through 8, No. 3, Columbus. from trapezoidal pendants which Woodland. No particular drill type seems Hothem, Lar Converse shows in that the top and bot­ to be diagnostic of any culture or time 1992 Indian Artifacts of the Midwest. Collector tom of this one are the same width. period. The only means of assigning an Books, Paducah, Kentucky

Fig. 1 (Britt) A pendant and drill found on the same site on the headwaters of the Scioto River in Hardin County in 1975. Photo by the writer.

13 Flint Ridge artifacts from the collection of George Armann of Albany, Ohio.

14 TWO FAIRFIELD COUNTY AXES by Ted McVey 576 Pottery St. Logan, Ohio

Fig. 1 (McVey) Two Fairfield County Axes.

This &A", black diorite, % groove stone The find was made by landowner show a workstyle that is remarkably axe was found during drainage work in a Ronald Bigham. similar. The sharp delineation of the swampy area of a farm in Hocking The small axe is 21/o" long, banded groove, the high polish and the clean Township, Fairfield County, Ohio. The slate, and is % grove with six small chips crisp lines lead one to speculate - could axe is in perfect condition and has a on one side of the bit. Ronald Bigham these two axes have been made by the high polish. The sides of the groove are stated that this axe was found about a same Indian? covered with brown mineral deposits. mile from the large axe site. Both axes

15 A NOTE ON THE RUSHVILLE RUNESTONE by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, Ohio 43210

More than twenty years ago, in the Murphy, April 15, 1972). Kennedy's draw­ second line, due to a faint crack or bed­ summer of 1972, I was tangentially in­ ing of the runestone is shown in Fig. 2. ding plane in the stone. Without knowl­ volved in an unusual discovery near (Actual dimensions of the stone are edge of the Shute novel, Mrs. Farley Rushville, Fairfield County, Ohio. This en­ somewhat less than those given by more accurately transcribed these two graved piece of locally derived Vinton Kennedy in his letter. According to Farley characters but added two horizontal lines sandstone has been described as the (1989: 133) it measures 7 by 8 inches.) that do not appear on the actual stone. "Ohio Runestone," (Farley 1989, On first seeing the runestone, I dis­ Also, as McCulloch points out, the stone McCulloch 1990), but since it is quite missed it as a relatively recent produc­ appears to have been broken, removing likely that other Ohio runestones may tion. This was based partly upon the rel­ all but a trace of the fourth character in eventually surface, I prefer to refer to this ative softness of the siltstone and lack of the top line. one as the Rushville Runestone. weathering of the runes which were McCulloch rightly dismisses this rune­ Whatever it is called, McCulloch (1990) carved or scratched (not pecked) in the stone as the innocent diversion of an un­ has conclusively demonstrated that the stone, partly upon the location. When known person spending an afternoon carving was made very recently, subse­ pressed, while emphasizing that esti­ reading Shute's novel in the romantic quent to 1940, and cannot date to the mates based upon degree of weathering setting of Rushville's "Old Spring." He Viking era. He has shown that it is in fact are notoriously imprecise, I speculated justifiably draws the moral that care a precise duplication of a set of runes that it was probably no more than 20 or should be taken in interpreting such indi­ used to illustrate an archaeological ro­ 30 years old, possibly 50 but certainly vidual surface finds. (One could also con­ mance published by Nevil Shute in that not 500 years. In fact, the carvings clude that some people should probably year (Shute 1940). looked like they had been scratched with not read novels. What if it had been a The purpose of the present note is to a knife or nail and could have been much murder mystery?) document the exact location of the more recent. Rushville find and to clarify the nature of Kennedy was unhappy with this as­ Equally innocent, I think, was the dis­ the discovery. sessment, and I suggested that he con­ covery of the stone. Such finds, once The Rushville Runestone was discov­ tact Gloria Farley, who was actively disproved, are often credited to the dis­ ered by Erich Kennedy in the spring of studying the Heavener, Oklahoma, rune­ coverer; but I am certain that Erich 1972, lying on the hillside immediately stone at the time. This lead eventually to Kennedy was not the fabricator of the above a large spring, along the northern a translation (Syverson 1979: 28) indicat­ Rushville runestone. The discrepancies side of a small tributary of Rush Creek, ing that the runestone marked "Hakr's between his version of the runes and the 0.2 mile north of Rushville. An artificial Burial Mound." Unfortunately, the trans­ original Shute version are significant and dam was constructed to form a small lator was laboring under the misconcep­ indicate an unfamiliarity with Shute's pond here many years ago, as shown in tion that the stone had been found on the original text. The enthusiasm with which Figure 1, a photo postcard dated 1908 Hyde burial mound, an error that appar­ the runestone was embraced by its dis­ and labeled "The Old Spring, Rushville, ently affected his translation. According coverer, not stopping short of a trip to 0." Although now overgrown, the area to Farley (1989: 133), other runestone ex­ Norway in order to confirm its genuine­ clearly has been a popular picnic area in perts have disagreed with this transla­ ness, also bespeaks a genuine belief in the past. tion, but they do not appear to have pub­ the stone's authenticity. Shortly after its discovery, Erich lished an alternative. Kennedy showed me the precise location The point becomes somewhat moot, in of the runestone find, and the impression the face of McCulloch's discovery (1990) References in the ground where the stone had lain that the Ohio or Rushville Runestone is a was still clearly evident. The find of the precise copy of an inscription used to il­ Farley, Gloria stone was a few feet to the left of the lustrate the Nevil Shute romance novel, 1989 "The Ohio Runestone." The Epigraphic young man seated at the edge of the cliff "An Old Captivity." In Shute's novel, Society Occasional Publications 18: 133. in Figure 1. The runestone was found "Haki" and "Hekja" are the young lovers McCulloch, J. Huston face-down, along the small path that in a Norse dream sequence, in which 1990 "Love Among the Runes: the Ohio Runestone." The Epigraphic Society skirts the cliff edge. their marriage is performed by no less a Occasional Papers 19: 81 -82 . Only a few hundred feet to the north­ light than Leif Ericson, who carves their Murphy, James L. east of this spring lies the Early names on the stone. Shute's novel was 1989 An Archeological History of the Hocking Woodland Hyde mound (Murphy 1989: first published in 1940 but went through Valley. Rev. ed. Athens: Ohio University 379), which Erich and Clyde Kennedy several editions, including a paperback Press. and I partially excavated in 1972. edition published in 1962. Shute, Nevil Not long after the find, Erich Kennedy It will be noted that Kennedy's drawing 1940 An Old Captivity. New York: William wrote "The day after talking with you my of the inscription differs slightly from Morrow & Co. Syverson, Earl father and I took a walk in the woods, I Shute's, notably in the presence of the 1979 Norse Runic Inscriptions. Sebastopol, found a rock (about I' wide and 10" tall) small dot in the first line and in conjoining Calif.: The Vine Hill Press. and it look[ed] like this." (Kennedy to the two characters at the right end of the

16 Fig. 1 (Murphy) Postcard view of the Old Spring at Rushville. The Runestone was found jsut to the left of the young man in the photograph.

*M I' Uwfc x IO"Wl j aAv) £ {0c\i (,tLe

fcW

Fig. 2 (Murphy) Drawing of the Rushville Runestone by Erich Kennedy. Letter to the Author, 1972.

li^6u^ {tV^.^ o6u-w fWL /l, UJ \ectep LW&\{

Presently the men dispersed a little; Haki drew Hekja over to the stone and showed her the carvings. He explained it to her. "These cuts mean my name, and those cuts mean yours. Leif has just done it." She fingered the marks, trying to under­ stand the wonder. Crouching down by the stone, she raised her eyes to Leif. "Lord, are these cuts our names?" Fig. 3 (Murphy) Original "Inscription" from Nevil Shute's "An Old Captivity" (New York: Wm. Morroco 8, Co., 1940) *tn writ

He smiled down at them. "So, Haki and Hekja. Your names are now together, for as long as this stone shall endure."

17 A HUMAN SKULL CUP by C.J. O'Neill P.O. Box 32188 Charlotte, NC 28232-2188

I recently acquired a very unusual The bowl or cup was previously in the tory. Would that its prehistory were as ev­ Indian artifact, a bowl or cup made from collection of Sam Wasion of Kenosha, ident. A copy of an article about the relic, the skull of a young human. Wise. It comes with a rather detailed his­ published in 1881, is included.

Fig. 1 (O'Neill) 1881 article about the finding of the skull cup.

18 From the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, January, 1881. A PRE-HISTORIC CUP MADE FROM A HUMAN CRANIUM. By Edgar R. Quick

"A somewhat remarkable and possibly unique specimen of aboriginal handi­ craft, has been recently exhumed by some curiosity-seeking boys, near Cedar Grove, Indiana, a small town situated on the Whitewater, about thirty-seven miles northwest of Cincinnati. On the 10th of October, 1880, they discovered a human skeleton and with it, instead of the earthen pot so often found with such remains, was a cup or bowl, made from a child's skull. The skeleton, as described to the writer by one who assisted in taking it out, was in a sitting position, facing northwest, with the vessel at the left side on a level with the hips. The bones of the right hand and arm were missing, but I think had fallen with earth into a gully which had washed out on that side. The skeleton, which is that of an old and rather tall man, is in a fair state of preservation. The vessel, or drinking cup, is, evidently, from its small size and plainly marked sutures, the skull of a child. The base of the skull has been roughly cut away and scraped smooth, leaving an irregular margin or rim to the vessel. Both the inner and outer surface has been scraped with some rough-edged tool, leaving numer­ Fig. 2 (O'Neill) Text of 1881 Article. ous scratches. Two holes were drilled through the side, near the upper part of the cup, for the purpose of mending a crack by tying the fractured parts together. A portion of the frontal bone was accidentally broken away by a stroke of the spade. This curious relic of barbarism is now in the collection of the writer as is also the well-preserved skull with which it was found. Along the gully before mentioned, and within a few feet of these remains, were found parts of three other skeletons. It may be added that the place where they were found, has for many years been known to be an oboriginal cemetery. The situation is on the highest terrace formation, about one hundred feet above and immediately overlooking the Whitewater. The soil is compact clay, about two feet thick, overlying clean, white sand, in which the bones were found."

And then, in ink in long hand, is: C.E. Case when a boy 13 years, found this skeleton and skull cup. Signed - C.E. Case.

Accompanying this article is an etching of the skull cup, a very good like­ ness, and a caption, which says: "Fig. 22. Aboriginal cup, made from a human skull; exhumed near Brookville, Franklin County, Ind. (To illustrate Mr. E.R. Quick's article in this Journal, vol. Hi., pp. 296-297.)"

Fig. 3 (O 'Neill) Human skull cup from Indiana.

19 WESTERN BASIN LATE WOODLAND FAUNAL REMAINS IN OHIO by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction These data were taken from the 1820- nal sample studied here was obtained 1840 General Land Office survey field from six of the pit features, as well as Between A.D. 750 and A.D. 1300 Late notes for all of the sites except for the from the midden. Table 5 shows no ma­ Woodland peoples of the Western Basin Harbour site, which is located in the jor differences in the faunal remains be­ cultural tradition (Stothers 1978, 1979) Firelands. That data was obtained from tween pit feature and midden context. were living around the western end of the memoirs of West (1863). While Feature 45 contained the remains Lake Erie. They were hunters, fishermen, of a full-term fawn, suggesting June, gatherers, and farmers who consumed Feature 34 yielded a deer cranium with moderate amounts of corn (Stothers and Dodge (33W09) newly matured antlers, suggesting Bechtel 1987). Stothers, Graves, and September deposition. Redmond (1984) have suggested that, af­ The Dodge site is located within a for­ ter about A.D. 1150, the shift in settle­ mer oak/hickory forest on the bottomland ment locations into the uplands was due at the head of the Roche de Boeuf Waterworks (33LU6) to a hostile invasion from the Huron/ Rapids of the Maumee River. Stothers, Vermilion/Black River area of north cen­ Pratt, and Shane (1979) suggested that This site is located in a former tral Ohio. Of the eight Western Basin Late the Dodge site may have been occupied ash/elm/locust forest near the Lake Erie Woodland faunal samples described in throughout the year. The faunal sample shoreline. The faunal sample studied by this paper, only that from Crosby's Ridge was recovered from a thick midden de­ Hamalainen (1976) was from midden (33LU214) dates from after A.D. 1150. posit, although there is no evidence for which ended up being used for the con­ Peter Hamalainen (1974, 1976) has differences in the faunal remains between struction of a burial mound. However, a published faunal analyses of the Squaw the various levels (Table 2). cursory examination of another sample Island (33SA7) and Waterworks (33LU6) from the adjacent habitation area by the sites, which were excavated by Earl writer showed that no gross differences Prahl and by David Stothers, respec­ Missionary Island I (33LU391) exist between the two contexts. tively. Since that time, he has also pro­ duced an unpublished faunal report Since this site is located at the tip of (Hamalainen 1977) on the MacNichol site Missionary Island in the Maumee River Squaw Island (33SA7) (33WO10), which was excavated by opposite the Dodge site, its setting is David Stothers. Since 1977 Stothers has largely the same (Table 1). Stothers and Until recently Squaw Island was a obtained substantial faunal samples Graves (1983) concluded that Missionary peninsula at an oak/hickory forest-prairie from four other Western Basin Late Island I, where they uncovered the re­ interface near the head of Sandusky Bay. Woodland sites, including Dodge mains of a small structure and several pit The site now lies beneath the waters of (33W09), Missionary Island I (33LU391), features, may have been a deer hunt­ Sandusky Bay. Hamalainen (1974) stud­ Doctors (33LUII), and Crosby's Ridge ing/processing area. The abundant deer ied a faunal sample recovered from the (33LU214). Also, G. Michael Pratt ob­ remains (Tables 3-4) from this site do not remnants of a midden when the island tained a substantial faunal sample from contradict such an interpretation, as they had almost been submerged. the Harbour site (33ER280). Both were found in greater proportions than at Stothers and Pratt made their faunal any of the other seven sites. The ubiqui­ samples available to the writer for study. tous sturgeon remains suggest that this Harbour (33ER280) These five samples, in addition to the locality was occupied at least during the three studied previously by Hamalainen, period of late May-early June, when this The Harbour site is located at a former are the basis of this paper. fish used to spawn in the various rapids oak/hickory/walnut forest prairie interface The eight faunal samples which are be­ of the Maumee River as far upstream as on the lower reaches of Pipe Creek near ing considered here were all recovered Putnam County (Trautman 1981: 169). the mouth of Sandusky Bay. The faunal from sites located between the Grand sample (Table 7) was obtained from nine Rapids of the Maumee River to the west, of the pit features that were excavated. and the mouth of Sandusky Bay to the MacNichol (33WO10) east (Fig.I; Table 1). All except for Crosby's Ridge were occupied during the This site is located on the bottomland Crosby's Ridge (33LU214) period of A.D. 750-1150. The latest of the at the Lower Rapids of the Maumee sites, Crosby's Ridge, was occupied River. The pit feature that Hamalainen This site is located at a former forest- about A.D. 1250-1300. As stated previ­ (1977) studied the faunal sample from prairie on Harris Ditch, a very small creek. ously, the samples from the MacNichol, yielded numerous walleye elements, sug­ The faunal sample was recovered from a Waterworks, and Squaw Island sites gesting deposition during the early spring single pit feature (Table 7). Although the were all quantified by Peter Hamalainen. spawning run. Maumee River is located almost 5 km to Except for the fish remains from the the south, that is where the fish and Harbour site, which are being studied by clams were probably obtained. The Ted Cavender, all of the faunal identifica­ Doctors (33LUII) placement of this late 13th century site tions from the other five sites were made on a small creek away from the river, and by the writer. The Doctors site is located in a former its middle Maumee River drainage loca­ Table 1 shows the floral communities oak/walnut forest on the lower reaches of tion, supports the contention of Stothers, which existed near the eight sites prior to the Ottawa River, a much smaller stream Graves, and Redmond (1984) that the lat­ massive Euroamerican settlement. just to the north of the Maumee. The fau­ est Western Late Woodland peoples

20 wished to hide their settlements, and that and at Crosby's Ridge than at any of 1983 Archaeology of the Harbour. Manuscript they obtained resources from the the six other sites. This is not surpris­ submitted to the Ohio Historic Maumee River as unobtrusively as possi­ ing in the case of the Harbour site, Preservation Office, Columbus. ble for fear of hostile neighbors on the located near extensive marshes at Redmond, Brian G. lower Maumee River mainstem. the mouth of Sandusky Bay. On the 1984 The Doctors site (33-Lu-11). Unpublished M.A. thesis, Dept. of other hand, Crosby's Ridge is an up­ Sociology, Anthropology, and Social land site. It must be remembered Work, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Conclusions that the sample from Crosby's Ridge Ohio. is very small, however. Stothers, David M. 1- Elk and bear remains are absent at 1976 The Waterworks site. Toledo Area the sites located below the lower 7- Bird remains, proportional to mam­ Aboriginal Research Bulletin 5(1): 1-43. rapids of the rivers. malian remains, are twice as abun­ 1978 The Western Basin tradition. Michigan dant at the Harbour site and at Archaeologist -(24(1): 11 -36. 2- Beaver and turkey remains are rare Crosby's Ridge than at any of the 1979 The Western Basin tradition. or absent at the sites not above the other six sites. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 49(3): 13-30. , and Susan K. Bechtel lower rapids and also on the river 1987 Stable carbon isotope analysis. mainstem. 8- Clams are almost eight times more Archaeology of Eastern North America abundant as Crosby's Ridge than at 15: 137-154. 3- Beaver remains are more than three any of the seven other sites. , and James R. Graves times as abundant, and raccoon re­ Stothers, Graves, and Redmond 1983 Missionary Island. Manuscript submitted mains are twice as abundant at the (1984) reported late 13th century to the Ohio Department of Natural Dodge site than elsewhere. massive shell middens on the Resources and the Ohio Historic Maumee River about 10-15 km south­ Preservation Office, Columbus. west of this site. It appears that, after , James R. Graves, and Brian G. 4- Muskrat remains are extremely abun­ Redmond dant at the Waterworks site, Squaw A.D. 1150, clams became much more 1984 The Sandusky and Western Basin tradi­ Island, and the Harbour site, and important to the Western Basin Late tions. Toledo Area Aboriginal Research moderately so at the Doctors site. Woodland peoples of northern Ohio. Bulletin 13:1-39. Not surprisingly, these sites are lo­ , and Earl J. Prahl cated near the bays and marshes as­ References 1973 The Squaw Island site (33-Sa-7), sociated with Lake Erie. Sandusky County, Ohio. Toledo Area Hamalainen, Peter Aboriginal Research Bulletin 2(1): 1-19. 5- Passenger pigeon remains occur 1974 Faunal analysis of the Squaw Island site , G. Michael Pratt, and Orrin C. Shane, only at the Waterworks site. A roost (33-SA-7). Toledo Area Aboriginal III Research Bulletin 3(3): 33-50. 1979 The Western Basin Middle Woodland. IN area, which would have been occu­ Hopewell Archaeology, ed. by D.S. Brose pied from mid-March through mid- 1976 Faunal analysis of the Waterworks burial mound, Lucas County, Ohio. Toledo Area and N. Gerber. pp. 47-58. The Kent State September, was probably located Aboriginal Research Bulletin 5(1): 44-53. University Press, Kent, Ohio. nearby. The oak/hickory groves near 1977 Faunal analysis of the MacNochol site. Trautman, Milton B. the large lily pond southeast of the site Unpublished manuscript on file, 1981 77?e fishes of Ohio. The Ohio State is a likely location. Laboratory of Ethnoarchaeology, The University Press, Columbus. University of Toledo. West, E.W. 6- Waterfowl-are more than four times Pratt, G. Michael, Croninger, Patricia, and 1863 Memoirs of townships-Huron. The Fire Lands Pioneer 4(1): 65-72. more abundant at the Harbour site Janice delCastillo

LU11 • LAKE LU6 ERIE &

LU214 ^ V N* SA7 # i ER280 KM 20

IFig. 1 (Bowen) Locations of Western Basin Late Woodland sites with faunal samples described in this paper.

21 Table 1. Western Basin Late Woodlant Bites in Ohio with substantial Table 2- F, unal remai a from the Dodge aite (33W09). faunal assemblages. species excavation level Site Reference Environmental Zones within 3.5 km _J_ 4 _5_ 6 7 8 8a 11-12 13 total Dodge Stothers, Pract, and Maumee River Roche de Boeuf Rapids (33W09) Shane (1979) oak/hickory forest deer 7 11 16 41 8 3 9 4 8 96 walnut/maple forest ash/elm forest elk - - - 2 - 1 2 1 - 6 buckeye forest 1 5 3 2 17 plum thicket bear - 3 2 1 - prairie raccoon - I 6 4 1 1 1 4 2 19 Missionary Stothers and Craves same as Dodge (33W09) beaver 5 6 1 2 14 Island 1 (1983) " - " - " (33LU391) porcupine - - 3 1 " - - - - < MacNichol Stothers, Graves, and Maumee River lower Rapids muakrat - 1 - - - " - - - (33UO10) Redmond (1984) oak/hickory forest Hamalainen (1977) prairie voodchuck - " 1 ------Doctors Redmond (1984) Ottawa River rabble - - I - " - - - - C33LU11) Maumee River Maumee Bay fen - - - 1 " - - - - oak/walnut Eorest oak/hickory forest mink - - - - 1 - - - - ash/eLm forest prairie dog/wolf 1 - 5 - 2 - 5 - - 13

Waterworks 'Stothers (1976) Lake Erie unid. mammal 146 126 291 229 85 62 38 139 54 1170 (33LU6) Hamalainen (1976) flag marsh lily pond turkey 2 1 1 2 I 1 8 ash/elm/locust forest - - " oak/hickory/walnut forest duck 1 1 ash/elm/oak swamp ------prairie eagle - 1 ------1 2 Squaw Island Stothers and Prahl Sandusky River unld. bird 14 6 24 6 8 1 5 8 1 73 C33SA7) (1973) Sandusky Bay Hamalainen (1974) oak/hickory forest unld. turtle - - 2 3 1 - 1 - - 7 prairie channel car 22 3 12 13 5 9 6 3 - 73 Harbour Pract, Croninger, and Pipe Creek (33ER280) del Castillo (1983) Sandusky Bay redhorse 8 4 11 12 3 11 - 5 - 55 Lake Erie oak/hickory/walnut forest walleye 1 1 2 5 - 2 - 1 1 13 prairie lrgmth/drum /bluegill 1 - 1 - - 1 - 3 Crosby's Ridge Stothers, Graves, and Harris Ditch (very small) unid. fish 74 49 64 206 32 82 33 73 29 662 (33LU214) Redmond (1984) oak/ walnut/hazel/grape/ash/elm forest prairie 1 3 12 (Maumee River 4.5 km away from site) clam 5 2 I - - - -

Table 1 (Bowen) Table 2 (Bowen)

Table 3. Faunal remains from five pit features at Missionary Table 4. Faunal remains rec avered in and around postmold patterr of Island I (33LU391). small structure at Missionary Island I (33LU391)

tppf i P.S Fea. 1 species adtac ent features str\ cture floo r total

deer 1 deer 73 9 82 raccoon - elk 2 1 3 beaver - raccoon 4 - 4

squirrel - beaver 1 1 2 323 unid. mammal 30 squirrel 1 0 1 3 turkey " muskrat 1 0 1

unid. bird 2 unid. mammal 696 10 706

snapping turtle - unld. bird 41 0 41 unid. turtle 4 snapping turtle 2 - 2 13 sturgeon 1 - aoft-shell turtl a 2 - 2 3 22 channel cat 2 unid. turtle 118 4 122 2 17 redhorse. 2 sturgeon 3 " 3 northern pike ~ freshwater drum 9 1 10 7 99 405 unid. fish channel cat 30 1 31 24 72 clam 13 redhorse 3 - 3 unid. fish 156 - 156

clam 20 20

Table 3 (Bowen) Table 4 (Bowen) 22 Table 5. Faunal remains from the Doctors s ite (33LU11). Table 6. Faunal remains from greater Maumee River area Western Basin Late Woodland sites adjusted to 5000 mammal-bird specimens per sample. species archaeological feature

34 40 41 44 45 49 midden total species 33W09 33U1391 33WO10 33mn 33LU6 deer 4 83 4 2 9 4 144 250 deer 336 498 214 363 147 raccoon - 3 3 9 1 4 20 beaver - - - - - 1 1 bear 60 muskrat 5 5 1 6 2 17 36 raccoon 67 squirrel - - - 1 - 3 4 beaver 49 rabbit - - - 1 - 1 2 muskrat 4 mink - - - - - 2 2 squirrel " fisher - - - - - 2 2 total mammal 4704 dog/wolf - - - - 1 3 4 turkey 28 unld. mammal 558 151 135 102 291 142 1365 2742 pass, pigeon " - - - 130 turkey " 1 - - - - 1 waterfowl 4 - 5 6 130 duck . 1 - - - - 3 4 total bird 296 309 207 559 273 unid. bird 19 76 41 20 43 31 241 471 turtle 25 30 223 120 114 snapping turtle 1 " - - - 6 7 fish 2317 2975 19,000 4568 1614 painted turtle - - - - - 11 11 clam 42 414 14 13 603 soft-shell turtle - - - - - 3 3 unld. turtle - 1 4 1 - 6 50 62 frog - - - 1 - - 1

approx. fish 150 100 150 100 500 150 2000 3150 (mostly bowfin, drum,walleye)

clam - 1 1 3 1 3 9

Table 5 (Bowen) Table 6 (Bowen)

Table 7. Faunal remains from the Harbour site (33ER280) and Crosby's Ridge (33UJ214). Table 8 . Faunal remains from 33SA7, 33ER280, and 33LU2 to 5000 mammal-bird specimens per sample.

species 33ER280 33LU214 species 33SA7 33ER280 33LU2I4 deer 22 3 deer 147 229 203 elk 1 - elk 68 raccoon 1 - bear - unidentified mammal 162 51

duck-size waterfowl 79 8 beaver ~ " unidentified bird 148 11 squirrel 16 - painted turtle 1 2 muskrat 1930 707 unidentified turtle 38 - total mammal 4891 2629 walleye 12 present turkey " - redhorse 2 - waterfowl 23 822 540 bowfin present - total bird 109 2371 1285 longnose gar present - turtle' 651 406 135 northern pike present - fish 868 208,000 4324 channel cat present - clam 264 104 4729 yellow perch - present freshwater drum - present white bass - present largemouth bass - present rock bass - present pumpkinseed sunfish - abundant unidentified fish 50 tens of thousands

clam 12 70

crayfish 1 present

Table 7 (Bowen) Table 8 (Bowen)

23 THE JACKMAN TARBURNER ROCK, COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, OH 432310

Several pioneer tarbumer rocks, carved sandstone ledge. At the edge, a large, re­ the region for a potential mill site; the swift- to serve as drains in collecting pine tar, cessed area has been carved, on the base flowing waters of the North Fork of Little have been described from Columbiana of which are several drilled holes (Fig. 3), Beaver Creek proved attractive, and he County (Murphy 1969, 1980; Vietzen This is interpreted as an attachment point purchased all of Section 2, including the 1973); but one of the most elaborate has for a metal or (more likely) wooden spout future site of Fredericktown, in 1801. In gone relatively unnoticed until recently. that served to extend beyond the edge of 1805, his father, Robert, Sr., purchased all Shortly before his death in 1986, R. Max the rock and prevent the tar from running of Section 11, lying immediately tot he Gard, of Lisbon, Ohio, told me of a tar down the rock. Height of the rock ledge is south of Section 2, probably as an inheri­ burner rock on the Trotter farm, south of ideally suited for placement of a bucket or tance for his sons (Scharf and Winterburn: the village of Fredricktown, in southeastern small barrel under such a spout. 35-36). Columbiana County, and suggested that I At some point in time, a large crack or Henry Jackman (1774-1882) built a log contact Gary Winterbum of Fredericktown crevice developed in the sandstone ledge, cabin on Section 11, which stood until only about the precise location. Subsequently, which must have terminated use of the tar­ a few years ago on the Trotter farm. It is Mr. Winterburn guided me to the spot, burner rock. It is possible that this crack believed that the tarburner rock was which lies at the end of Croxall Road, in was due to intense heating of the rock by carved and used by Henry Jackman, who the east central portion of Section 11, St. the burning of pine boughs on top of it, but inherited that portion of Section 11 upon Clair Township, Columbiana County, Ohio. this is only one possible explanation, and the death of his father in 1813. Initial use of Here, near the edge of a steep ravine natural causes might also be responsible. the Jackman tarburner rock probably that leads northeasterly to the valley of One of the most interesting aspects of dates to the early part of the 19th Century. Little Beaver Creek, a thick ledge of sand­ the Jackman tarburner rock is the fact that Three is no evidence to suggest how re­ stone that probably represents the Lower it was "reworked." Figure 3 shows that ini­ cently it was in use. Mahoning Sandstone of the basal portion tially there was a series of small, pecked of the Conemaugh Group (Stout and grooves uniting to form a small drain, quite References Cited Lamborn 1924: 289-91) outcrops along the similar to those on the tarburner rock at Murphy, James L rim of the valley. The nearly level surface of Beaver Kettle Farm, north of Fredricktown 1969 A Note on Tar Burner Rocks. Ohio a large slab of this sandstone has been uti­ (Murphy 1969). Clearly, this initial effort Archaeologist 19 (4): 115-17. 1980 A Columbiana County, Ohio, Tar Burner lized as a tarburner rock (Figs. 1-3). proved to be inadequate, resulting in the Rock, Ohio Archaeologist 30 (1): 50-51 more elaborate carved square and trough. The most conspicuous feature of the ar­ Scharf, Regis, and Gary Winterburn tifact is a large square depression, mea­ The age of the Jackman tarburner rock 1992 The Enchanted Village: The History of suring approximately 2 m. on a side, remains somewhat uncertain but it could Fredricktown, Ohio. S.L.: The authors. carved in the top of the sandstone slab. date as early as 1805, when the land was Stout, Wilber, and R.E. Lamborn Deep grooves along two sides of the settled by the Jackman family. Scharf and 1924 Geology of Columbiana County, Ohio. square depression, as well as a natural Winterburn (1992), in their history of Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th Sen, Bull. central depression in the square, lead to Fredricktown and vicinity, provide con­ 28, Columbus. Vietzen, Raymond C. toward one corner, where a broad, shallow siderable detail about this pioneer 1973 yesterday's Ohioans. [Elyria: Publ. By the trough, semi-circular in cross-section Columbiana County family. As early as Author] (Figs. 2, 3), continues to the edge of the 1801, Robert Jackman, Jr., investigated

Fig. 1 (Murphy) View of the Jackman Tarburner Fig. 2 (Murphy) View of Carved Drain in Figure 3. (Murphy) Closeup of Carved drain, Rock, looking northeast. Ravine in background Jackman Tarburner Rock. Looking southeast. showing holes for attachment of wooden (?) leads to Little Beaver Creek. Ledge is ca. 0.3m. thick. spout. Remains of earlier, pecked tarburner carving visible at left.

24 THE GERBER DECISION by Robert N. Converse Editor

This is the decision of the appeals court mound and security guards took no ex­ tivities. Neither does the decision chastise in the Art Gerber case. Our readers ception to the people on their property un­ the professional archaeologist or archaeol­ should read it carefully since it contains a til some time after the artifacts were initially ogist who were paid money by the General number of legal pitfalls which an innocent removed. It is also noted that the General Electric company for the mitigation report collector may fall into. It may be noted Electric Company did not file any charges which state that there were no prehistoric that our Society takes no sides in the guilt whatever against Mr. Gerber or any other sites in the vicinity. or innocence of Mr. Gerber but we do be­ individual nor does their name appear as a U.S. Attorney, Deborah Daniels, who lieve that the private property issue is one complainant in the case - only The United initiated the case, made several com­ with which we must all be concerned. States of America. Mr. Way, who was the ments to newspapers and other such as What is not said in the decision is that the original remover of artifacts, was not in­ "It was quite a ride - in my heart and soul General Electric Company, on whose dicted since he agreed to testify against I am both a prosecutor and social worker" property the artifacts were found, had a Gerber who apparently was targeted be­ - she said "a good prosecutor can use security station within full view of the cause of his relic shows and collecting ac­ the law for social change."

3n tlje 8 No. 92-2741

Mmtcfc States (tart nf Appeal* in violation of Indiana's criminal laws of trespass and con­ version. The section of the Archaeological Resources Pro­ Jfor tlit fceutnth; (Circuit tection Act under which he was convicted provides that "no person may sell, purchase, exchange, transport, re­ ceive, or offer to sell, purchase, or exchange, in interstate No. 92-2741 or foreign commerce, any archaeological resource excavated, removed, sold, purchased, exchanger!, transported, or re­ UMTED STATES OF AMERICA, ceived in violation of any provision, rule, regulation, ordi­ nance, or permit in effect under State or local law." 16 Plaintiff-Appellee, U.S.C. § 470ee(c). Gerber argues that despite the refer­ ences in this section to state and local law, the Act is ARTHUR J. GERBER, inapplicable to archaeological objects removed from lands not owned either by the federal government or by Indian Defendant-Appellant. tribes. His back-up argument is that the provisions, rules, regulations, and so forth of state or local law to which the Act refers are limited to provisions expressly protect­ Apnea] from the United States District Court ing archaeological objects or sites, as distinct from laws for the Southern District of Indiana. Evansville Division. of general application such as those forbidding trespass No. 91 CR 19-Gene E. Brooks, Ckitf Judge. and theft. The issues are novel because this is the first prosecution under the Act of someone who trafficked in archaeological objects removed from lands other than either ARGUED JUNE 3, 1993—DECIDED JULY 20, 1993 federal or Indian lands. More than fifteen hundred years ago in the American midwest Indians built a series of large earthen mounds Before POSNER, RIPPLE, and ROVNER, Circuit Judges. over prepared mound floors containing human remains plus POSOTR, Circuit Judge. Arthur Joseph Gerber pleaded numerous ceremonial artifacts and grave goods made of guilty to misdemeanor violations of the Archaeological Re­ silver, copper, wood, cloth, leather, obsidian, flint, mica, sources Protection Act of 1979, 16 U.S.C. §§ 470aa et seq., quartz, pearl, shells, and drilled, carved, or inlaid human and was sentenced to twelve months in prison, reserving and bear teeth. This mound culture, the product of a civ­ however his right to appeal on the ground that the Act ilization that included the beguinings of settled agriculture, is inapplicable to his offense. What he had done was to an elaborate ceremonialism, and far-flung trading networks, transport in interstate commerce Indian artifacts* that he has been dubbed the "Hopewell phenomenon." N'omi B. had stolen from a burial mound on privately owned land Greber & Katharine C. Ruhl, The Hopewell Site: A Con­ temporary Analysis Based on the Work of Charles C. WU- Umghby (1989); Warren K. Moorehead, The Hopewell Mound * We are mindful that "Native American" is the term preferred Group of Ohio (Field Museum of Natural History, Publica­ by most members of the American Indian community. Since, how­ tion No. 211, 1922). In 1985 farmers sold General Electric ever, the statute and both of the parties use the term "Indian," a piece of untillable land in southwestern Indiana adjacent we have decided to do likewise. to one of its factories. The land contained a prominent

25 No. 92-2741 3 4 No. 92-2741 knob on top of a ridge. Unbeknownst to anyone this knob The preamble of the Archaeological Resources Protec­ was a Hopewell burial mound some 400 feet long, 175 feet tion Act of 1979 states that "archaeological resources on wide, and 20 feet high. The mound and its contents (which public lands [defined elsewhere in the Act as federal public included two human skeletons) were intact—even the per­ lands] and Indian lands are an accessible and irreplaceable ishable materials such as wood and leather artifacts were part of the Nation's heritage" and that the purpose of well preserved—and when discovered it would prove to the Act is "to secure, for the present and future benefit be one of the five largest Hopewell burial mounds known. of the American people, the protection of archaeological A highway was planned to run through the ridge on resources and sites which are on public lands and Indian which the knob was located. In the course of construction, lands." 1<3 U.S.C. §§ 470as.(aXD, (b). Consistent with this in 1988, earth was removed from the knob to stabilize the preamble, most of the Act is given over to the regula­ roadbed. Workmen engaged in this removal discovered in tion, in the form of civil and criminal penalties, permit the knob curious objects—turtleback-shaped rocks—which requirements, forfeiture provisions, and other regulatory they showed to a heavy-equipment operator on the project, devices, of archaeological activities on federal and Indian named Bill Way, who happened to be a collector of Indian lands. The criminal penalties are for archaeological activ­ artifacts. Recognizing the significance of the find, Way nosed ities conducted on those lands without a permit and for his bulldozer into the knob and quickly discovered hun­ trafficking in archaeological objects that have been removed dreds of artifacts, including copper axeheads, inlaid bear from them in violation either of the Act's permit require­ canines, and tooled leather. He loaded these items into ments or of any other federal law. §§ 470ee(a), (b). Gerber his pickup track and covered up the excavation he had did not remove Indian artifacts from federal or Indian made. An acquaintance put him in touch with Arthur Joseph lands, however, and was therefore prosecuted under the Gerber, a well-known collector of Indian artifacts and pro­ third criminal provision (§ 470ee(c), quoted earlier), which moter of annual Indian "relic shows." Gerber paid Way is not in terms limited to such lands. $6,000 for the artifacts and for revealing to Gerber the location of the mound. Way took Gerber to the site the The omission of any reference in subsection (c) to federal same night, encountering other people digging for Indian and Indian lands was, Gerber argues, inadvertent. Not artifacts. Gerber returned to the site several more times, only the preamble of the Act, but its legislative history, excavating and removing hundreds of additional artifacts shows that all that Congress was concerned with was pro­ including silver earspools, copper axeheads, pieces of worked tecting archaeological sites and objects on federal and In­ leather, and rare silver musical instruments, some with dian lands. This is indeed all that the preamble mentions; the original reeds preserved. On Gerber's last visit to the and a principal sponsor of the Act said that "it does not site he was detected by a General Electric security guard affect any lands other than the public lands of the United and ejected. Shortly afterward Gerber sold some of the States and [Indian] lands." 125 Cong. Rec. 17,394 (1979) artifacts at his annual "Indian Relic Show of Shows" in (remarks of Congressman Udall). The legislative history Kentucky. He acknowledges that in entering upon General contains no reference to archaeological sites or objects on Electric s land without the company's permission and in state or private lands. The Act superseded the Antiquities removing, again without its permission, Indian artifacts Act of 1906, 16 U.S.C. §§ 431-33, which had been express­ buried there, he committed criminal trespass and conver­ ly limited to federal lands. And if the Act applies to non­ sion in violation of Indiana law. He also acknowledges hav­ federal, non-Indian lands, its provisions are at once over- ing transported some of the stolen artifacts in interstate inclusive and underinclusive: overinclusive because the Act commerce. authorizes the federal court in which a defendant is pros-

No. 92-2741 5 6 No. 92-2741 ecuted to order, in its discretion, the forfeiture of the ar­ Act, the Lindbergh Law, the Hobbs Act, and a host of chaeological objects involved in the violation to the United other federal statutes that affix federal criminal penalties States (unless they were removed from Indian lands), to state crimes that, when committed in interstate com­ §1 470gg

26 No. 92-2741 7 8 No. 92-2741 make no difference if they would. Whatever the rightful These are poor examples. It is unlikely in either case ownership of the mound and its contents under current that the state would consider the transportation of a good American law, no one suggests that Way or Gerber ob­ to be in violation of state law merely because sales tax tained any rights to the artifacts in question. No doubt, had not been paid or an overweight vehicle had been used. theft is at the root of many titles; and priceless archae­ But we agree with the general point, that the Act is limited ological artifacts obtained in violation of local law are to to cases in which the violation of state law is related to be found in reputable museums all over the world. But it the protection of archaeological sites or objects. A broader is almost inconceivable that Congress would have wanted interpretation would carry the Act far beyond the objec­ to encourage amateur archaeologists to violate state laws tives of its framers and create pitfalls for the unwary. in order to amass valuable collections of Indian artifacts, But we do not think that to be deemed related to the especially as many of these amateurs do not appreciate protection of archaeological resources a state or local law the importance to scholarship of leasing an archaeological must be limited to that protection. A law that forbade site intact and undisturbed until the location of each object the theft of Indian artifacts "and any other object hav­ in it has been carefully mapped to enable inferences con­ ing historical or artistic value" could not reasonably be cerning the design, layout, size, and age of the site, and thought a law unrelated to the protection of such arti­ the practices and culture of the inhabitants, to be drawn. facts merely because it had broader objectives. That is It is also unlikely that a Congress sufficiently interested essentially what Indiana's laws forbidding trespass and in archaeology to impose substantial criminal penalties for conversion have: objectives that include but are not ex­ the violation of archaeological regulations (the maximum hausted in the protection of Indian artifacts and other an­ criminal penalty under the Act is five years in prison plus tiquities. A law that comprehensively protects the owner a $100,000 fine, § 470ee(d)) would be so parochial as to of land from unauthorized incursions, spoliations, and theft confine its interests to archaeological sites and artifacts could well be thought to give all the protection to buried on federal and Indian lands merely because that is where antiquities that they need, making the passage of a law most of them are. specially protecting buried antiquities redundant—and the passage of new laws is never costless and rarely easy. The We conclude that section 470ee(c) is not limited to ob­ interpretation urged by Gerber would if accepted compel jects removed from federal and Indian lands, but we must states desiring federal assistance in protecting Indian arti­ consider Gerber's alternative argument, that the section facts in nonfederal, non-Indian lands within their borders is limited to removals in violation of state and local laws to pass laws that might duplicate protections already ade­ explicitly concerned with the protection of archaeological quate conferred on landowners sitting atop undiscovered sites or objects. Gerber argues that if it is not so limited archaeological sites by existing laws of general applicabil­ all sorts of anomalies are created. Suppose he had bought ity. Granted, all fifty states have laws expressly protecting an Indian artifact from its rightful owner but had failed their archaeological sites; and in 1989, too late for this to pay the applicable state sales tax, and had transported case, Indiana amended its law to forbid—redundantly— the artifact across states lines. Then he would, he tells what Gerber had done. So the interpretation for which us, be transporting in interstate commerce an archaeologi­ he contends might not actually impose a significant burden cal object purchased in violation of state law. And likewise on the states. But Indiana may not have amended its law- if he transported such an object in interstate commerce earlier because it thought its general criminal laws of tres­ in a vehicle that exceeded the weight limitations imposed pass and conversion adequate—for all we know, it amended by state law.

No. 92-2741 9

the law in response to Gerber's contention that the federal Act contains a loophole through which he and others like him might be able to squeeze. We conclude that Gerber's conduct was forbidden by the Act. We commend counsel, Harvey Silets for the de­ fendant and Larry Mackey for the government, for the exceptional quality of their briefs and argument. We have net hesitated to criticize counsel who fall below minimum professional standards for lawyers practicing in this court; equally, counsel whose performance exceeds those stan­ dards by a generous margin deserve our public recognition and thanks. AFFIRMED. A true Copy: Teste:

Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

USCA AOTXXXC-92-OOl-Midwest Law Printing Co., Inc., Chicago-7-20-93

27 CARTER CAVE FLINT

Six Carter Cave pieces from the collection of Russel Strunk, Milford, Ohio. Top Row: Butler Co., - Butler Co.: Perintown, Clermont Co. Bottom Row: Butler Co., - Clermont Co. - Warren Co.

28 HOPEWELL RITUALISTIC PIPES by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Drive Columbus, Ohio

Much of Early and Middle Woodland After some thirty years of study on this The special relationship of the effigy archaeology had its roots in the Southern subject the writer believes the distribu­ Hopewell pipes to their environment is ob­ Ohio and Ohio River watershed. One tion of Hopewell people and their exotic vious. Other life forms with their special continues to speculate on the beginnings artifacts resulted from the physical relo­ qualities may have represented a desire for of Hopewell, its florescence, and even­ cation of family groups over generations. the Hopewell people have these birds, ani­ tual disappearance. The writer has spent Present in the elaborate ceremonial cen­ mals, reptiles, and others join their de­ a good deal of time thinking about the ters such as Mound City in Ross County, ceased family members in the next world. origin of Hopewell, particularly in the light Ohio, were relatives of the Havana Thus the spirit of these life forms was being of the diffusion of the distinctive Hopewell people from Illinois perhaps carried forward with the family members. Hopewell platform pipes. Whereas Adena several generations removed. Their reli­ The plain platform pipes were symbolic of tube pipes of the same period have re­ gious practices required a substantial in­ the Hopewellians' devotion to their legacy gional characteristics such as slight flar­ vestment of time and labor, and this also and the movement of kindred spirits to the ing of the stem end, Hopewell pipes supports the local continuity theory. next world. This theory is further substanti­ found in Ohio have characteristics and Probably at the time the Mound City ob­ ated by the proven use of intoxicating ma­ craftsmanship identical to examples servance was being conducted, the Ohio terials in the pipes that were smoked. This found in the Illinois Valley. Authors on the Hopewell relatives were holding similar would have produced a feeling of tempo­ subject of the so-called "interaction" religious meetings in the Illinois River rary euphoria which could have been con­ sphere, a geographical trade network valley and at other locations in the strued as the spirit world or a conveyance used by the Hopewellians, have pro­ Mississippi River watershed. Their dis­ to the next world. posed an exchange of raw materials and tinctive pipes retained a similar form be­ Pictured are two artifacts from the well- finished goods as the explanation. On the cause they were part of the family legacy known Mann site in Posey County, Indiana. other hand, it can be assumed if the and were retained in numbers to be used Mann is a multi-component site with a Hopewell people had migrated from one as markers of the family tree or continu­ prominent Hopewell component. The arti­ location to a distant location their pos­ ing heritage. As stated, all were desig­ facts, an effigy of a human face and a plat­ sessions such as smoking pipes would nated to eventually be deposited as part form pipe, were surface finds after the have eventually been deposited in vari­ of the extended funeral observance. spring plowing of an apparent low ous sites along the way. But this is not Most were never intended to be used on Hopewell mound. Both are examples of the case based on recovered evidence, a functional basis except in conjunction Hopewell ceremonialism in the lower Ohio so we are forced to accept the theory with the burial ceremony. River valley. that these goods must have been pro­ duced for trade. Several authors have further proposed that a strong political religious hierarchy dominated the Hopewell period. This in­ cluded ceremonial centers and a central­ ized religious observance or kind of camp meeting which attracted relatives from widely separated locations. At this observance exotic artifacts would have been displayed, traded, and included as burial offerings in elaborate ceremonies honoring deceased family members. Further speculation describes these cere­ monies as honoring the elite or desig­ nated leaders of the Hopewell. For this reason the special event only occurred on an as-needed basis. In the writer's opinion much is to be believed in the theories offered above ex­ cept for the traveling of great distances to attend the religious observances. If we take the Hopewell pipes as markers or in­ dicators, the similarity of workmanship and material belies the congregation from a distant location theory and supports a more local origin for these ceremonial participants. Certainly the similarity of pipe styles supports the writer's opinion that a small group of pipe makers was deployed, probably within a limited geo­ graphical area.

29 A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC FLINT CACHES IN THE OHIO AREA by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio 45331

The reports of caches in this article are der five headings: Piano, Red Ocher, from Ohio and its environs. Open-ground Adena, Hopewell, and caches of rough caches only are included, not those from blanks. Following each section is a distri­ mounds. Caches are here presented un­ bution map.

PLANO CACHES On September 20, 1980, William Eschbaugh found MIMIttl VNMtN one of the most remarkable caches over discovered. fftMNltf He was excavating a basement five and one-half feet flllllllf I below ground level in the town ol Reno in Washington " » " if County, Ohio, when he found the two hundred one iatimblades . They had been placed in a pile two feet wide at one end of a pit three feet long. These Piano points are made of Upper Mercer flint. The cache included one completed Piano point identical to the ones found at the Sawmill and Stringtown sites. The blades are large for Piano, measuring around five and one-half inches long and are uniform in design. A heavy in- mamcrustatio n of red ocher has penetrated the surface of most of the pieces, making them appear a dull dusty red. This is the first mmiHMtfiifi known Piano cache recovered in Ohio and may be ceremonial (Converse 1982: 4-6). The Copeland cache consists of nine Piano blades, each of which is around five inches long. They are made of two varieties of flint: Nellie chert and Flint Ridge chalcedony. They are very thin, well made, and almost identical in chipping technique. Their only provenience known in that they were found near Alexandria, in Licking County, Ohio (Converse 1989).

Carmine Castle found a cache of Piano blades made of Upper Mercer flint in Perry County, Ohio, on May 5, 1986. He discovered the cache in a field that was being plowed deeper by heavier equipment. Castle found four blades on the surface. When he dug later, he found seven more in a clump of red ocher. They had been buried on a terrace above a glacial kettle. A corner seems to have been deliberately removed from the base of each blade (Hahn 1993).

RED OCHER CACHES The Nussbaum cache is probably the largest deposit of Late Archaic stemmed points ever discovered. There were at least thirty-three points in the cache, all of which were made of Harrison County, Indiana, flint. They were originally re­ ported in the Journal of the illinois Archaeological Society and the only provenience listed was southern Indiana. It seems as if an effort had been made by the maker to produce contrasting specimens as almost all retain part of the cortex of this nodular flint. Several are made almost totally of the tannish-gray cortex. All are around six inches long (Converse 1989:20).

A cache of twenty-five to thirty blades was found by Dave and Gary Oakley in Stokes Township, Logan County, Ohio, between November 10, 1988 and March 14, 1989. The cache was eroded out of a knoll by the plow, and eight or nine of the blades were broken by the plow. The pieces all measure five to six inches long. The blades look similar to Turkeytails, but are not made the same, as these blades are not as thin and well chipped as classic Turkeytails. Converse states that he believes they are of the Red Ocher culture because of the bipointed asymmetric shape and the use of Harrison County flint. The similar cache from Kaiser Lake in Champaign County leads one to believe that the Red Ocher people were regular visitor to Ohio (Converse ¥$n*» *1989:7) . These five Turkey tail points were found by Charles Lowe in 1911 along the Shelby-Hancock County line. He was grubbing out a fence row three hundred feet west of Brandywine Creek. Ocher is present on all of them and even seems to be burned into the flint. The finder said that "the location where these flints were found could not be marked by a hill or mound." The points measure seven to seven and on-half inches long (Townsend 1950: 42).

30 Probably the largest cache of Turkeytails is the Patrick Cache found in the spring of 1978. The cache was plowed out of a field in Brown County, Ohio, and contained from three hundred ten to three hundred fifty cere­ monially broken specimens made of Harrison County flint. James Murphy excavated the site, but no other fea­ tures were found than the small pit less than two feet in diameter which contained the blades. The pit was only one foot under the plowed surface and contained no red ocher or bones (Converse n.d.: 141-143).

The Spetnagel cache contains over two hundred ceremonially broken Turkeytails. It was found in the early 1920s during the excavation of a house basement in Chillicothe, Ohio. The points measure from three to ten and one-half inches long and all are made of Harrison County flint. It is the second largest cache of such blades known, even though this area is far from the center of the Red Ocher region (Converse n.d.: 141, 142).

James Keesling found a Turkeytail base and some Harrison County flint fragments on a gravel hill in Randolph i* County, Indiana, in the spring of 1972. In the spring of 1973 he found three more Turkeytail bases in the same loca­ tion. He excavated a pit thirty inches wide and four feet deep and found a total of forty-six bases and many broken tips. He estimates that there were probably fifty to sixty Turkeytails in the cache. This cache was a few inches from a skull which has been crushed by the tractor. The only other skeletal material was a pair of arm bones. The largest blades measure five and one-half inches long (Keesling 1974: 4).

James McNutt found eighteen Turkeytail variants in June 1896. He found them in Adams County, one mile north of Winchester, Ohio on a branch of Brush Creek. They were examined and possibly collected at that time by Warren K. Moorehead, who described this cache in his field notes of 1896. They are all slightly over six inches long and are made of Harrison County flint. William Koup states that a cache of identical type consisting of fifty-five pieces was found in Marshall County, Kentucky (Koup 1990:26).

_=Red Ocher caches

ADENA CACHES A cache of Adena blades was found by Mrs. Iva Price on her farm in western Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, around 1910. She later showed John Eicholtz the exact location where she had found them, and he examined the area but he found nothing more. The blades are classic Adena, thin and well chipped. The largest is seven inches long. They are all made of Flint Ridge flint in colors of yellow, red, cream, and blue (Eicholtz 1988:12).

tl> A £&*•> ilr- jfilfe Ronnie Thiebeau found one Adena cache-type blade near Versailles, Ohio, in Darke County in the spring of 1974. He later found two more in the same location in December. Realizing that these blades might be part of a cache, he dug with his hands and found six more, three of which were stacked on top of each other in a frozen chunk of dirt. He re­ ceived permission to dig in April of 1975 and uncovered thirty-four more blades, making a total of forty-one in the cache. The blades are all made of Flint Ridge flint and measure from two inches to four and one-half inches long ittttfl (Thiebeau 1977:65). From 1958 to 1988 Bob Converse found the remnants of this Adena cache made of Flint Ridge flint. The salvaged and engraved gorget pictured in the lower left was found in the same area. Jim Miller, the owner of the property, told Converse that around 1900 he had plowed many blades from this spot, but that they were by now long gone. The cache was located near the banks of Darby Creek in Madison County, Ohio (Converse 1993).

31 This cache of three Adena blades was plowed up in 1956 on the Emptage farm, two miles east of Marseilles, Ohio, in Wyandot County. The blades measure from six to six and one-half inches long and are extremely thin (about one-fourth inch). They are made of translucent Flint Ridge flint in colors ranging from olive to blue-gray to yellow to blue-white, with small quartz-crystal inclusions (anon. 1960:116).

In May of 1967 Bernard Schwartz found three Adena cache blades lying together in an old cornfield that was being converted to a lawn for a new residence in Johnson County, Kentucky. He dug at this location and recovered sixty-three blades in his sec­ ond fork probe. The flint is a good quality unidentified variety that is creamy-gray blotched with tan and brown. The blades show a high degree of workmanship. Although the plow had penetrated and fractured the top layer of the cache, Schwartz felt that from the position of the undisturbed position, the blades had been stored in a leather pouch (Brown 1968:35). Around 1980 Duane Lukens was plowing what was once a bog in Portage County, Ohio. He plowed out seven Adena cache blades. Then in 1982 his son, Otis, plowed out a large number of blades in the same area. Otis stopped plowing, sifted the soil, and recovered a total of three hundred forty-two Flint Ridge Adena blades. Olaf Prufer of Kent State examined the site, found seven more blades which had been scattered by the plow, and said he believed the cache was ceremonial. This is one of the largest • $¥«« Adena caches in Ohio. The area was still a bog in the memory of Duane Lukens, and this cache has apparently been deposited under the surface of this shallow body of water more than 2000 years ago. The Oak Shade cache in Fulton County is similar, as is the one from Seneca County (Converse 1984:20). A piece of wood three inches long was in as­ sociation with the cache, indicating that the cache may have been contained in a bucket (box? basket?). No chippage was found, so the blades were not made where the were found. There has been little study of such isolated caches as they "have been ignored in the professional literature" (Prufer, Seeman, and Mensforth 1984). The five blades pictured are part of a classic Adena cache discovered in Henry County near Deshler, Ohio. There are "a number of Flint Ridge blades" in the cache (Ohio Archaeologist 1982: back cover).

From 1980 to 1990 Barbara Fitzgerald collected a cache of blades which had been plowed to the surface. The cache was found north of Milford Center, Ohio, in Union County. The blades are made of striped Upper Mercer flint and are probably early Adena (Converse 1993).

A =Adena cache

In 1964 Charles Rothenstine found a large Adena cache when he was building a house on E. Walnut Street ^¥\ in Coshocton, Ohio. When workmen who were trenching the basement floor struck a pile of dark stone, £sL Rothenstine stopped the work. He carefully removed 330 blades made of Upper Mercer chert, measuring 3t 2^ to 8% inches long. The blades were compactly placed on edge in a space eighteen inches in diameter. A dozen of the largest and finest blades were lying flat on top of the rest of the cache. The actual depth of the cache was bout eighteen inches below the surface, as this area had been filled (anon 1964:12-14).

The four Adena points are from a cache of seven, found south of Huron, Ohio, in Erie County, on the west side of River Road. All are made of glossy gray and black Upper Mercer flint. The longest point measures seven inches (Hooks 1972:18).

On February 26, 1985, Steve Hill found several Early Adena-like points along the Ohio River in Mason County, West Virginia. He dug with his hands until they became cut by flint, at which time he began to dig with a tree limb. That day he found twenty-nine points. He returned the next day with proper excavating equipment and recovered ninety-eight more points, making a total of one hundred twenty-seven. The pit where the cache was located was eighty feet from the river on a bank twenty feet high. The pit measured two feet by three feet. The sandy soil in the pit was layered: six inches of brown sandy soil, two inches of yellow sand, and eight to ten inches of dark brown sand. The colors of the points are cream and tan to reddish, and they might be of Carter Cave flint. Some are shaped like Early Adena, some are like Turkeytails, and some are stemmed and shouldered like Late Adean (Hill 1985:22).

32 In 1974 James Murphy discovered what he believes to be a cache in the Our House Museum in Gallipolis, Ohio, in Gallia County. The artifacts were donated to the museum by J.M. McCarnes in the 1930s. The points and blades are Early Woodland and are made of tan and gray Delaware chert. Thirty-four of these are stemmed bifaces, and six are lanceolate or subrec- tangular types. The numbering on the blades, however, indicates to Murphy that there may have been one hundred eighty-four pieces in the cache. Murphy observes that the blades seem to be more related to the Red Ocher of Indiana and Illinois than to typical Ohio Adena (Murphy 1974:16).

Richard Partin and Maurice Reardon found fifty-four cache blades in May, 1969, in Section 18, Greene Township, Ashland County, Ohio, on a second terrace 150 feet above and 700 from the Black Fork River. They initially found several blades in a fence row beside a groundhog borrow. They received permission to excavate and found the cache thirty-two inches below the surface. The blades appeared to have been hastily buried. The groundhog had apparently burrowed beneath the cache and had carried to the surface the blades that had fallen on him. The pieces range from 2% inches long to smaller pieces, then to unworked flint. They appear to show stages in flint-working. Most pieces are made of Upper Mercer and Flint Ridge flint. They are not classic Adena and may not be of Adena manufacture (Reardon and Partin 1970).

HOPEWELL CACHES The largest cache ever discovered was removed form Mound 2 of the Hopewell Mound Group near Chillicothe, Ohio. Several different excavators worked on this mound from 1845 to 1926. There were so many flint discs that they were thrown out onto the ground. A total of around 8,3000 pieces were taken from the mound, some of which were said to have been arranged in a herringbone pat­ tern (Moorehead 1922:95).

In the spring of 1964 a boy found a large Hopewell flint disk on the north bank of Paint Creek in Ross County, Ohio. He probed the area and just below the surface he found six others. They each measure around four inches long. The writer states that they are made of Harrison County flint and are identical to the huge Hopewell mound cache discovered in 1892 by Moorehead (Hastings 1970:258).

In 1987 Tom Roberts of Martin's Ferry, Ohio, in Belmont County, was digging in his back yard, working on his drainage system. He unearthed nineteen Flint Ridge chalcedony blades measuring from five and one-half inches to seven and one-half inches long. The squared shoulders indicate that these are Hopewell. They are extremely thin, well chipped, and translucent. There was a small amount of red ocher with the cache. The blades "appear to be the work of one hand and made from one source of material - probably done by a master Hopewell flint knap- per" (Converse 1988:16).

Dana Baker found twenty-three Hopewell cache blades in Union County, Ohio. They are all made of Flint Ridge flint. His report was in 1981 and more blades were still coming to the surface at that time (Baker 1981: back cover).

The photograph shows three Hopewell cache blades out of a cache of thirty-three blades. All are made of Flint Ridge flint. The cache was found just north of Wakatomica, Ohio, in Coshocton County (Converse 1993).

''Ji^jX Henry Imler discovered two hundred thirty-seven cache blades in July, 1962, beside the Scioto River near Richmondale, Ohio, in Ross County. The two-foot circular pit was lined with Flint Ridge blades, and the bottom was filled with blades made of unidentified brownish-pink flint. The blades were identified as Adena by one archaeologist, and as Hopewell by another (anon 1962:90).

33 f A • ! '< Darl Fifer found this cache on April 21, 1962. It was on a high knoll southeast of the Mahoning River on the 9 Edward Corbett farm in the southwest corner of Paris Township, Portage County, Ohio. The blades appeared to be in a small pit approximately six inches wide, three inches deep, and twelve inches below the surface. Below the tl cache was a layer of charred wood covered with a layer of crushed sandstone. A total of thirty-five ovate or square- tfltft based blades of Flint Ridge flint were recovered. There were no other artifacts in clear association with the cache. f f » 1 9 J M This is probably a Hopewell cache as the blades are mostly the square shoulder variety (Fifer 1962:94). fill t • t This cache made of Carter Cave flint was found by Jack Seiter in July of 1963 in Big Island, one mile south of Meeker, Ohio, in Marion County. Seiter was clearing brush in a fence row and discovered two of the blades several feet apart. He found the rest of the cache only three of four inches below the surface. This cache of eleven blades includes several clearly pentagonal specimens and one completed Hopewell point. All are thin, well made, and translucent (Johnson 1965:106).

A cache of twenty Hopewell blades was found in 1943 by Virgil Walker in Milford Township, Knox County, Ohio. They were "one foot underground, all in one pile." The blades, which measure around four inches long, are made of Flint Ridge flint with many quartz crystal inclusions (Wright 1965:104).

=Hopowe

CACHES OF ROUGH BLANKS Harold Carpenter found several blades on the surface of a plowed field in Putnam County, Ohio, in March of 1972. He excavated in April and found nineteen more blades just below plow depth. He checked with the person who was farming the site, Joe Wischmeyer, and found that Wischmeyer had plowed out seventeen of the blades in 1975. There are a total of fifty-one blades in the cache, each of which measures five to six inches long. All are made of Harrison County flint (Nusbaum and Harnishfeger 1982:25).

Over a period of years beginning in 1978 Ronnie Thiebeau had been finding Upper Mercer flint blanks on a low knoll near ffi Versailles, Ohio, in Darke County. He finally probed and found a cache of the blades eight inches below the surface, concen­ trated in an area one foot wide and one and one-half feet long. The black flint blanks were stacked one on top of another and sticky clay mud surrounded them. The cache consists of over two hundred pieces. This is the second cache that Thiebeau has found (Thiebeau 1993). •pass.

Richard Hoke was plowing in the spring of 1966 near the Sandusky River north of Tiffin, Ohio, in Pleasant Township in 1 ^.?:iU»3 Seneca County when he found this sixty-four blade cache. All but four are made of Flint Ridge flint. The blades are roughly shaped by percussion with a minimal amount of pressure retouch. Three small triangular points were found at the same lllliftlHSii place, but since the entire cache was plowed out, an association cannot be made (Converse and John Kimm 1968:99). #|d#it&jCriJi miliar* HtM$ft* iii; The Cook site cache from Wood County, Ohio, consisted of nine crude ovate bifaces and one finished Archaic point. The cache blades were made of Columbus-Dundee chert. The diminutive size of the blanks and the presence of one com­ pleted point suggest that these were preforms for Late Archaic to Early Woodland small point projectiles. Several similar caches were found in the same area (Stothers and Abel 1993).

34 In 1936 a man named Hunter found a cache in Tiffin, Ohio, Seneca County, when he was digging a foundation for his garage. The five blanks in the cache are all percussion chipped Upper Mercer flint. One (A) shows signs of having been heat treated (burned?) (Long 1989:32).

In August of 1961 D.E. Baker found six blades along the bank of the Auglaize River, six miles upstream from Defiance, Ohio, in Defiance County. When he excavated he found two hundred-eighty blades under three inches of water. They were packed solidly in an area around one foot wide and one foot deep. The water was unusually low, and the cache would have normally been under three to four feet of water. He reports that the material the blades are made of is red, blue, striped, mottled (probably Flint Ridge) and shades of black and brown (probably Upper Mercer) (Baker 1962:7).

On January 10, 1988, Dan and Dave Plunkett were doing some odd jobs when they dug up several flint objects. They dug a hole and a total of forty-four blades were found. All are made of Upper Mercer flint and measure three •ffJTMItitf to four inches long. The cache is thought to be Archaic. This cache was found in Hammondsville, Ohio, in eastern Jefferson County (Henderson 1991:35). IN f Iff 09

John Heath found a cache in 1978 when he was plowing virgin ground. The cache was on a terrace above Aldrich Creek in Section 3, Lot 5, of Penfield Township, Loraine County, Ohio. The cache consists of eleven crude bifacially chipped blanks made of tan, gray, and brownish chert. Each piece measures several inches long. Although no other ar­ tifacts were found with the cache, this two-acre field has yielded both Archaic and Woodland points (Heath 1978:17).

In 1983 Dick Lemaster found this cache of preforms in a flat area in southwestern Licking County. A total of forty blades had been plowed out into a twenty-five foot circular area. Four kinds of flint are represented in this cache: Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer, Delaware, and Indiana Green. Lemaster stated that most of the surface finds in this location have been from the Archaic period (Lemaster 1990:15.)

r The Logan County Chert blades shown in the photograph are part of a cache of twenty-one blades known as the ^ Tilton Cache. This cache was observed by Robert Converse, who then discussed it with Dr. Jonathan Bowen, who iTTPrWks:: "iI ,' BK ./ recognized it as the one found by a Mr. Manko in 1986-1987. It has been designated 33-Wy-236 by the Ohio Historical -11 IE- ~M&* m V /'"•'• Society. The flint in this cache seems low quality, but some fine points have been made of it (Converse 1993; Bowen WKBL£§K$>*4£k v< F^gBl 1993).

ULL !;^jjBh- V JP™\ }

The Asmus No. 2 site cache consisted of 207 preforms made of Flint Ridge chalcedony. It was discovered dur­ ing an archaeological excavation near Waterville, Ohio, in Wood County in the spring of 1986. The cache was lo­ cated in a pit inside an ovoid post mold pattern measuring 20 by 25 feet. Also included within this configuration were a storage pit and four hearths. The authors date the cache to Late Archaic/Early Woodland because of the i!&$&k size and design of the oval structure (Stothers and Abel 1993). Iw

35 On December 10, 1986, Jim Justice noticed eight or ten blades under some weeds on a bank of the Ohio River. The rest of the cache, a total of fifty-nine pieces, was only a few inches under­ ground, and wave action would soon have washed the entire cache to the river bottom. All the blades are made of Harrison County flint. The county were the cache was found is unstated (Justice 1987:34).

Greg Ellis found some blades lying on the surface of a plowed field in Franklin County, Ohio, early in 1981. Later that year he found a cache of **AAAAiA| twenty-seven blades within an eight-foot circle scattered by the plow. ilMHMl Eleven of the blades were undisturbed and seemed to be stacked on top of one another in pairs. The blades, many of which are said to be heavily '••MM*' ground, are made of Upper Mercer flint. The largest is five and one-half inches long (Weidner 1981:34).

On November 27, 1981, David Boroff found five large Upper Mercer blades on the surface of a plowed field. Boroff dug here, and at a depth of fifteen inches, he found fifteen roughly- chipped blanks made of the same material. He worked two ffff f Wff more hours and recovered a total of thirty-eight pieces. The cache was buried in a sandy fossil beach ridge of Lake Erie, near Delphos, Ohio, at the juncture of Allen, Putnam, and Van 9tf 11 •*••" Wert Counties. Boroff makes the observation that the blades MffV seem to be paired (Boroff 1982:25). Map showing location of all five types of caches in this paper.

™S-£>

UMU. I A

TANDOT COLUMBIANA r X

LOGAN I IT A O UNION COSHOCTON I

*# rrtANKni. •vN o \ FAIRFIELD h PERKY I I 1 p f

H O HAMILTON / tFI HIGHLAND f~ , 0 1/ *. IMCXSONI "r v^X 1 JrJ- | 1 —— s S 1 A j \y1,1 o ••!• \ DOWN SCIOIO pi i»tLi»/' ^J_NX o ' ' \\iAW»£NCEL—'

p .- Piano caches O •= Red Ocher caches A • • Adena caches H • Hopewell caches X - Caches of rough blanks

36 Conclusions The majority of Adena caches were lo­ The largest cache was an Adena A large number of caches were acci­ cated in the northwestern part of Ohio. cache, which contained 342 blades. dentally discovered when basements Large Adena caches were made of Flint Next in number was a Red Ocher cache were being dug or yards were being Ridge flint and smaller ones of Upper with 310 blades. trenched. Three caches were found Mercer flint and Flint Ridge flint. No Some Turkeytail caches and many while fence rows were being cleared. Adena cache was made of Harrison Adena caches contained several to over Caches were found everywhere from County flint. a dozen very large blades. There may be level ground to riverbanks and from un­ Hopewell caches clustered near the some significance to this, as in one in­ der water to the tops of knolls. Most of center and southern parts of the state. stance the largest and finest blades the caches were located north of 1-70. Flint Ridge flint predominated in were found lying horizontally on top of Three Piano caches were reported. Hopewell caches, but Upper Mercer, the rest of the cache. They were all made of Upper Mercer Carter Cave, and Harrison County flints Although caches seem to be isolated and Flint Ridge flints and were not de­ were also represented. finds, perhaps this is an oversight, be­ posited a great distance from the quar­ Caches of rough blanks clustered in cause examination of the Asmus 2 site ries where those lithic materials were the northwestern part of Ohio. No rough cache revealed post molds and five obtained. Piano caches are probably blank cache contained red ocher or had other features besides the cache. ceremonial, as two of the three con­ been ritually broken, so, unlike Piano If the reader should ever find a cache, tained red ocher. and Red Ocher caches, rough blank an archaeologist should be notified and Red Ocher caches consisting of Turkey- caches appear to have been stored un­ the area tested for other features. tails also seem to be ceremonial be­ derground with the intention of later re­ Hopefully some radiocarbon dates could cause most had been ritually broken, trieval. Because of the long duration of be obtained. I eagerly await hearing one contained red ocher, and another the Archaic period in Ohio - at least from anyone who can contribute further was associated with a disarticulated 5,000 years - caches of rough blanks information and photographs of caches burial. Red Ocher caches were concen­ may be of Archaic origin. Upper Mercer in the Ohio area. trated in west central and southern flint, or which most rough blank caches Ohio. All of the Red Ocher caches were were made, was much used in the made of Harrison County flint. Archaic.

Acknowledgment 1968 A Seneca County Cache. Ohio Long, Russell J. Gratitude is expressed to all who have Archaeologist 18(3). 1989 A Cache of Five Blanks form Tiffin, Ohio. photographed and reported their caches. Eicholtz, John Ohio Archaeologist 39(3). 1988 A Pennsylvania Cache. Ohio Moorehead, Warren K. Archaeologist 38(4). 1922 The Hopewell Mound Group of Ohio. References Fifer, Darl J. Field Museum of Natural History publica­ Anonymous 1962 The Edward Corbett Cache, Portage tion 211, Vl(5): 95. 1960 The Marseilles Cache. Ohio Archaeologist County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 12 Murphy, James L. 10(4). (3,4). 1974 An Unrecorded Early Woodland Cache 1962 Cache Blades Discovered in Scioto Hahn, Jim from Gallia County. Ohio Archaeologist County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 12 1993 Piano Cache Found in Perry County. 24(3). (3,4). (Ross County) Ohio Archaeologist 43(1). 1977 A Bibliography of Ohio Archaeology. Ohio 1963 Ohio Archaeologist 12 (3,4). Hastings, Jerry Historical Society, Columbus. 1964 Coshocton Adena Cache Blade Find. 1970 A Boumville Cache: A Hopewell Flint Disk Nusbaum, Paul and Lloyd Harnishfeger Ohio Archaeologist 14 (1). Cache. Ohio Archaeologist 20(4). 1982 The Carpenter and Wischmeyer Cache. 1977 Central States Archaeological Journal. 24 Heath, John R. Ohio Archaeologist 32(3). (2):88. 1978 Crude Blade Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Prufer, Olaf, Mark Seeman, and Robert 1982 Ohio Archaeologist 32(2). back cover. 28(1). Mensforth Baker, Dana Henderson, Charles 1984 The Lukens Cache: A Ceremonial 1981 Ohio Archaeologist 31 (4): back cover. 1991 A Jefferson County Cache. Ohio Offering from Ohio. Pennsylvania Baker, D.E. Archaeologist 28(1). Archaeologist 54(3-4): 19-31. 1962 Cache of 280 Blades Discovered. Ohio Hill, Steve Reardon, Maurice and Richard Partin Archaeologist 12(1,2). 1985 A Cache of Early Adena Points. Ohio 1970 Ohio Cache of Adena Blades, Ohio Boroff, David Archaeologist 35(3). Archaeologist 20(1). 1982 The Boroff Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Hooks, Jack Strothers, David M., and Timothy J. Abel 32(2). 1972 Adena Cache. Ohio Archaeologist 22(1). 1993 Archaeological Reflections of the Late Bowen, Jonathan Hovan, Jim Archaic and Early Woodland Time 1993 Personal communication. 1991 A Map of Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist Periods in the Western Lake Erie Region. Brown, Leonard 41 (4): 12. In press. (Archaeology of Eastern North 1968 A Kentucky Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Johnson, Richard America.) 18(1). 1965 Hopewell Cache From Marion County. Thiebeau, Ronnie Converse, Robert N. Ohio Archaeologist 15(3). 1977 A Cache of Adena Flint Ridge Leaf 1982 The Eschbaugh Cache. Oho Justice, Jim Blades. Central States Archaeological Archaeologist 32(4). 1987 An Ohio River Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Journal 24(2). 1984 The Lukens Cache. Ohio Archaeologist 37(1). 1993 A Cache of Upper Mercer Flint Found in 34(3). Keesling, James E. Darke County. Ohio Archaeologist 45(1). 1988 The Roberts Cache. Ohio Archaeologist 1974 An Indiana Turkey Tail Cache. Ohio Townsend, Earl 38(1). Archaeologist 24(1). 1950 The Turkey Tails. Ohio Indian Relic 1989 The Copeland Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Koup, William Collectors Society Bulletin 25:42. 39(1). 1990 The James McNutt Cache. Ohio Weidner, Jane and Len 1989 The Nussbaum Cache. Ohio Archaeologist 40(3). 1981 The Ellis Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Archaeologist 39(1). Lemaster, Dick 31(3). 1989 The Oakley Cache. Ohio Archaeologist 1990 The Lemaster Cache. Ohio Archaeologist Wright, Norman L. 39(3). 40(2). 1965 Cache of Blades. Ohio Archaeologist 1993 Personal communication, 15(3). n.d. Glacial Kame Indians: 141, 142. Converse, Robert N. and John Kinn,

37 MORE NAMES THAN TYPES by Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

In the last issue of The Ohio Archae­ some personal bias to see a difference in doesn't now, know and recognize ologist (Vol. 43 No. 2) Dr. Kent Vickery his or her own particular sample. the type. I believe it would have and James C. Litfin commented on my Now to the "Thebes" type discussed in been presumptuous of me to give it article entitled "Three Different Types" Vickery and Litfin's paper. The "Thebes" a "name" - a reluctance not shared which appeared in Volume 43 Number 1 point is shown in Perino - 1971 in draw­ by professional archaeologists and of The Ohio Archaeologist. I had not read, ings on Plate 48. It is difficult to decide type classifiers some of whom and was not being critical of, a paper they from the accompanying description who weren't even born when it was first had written on point classification (Vickery takes the credit (or blame) for naming it. called an Archaic Bevel. It has a and Litfin 1992). The largest drawing, and presumably the heavy fan-shaped base which is I had not read their paper until after I classic example, is much better illustrated heavily ground, the blade is usually had written my article which was in Tully (Tully - 1986), in photographs of beveled (sometimes to exhaustion) prompted by my reaction to several point that same point along with two other ex­ and even though beveled, every at­ classification books (Justice 1987) amples (Fig. 1). Whichever we use as a tempt was made by its users to re­ (DeRegnaucourt - 1991) (Perino - 1991) guide, we have a point type and a name tain the barbs. Classic examples and others. My comments were in re­ for it - a proposition with which I cannot can be seen in Fig. 2 sponse to the confusion caused by the seriously argue (with exceptions to be The Expanded Notch Point, pervasive use of foreign point type names noted later). The type is common in (Converse 1973). The E-notch and for Ohio flint types . Illinois and Missouri, but if specimens like the Key Notch are exactly the same To begin with, there are two kinds of those illustrated were seen in Ohio collec­ point and are not forms or varieties classifiers - "lumpers and splitters" tions they could easily be recognized as - they are all the same. This point is (Wormington, 1957 - p3 ) and I consider not originating in this area. There are thinner than the Archaic Bevel. Its myself a lumper. I believe, for example some scarce Ohio points which resemble base is not as heavily ground and is that a Triangular Point is a Triangular the "Thebes" but there are major differ­ often asymmetrical or somewhat Point whether it takes the shape of an ences in size, design, and other attrib­ lopsided. The notches are delicate equilateral or an isosceles triangle or any utes. Thus, it seems to me, rather spuri­ and T-shaped. Classic examples other three-sided unnotched point of ap­ ous reasoning to conclude that not only are seen in Fig. 3. proximately the same size. No matter Ohio types, which may be no more than The Cache Diagonal Notch I can't what they are called or how many simulacra, must be described as find in my literature. Under the names they are given, they are still the "Thebes", but also have the name ex­ Thebes type, Perino (1971-page 96) same type - all are varieties of the tended to points which don't even slightly says The Cache Diagonal Notched Triangular Point. There are discrete vari­ resemble it. was named from an unpublished ations in Triangular Points from one site This proposition of a "Thebes" type manuscript which seems rather spe­ to another and usually within one site would not be so troublesome if it were cious. The name was then changed there are variations. But I doubt whether simply left at that - the name and de­ to Thebes and placed in a "Thebes even the most astute observer could scription of an Illinois type. The problem Cluster" whatever that is. I do find a separate his "named type" from a mixed begins, and the confusion, when other Cache River point (Perino - 1971 - collection of other Triangular Points and types with significant differences are in­ plate 7) which has little similarity to a probably would find that his "type" oc­ cluded under the "Thebes" rubric. Thebes. But this is simply one more curs on many other sites to a varying Before I discuss my understanding of problem with type names. degree. A review of the literature will re­ what is included in the "Thebes" type, I The Greenville Creek Side veal that there are no less than thirty dif­ admit I don't have the literature which is Notched (DeRegnaucourt - 1991) - ferent "named" triangular types and available to professional archaeologists which incidentally adds yet another more appear with every publication. The and thus can't comment on some of the name to a well-known and common only other type point in Ohio and vicinity type descriptions mentioned in their pa­ type already laden with more with a triangular design is the Fort per. Indeed, it would require a library of names than can be counted. The Ancient Serrated point which is totally considerable proportions to stay abreast idea that there is a Greenville Creek different from its triangular counterparts of the "new types" and "new" names con­ culture or that the type is found pri­ and can be separated from other trian­ stantly appearing in professional articles, marily along Greenville Creek is gles by a novice. reports, and point classifications. But I do ridiculous. Its connection with any I agree with Vickery and Litfin that every have a few type classification books and of the above mentioned points es­ type has its variations, many of which are reviewed them to try to determine what capes me. the result of the skills or idiosyncrasies of kind of points are under discussion. Vickery and Litfin explain that Thebes is its maker or the intractability of the stone Under the system of Vickery and Litfin a type - the Archaic Bevel is a variety - from which they are fashioned. I prefer, as the previously mentioned "Thebes" type the Cache Diagonal Notched is a variety a lumper, to classify these under the includes: (the same point presumably which had its same type, bearing in mind that the differ­ The Archaic Bevel (Converse - name changed to Thebes) - the ences from what is called the classic type 1963). It is a common Ohio type. Greenville Creek Side Notched is a sub- are no more than discrete or idiosyn­ When I published it I did not give it variety - the Keynotch is a form - the E- cratic. To be sure, these interpretations a "name" since it already had one notch is a variety of a form? - the (Ohio are often subjective but they can also be and had had it for many years. Variety)? Thebes is a variety. the result of unfamiliarity with large num­ There is scarcely an archaeologist I must admit that I lost my way some­ bers of the type, lack of observation, or or collector who didn't then, and where between variety, subvariety and

38 e. form. It is asserted that "Classifying them County flint. If all of them are made of this hundreds of miles from Ohio, or who have as varieties of a single type emphasized stone then, it seems to me, such a perva­ seen no more than a handful of Ohio their similarities," I fail to see the similari­ sive use of one kind of stone makes its pieces. What makes this practice so in­ ties which should serve to unify a type, use as much of a type attribute as its sidious is the willingness of Ohio archae­ such as for example, the triangular shape shape. But there are other point types ologists to accept these indiscriminate of Triangular Points or the fluting on which in some degree share this type/raw type classifications as dogma and use Fluted Points. Being a "lumper" I ask my­ material relationship and in some cases them in their reports and museum dis­ self if these types all have a large heavy make it very nearly a type attribute. In plays. One would logically conclude, after base like the Archaic Bevel, No. Do they fact, the type/raw material association of­ visiting a museum or reading an Ohio re­ all share beveling? No. In fact, I have ten acts in a negative way to help identify port, that not a single type originated in never seen a beveled Archaic Side types since some of them are rarely made Ohio or was peculiar to this area. A case Notched point (called the Greenville of certain kinds of stone. It would be a in point is the Snyders type. Discovered in Creek Side Notched in their paper). Are rarity indeed to see a Triangular Fort a not-too-important Hopewell mound in these points similar in size? Certainly not. Ancient point made from the same flint as Illinois, it was named a Snyders point af­ Do they share a common use as a tool (as a Hopewell core, and vice versa. ter the mound it was found in (is there a for example drills)? No one knows, but we I am at a loss to reconcile the assertion Snyders culture?) and the name was im­ are probably dealing with tools on one in their paper that they prefer cultural mediately embraced by many writers to hand and a projectile type on the other. names when they provide the name describe Ohio Hopewell points which With all these disparities, which may be "Thebes". Is there a Thebes Culture? I they resemble in few respects. The only a product of my subjective judgment, have no quarrel whatever with cultural Snyders appellation was appropriate for I wonder what the common denominator names and believe they should be used Illinois, if that is what they choose to call for the Thebes" type is. wherever possible - names such as their Hopewell points. However, there are I would like to explain what I meant in Adena, Hopewell, Archaic and Fort few Hopewell points in Ohio with Snyders my original paper by chipping treatment. Ancient which are all recognized cultures. attributes. Some resemble them in gen­ If the classifier is observant he will discern However, type classifiers either scrupu­ eral outline although I have never seen a differences in chipping technology from lously avoid these appellations or rename classic Snyders point in this state. A type to type. Most types are invariably a type which has a cultural name at every group of Snyders points mixed in with an chipped in certain ways, a phenomenon opportunity. For many years the Adena Ohio collection could easily be picked out missed by many classifiers. For example, Point was recognized far and wide as the by most collectors. And yet I see publica­ the well-known and common type known classic Adena type, however, today the tions and museum displays with classic as a Fishspear (Converse - 1973, p 46) name Robbins is used to describe it. To Ohio Hopewell points, which don't look was originally published by the late John be sure there was a Robbins mound - not anything like a Snyders, with that label. Schatz as a Late Woodland Point (Schatz too well known - but the name hardly had One of the problems with using proper - 1959). John Schatz believed it to be an the currency or the correct connotation as names - no matter what their derivation - Archaic type, which it was, but bowed to did Adena. In 1963 I provided what I be­ is that there is an inherent implication in a pressure from the Technical Editor of The lieved to be an adequate and unmistak­ name that leads the reader to logically Ohio Archaeologist, Raymond Baby, who able description of the Archaic Bevel. It believe that it has some sort of connec­ thought the type was a late Hopewell type had a cultural name - Archaic - and de­ tion with the type's distribution, its pri­ because he didn't know the difference in scribed its most obvious attribute -a mary area of occurrence, or has some chipping styles between the two types. In bevel. Although I had published a type other pertinence to its character. In some outline, the Broad Blade Point (Converse and described it, it only provided an op­ instances, such names have validity up to 1973) looks like, and indeed is often mis­ portunity for someone to "discover" it and a point - Robbins, Snyders, Kanawha, taken for, the Adena point. However, a fa­ give it a "name". The result is that we now etc. But to take a name at random for ex­ miliarity with chipping styles in the two have a well-known Ohio type classed as a ample from the 1992 Vickery and Litfin types makes them easily separable. If an variety of an Illinois type called variously a paper, the Xenia point is a prime example Adena Cache Blade (fortunately no one "Thebes" or a "Cache River Diagonal of such a problem. The name Xenia to has "named" it yet), which in outline re­ Notched" type. Had someone later exca­ anyone, including me connotes the idea sembles the preform from which a dove­ vated such points as Archaic Bevels that it is found primarily in and around tail might be made, were notched like a from a site and firmly dated them, then Xenia, Ohio, since there are no Xenias dovetail by a modern flint knapper, an ex­ they may have had the prerogative to re­ listed in neighboring states. Or perhaps perienced observer would know in an in­ name the type after their site or culture. there had been a site excavated near stant that it was fraudulent simply by But for an Ohio point type, long estab­ Xenia at which a specific point type was looking at the way the blade was lished, to be named from a survey (pro­ found and dated - an axcavation which I chipped. Chipping techniques vary from fessional for surface hunt) done in Illinois had never heard of. But most of our read­ type to type - Turkeytails for example, is beyond my understanding. ers will be surprised to learn, as I was rarely have heavy lenticular cross-sec­ One of Webster's definitions of a name (and especially those living in Greene tions, while Ohio Dovetails are rarely with­ is "a word or words expressing some County), that the Xenia is a fluted point. out them. quality considered characteristic or de­ They will also be surprised, as I was, to As for raw materials, Vickery and Litfin scriptive of a person or thing." The name learn that it has two subvarieties - the say they disfavor associating one kind of "Thebes" and most other type names fail Coxey and the Neodesha, all of which, raw material with just one particular point totally on these requirements. Why a de­ using logic, should be found in the fields type. While they may disfavor it, empirical scriptive name - one which describes is of Greene County. evidence suggests otherwise. They cite avoided in favor of some name which is Many Ohio types are described from the Turkeytail, stating "Most Turkeytail meaningless except to the one who drawings or no more than one or two ex­ points are made of Harrison County flint." named it is unfathomable. amples and given names by people who The statement is inaccurate: all Turkeytail But the "Thebes" is only one of a del­ have obviously never held the specific points are made of Harrison County flint. uge of "names being applied helter-skel­ point in their hands. In their 1992 paper, I have never, in forty years of examining ter to Ohio types, in many cases by writ­ Vickery and Litfin list the Miller Lanceolate prehistoric artifacts, seen a genuine ers who have no familiarity whatever with as a type under which all other lanceo- Turkeytail made of anything but Harrison large Ohio collections, who are situated lates should be subsumed. Unless I am

39 mistaken, the Miller Lanceolate consists of has served to trivialize a science already 1959 Schatz, John W. one single point found at the Meadowcroft beset with many problems. The flood is Late Woodland Projectile Type The Ohio Rock Shelter. I have seen only drawings, unending and the acceptance of such Archaeologist Vol. 9 No. 4 Columbus 1963 Converse, Robert N. but the point appears to be no more than a absurd names makes the problem nearly Ohio Flint Types The Archaeological Society of insoluble. common Ohio Piano Lanceolate, thou­ Ohio Columbus sands of which can be seen in Ohio collec­ If the systemization of types is to have 1971 Perino, Gregory tions - and from which I doubt anyone any clarity and validity, I believe the clas­ Guide to the identification of certain American could separate the type specimen. In an­ sifiers have to go back to the basics. For Indian Projectile Points Oklahoma other classification book, a Paleo Square example, everyone with an interest in ar­ Anthropological Society Oklahoma City Knife - a name which could hardly be mis­ chaeology knows what a fluted point is. 1973 Converse, Robert N. taken for anything but what it says - was The Fluted Point should be the type and Ohio Flint Types, revised 1973 The given the name Watts Cave from a single all other fluted points classed as sub­ Archaeological Society of Ohio Columbus example (Perino-1991). types or varieties. It is simple and under­ 1986 Tully, Lawrence N. standable. Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North We are confronted with a miasma of American Indian Collector Books named types, most of which are varieties I admire Vickery and Litfin's attempt to Paducah of basic types, variations from the normal make some sense of a tangled and com­ 1991 DeRegnaucourt, Tony being only in the observer's eye or plicated problem and I wish them well. A Field Guide to Prehistoric Point Types of prompted by a zeal to "name" a type. When I first wrote Ohio Flint Types I stu­ Indiana and Ohio Privately Printed These in turn are freighted with a flood of diously avoided anything but descriptive Ansonia new names - names which honor rivers, names unless the type had a name inbed- 1991 Perino, Gregory creeks, cities, towns, farmers, counties, ded in common usage. I believe I was Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indian, Volume 2 hills, valleys, an arsenal, archaeologists, right then, and when I look at the Privately Printed Idabel type classifications coming into usage to­ plateaus, lakes, a railroad, a ditch, 1992 Vickery, Kent D. and James C. Litfin landowners, a hellgrammite, a collector, day, I take comfort in the fact that I have A Proposed Revision of the Classification of and a go-cart. What must be the shining not contributed to a problem which bor­ Midwestern Paleo-lndian, Earl Archaic jewel in the crown of type names is the ders on the verge of silliness. and Middle Archaic Projectile Points "Apple Blossom" point (Perino - 1991) - University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio named from a supposed type after a bar 1993 Converse, Robert N. frequented by its "discoverers!" References Three Different Types The Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 43 No. 1 Columbus, 1993 Vickery, In my opinion, the proliferation of Kent D. and James C. Litfin Different meaningless non-descriptive type 1957 Wormington, Marie Ancient Man in North America Denver Museum Type - Or Are They Varieties The Ohio names, and the propensity for archaeolo­ Archaeologist Vol 43 No. 2 gists to embrace them without question, of Natural History Denver

40 r Fig. 1 (Converse) Thebes points as pic­ tured in Tully's book "Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indian". The type point is shown in the center. All are Illinois pieces.

Point on right is 6 inches.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Typical Ohio Archaic Bevels.

Fig. 3 (Converse) Classic Ohio Expanded Notch Points.

41 THE GERBER CASE REPRINTED FROM Newsletter of the American Committee for the Preservation of Archaeological Collections

The following letter is from Michael failure of the Indiana State Historic and the orders to rip down the mound Gramly, of the Great Lakes Artifact Preservation Officer to protect the site al­ were given. I hope generations to come Repository (79 Perry St., Buffalo NY though public funds had been applied to will forgive us." 14203): a road project for which mound fill was ACPAC has previously printed news "I attended the sentencing of Arthur ostensibly used." items about this case. Our concerns, as Gerber by Federal Judge Gene Brooks in "Professor Seeman did not address stated previously, lie entirely with preser­ Evansville, Indiana, on July 8, 1992, and I the fate of the mound - one of the most vation of archaeological data and collec­ offered testimony on Mr. Gerber's behalf important monuments of the Hopewell tions. It is unfortunate that the bureau­ . . . the sentence was one year in jail, archaeological culture - which still lies crats on the payroll to "preserve" $5000 fine and three years' closely su­ gutted and wrecked, shorn of its protec­ archaeology did not do in in this case, pervised probation ..." tive cap of earth. At this writing I have nor according to Gramly's letter are they "My role in this affair was to place in heard of no efforts to restore the mound, doing anything further to preserve what perspective Mr. Gerber's actions, which I no initiatives to recover important arti­ specimens and data may remain. We feel were trivial in comparison the the facts from fill dirt on General Electric would still like to know what became of mass destruction that was wrecked upon property, and no desire to reclaim unique Gerber's artifacts, given back to General the Hopewell mound by contractors who objects still in the hands of private collec­ Electric. Are they preserved or just were ultimately responsible to the tors. Perhaps the mound and its archae­ dumped back into what remains of a General Electric Corporation. Mr. Gerber ological site are destined to be forgotten. badly damaged site? Is the ancient his­ maintained, as did other collectors who All that may be remembered is the day of tory of the U.S. bettered in any way by gleaned the gutted archaeological site for infamy when Art Gerber was sentenced this use of the legal system and the tax­ specimens, that his presence was duly and damned for his unproved violation of payers' money? noted by security personnel at a gate to human sepulcher." The Fourth of July observations in­ General Electric property and that they "Apparently Professor Seeman who has cluded the reprinting of the Declaration of felt 'tacit permission' had been extended had the opportunity to explore similar Independence in many localities. This list for their digging." monuments or to witness excavations in of grievances against King George III in­ "There is absolutely no evidence that them by his colleagues no longer feels cludes the following: "He has erected a Mr. Gerber had disturbed human burials that anything of importance remains to be Multitude of new Offices, and sent hither or any other archaeological feature; learned. When asked by the Federal Swarms of Officers to harass our People, nonetheless, he was attacked upon this Prosecutor what archaeologist would and eat out their Substance." We have point and damned." have done had they encountered the got rid of the king, but our own govern­ "I feel that Mr. Gerber was shocked at enormous mound on General Electric ment has certainly "erected a multitude the destruction he observed and wanted property before it was gutted, he replied of new offices" and hired "swarms of offi­ to save objects for posterity. Certainly his that it would have been left alone in defer­ cers" in the area of archaeology and mu­ interest in the prehistory of southern ence to the feeling of Native Americans. seum management. When federal, state, Indiana is deep-rooted, for it is his birth­ With this statement Dr. Seeman sounded county, and municipal governments all place and where he was raised." the death knell for his science." pass laws on archaeology and hire peo­ "Professor Mark Seeman of the "Arthur Gerber intends to appeal his ple to enforce them, we wonder how Department of Anthropology at Kent sentencing by challenging the applicability many of these are necessary and con­ State University served as expert witness of the ARPA statutes under which he was tribute to the public good? Particularly for the Federal Prosecutor. He took a dim charged. I wish him good luck as during when these laws are not guided by inter­ view of Gerber's digging but had much this appeal the real truth about this terrible ests in conservation, public education, or less to say about the dismal chain of act of callous destruction of our nation's scientific studies of the past, but are con­ events that led to the mound being par­ common heritage will emerge. There are trolled by proclaimed aboriginal religious tially destroyed by heavy earth-moving no winners in this case; we all lost in 1988 beliefs, there can be serious doubt about machinery. He did not even discuss the when laws and regulations were ignored governmental regulation.

To Whom It May Concern: sionals and non-professionals, and Resources Protection Act to private prop­ to encourage and aid in directing erty. This is in no way an endorsement of The Archaeological society of Ohio their efforts in publishing and dis­ the actions of any group or individual nor consists of 2758 members who are col­ seminating information relative to does it constitute an endorsement for the lectors, avocational and professional ar­ archaeology; to educate and act in violation of any state or local law or the chaeologists, and other interested citi­ the elimination of fraudulent mater­ looting of any archaeological site. It does zens. The objectives of our Society as ial and data. represent the concern of our members stated in our constitution and By-Laws A majority of the Directors of the that the decisions were contrary to law are as follows: Archaeological Society of Ohio voted to and that the Courts have erred in their de­ The Objects of the Society shall join as amicus curiae in opposing the cisions. (See page 25). be to locate, report and attempt to United States District Court for the preserve archaeological sites and Southern District of Indiana, Evansville Sincerely, material within the state of Ohio; to Division, and the United States Court of Larry L. Morris serve as a bond among those inter­ Appeals for the Seventh Circuit rulings in President ested in archaeology both profes- the application of the Archaeological

42 i CD 1 •>t§Mfi*tlA 5. fQ.t

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43 FIVE POINTS FROM THE OLD BRITT RESEARCH COLLECTION: ARE THEY TYPES OR VARIETIES? by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

Two articles which appeared in the wonder how many readers of this article "barbed, expanded stem" rather than a Ohio Archaeologist recently, one by will agree with Vickery and Litfin that the notched type. Also, I wonder how Perino Converse (1993) and the other by Vickery three points from Delaware County and others might classify this point. and Litfin (1993), prompted this writing. shown here (Figs. 1 and 2) are similar Would they consider it to be a "Thebes, Converse illustrates three different types: enough to justify all three being consid­ Green River variety"? (1) so-called Thebes points, (2) Archaic ered Thebes points of different varieties. I Converse (1993) in his article states bevels, and (3) Expanded notch points. see few morphological similarities be­ that the tendency to include several types Vickery and Litfin question of these are tween the point in Fig. 1 and the two under "some single meaningless name" actually three distinct "types", or if points shown in Fig. 2. to him "smacks of an unscholarly ap­ Archaic bevels and Expanded notch A very classic example of an Expanded proach". I have a comment on this ten­ points are actually "varieties" of Thebes. notch point (Converse, 1996:102) in my dency to lump different types together. It A point which I once owned from former collection is illustrated here in seems to me that some workers might be Delaware County, Ohio (Fig. 1) is similar Figure 3. This point was originally in the inclined to lump and keep on lumping un­ to the "so-called" Thebes which Dr. F.A. Stengel collection and is from til they end up with only one type. This Converse (1993:18, Fig. 1, Top row) illus­ Seneca County. The expanded notch or type, then, they might name simply trates. Converse notes that these points "E" shows up quite nicely in the photo, as "American Indian Projectile Point". are fairly scarce in Ohio. In my lifetime I well as pronounced serrations on a Because no two points are exactly alike, have seen few of them. I have personally steeply-beveled edge. In discussing ex­ then every point could be considered to found only one in Ohio (Auglaize County). panded notch points, Converse (1993:18) be a variety (or sub-variety) of the type I assume that most professional archaeol­ points out: "its base resembles the other "Projectile Point", with either a cultural or ogist would agree that this point (Fig. 1) is two types no more than a donut resem­ descriptive name applied to the individual a Thebes. bles a truck tire."He further states that specimen. I think this illustrates a major The problem comes in the professional Expanded notches are probably rarely classificatory problem. archaeologists' classification of the four found outside of Ohio. I once examined a other points illustrated here (Fig. 2, 3, & 4>£-inch expanded notch in the Munger 4). Two points, originally in the Dr. Stan collection which was from north-central References Copeland collection, and also from Indiana. This is one of the few I've seen Delaware County, are shown in Figure 2. from Indiana. The blade was quite thin and Britt, Claude Jr. These are typical of the types which con­ was not beveled. It was unlike the points 1967 Archaic Occupation of West-central Ohio. verse (1993) states "are familiar to anyone in Ohio which are termed Expanded Masters Thesis #1313, Bowling Green who has surface collected in Ohio." In notch. Was this Indiana specimen a differ­ State University. 1963, Converse originally described this ent "type" than the one found in Ohio, or Converse, Robert N. 1993 Three Different Types. Ohio types being Archaic bevels in his first was it another "variety"? Would some ar­ chaeologist attempting to classify it have Archaeologist. Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 18. Ohio Flint Types book. This type, follow­ 1966 Ohio Flint Types (Revised). ing Converse's description, was termed named it something like "Thebes type Archaeological Society of Ohio. "Archaic bevel" in my M.A. Thesis (Britt, Indiana Expanded notch variety"? 1963 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 1967). This terminology seemed adequate One point form La Rue County on the 13, No. 4 to me at that time. It wasn't until later that Green River in Kentucky is being shown Perino, Gregory Perino (1971) published a description of here (Fig. 4). This point demonstrates 1971 Guide to the Identification of Certain Thebes. The two points shown here (Fig. potential classificatory problems. There American Indian Projectile Points. 2) were formerly illustrated in my thesis as is not doubt that this Kentucky point is Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bull. No. 4. Norman. being "Holo-types" for Archaic bevels. beveled and form the Archaic Period. Vickery, Kent D. and James C. Litfin This classification still seems satisfactory However, the base does not resemble 1993 Different Types ... Or are they varieties? to me. Archaic bevels found in Ohio. The Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. notches are much larger. I wonder if Personally, I see few similarities be­ 26-27. tween the types (or varieties?) illustrated some researchers might actually con­ by Converse (1993, Fig. 1). I likewise sider this Kentucky specimen to be a

44 Fig. 2 (Britt) Two points of the type generally called "Archaic bevels" by Ohio collectors. Both are from Delaware County, Ohio. Ex Dr. Stan Fig. 1 (Britt) Point from Delaware County, Ohio. This type is usually Copeland collection. termed Thebes by professional archaeologist.

Fig. 3 (Britt) A good example from Seneca County of the type generally Fig. 4 (Britt) a beveled point from LaRue County, Kentucky. Ex Munger termed "Expanded notch point" in Ohio. Ex Dr. F. A. Stengel collection. collection.

45 AN EARLY DISCOVERY OF FLINT ARTIFACTS IN A SMALL LIMESTONE CAVERN IN SHELBY COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

INTRODUCTION Turilli, General Manager of the caverns. This article is not a "scientific report", nor The use of limestone caverns by man in Turilli's reply, in part, states that many was it meant to be. Ideally, if these flint prehistoric times in North America was years ago an Indian grave was supposedly points were still available for inspection, fairly common. Evidence of Indian activity found in Meramec, but all evidence of this studies of typology could give a general has been found in both of the two largest has long since disappeared. idea of the dates of occupancy of Five-Mile caverns in the country, Carlsbad Caverns Cave. The young boy and his father who National Park in New Mexico and FIVE-MILE CAVE NEAR SIDNEY, OHIO found the points moved away from Shelby Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky. Located along the Great Miami River County in the late 40's so he did not gradu­ This paper reports the discovery in the south of Sidney is a limestone cavern ate with us. If I knew how to locate him I 1920's of several flint points in a limestone known locally as "Five Mile Cave". The would see if he might still have the artifacts cave in Shelby County, which may be the only area in Shelby County where bedrock from the cave which I might study. Also, it only reported finding of flint items in an is exposed on the surface is a narrow band would be interesting to know provenience Ohio cavern. of exposures of Silurian age limestones ex­ within the site if the father could be located tending for a few miles along the Great to tell us. I wonder if these points were BACKGROUND Miami River Valley. This bedrock crops out found on the surface or if they were dug Concerning Carlsbad Caverns, I worked on the surface for a distance of perhaps 6 up. I suspect they were found on or near at various times at two different national or 7 miles south of Sidney and north of the surface of the cave. When Wilson parks in New Mexico, so I know some of Piqua. Sometime during the geological Watkins, Ron Brewer, and I explored Five- the park service staff in that state. Regard­ past, a limestone cavern was formed in Mile Cave several times back in the 1950's ing Indian use of Carlsbad Caverns, I sent this limestone. The cavern entrance is on there didn't appear to be much fill or debris a letter of inquiry to Felix Hernandex, III at the west side of the Great Miami River (Fig. within the cave proper. The cave floor, for Carlsbad. Hernandez's letter, in part, 1) along River Road. It is 5 miles south of the most part, seemed to be solid lime­ states: Sidney. Hence the name "Five-Mile Cave". stone with local areas of mud and debris. I also wonder if the points were found near "Archeological evidence found The cave entrance is large enough so that the entrance or further back in one of the throughout Carlsbad has included a man can walk into it without stooping. passages or chambers. pictograph sites, pot shards, spear- I grew up in Shelby County a few miles points, flint flakes, chert scrapers, from this cave. In the 1940's my elemen­ In the 50's and 60's when I was a col­ mortars, sandals, and bone frag­ tary school classmates all knew of this lege student I did quite a lot of surface sur­ ments. Not all of these materials cave. Back in the late 40's there was a fea­ veys in the area. However, much of the were found within caverns. Some ture article on "Exploring Five-Mile Cave" river valley in the vicinity of Five-Mile Cave items were found near entrances or in a Dayton newspaper. That article got my was wooded. Along the river valley be­ around rock shelters. Items found school friends and me even more inter­ tween Five Mile Cave and Sidney on the specifically within Carlsbad Caverns ested in exploring this cave. No one knows east side of the river are several small rock included pictographs, fire pits, how extensive the cavern might be due to shelters. None of these are high enough to worked stone, and skeletal material a "room" full of water perhaps 2 to 3 hun­ walk into erect. They are also quite shal­ near the entrance." dred years beyond the entrance. No one low. I remember as I explored the area two Closer to Ohio is Mammoth Cave has ever attempted to explore beyond the or three of the floors of these small shelters National Park in Kentucky. I re-visited water. In more recent years it was deter­ contained numerous small animal bones Mammoth Cave in April, 1993 after not mined that the room under water contains and teeth mixed in with soil, rock frag­ having been there for several years. I dis­ toxic gasses, therefore not safe to enter. ments, and other debris. I always won­ cussed archaeological evidence at Of interest to archaeologist, when I was dered if this faunal material was left over Mammoth Cave with one of the lady park in 4th grade (1946) one of my classmates from Indian meals or if the bones were interpreters. She told me about an early brought to school to show his teacher and those of animals that had died there while discovery of an "Indian mummy" in the us several flint points which his father had using the shelters for protection. caverns and she also mentioned the fact discovered in Five-Mile Cave in the 1920's. that prehistoric Indians had come to There were between 12 and 15 flint artifacts OTHER CAVERNS IN OHIO Mammoth Cave to "mine" gypsum crystals which came from the cave. I was only age Ohio Caverns are perhaps the best- for an unknown purpose. Apparently, 10 when I saw those flint points. I can still known limestone caverns in Ohio. There Schwartz (1960, 1965) was one of the first remember what a few of them looked like. was no Indian occupation because Ohio to publish on the archaeology of the There were 2 or 3 stemmed points or knives Caverns had no natural opening and was 1 Mammoth Cave area. More recent than made from black flint. These were 3 to 3 i not found until 1897. Another nearby cave, Schwartz's work is a book by Watson inches long. The remainder were fairly small also in Logan County, is Zane Caverns. (1974) entitled Archaeology of the and were chiefly notched types. These Apparently there was no Indian use of Mammoth Cave Area. This book deals with smaller points were all made of white, gray, Zane either. artifacts, fabrics, plant foods, mining, etc. or other light-colored cherts. I don't recall Olentangy Caverns just north of in the Kentucky cave region. any being made from pretty-colored Flint Columbus advertises these caverns as be­ Another well-known cave in the Midwest Ridge Flints. I don't recall any being made ing "Indian Caverns". I'm not sure what ar­ is Meramec Caverns near Stanton, from pretty-colored Flint Ridge flint. I be­ chaeological evidence has been discov­ Missouri. I was curious as to whether lieve I would have remembered Flint Ridge, ered at Olentangy. They did not respond to archeological materials have been recov­ because even at age 10 I already knew an inquiry. However, Max N. Evans, ered in Maramec, so I wrote to Lester about some of the pretty flints in Ohio. President of Ohio Caverns, states in a let-

46 ter: "The only caverns in Ohio that I am 5 limestone caverns in Ohio in addition to Turilli for sending information on Meramec aware of being used extensively by Indians Five-Mile Cave near Sidney which I ex­ Caverns. Also, the information written to would be Olentangy Caverns ..." plored with high school friends back in the me by Richard Bell of Seneca Caverns In 1937 an artifact was found in Seneca 1950's. added considerably to the contents of this Caverns at Bellevue, Ohio. Seneca was At neither Carlsbad or Mammoth Cave article. Also, mention should be made of discovered in 1872, and possibly earlier. were flint artifacts found within the cave Ron Brewer and Wilson Watkins who as­ The father of Richard Bell (the present passages. Because provenience within the sisted me in my early explorations of Five- owner) purchased Seneca in 1930. site at Five-Mile is not known, this could Mile. Finally, thanks to Nancy Staley who Between 1872 and 1930 it is unknown be the only discovery of flint points in a grew up only a mile from Five-Mile Cave what people might have found because it limestone cavern in Ohio (unless the points and for her interest in the preparation of was open to anyone wanting to crawl came from the entrance). What was found this report. around in it. Bell (letter communication, in Olentangy Caverns is unknown to this 1993) states that in 1937 an "Indian rug writer. Likewise, Bell did not state what REFERENCES needle or shuttle" used for weaving was kind of archaeological material has been Bell, Richard C. found in the 4th level by a visitor. Bell fur­ found in the cave passage at Indian Trail. 1993 Letter Dated Feb. 2. From Seneca ther states that the "shuttle" is heavily pol­ Were there flint points? In any event, the Caverns. ished stone, about 2^ inches long, and is discovery of flint pints in limestone caverns Converse, Robert N. on display at Seneca Caverns. He says to does not seem common. 1971 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological Society his knowledge this is the only artifact of of Ohio. Evans, Max N. Indian origin ever found in Seneca. I have ADDED NOTED 1993 Letter dated Jan. 9. From Ohio Caverns, never been to Seneca, so I haven't seen Although Five-Mile Cave near Sidney is West Liberty, Ohio. the artifact on display. However, I question on private land, prior to the 1960's anyone Hernandex, Felix III the identification as a shuttle. I've never who wanted could crawl around in the 1993 Letter dated Jan. 22. From Carlsbad heard of weaving tools being found in cave. Lots of fishermen along the river Caverns, New Mexico. Ohio. Incidentally, I wonder how Converse know of it and had entered it. A number of MeKenzie, Douglas H. and Olaf H. Prufer (1971) would classify this artifact as an years ago it was discovered that Five-Mile 1967 Indian Skeletons form A sinkhole Cavern in Wyandot County, Northwestern Ohio. "Ohio Slate Type". contains toxic gasses. For this reason it is Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. Richard Bell, in his letter to me, goes on now closed. Trespassing in the area is not 129-138. to describe an important archaeological permitted. The cave entrance can now Schwartz, Douglas W. site at "Indian Trail Caverns". He states only be viewed from the opposite side of 1960 Prehistoric Man in Mammoth Cave that Indian Trail Caverns are near Cary, just the river (Fig. 1). Scientific American, Inc. Vol. 203, No. 1, outside of Vanlue. The owner of these cav­ pp. 130-140. erns has undertaken extensive excavations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1965 Prehistoric Man in Mammoth Cave. of the cave passages. He has found, ac­ Thanks are extended to Mr. Felix Eastern National Park and Monument Association. 28p. cording to Bell, a "tremendous amount of Hemandex, III for sending information on material of archeological interest". Also Turilli, Lester B. archaeology of Carlsbad Caverns National 1993 Letter dated Jan. 23. Meramec Caverns, discovered were bones of 6 or 7 Pleisto­ Park. I wish to thank Elizabeth Houserman Staton, Missouri. cene animals never before found in Ohio. for helping me locate some reference on Watson, Bell states that along with this Ice Age fau­ Mammoth Cave. Max N. Evans of Ohio 1974 Archaeology of the Mammoth Cave Area. nal material was also evidence of human Caverns wrote me a nice letter which was 255p. habitation from that period. appreciated. Also, I wish to thank Lester B. Indian Trail Caverns were originally known as Hendricks Cave (33 Wy-1). This is a sinkhole cavern in Wayandot County. Indian skeletal material from the site was reported in the Ohio Archaeologist many years ago by MeKenzie and Prufer (1967). These discoveries were made by Richard Hendricks of Vanlue in 1964 when he cleared a sinkhole to develop the associ­ ated system of caverns fro a tourist attrac­ tion. MeKenzie and Prufer (1967) studied the human remains and reported 56 hu­ man bones, mostly fragmentary, from the site. They state that it is unlikely that por­ tions of more than 10 individuals were pre­ sent. They further state that the only evi­ dence of human occupation was a hearth approximately 5 feet from the entrance and also a piece of cut elk antler. Since the time that MeKenzie and Prufer (1967) pub­ lished their report, Richard Hendricks has continued to excavate and, according to Bell's (1993) letter, has uncovered much additional material.

SUMMARY This article discusses 3 limestone cav­ erns outside of Ohio. Two of these, and Fig. 1 (Britt) View looking west from River Road across the Great Miami River showing the entrance possibly the other, contained archaeologi­ (right side of photo) to Five-Mile Cave in Shelby County. This is the only known cave in the county. cal materials. Also, in this paper I mention In the 1920s several flint points were discovered in this limestone cavern.

47 FURTHER NOTES ON HOPEWELLIAN ASTRONOMY AND GEOMETRY by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144

"For these are threshold forms at the in­ found was stunning. Essentially, Hively and the finding of what is most likely a crema­ terface of time and eternity." - Horn discovered that the entire Newark tory basin in the center of the floor of the Joseph Campbell, complex was designed so as to incorpo­ mound suggests that bodies were cre­ The Inner Reaches of Outer Space rate into its walls the azimuth or direction mated therein - even though the resulting on the horizon, of the moon's maximum cremated remains may have been perma­ In earlier articles I suggested that the and minimum northerly and southerly rising nently interred elsewhere. Moreover, the Ohio Hopewell: I) used a basic unit of and setting positions. Indeed, Hively and proposed charnel house at Newark closely measurement; 2) had a lunar-based cal­ Horn found the Newark complex to incor­ resembles both in location and form, many endar system; 3) aligned their geometric porate at least 17 lunar alignments. other similar structures found within vari­ earthworks and charnel houses to signifi­ Among Hively and Horn's discoveries ous Hopewellian geometric enclosures - cant astronomical events; and 4) under­ and of special interest here was their find­ which have more definitively been identi­ stood some of the simpler concepts of ing that the Avenue, or entrance gateway fied as charnel houses (e.g., Seip, Harness, plane geometry. to the Newark Fairground Circle is aligned Tremper, Mound City). In the present article evidence is pre­ to the moon's minimum north rising posi­ In any event, the floor plan of the sub- sented that the submound structure or tion. In other words, on the date of the mound structure found by Greenman is charnel house located within the Newark moon's minimum north position, when presented in Figure 2. Indeed, Figure 2 is a Eagle Mound was intentionally oriented to viewed from the approximate center of greatly reduced zerox copy of Greenman's the moon. This alignment supports my ear­ the Fairground Circle, the moon will ap­ floor plan of the Eagle Mound - as found in lier proposal that most of the known pear to rise in alignment with and through his unpublished field notes. Hopewellian charnel houses were inten­ the entrance gateway of that earthwork. tionally aligned to celestial phenomena. Figure 1 shows this alignment. Astronomical Analysis And this newly discovered alignment fur­ Appropriately enough, a strangely- Although Greenman apparently went to ther corroborates the archaeoastronomical shaped mound is found in the center of great lengths to show on his floor plan of associations suggested for the Newark the Fairground Circle earthwork - at the the Eagle Mound the location and size of complex by Ray Hively and Robert Horn - location where one would view the just the postmolds he found, Greenman's more than a decade ago. mentioned lunar alignment. What Hively north arrow deviates from true north by Also presented in this article are addi­ and Horn did not know was that beneath about 5 degrees. This peculiarity is not tional observations concerning the geom­ this mound - called the Eagle Mound - unusual for field maps of the time - and etry of the Hopewell earthworks. More there was during Hopewell times, a can usually be accounted by the plotting specifically, the peculiar size of the small wooden house-type structure - which on such maps of magnetic bearings that circular earthworks at Frankfort, Works was also aligned to the moon. were not corrected for magnetic variation East, Seip, and Baum is accounted for. To nineteenth century viewers, the pecu­ as well as uncorrected compass errors Next, an interesting set of relationships liar shape of the Fairground Circle mound caused by local deviation. between certain Chillicothe area sites and suggested the outline of an eagle with out­ In any event, the error of Greenman's nearby mountains is looked at in detail. stretched wings - hence the name Eagle north arrow becomes apparent when we These relationships suggest a conscious Mound. In 1928, this mound was exca­ compare the azimuth of the longitudinal effort by the Hopewell to locate their sites vated by Emerson F. Greenman of the Ohio axis of the Eagle Mound as shown on with reference to special topographic fea­ Archaeological and Historical Society. At Greenman's map to the azimuth of the tures and cardinal directions. various locations on the floor of the mound, Eagle Mound as shown by Middleton's Lastly, Table 1 presents a breakdown Greenman (1928) found a crescent-shaped earlier survey of that same earthwork. of the soil associations found within the copper artifact, a small number of flint arti­ As most readers probably know, James Ross County geometric enclosures. This facts, ashes, charcoal, small pieces of Middleton was the field assistant engaged table was inadvertently left out of my last bone, a prepared depression in the approx­ by Cyrus Thomas of the Smithsonian article by the printer. The significance of imate center of the mound which may have Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, to survey Table 1 is that it shows the geometric en­ served as a crematory basin, and an exten­ many of the earthworks shown in Thomas' closures to be built almost exclusively on sive series of postmolds. magnum opus, Report on the Mound Fox series soils. The postmold pattern revealed by Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnoloy. Greenman tells us that a wooden structure Twelfth Annual Report. The Newark Eagle Mound was once located in the center of the Of significance here is that the accuracy As the reader will recall, the Newark Fairground Circle. Eventually, perhaps after of Middleton's survey data has been cor­ Earthworks refers to an enormous com­ its usefulness had ended, this wooden roborated by Holmes (1892), Robertson plex of Hopewellian earthworks - the structure was burned down and covered (1983), and Hively and Horn (1982). most obvious of which are the Fairground with earth - thus forming the Eagle Mound. For example, a comparison between Circle and Square, and the Newark From what we know of similar structures Middleton's survey data and Hively and Octagon and Observatory Circle. found under other Hopewell mounds, I Horn's data for the Newark Observatory Notably, the Fairground Circle has been think it is fairly safe to conclude that Circle and Octagon (see Hively and Horn the subject of renewed archaeological in­ Greenman discovered a Hopewell charnel 1982:Table I) shows that there is on aver­ vestigation - see Wymer, Lepper, and house. I base this conclusion on the obser­ age, no more than about 15 minutes of Pickard 1992. vation that whether human or otherwise, arc and less than 2 feet of difference be­ More than a decade ago, however, Ray the bone fragments found on the floor of tween Middleton's measured azimuths Hively and Robert Horn (1982) completed the structure suggest the processing of and distances and those obtained by an archaeoastronomical survey and some sort of dead body which is the pri­ Hively and Horn, using true north - even analysis of these earthworks. What they mary function of a charnel house. So too, after partial restoration.

48 Based on this comparison, Hively and My estimate of one-half degree is based on My final comment regarding the Horn were thus able to conclude that: measurement of the horizon elevation, as Fairground Circle concerns the geomantic All the available evidence sug­ viewed from a position in front of the Eagle implications of the gateway into the Circle. gests that the Middleton survey has Mound and looking through the gateway, As I suggested in an earlier article {Romain sufficient accuracy (azimuths with a to the horizon on either side of the museum 1993), the geometrically-shaped walls of maximum error of + 15') to provide a building. I expect that my estimated hori­ the Hopewellian earthworks served to sep­ basis for a reliable analysis of the zon elevation is accurate to within plus or arate the sacred space within, from the earthworks for geometrical regularity minus one-quarter of one degree. mundane or non-sacred space outside. A and astronomical orientation (Hively As discussed earlier (Romain 1991c), at boundary wall without any point of access, and Horn 1982:S7). 39 or 40 degrees north latitude, a change however, is self defeating - hence, such The matter of the accuracy of of one degree in horizon elevation results in structures are provided with gateways to Middleton's data becomes especially im­ a change of about one degree of azimuth in allow entrance into the sacred area. portant because in order to correctly ascer­ the moon's rising or setting position on the Clearly, the sacred nature of such gate­ tain the azimuth of Greenman's figures of horizon. The potential alignment error due ways is enhanced by the alignment of such the Eagle Mound and the Eagle Mound to estimation of horizon elevation in this gateways along celestial azimuths. In the charnel house, we must superimpose study therefore is probably not greater than case of the Fairground Circle therefore, an Greenman's floor plan and outline of those plus or minus one quarter of one degree. argument can be made that the orientation structures on to the Middleton-Thomas As also discussed earlier (Romain of the Fairground Circle gateway, or map of the Fairground Circle. This proce­ 1991c), the rising and setting points for Avenue further serves to sanctify the sa­ dure should then provide us with a reason­ the moon change at relatively small incre­ cred nature of the inner earthwork. ably accurate picture of the orientation of ments in response to changes in date. the submound charnel house structure. For example, over the course of one thou­ More Fun With Hopewell Geometry In order to accomplish the just men­ sand years, the moon's rising and setting In earlier articles (Romain 1993, tioned procedure, I first traced Greenman's positions on the horizon change by less 1992a), I tried to show how many of the outline of the Eagle Mound and postmold than two tenths of one degree in azimuth Hopewell enclosures are geometrically pattern on to a sheet of vellum. This gave as a function of time. Accordingly, we inter-related. To further demonstrate this me a clean image of the Eagle Mound with would not expect any significant changes interesting phenomenon, Figures 5-10 which to work. My tracing is shown here as in the calculated azimuth of the moon, are presented. Figure 3. The accuracy of my work can be even if the Fairground Circle was built two As with earlier articles, the earthworks checked simply enough by comparing my or three hundred years earlier or later than represented in these figures are idealized, tracing to Greenman's figure. Next, by judi­ the assumed date of A.D. 250. scale drawings. Particulars relating to cious use of a copy machine having en­ Reference to the moon's lower limb how individual figures were derived are largement and reduction capabilities, and tangency with the horizon as the instant discussed elsewhere (Romain 1992c). translucent DAF carrier sheets, I equalized of rising or setting is simply a subjective Anyway, Figure 5 shows how the spe­ in size, my tracing of Greenman's figure judgement. cific dimensions of the Marietta Large with the Middleton-Thomas figure of the What the above analysis revealed was Square can be defined by the diagonals of Eagle Mound - while at the same time, su­ that the longitudinal axis of the Newark the Hopewell, Marietta, Frankfort, and perimposing my now-reduced tracing of Eagle Mound submound structure or Works East Small Squares. (Interestingly Greenman's mound outline and floor plan charnel house was aligned to the moon's enough, a rather simple iteration of this on to the enlarged Middleton-Thomas fig­ minimum north rising position to within figure will provide a graphic representation ure. Figure 4 shows the resulting com­ one-tenth of one degree. of the Pythagorean theorem. However, it pound image. More specifically, as derived from is important to keep in mind that there is Fortunately, the Middleton-Thomas map Aveni's tables, and given the above criteria no real evidence that the Hopewell them­ of the Fairground Circle correctly shows of A.D. 250, lower limb tangency, and a selves recognized this theorem.) true north by means of a north arrow. one-half degree horizon elevation, the If we now take the Marietta Large (Again, the conclusion that Middleton's moon will be observed to rise at an azimuth Square and bisect its sides, the figure north arrow is correctly oriented to true on the horizon of 66.6 degrees as mea­ that results will appear to be made up of north can be verified by comparison of sured from true north. Correspondingly, the four squares. A circle drawn around any Middleton's azimuthal data to the survey longitudinal axis of the submound charnel one of these four squares will surprisingly data provided by Hively and Horn.) By us­ house extends along an azimuth of 66.5 enough, be equal to the diameters of the ing Middleton-Thomas north arrow as a ref­ degrees. Given a worst case scenario of Newark Observatory, High Banks, Seal, erence, it was then a simple matter to de­ plus or minus one degree of accuracy for and Circleville Inner circles. This corre­ termine the azimuth of the longitudinal axis the proposed alignment, the likelihood that spondence is shown by Figure 6. of the submound charnel house. As Figure the Eagle Mound charnel house was Next, it will be seen how a circle drawn 4 shows, this azimuth is about 66.5 de­ aligned to the moon's minimum north rising inside any one of the four aforementioned grees, as measured from true north. position due to chance is about 1 in 90. squares will be equal to the diameters of Next, Aveni's (1972) tables were used As I mentioned earlier, the finding that the Works East Small, Frankfort Small, to check for the astronomical significance the Eagle Mound charnel house is aligned Baum Small, and Seip Small circles. This of the above noted azimuth of 66.5 de­ to the moon further corroborates Hively correspondence is shown by Figure 7. grees. Aveni's tables are entered by inter­ and Horn's proposed archaeoastronomi­ Importantly, this correspondence seems polated latitude, date, and horizon eleva­ cal associations for the Newark complex. to account for the peculiar size of the four tion. For the purposes of this analysis, a Moreover, my finding of the charnel house small circles just noted. date of A.D. 250, lower limb tangency, alignment provides a rationale for Hively Figure 8 is simply a further iteration of and a horizon elevation of one-half de­ and Horn's observation that the gateway, the Small Circle concept just discussed. gree were used. With regard to the hori­ or Avenue of the Fairground Circle is However, if we take Figure 8 and draw zon elevation, the view of the horizon aligned to the moon's minimum north ris­ a circle such that its circumference inter­ along an azimuth of 66.5 degrees as mea­ ing position. Indeed, the gateway through sects the centers of the four small circles, sured from the center of the Fairground the Fairground Circle would have provided the resultant circle will be equal in size to Circle is today, obstructed by the Newark a clear sightline from the Eagle Mound the Circleville Inner, Newark Observatory, Earthworks museum. As a result, an esti­ charnel house to the horizon - on the date Seal, and High Banks circles. This obser­ mated horizon elevation had to be used. of the moon's minimum north position. vation is shown by Figure 9.

49 Finally, Figure 10 shows one possible Cherokee, Navaho, Hopi, Apache, and Robertson, Thomas H. way of accounting for the peculiar size of Zuni considered certain mountains to be 1983 The Reliability of Historical Maps of the the Hopeton and Shriver circles again, by sacred as well as the dwelling place of Earthworks in the Ohio Valley. Archaeoastronomy 6(1-4):75-79. using the Marietta Large Square and its various spirits. Given this and the relation­ Romain, William F. ships just discussed, it certainly seems diagonal. 1993 Hopewell Ceremonial Centers and In summary, it is interesting to note that possible that the mountains to the east of Geomantic Influences. Ohio the specific size of 10 circular earthworks Chillicothe may well have been consid­ Archaeologist 43(1):35-44. can be accounted for by their relation­ ered sacred by the Hopewell. 1992a Azimuths to the Otherworld: ships to a square - which is the size of Astronomical Alignments of Hopewell the Marietta Large Square. Fox Series Soils Charnel Houses. Ohio Archaeologist In my last article (Romain 1993), 1 pre­ 42(4):42-48 The Hopewell Heartland sented evidence that the vast majority of 1992b Further Evidence for a Calendar System Expressed in the Adena Tablets. Ohio Hopewell geometric enclosures in Ross In an earlier article (Romain 1993a), 1 Archaeologist 42(3):31 -36. mentioned how Mound City, Shriver, County are located in areas comprised of 1992c Hopewellian Concepts in Geometry. Hopeton, and Cedar Bank are located di­ Fox series soils. Table 1, which quantified Ohio Archaeologist 42(2):35-50. rectly west of major mountain peaks - this data was inadvertently left of this article 1992d More Astronomical Alignments at and too, how these earthworks are also by the printer - hence it is included here. Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio aligned along north-south axes. To further As Table 1 shows, out of 12 sites exam­ Archaeologist 42(1):38-47. illustrate this interesting phenomenon, ined, at least 10 are located in areas pre­ 1992e Hopewell Inter-Site Relationships and Figure 11 is presented. dominantly made up of Fox series soils. At Astronomical Alignments. Ohio Archaeologist 42(1):4-5. Figure 11 is part of a composite assem­ the very least, this finding tells us that the Hopewell were very cognizant of soil types 1991a Calendric Information Evident in the blage of four USGS 7.5 minute series topo­ Adena Tablets. Ohio Archaeologist - as were later Fort Ancient and Missis- graphic maps - with the just mentioned 41(4):41-48. Hopewell sites appropriately plotted. sippian peoples (see e.g., Nass 1988; 1991 b Evidence for a Basic Hopewell Unit of Plotting these sites was accomplished by Keegan 1987). Whether this selection for Measure. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (4):28-37. reference to archival and recent aerial pho­ Fox series soils was due to that soil's partic­ 1991c Possible Astronomical Alignments at tographs as well as ground reconnaissance ular friability, or relatively high crop produc­ Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio - and is probably accurate to within 10 tivity, or some other factor not yet recog­ Archaeologist 41 (3):4-16. seconds of latitude and longitude. nized by us remains to be determined. Thomas, Cyrus As shown by line AB in Figure 11, 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology for the Years 1890- Acknowledgments Shriver is located directly west of Mount 1891. In Twelfth Annual Report of the Eyes. In other words, Shriver is located For information that was generously Bureau of American Ethnoloy for the 270 degrees from the summit of Mount provided I am indebted to Dr. Bradley T. Years 1890-1891. Washington, D.C. Eyes, as measured from true north. Lepper, Curator of the Newark Earth­ Wymer, Dee Anne, Lepper, Bradley T., and Similarly, as shown by line CD, Mound works State Memorials. In particular, Dr. William Pickard City is located directly west of Bunker Hill. Lepper was kind enough to provide me 1992 Recent Excavations at the Great Circle, Line EF shows how Hopeton is located with copies of Greenman's unpublished Newark, Ohio: Hopewell Ritual in directly west of Sand Hill. And similarly, field notes. Context. Paper presented at the 1992 line GH shows how Cedar Bank is located Additionally, warmest thanks are ex­ Midwestern Archaeological Conference, Grand Rapids. directly west of Sugarloaf Mountain. tended to Roger G. Kennedy, Director Interestingly enough, as shown by line Emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution, ACE, Dunlap, Mound City, and Shriver are National Museum of American History, for all located on about the same north-south his encouragement of my efforts. axis. Accordingly, line ACE is perpendicu­ T.bj. , S it* - Sol 1 Aiioeiat on. y Geometric lar to lines AB and CD. References Par-cant Slope Similarly, as shown by line GE, Cedar Aveni, Anthony F. Stta SOU or Slta Andar.on watt land atlty cla f lo m TO 0-2 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use in Foil loam 19 2-6 Bank and Hopeton are located on yet an­ Fox silt loam 10 2-6 other north-south line - as are the two Astroarchaeological Studies. American 3 0-2 Antiquity 37(4):531 -540. lawn Fox loam 55 0-2 platform mounds associated with Cedar Fo« aandy loam 20 0-2 Greenman, Emerson F. M.ntor w.f. aandy »M 15 0-2 Bank and Hopeton, respectively. More­ Fox gravally loam 10 2-6 1928 Field Notes on the Excavation of the KandalWill* »1It 60 2-6 over, this particular north-south line, i.e., Eagle Mound. Ms. on file, Department of Kandal Ivi1 la il It ::: 40 0-2 DmUf Fo> loam 100 0-2 GEJK, neatly bisects lines CD and AB. Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society, "«"•" Fo< loam SO 0-2 (The offset nature of Hopeton from line Columbus. Fox loam 40 2-6 High Bank Fox loam 50 0-2 GEJK can be explained by that site's lo­ Hively, Ray, and Robert Horn Fox aandy loam 40 2-6 cation along a relatively steep, high ridge. 1982 Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric 10 2-6 Hopaton SO 0-2 Fox'^'loar" 40 0-2 To maintain the site's near-level slope, it Ohio. Archaeoastronomy 4:S1 -S20. 10 2-6 would have been necessary to compro­ (Supplement to Vol. 13, Journal for the Hopawa11 Fox aiIt loam 90 0-2 Fox atlt loam <10 2-6 mise a bit and place the site slightly to the History of Astronomy.) Thackary si It loam <10 0-2 Holmes, William H. Lib.", Fox loam SO 0-2 west of this ridge - and consequently, just 40 2-6 a bit west of line GEJK. 1892 Notes upon Some Geometric Earthworks, Fox loam 10 2-6 with Contour Maps. American Mound City- Fox nravally loam 100 0-2 Sal p 60 0-2 From these cardinal azimuths between Anthropologist (o.s.) V:363-373. Waa lilt loam 25 0-2 Waa tilt loam 5 2-6 sites and nearby mountains all sorts of in­ Keegan, William F. (editor) Eal tilt loam S 0-2 Roaa a1It loam 5 2-6 teresting figures can be further developed 1987 Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Shrlvar Fox gravatly loam 100 0-2 - including equilateral and 30-60-90 de­ Eastern Woodlands. Southern Illinois gree triangles, as well as rectangular and University, Center for Archaeological circular constructs. As always though, the Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 7 Table 1 (Romain) Nass, John, Jr. crucial question is - to what extent did 1988 Fort Ancient Agricultural Systems and the Hopewell themselves recognize the Settlement: A View-from Southwestern postulated relationships between sites? Ohio. North American Archaeologist What we do know is that many Indian 9(4):319-347. peoples to include the Iroquois,

50 ^^^^ an

MOON MIN NORTH RISE Fig. 2 (Romain) 66:°6 Greenman's floor / \ plan and outline of the Newark Eagle \ Mound. From Greenman's unpub­ \ / lished field notes.

^mmm.

Fig. 1 (Romain) Thomas-Middleton plan of the Fairground Circle with Hively and Horn's proposed lunar alignment of the entrance gateway superimposed. Modified after Thomas 1892: PI. XXXI

Fig. 4 (Romain) Compund image made by superimposing Fig. 3 (Romain) Tracing of Greenman's floor plan Greenman's outline and floor plan of the Eagle Mound on to an and outline of the Eagle mound by the author WFR. enlargement of Thomas's map of the Fairground Circle. Note how the proposed lunar alignment of the Eagle Mound charnel house coincides with the azimuth of the gateway, or Avenue of the Fairground Circle.

H o p e we l|*Tjqu. a re Marietta >mall Square 0060x1060) (1040>Vfl40)

/\ Fig. 6 (Romain) Schematic plan showing how the Newark / Observatory, High Banks, Seal, and Circleville Inner circles can be ( ) defined by circumscribing any of Frankfort Square / the four constructed squares (1040XTO40) Jp , Works Eajrt Square found within the Marietta large (I0«fx1040) Newark Obtervator y ^—Marietta Lar| e Square. Circle (1054) Square (151 )x1510) High Banks Circle (1052) Fig. 5 (Romain) Schematic plan showing Seal Circle (1050) how the Marietta Large Square can be Circleville Inner defined by the diagonals of the Hopewell, Circle (1056) Frankfort, Marietta Small, and Works East Small squares. 51 Fig. 7 (Romain) Schematic plan Fig. 8 (Romain) Works East Smalt Frankfort Small showing how Circle (760) Circle 1720) Further iteration the Works East, of Figure 7 Frankfort, showing how Baum, and Seip V > the Works East, small circles can Frankfort, be defined by Baum, and Seip Seip Small \ drawing a circle ? \ Circle (750) small circles fit Baum Small within any of the Circle (760) within the con­ four constructed structed / ^—Marietta Large squares found squares inside -Works East Small Square (1510x1510) within the the Marietta Circle (760) z Frankfort Small Marietta Large * Marietta Large Large Square. Circle (720) Square. Square (1510x1510) Baum Small Circle (760) Seip Small Circle (750)

Shriver Circle (1000) Hopeton Circle (960)

Fig. 10 (Romain) Schematic plan Fig. 9 (Romain) showing how Schematic plan the Hopeton showing how and Shriver cir­ eight circular cles can be Hopewellian defined by their earthworks are relationship to geometrically each other and Marietta Large inter-related. the Marietta Newark Observatory Square (1510x1510) Marietta Large Works East Small Circle (1054) Square (1510x1510) Circle (760) Large Square. High Bank* Circle Frankfort Small (1052) Circle (720) Baum Small Seal Circle Circle (760) (1050) Seip Small Circleville Inner Circle (1056) Circle (750)

Fig. 11 (Romain) Composite assemblage of USGS topographic maps showing how Cedar Bank Hopeton, Mound City, and Shriver are located directly west of significant mountain peaks and along north-south axes.

52 AGENCY ADDRESS LIST: 1982 Velma Avenue S\ Columbus, Ohio 43211 -2497 614/297-2300 Fax: 297-2411 Hon, George V. Voinovich, Governor 77 South High Street MEMORANDUM OHIO 30th Floor, Riffle Center To: ASO Officers, Trustees, and Chapter Presidents HISTORICAL Columbus, OH 43266-0601 From: Martha Potter Otto, Curator of Archaeology SOCIETY Subject: The proposed Cedar Lake Resort development and Serpent Mound Division of Water, ODNR Date: August 11, 1993 Fountain Square Columbus, Ohio 43224 I am enclosing a copy of a fact sheet regarding the proposed Cedar Lake Resort Division of Wildlife, ODNR Development along Ohio Brush Creek adjacent to Serpent Mound State Memorial. Fountain Square On January 30, 1993, the Ohio Historical Society's Board of Trustees went on record in opposition to the Cedar Lake Resort based on the Society's current understanding Columbus, Ohio 43224 of the project. While the developers have made many claims, both verbally and in print, they have not given the Ohio Historical Society to date any written propos­ Division of Natural Areas and Preserves, ODNR als or plans as to how the intend to alleviate our concerns. Fountain Square I am also enclosing a copy of a brochure which the developer distributed from a Columbus, Ohio 43224 booth at the recent Adams County Fair. The most glaring inaccuracy is the state­ ment regarding the alleged "problem with the tail of the serpent". In 1991, the Society spent a considerable amount of money to strengthen the retaining wall near Ohio Environmental Protection Agency the tail to continue protecting the effigy from natural erosion. However, the Serpent 1800 Watermark Drive would likely be undermined by the proposed lake. Columbus, Ohio 43215 In June 1993, Larry Morris, president of the ASO, wrote a letter (Copy enclosed) to the developer, on behalf of the entire ASO membership, opposing the project. While that letter is greatly appreciated and should have an impact on the permit U.S. Army Corp of Engineers process, it will also be helpful to have individual ASO members express their opin­ Attention: Doug Adamo ions on this project. District Office Before the Cedar Lake Resort project can be constructed, the developer will have P.O. Box 2127 to obtain several permits. The most critical one are from the US Army Corps of Huntington, West Virginia 25721 Engineers (Section 404 permit) and the Division of Water, Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR). US Concord has already made preliminary contacts with the Corps. Additional input will be required from the Ohio Environmental Protection Ohio Historic Preservation Office Agency (EPA) regarding clean water, the Division of Wildlife, ODNR, regarding en­ art. Review and Compliance Dept. dangered fish and mussels, the Division of Natural Areas and Preserves (ODNR) re­ 1982 Velma Avenue garding endangered and threatened plants, and form the Ohio Historic Preservation Columbus, OH 43211 Office regarding archaeological and historical resources. You may wish to contact these agencies directly to share you opinions with them. A list of agency addresses is enclosed. U.S. Concord, Inc. att. Brian Emler Thank you for your interest. 190 Eastwood Drive Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO

2r_oiijS June 4, 1993

Brian Emler, President U.S. Concord, Inc. 190 Eastwood Drive Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 Re: Cedar Lake Resort Dear Sir: The Archaeological Society of Ohio is a non-profit organization of Two Thousand Six Hundred (2,600) members. The Society is comprised of collectors, avocational and professional archaeologist and other interested citizens. The stated objectives of the Society are: "The objects of the Society shall be to locate, report and attempt to preserve archaeological sites and material within the state of Ohio; to serve as a bond among those interested in archaeology both professionals and non-professionals, and to encourage and aid in directing their efforts in publishing and disseminating information relative to archaeology; to ed­ ucate and act in the elimination of fraudulent material and data." Your proposed Cedar Lake Resort has caused great concern throughout the archaeological community. It is not our intent discourage development in these hard economic times. However, archaeological resources are by their nature scarce and fragile. The loss of even one site leaves a gap in the archaeological record and represents the destruction of an irreplaceable link in our cultural her­ itage. The Great Serpent Mound is one of the most impressive effigies in the world. The development as proposed will completely destroy the natural setting in which the effigy was constructed, especially the relationship between the promon­ tory on which the serpent lies and the stream valley below it. We fear your devel­ opment threatens both known and unknown archaeological sites, spanning 10,000 to 12,000 years of human occupation, along Ohio Brush Creek. They are significant in themselves, and also because some were likely occupied by the builders of Serpent Mound. It is for these reasons that The Archaeological Society of Ohio opposes the Cedar Lake Development.

Sincerely, Larry L. Morris, President ASO (216)488-1640 LLM/n xc: Members of the Board of Directors of The Archaeological Society of Ohio

53 SERPENT MOUND FACT SHEET by Proposed Cedar Lake Resort Development and Its Impact on Serpent Mound State Memorial

Project description: Serpent Mound, there are additional ar­ uated, eventually threatening the sur­ The 2,000-acre Cedar Lake develop­ chaeological site that were occupied by vival of the National Historic Landmark. ment, proposed by U.S. Concord, Inc., of prehistoric Indians at various times from Construction of the lake also will alter Mount Vernon, Ohio, will include a 1,000- approximately 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1500. the visual and spatial relationship be­ acre lake to be created by flooding what is Only by careful investigation of these ar­ tween the promontory containing the now the Ohio Brush Creek valley in eas will it be possible for scientist to un­ mound and the valley below. The rela­ Adams County. The lake will be sur­ derstand more fully the origins and pur­ tive position of the two is believed to rounded by 2,500 homes, a lodge, beach, pose of the effigy. have had significance to Serpent golf course, riding paths, convention cen­ Serpent Mound has been designated a Mound's prehistoric builders. ter, and hiking and camping facilities. National Historic Landmark and is listed Development plans also call for the re­ on the National Register of Historic - Several threatened and potentially routing of state Route 73, which leads to Places. The massive earthwork also is threatened species of plants and ani­ Serpent Mound. situated within the Serpent Mound mals live in or near Ohio Brush Creek. Parts of the project, planned to extend Cryptoexplosion Structure, an unusual Their continued existence would be in over a portion of the Serpent Mound State geological area designated as a National question if the lake were developed. Memorial property, will seriously affect the Natural Landmark. preservation of significant natural, geologi­ The society believes the mound is eligi­ - The completed development would cal and archaeological resources. Due to ble for nomination as a Wold Heritage site, make housing visible in three direc­ the proposed development, the site was part of a network of sites around the globe tions from the mound's observation named on June 22 one of "America's 11 that are considered to have international tower, from which the current view of Most Endangered Historic Places" by the historical or archaeological significance. the valley is believed to be evocative of National Trust for Historic Preservation. prehistoric times. Potential impact: Serpent Mound: - The lake will flood land where important - The re-routing of state Route 73 past Serpent Mound, an earthen embank­ archaeological sites have been identi­ Serpent Mound will make the site more ment resembling a snake nearly a quarter- fied that could help scientists histori­ difficult for travelers to reach. The an­ mile long, is the finest serpent effigy in ans learn more about the origin of nual visitation of more than 40,000 is North America. The site has been owned Serpent Mound and the prehistoric comprised of travelers from all 50 and operated by the Ohio Historical peoples who built it. Annual draw­ states and several foreign countries. Society since 1900, and is one of 59 his­ down of the lake also could leave ar­ torical landmarks administered by the or­ chaeological artifacts just inside the Opposition: ganization. Archaeologists are not certain lake's edge exposed to pilfering. The Ohio Historical Society, the which prehistoric culture built the site, al­ National Trust for Historic Preservation, though they do know that the serpent - Additional archaeological sites could be the Archaeological Conservancy, the does not cover burials or remnants of destroyed if dirt needed to build the Ohio Archaeological Council, the Archae­ habitations. Near the effigy are conical dam is excavated from the area near ological Society of Ohio and the Ohio burial mounds built by the Adena (800 Serpent Mound. Historic Site Preservation Advisory Board B.C.-A.D.1) and a small village occupied all are opposed to the development. by the Fort Ancient (A.D. 900-1500) - The lake may increase erosion of the Indians. In the Brush Creek valley below promontory on which the mound is sit­

54 MAP AVAILABLE

A map showing the Indian towns and trails of southwestern Ohio is now available by mail for $15.00 through EARTHWORKS INC., P.O. Box 617, Lebanon, Ohio 45036. Interested parties may also call (513) 932-7512 for volume sales.

NECROLOGY 1993 ANNUAL REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Raymond 'Doc' THE WESTERN LAKE ERIE Crawford ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM MANSFIELD - Raymond "Doc" Crawford, 83, of Mansfield died Saturday (UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO) morning at Mansfield General Hospital after a short illness. TIME: 7:30 PM He was born July 24, 1909, to James and DATE: Tuesday, Nancy Wiley Crawford. November 30, 1993 Mr. Crawford was a custodian with PLACE: Southwest Academic Madison Local Schools, retiring in 1975.; He Center, Room 1023 was a member of St. John's Lutheran Church PROGRAM: "Current Research into in Perrysville. Ohio's Past" He is survived by three daughters, Rozella Trease, of Mansfield, Shirley Angeloff of Come and learn about current and Mansfield and Betty Hostler of Amherst: recent research findings an discoveries five grandchildren; two step-grandchildren; in the lands surrounding the western end of Lake Erie. Learn about new seven step-great-grandchildren; and three understandings of ancient man in north­ step-great-great-grandchildren. ern Ohio and southeastern Michigan. He was preceded in death by his wife, Raymond "Doc" Crawford Geneva M. Crawford, a brother and a sister. Program Director Dr. David Stothers Private family graveside services will be (Associate Professor of Anthropology, held Monday at Greenlawn Cemetery, Director Laboratory of Ethnoarchae- Perrysville, by the Rev. Christopher Thomas. ology, University of Toledo) will chair a I was saddened to hear of the pass­ short research review with slide-illustrat­ ing of Raymond Crawford. He had Memorial contributions may be made to Richland County Speech and Hearing ed presentations by professional, stu­ been a personal friend of mine for over dent, and avocational archaeologists 35 years and he will be remembered by Association. affiliated with the University of Toledo's his many friends in the Society. He was Byerly Funeral Home of Loudonville is in Archaeology Program. one of our true "old timers" and a gen­ charge of arrangements. tleman in every respect. FREE ADMISSION AND PARKING - PUBLIC WELCOME Robert N. Converse Editor COME AND ENJOY AN EVENING OF DISCOVERY AND EDUCATIONAL ENRICHMENT

SPONSORED BY THE U.T. ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND SOCIAL WORK

Back Cover: Hopewell gorgets from the collection of Mel Wilkins, Lima, Ohio. These reel-shaped gorgets are considered to be among the rarest of all Hopewell gorget forms. Top, red slate, Auglaize Co., Ohio. Middle, Shelby Co., Ohio. Botton, red slate, Allen Co., Ohio

55 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological site and material within the Sate of Ohio, to seek and pro­ mote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.