Geological Survey Research 1962

Synopsis of Geologic, Hydrologic, and Topographic Results

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 450-A

Geological Survey Research 1962

THOMAS B. NOLAN, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 450

Asynopsis of results ofgeologic, hydro logic, and topo­ graphic investigations for fiscalyear 1962, accom­ panied by short papers in the fields of geology, hydrology, topography, and allied sciences. Pub­ lished separately as Chapters A, B, C, D, and E

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962

FOREWORD The reception accorded the 1960 and 1961 Annual Reviews of Geological Survey research has encouraged us to prepare this volume, "Geological Survey Research, 1962," in a con­ tinuing effort to publish more quickly the significant results of our current investigations. We continue to consider these reports as experimental and have again this year modified the content, format, and frequency of release of chapters in an attempt to serve better the interests of the users of the reports. The comments and suggestions of these users are here solicited and will be considered carefully as future volumes are planned. The current Annual Review consists of five chapters (Chapters A through E) of Pro­ fessional Paper 450. As in the preceding two Annual Reviews, Chapter A is a synopsis of recent findings in the many and varied lines of study pursued by Survey personnel. Chap­ ters, B, C, D, and E of this volume are collections of short articles in geology, hydrology, topography, and allied fields. These articles are numbered as follows: Prof. Paper 450-B Articles 1-59 Prof. Paper 450-C Articles 60-119 Prof. Paper 450-D Articles 120-179 Prof. Paper 450-E Articles 180-239 These four chapters have been released at about three-month intervals during the year (Chap­ ter E is in preparation as this foreword is written) so that timely articles could reach the reader more quickly. Results of research presented in this chapter, Chapter A, are representative of our many projects; complete coverage of all projects would result in an unwieldy volume. A com­ plete list of our publications during fiscal year 1962 can be found on pages A197 to A250 Readers interested in learning of our current work in certain geographic areas or on specific topics will find a complete listing of investigations in progress in the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions during fiscal year 1962 on pages A137 to A186. The status of mapping by the Topographic Division is included this year for the first time, on pages A187 to A195, Addresses of our main centers and field offices and names of officials in charge are presented on pages A128 to A132 for readers who wish to contact our personnel directly. During fiscal year 1962, the services of the Geological Survey were utilized by or were supported financially in part by, the numerous Federal, State, County and City agencies listed on pages A133 to A136. Some work reported in these chapters may be a direct result of cooperative investigations in previous years with agencies not shown on the current list. Cooperating agencies are acknowledged in the articles in Chapters B, C, D, and E, but space limitations preclude mention of individual cooperators in the summary statements in Chapter A. \ The current Annual Review represents the combined efforts of many individuals. Arthur B. Campbell assumed overall responsibility for the preparation of the report and assembled Chapter A from information supplied by many project chiefs and program leaders. He was assisted by Joshua I. Tracey, Jr., who critically reviewed the manuscripts for Chapters B, C, D, and E. Marston Chase was responsible for all technical editing, preparation of indexes, and for the myriad tasks required to convert author's manuscript to printed article. Edith Becker assisted in these duties at times during final preparation of manuscripts for the Government Printing Office and in the handling of proof copy. William H. Elliott was responsible for planning and preparing illustrations for all chapters. Michael S. Chappars served as an advisor during the preparation of the volume. Robert A. Weeks, James R. Randolph, and John B. Rowland assembled lists of cooperating agencies, the list of investi­ gations in progress, and status of topographic surveys and maps. Margaret Cooper and her in IV FOREWORD staff compiled the list of publications. Nancy Pearre prepared the instructions for ordering Geological Survey publications. Robert B. Raup, Jr., and George H. Davis, who acted as technical reviewers of Chapter A, were helpful in the selection, organization, and expression of the material presented in that chapter. I am pleased to acknowledge the contributions of the many persons who presented the result of their scientific work in this volume.

THOMAS B. NOLAN, Director. Synopsis of Geologic Hydrologic, and Topographic Results

Prepared by members of the Geologic, Topographic, and Water Resources Divisions

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 4SO-A

A summary of recent scientific and economic results, accompanied by a list ofpublications released infiscal I96 2, a list ofgeologic and hydro logic investigations in progress, and a report on the status of topo­ graphic mapping

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.75 CONTENTS

Page Page Resource investigations.______Al Resource investigations Continued Heavy metals.______1 Light metals and industrial minerals Continued District and regional studies.______1 Regional and topical studies______A7 Iron deposits in the Birmingham district, Mineral deposits in the Piedmont of South Alabama______1 Carolina. ______7 Iron ore in Michigan.______1 Beryllium in volcanic rocks ______8 Iron deposits in Montana....______1 Quantitative beryllium determinations.____ 8 Iron deposits in Nevada______1 Gypsum resources_____-__-_----_-----__ 8 Iron-copper deposits in southeastern Alaska- 2 Radioactive materials_____-____---_-_------8 Tin in Alaska.______2 District and regional studies______---_--_-__ 8 Chromite deposits in the Stillwater Com­ Colorado Plateau.______------_ 8 plex, Montana______Shirley Basin, Wyoming..------Mineral deposits near Philipsburg, Mon­ Migration of uranium in the Hulett Creek tana. ______area, Wyoming._---.-_------Copper-zinc deposits in northern Calif ornia_ Mount Spokane area, Washington. ______Copper deposits in sandstone in the South­ Thorium veins in the Wet Mountains, western States______Colorado _____-_____--_------Lead, zinc, and related ores in the Central Uranothorite in the Hailey area, Idaho and Eastern States______Topical studies______-__-_---_------10 Massive-sulfide copper deposit in North Uranium in marine black shales______10 Carolina..______Monazite in crystalline rocks______10 Magnetite deposits in New York______Fuels______-_-----_-_-- _._____---__-- 10 Studies in Utah______Bibliography of energy resources ______10 Silver in silicified rocks, Nevada and Wash­ Petroleum and natural gas___-_------10 ington. ______Future petroleum-producing capacity ___ 10 Copper ore in Idaho______Oil and gas map of New Mexico..------10 Copper and molybdenum mineralization Oil-producing potential in the Salinas Val­ near San Juan, Puerto Rico. ______ley, California. ______-_-_------10 Topical studies ______10 Manganese.. ______Coal.______-----_---_---_------Coal reserves of Washington.______10 Jasperoid.______. ._..._.... Coal fields of Alaska----____-__------10 Thermoluminescence______Coal-rank studies in Alaska______11 Fluid inclusions______Coal resources of specific coal fields.-...--- 11 Aeromagnetic prospecting for iron ore_____ Oil shale..______-___-----_------11 Commodity studies ______11 Light metals and industrial minerals ______Water_____.___. ----- ______-__-- -- 11 District studies.______Water use. ______------.----- Beryllium deposits in the Tarryall area, Estimated use of water in the United Colorado ______States, 1960______----- 11 Beryllium deposits at Spor Mountain, Utah_ Petroleum industry.______---_---- 11 Beryllium minerals in the York Mountains, Mining and beneficiation of iron ore_____- 12 Alaska.______Annotated bibliography of water use______12 Pegmatites in the Blue Ridge area, North Water resources of Providence, Rhode Is­ Carolina. ______land, and vicinity.------12 Aluminum deposits in Hawaii ______Water resources of the Utica-Rome area, 12 Phosphate deposits in Arkansas.______New York.______.___-_.--_----._---- Phosphate deposits in Florida.______Water resources of Tacoma, Washington, Phosphate nodules in Montana.______and vicinity______-.------12 12 Potash deposits in the Carlsbad district, Irrigation in New Mexico- _ ___-._-_.__--- New Mexico ______Regional geology and hydrology.-______-__------12 Saline minerals in the Searles Lake area, Synthesis of geologic data on maps of large regions. 13 California______Mineral-occurrence maps of the conterminous Clay in Kentucky______United States.______._-_-_------13 Clay in Washington and Idaho ______Mineral-occurrence maps of Alaska.____.___-_ 14 Clay in Hawaii.______Tectonic map of the United States.------14 Clay in Maryland_ ___---____--______Paleotectonic-map folios. ._____._------14 vn VIII CONTENTS

Page Page Regional geology and hydrology Continued Regional geology and hydrology Continued Synthesis of geologic data, etc Continued. Ozark region and Eastern Plains region Continued Tectonic setting of uranium deposits in the Water-table decline, Grant and Stanton Coun­ Cordilleran foreland______A15 ties, Kansas__---__------_------A28 Synthesis of hydrologic data for large regions___--_- 15 Fresh water at great depth in Oklahoma______28 Thermal springs of the world-______15 Ground-water recharge, High Plains, New Ground water in the United States.______15 Mexico.______-_-_------____------_ 28 Flood frequency in the United States______15 Ground water in the Entrada Sandstone____-_- 29 Chemical quality of river water in the contermi­ Post-Rustler red beds correlated-______29 nous United States______15 Sources of salinity in the upper Brazos River New England and eastern New York region______16 basin, Texas_-___---_--_--___------29 Geologic and geophysical studies in Maine.____ 16 Northern Rockies and plains region.______29 Geologic and geophysical studies in Massa­ Geologic and geophysical studies in northeastern chusetts ______16 Washington and northern Idaho.___-___-__- 29 Geologic mapping in Rhode Island-______18 Geologic and geophysical studies in central Geologic mapping in Connecticut______18 Idaho.______-_-----_------____------_- 30 Geophysical studies in New Hampshire.______19 Geologic and geophysical studies in western Regional geophysical studies______19 Montana-.-..-.------_-_---_- 30 Ground water in Rhode Island ______19 Geologic and geophysical studies of the Bearpaw Quality of water in the St. Lawrence River Mountains, Montana------.--- 31 basin______19 Geologic and geophysical studies in parts of Appalachian region______19 southeastern Idaho, Wyoming, and South Geologic mapping______19 Dakota-.----..______31 Structural and tectonic studies ______20 Stratigraphic studies of Paleozoic rocks..___-__ 32 Stratigraphic studies ______20 Stratigraphic studies of Mesozoic rocks--_____- 32 Geophysical studies_-______.______20 Ground-water investigations in Montana.___._ 33 Hydrologic studies.______21 Ground-water investigations in Wyoming. _ _ _ . _ 33 Atlantic Coastal Plain region______21 Ground-water investigations in North Dakota. _ 33 Regional stratigraphy and structure______21 Ground-water investigations in South Dakota. . 34 Stratigraphic studies.______21 Southern Rockies and plains region.______34 Hydrologic studies.______22 Geology of Precambrian rocks______.- 34 Origin of the Carolina Bays.______22 Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies..------35 Eastern Plateau region.______22 Geology of volcanic terranes in Colorado and Geologic and geophysical studies in Kentucky __ 22 New Mexico.------36 Geologic studies in Pennsylvania.______23 Studies of intrusive igneous rocks in Colorado-- 36 Geologic studies in New York.______23 Dating of Laramide features.______36 Geologic studies in Alabama.______23 Aerial radioactivity survey in Colorado._ .--___ 37 Surface-water studies in Kentucky ______24 Ground-water recharge..--____- ______37 Quaternary geology of the lower Ohio River Ground-water storage..-.------37 valley.______24 Formation and deposition of clay balls, Rio Quality of ground water, Delaware County, Puerco, New Mexico______37 New York_.______24 Colorado Plateau region.__.______----_-- 37 Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley region__ _ 24 Stratigraphy and paleontology _____-__-_-- 37 Geologic and geophysical studies______24 Structural history______-______-__---- 38 Hydrologic studies.______25 Igneous rocks.______._-_____------_---- 39 Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi Embayment Physiography. ______-_-----_----- 39 region ______26 Hydrologic problems in San Juan County, New Aerial radiological studies, southeast Texas. _ _ _ 26 Mexico.______-_--._-______-__----_--. 39 Subsurface geology, Little Rock, Arkansas, to Hydrogeology near Los Alamos, New Mexico-- 40 Cairo, Illinois______26 Erosion and sedimentation in northwestern New Faulting in western Kentucky.______26 Mexico.______-____------.--_------40 Southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain studies ______26 Faulting and its relation to ground water in the Miss'ssippi Embayment hydrologic and geologic Flagstaff area, Arizona.______-.--- 40 studies----_-__-______.____.______26 Basin and Range region.______-___._---- 40 Hydrologic studies in Arkansas and Texas.-___ 27 Structural geology Arizona_____--______---- 40 Ozark region and Eastern Plains region______27 Structural geology and geophysical studies Geologic studies in southeast Missouri______27 Nevada______._-______-__.------40 Stratigraphic studies in Arkansas ______27 Structural geology Utah and Idaho ______41 Aeromagnetic survey in the Wichita Mountains. 27 Stratigraphy Arizona. ______--_-..- 42 Aerial radiological measurements in New Mex­ Stratigraphy Nevada and California.______42 ico..-.. ______27 Stratigraphy and structural geology New Mex­ Geologic mapping in Texas______28 ico..----.------43 Ground-water recharge, Arkansas River valley, Igneous rocks Mojave Desert______-_.--_ 43 Arkansas--_---._-______.._____. 28 Cenozoic rocks and history._ ___-__- ______44 CONTENTS IX

Page Page Regional geology and hydrology Continued Regional geology and hydrology Continued Basin and Range region Continued Antarctica Continued Hydrogeology of basins..______A45 Saline features in Taylor Valley.______A64 Ground water in pre-Tertiary rocks ______45 Age of moraines in McMurdo Sound area- 64 Interbasin movement of ground water______45 Topographic field operations ______64 Hy drogeochemistry ______46 Aerial photography.______66 Estimating porosity from specific gravity ______46 Cartographic activities.______66 Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains region. __ 46 Antarctica relief model.______66 Gravity studies in Oregon and Idaho.______46 Geologic and hydrologic investigations in other countries- 66 Structural and stratigraphic studies in Oregon iron-ore deposits, Minas Gerias, Brazil ______66 and Idaho.______46 Lead-zinc deposits, Bahia, Brazil ______67 Ground water in basalts of Washington and Tin, tungsten, and copper studies, Bolivia.______67 Idaho. _____--_---.__-_.______47 Geomorphology and metallogenic map, Chile______67 Pacific Coast region______-..______48 Mineral deposits near Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico. __ 67 Geologic studies in Washington...______48 Mineral-resource studies in Libya.______67 Geologic and geophysical studies in Oregon..... 48 Ground water in the Libyan desert of western Egypt. 67 Geology of Klamath Mountains, Cascade Range, Ground-water investigations in Kordofan Province, Coast Ranges, and coastal area of California. 48 Sudan-__-__--______--__---_-______67 Geologic and geophysical studies in the Sierra Iron deposits of Yugoslavia.______69 Nevada______49 Cooperative mineral exploration and paleontologic Hydrologic studies in California______50 studies in Pakistan_--__-______-______-______68 Hydrologic studies in Washington______50 Hydrologic regimen in the Punjab region, West Alaska. ____ ------_-__-___-______50 Pakistan...______68 Northern Alaska______5Q Mineral investigations in Thailand-______69 West-central Alaska______52 Engineering-geology studies in Indonesia ______69 East-central Alaska.______52 Southwestern Alaska______53 Chromite investigations in western Luzon, Zambales Southern Alaska______53 Province, Republic of the Philippines---______Southeastern Alaska.______53 Refractory-kaolin deposits, Kinmen (Quemoy) Is­ Cenozoic stratigraphy of Alaska ______54 land, Taiwan-______69 Hawaii. ______55 Ground-water studies for U.S. Navy at Poro Point, Eruptions of Kilauea Volcano in 1961 ______55 Luzon. Republic of the Philippines.______70 Lava lake in Makaopu hi Crater ______55 Astrogeologic studies.______70 Recent growth of Halemaumau Crater, Kilauea Photogeologic mapping of the moon.______70 Volcano.______55 Lunar stratigraphy_.______----_ 70 Lava lake in Kilauea Iki______56 Structural features.____--___------_-__- 71 Gravity studies______56 Terrestrial and experimental impact and cratering Ground water in southern Oahu______56 phenomena.______---_-__------_----- 71 Ground water in the Waianae district, Oahu___ 56 Terrestrial craters and structures ______71 Water resources of windward Oahu ______56 Experimental cratering phenomena.______72 Rain-catchment studies______57 Extraterrestrial materials.____-_-_------73 Indian Reservations and National Parks______57 Geologic and hydrologic studies in Indian Investigations of geologic and hydrologic processes and 73 Reservations. ______57 principles.______-______------Ground-water study in Grand Teton National Paleontology.______------_------74 Park______57 Evolution.______------_------74 Puerto Rico______53 Paleoecology.______----__------74 Preliminary geologic map.______58 Morphology and systematic paleontology.----- 74 Limestone ______58 Stratigraphic paleontology.____.__--_---_---_ 75 Aerial radioactivity survey.______58 Geomorphology ______-_------_-_- 75 Hydrologic studies.______58 Morphology of stream channels ___-___-_-- 76 Western Pacific islands.______59 Geomorphology related to ground water..____>_ 76 Marine geology of Guam, Mariana Islands. _ _ _ _ 59 Geomorphology and geology in relation to Paleontologic studies.______59 streamflow. ------76 Ground-water supplies in American Samoa_____ 61 Morphology of alluvial fans_ ------77 Hydrologic studies on Guam.______61 Plant ecology______-----_------77 Saline-water intrusion on Angaur Island ______61 Relation of vegetation to soil moisture _____ 77 Antarctica.______61 Forests and geomorphology ------77 Geology of the Thiel (Mountains______62 Effects of coal strip mining on forests_____---- 77 Glaciology and glacial igeblogy of the Thiel Trees as indicators of floods.______-_-_------77 Mountains. ______.___L ______62 Glaciology and glacial geology ------78 Paleobotany and coal studies..______62 Studies of existing glaciers.____-____------78 Reconnaissance geologic traverses.______64 Glacier hydrology _ ------78 Geologic reconnaissance of the Eights Coast_ _ 64 Glacial geology._____------_------78 CONTENTS

Page Page Investigations of geologic and hydrologic, etc. Continued Investigations of geologic and hydrologic, etc. Continued Oceanography and marine geology______A79 Isotope and nuclear studies Continued National ocean-survey program.______79 Geochronology Continued Analysis of preliminary Mohole samples, Guada- Dating of uranium accumulation and lupe site.______79 migration. ______A93 Marine geology..______79 Potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium Marine geophysics....______80 dating,______94 Marine geochemistry______.__ 80 Lead-alpha age measurements_____-______94 Deuterium and tritium studies ______94 Permafrost studies.______80 Deuterium in natural waters______94 Geophysics _ -__--_----_-_---_-_------__-___ 81 Tritium in fallout--_---_-_------_- 95 Theoretical and experimental geophysics--..--- 81 Tritium tracer studies, Lake McMillan, Paleomagnetism. ______81 New Mexico______95 Magnetic properties of rocks ______81 Tritium tracer studies in ground water,___ 96 Stress waves in solids______81 Lead isotopes.______--___--__-_------96 Rock deformation______82 Solid-state studies______-__-_----__-----__ 97 Thermochemical data______82 Luminescence and thermoluminescence Electrical investigations ______82 studies.______-____--_-----_--. 97 Electrical properties of the earth's crust-_- 82 Magneto-acoustic studies ______97 Induced polarization.______83 Magnetic properties of ice______-_-__-___ 97 Luminescence. ______83 97 Interpretation methods.______83 Hydraulic and hydrologic studies______Geophysical Abstracts______84 Open-channel hydraulics and fluvial sediments __ 97 Major crustal studies______84 Distribution of velocity ______97 Long-range seismic refraction_____.___._ 84 Dispersion in natural channels_--_--_-_--- 97 Eastern Colorado and New Mexico. ______84 Solution of unsteady-flow problems. ______98 California and Nevada..___.______._._ 84 Measurement of water discharge and sedi­ Gravity studies of the Snake River Plain. _ 85 ment transport- ______------98 Secular deformation of the Great Basin.... 85 Resistance to flow and sediment transport Sierra Nevada______85 in alluvial channels.____--__------98 Geochemistry, mineralogy, and petrology______85 Surface-water hydrology-.______---_------98 Experimental geochemistry and mineralogy.___ 85 Distribution and characteristics of stream- Mineralogical studies and description of new flow______--_--_------98 minerals._--__-___.______85 Magnitude and frequency of floods ___- 99 Crystal chemistry______86 Flood-inundation mapping______99 Experimental geochemistry______.-.-____ 87 Floods in the Southeastern States _____ 99 Chemistry of natural water ______88 Floods in Nevada______------99 Field geochemistry and petrology ______88 Floods in Alaska _-_-____---_------99 Studies of igneous rocks.______88 Low flows and flow duration.___-_----__- 100 Studies of metamorphic rocks ______88 Statistical methods___-_---__------100 Studies of sedimentary rocks______89 Use of correlation for augmenting autocor- Environments of ore deposition.______89 related streamflow information.______100 Geochemistry of hot springs and hydro- Information content of the mean.______100 thermal areas______89 Mechanics of flow through porous media ___ 100 Geochemical distribution of the elements in Flow in the unsaturated zone ______101 water______90 Salt water in coastal aquifers------101 Hydrochemical facies in ground water_____ 90 Aquifer compaction under stress-______-__-- 102 Origin of minerals in natural water______91 102 Organic geochemistry..______91 Limnological studies.._____-_-_------Organic content of rocks______91 Evapotranspiration studies. ------103 Organic pollutants in water ______92 Ground-water occurrence in limestone terranes - 103 Iron and manganese in water and plants. __ 92 Geology and hydrology applied to problems in the field of Synthesis of geochemical data ______92 engineering. ______-__---_-_------104 Distribution of minor elements ______92 Construction problems _-_-_-_------104 Beryllium in silicic volcanic rocks.______92 104 Heavy metals in shales.______92 Urban geology _ ------Highway geology in Alaska. _____-_------105 Abundance of scandium in volcanic rocks __ 92 105 Rare earths in apatites.______92 Harold D. Roberts tunnel, Colorado.-.-- ._.--- Underground air storage..------105 Thorium and uranium in some alkalic rocks 105 from Virginia and Texas.______-_-___ 92 Subsidence..______------106 Isotope and nuclear studies.______93 Engineering problems related to rock failure _ .___ 106 Geochronology ______93 Erosion....-___-__--__------Carbon-14 age determinations.______93 Urban growth and sediment discharge... ------106 Protactinium-thorium dating.______93 Coastal erosion.__--_--_------106 CONTENTS XI Page Page ((Jeology and hydrology applied to engineering Con. Analytical and other laboratory techniques Continued 1 Geologic studies for defense and peaceful uses of Spectroscopy Continued atomic energy.___._._____-______._.. A106 Electron-probe X-ray microanalyser______A119 Geology and hydrology related to underground Identification of thalenite by means of absorption- nuclear tests, Nevada Test Site. ______107 band spectra.______120 Reactor development------.-__-______108 Mineralogic and petrographic techniques___--____ 120 Peaceful uses and detection of nuclear explosions. 108 Development of exploration and recording techniques. _ _ 121 Project GNOME... ._.___._.__.__._..__._ 108 Geochemical and botanical exploration ______121 Project CHARIOT....__.___.._.____._._._._ 109 Application of isotope geology to exploration.______122 Project SHOAL....._._...... _..____._..__. 109 Isotope geology of hydrogen______122 Project GROUNDHOG...__.______109 Isotope geology of oxygen______122 Project DRIBBLE______.______109 Hydrologic measurements______122 Analysis of hydrologic data...... ___.__._.._. 109 Welllogging______122 Estimating long-term runoff from short-term Instrument design and application______123 records.. ______110 Extending streamflow data by using precipita­ Research and development in topographic surveys and tion records-______-__.______110 mapping______123 Floods______110 Field surveys______--____-____-_--- 123 Ground water____._-_-__.______110 Portable surveying tower______-___------123 Interrelations of surface water and ground Airborne control system.______----_--- 123 water.______110 Target design for photoidentification of control. 124 Low flows__------_---___--_____-______112 Elevation meter______---_-----__------124 Time of travel of water______112 Standards for pendulum alidades______-_-- 124 Evaporation suppression______112 Photogrammetric surveys..-----.------124 Artificial recharge of aquifers___--_-____-_._____ 112 Aerial-camera calibration______------_-- 124 Spreading basins______112 Super-wide-angle photogrammetric system _____ 125 Sinkholes._____-.______... 112 Half-base convergent photography.______125 Recharge wells-______-_---.______112 Astronomic positions in Antarctica ______125 Geology and hydrology applied to problems in the field of Contrast control for diapositives______-__----_ 125 public health_____-______.______112 Analytical aerotriangulation_____--__-_-__-__- 125 Studies related to disposal of radioactive wastes. . __ 112 Visual fatigue in photogrammetric operations . 125 Laboratory investigations______113 Orthophotography ______-_--_-_------125 Geologic and hydrologic field studies______113 Instrument development____.____--_---_--- 126 Geophysical investigations.______115 Cartographic procedures.._____-___--__------126 Distribution of elements as related to health.______115 Edge isolation______-----_ 126 Anthracite mine drainage.______115 Airbrush shading for ice features ___-_---__ 126 Chemical and biological aspects of water pollution. _ 115 Brown channel symbolization for desert terrain. 126 Analytical and other laboratory techniques______116 Map content and presentation __.___---___ 126 Analytical chemistry._._-_--__---_____-______116 Relief models_____.___ _ ----- 127 Methods of systematic silicate-rock analysis.. __ 116 U.S. Geological Survey offices..______-_--__---- 128 Determination of rhenium------.---.--.-- 116 Main centers------128 Minor elements in the Pierre Shale___.-_._-- 116 Public inquiries offices______-__--__------128 The beryllium-morin system. ______117 Geologic Division field offices in the United States Fluorescence studies______117 and Puerto Rico______-.___-_-_--.------_ 128 Determination of boron in waters containing Selected list of Water Resources Division field offices fluorine______117 in the United States and Puerto Rico__---_- ._-- 129 Flame photometric determination of calcium in Geological Survey offices in other countries. ___-_-_ 132 thermal waters__-_--______117 Geologic Division____-_____------..----- 132 Determination of lead in sphalerite__.-_____ 117 Water Resources Division____----_-_------132 Apparatus for ferrous iron determination._____ 117 Alkali metals in micas______.______117 Cooperating agencies..______.,_-______--_------.- 133 Silica in tektites and glasses______117 Federal agencies._____._.__--_____--__-__---.___ 133 Selective solution of fluorite______117 State, county, and municipal agencies.______133 Standard samples___.-______117 Investigations in progress in the Geologic and Water Re­ Extracting water from cores for chloride analysis. 118 sources Divisions.._____.-____._-__---.------_ - 137 Spectroscopy.______118 Regional investigations....______._.____.__-_.--- 137 Spectrochemical analysis of small samples ______118 Topical investigations.------169 Semiquantitative Spectrochemical analysis of \ Status of surveysv and mapping by the Topographic rocks, minerals, andore8_-___.______118 Division.______.______-______-_------187 Quantitative spectrographic analysis for selected Mapping accomplishments.___- .______-_-_---__- 187 minor elements in Pierre Shale.______118 Objectives of the National Topographic Mapping Direct-reading spectrochemical-methods devel­ Program....._-_-_____-.-___-_-_---_----- 187 opment ------_----_-__-__-______119 Series and scales.-.__-_-__-_----_---_------187 X-ray fluorescence analysis___--.-_-___-.-_. 119 Coverage of the Nation .____.._._-...-._-- 187 XII CONTENTS

Page Page Status of surveys and mapping, etc. Continued How to obtain Geological Survey publications______A196 Mapping accomplishments Continued Ordering book reports.__---__-____.______196 Map revision and maintenance ______A187 Ordering maps and charts-----_____-_-_-__-______196 1:250,000-scale mapping.______187 Open-file reports----_---___--_--_---_----_--____ 196 State maps.---.______187 Publications in fiscal year 1962______197 Urban-area maps______187 List of corrections to Professional Papers 400-A, 400-B, National park maps______-_-___-_____-__ 193 424-A, 424-B, 424-C, 424-D, and 450-B ______251 Million-scale maps______193 Index. ______253 National atlas.______193 Geographic names.______193

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page FIGTTBE 1. Index map of the conterminous United States showing boundaries of regions referred to on accompanying pages. A14 2. Index map of Alaska showing boundaries of regions referred to on accompanying pages... ______51 3. Index map of western Pacific islands showing areas investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey__-___-_--____ 60 4. Index map of part of Antarctica showing areas of geologic mapping, geologic studies, and geologic reconnais­ sance by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1957 through 1962______63 5. Index map of Antarctica showing status of topographic mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey as of June 30, 1962.______65 6. Progress of 7Vz- and 15-minute quadrangle mapping____-______-___-______-_____ 188 7. Status of ly-f and 15-minute quadrangle mapping-.______-______-____ 189 8. Status of revision of large-scale mapping-.______190 9. Status of 1:250,000-scale mapping___.______191 10. Status of State maps--_-__-_-______--_---_-_-_---_--_-_____-______-______-_-__-----___ 192 11. Status of l:l,000,000-scale topographic maps__-_-__-______-______--___-______-______--._- 194 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC, HYDROLOGIC, AND TOPOGRAPHIC RESULTS

RESOURCE INVESTIGATIONS trict were closely controlled by physical sedimenta­ In response to the ever-changing but ever-growing tion during Silurian time when they were deposited. demands for minerals and mineral fuels, the Geological Sedimentary structures, lithology, and stratigraphy in­ Survey is placing more emphasis on the compilation dicate that the ores are related to barrier islands built and analysis of resource information and is accelerat­ by southwestward longshore drift of sand from the ing research on problems bearing on their discovery, northeast. The self-fluxing calcareous ores were de­ appraisal, and effective development. Water is like­ posited on the lagoon side; this calcite-hematite facies wise a critical resource, and the Survey is expanding its grades southeastward in part into a siderite-chamosite programs of basic research to improve capabilities for reduced facies and in part into a dark claystone facies. analyzing and solving water-supply problems. Seaward (to the northeast) the hematite facies grades To achieve coordination of the varied mineral-re­ into hematite-quartz sandstone, which makes up most source studies underway or planned, and to provide of the barrier islands, and this in turn grades into ma­ timely and comprehensive information on mineral sup­ rine nonferruginous sandstone. plies for both government and industry use, the Geo­ Iron ore in Michigan logical Survey formed a Resources Research Group in In a comprehensive report on the geology of central April 1962. A major aim of this group is to stimulate Dickinson County, Mich., H. L. James and others the preparation and publication of authoritative re­ (1961) estimate that the principal iron-formation, the ports on mineral commodities but, in addition, it will Vulcan, contains 450 million tons of material averaging undertake studies of a wide variety of topical problems about 35 percent iron. The authors emphasize that relating to the origin of mineral deposits and the means much of this is at best potential ore, but note that high- to find them. grade pelletized concentrates are being produced from Another important development in the resource field this material at one mine in the area. is the instigation of a program to accelerate collation and synthesis of data on the distribution of elements Iron deposits in Montana in the earth's crust (particularly those of economic According to H. L. James and K. L. Wier, the Rams- significance and those bearing on the incidence of dis­ horn iron deposit in the Tobacco Root Range, Madison ease) and on the processes by which they are concen­ County, Mont., is another metamorphosed sedimentary trated. iron-formation like the Carter Creek and Kelly de­ In the field of water resources, the Survey is making posits reported last year (U.S. Geological Survey, 1961 a special effort to stimulate hydrologic education be­ w, p. Al). The iron-formation here, which is about 50 cause of the inadequate number of men sufficiently feet thick, occurs in a sequence of Precambrian dolo­ trained in hydrology and the water sciences. Steps be­ mite, quartz-mica-garnet schist, quartzite, and amphi- ing taken include working with universities toward the bolite. The deposit has the form of an overturned improvement of college curricula and sponsoring ad­ syncline, open to the north, whose west limb is cut off vanced training activities. by intrusive rock. New findings in the fields of heavy metals, light Iron deposits in Nevada metals and industrial minerals, radioactive materials, fuels, and water are summarized in the following pages. Iron ore occurs in a volcanic sequence of Jurassic (?) age in the northern Cortez Mountains, Eureka County, HEAVY METALS Nev., according to L. J. P. Muffler, who has divided the sequence into a graywacke unit (lower), an ash-flow DISTRICT AND REGIONAL. STUDIES tuff unit, and a flow unit (upper). Hydrothermal al­ Iron deposits in the Birmingham district, Alabama teration and mineralization have affected all the units, R. P. Sheldon has found that the deposition and but the potentially commercial deposits are restricted character of the hematite ores of the Birmingham dis­ to the upper unit. Al A2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Iron-copper deposits in southeastern Alaska controlling structures were open to receive ore solu­ L. A. Warner and E. N. Goddard (1961) estimate tions, and the type of deposit (steeply dipping vein, that the iron and copper-bearing deposits of Kasaan bedding vein, or irregular replacement) by the struc­ Peninsula, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska, tural conditions that existed when the solutions were have reserves of about 4 million long tons of ore averag­ introduced. ing 50 percent iron and 1.5 million short tons of copper Copper-zinc deposits in northern California ore, most of which contains less than 2 percent copper. J. P. Albers and J. F. Robertson (1961) believe, as Magnetite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite in a garnet-epidote- did earlier geologists, that the copper-zinc-bearing diopside-hornblende gangue replaced brecciated green­ massive-sulfide deposits of the East Shasta district, stone and interbedded clastic sedimentary rocks. The California, were formed by replacement of intrusive broader regional setting of these deposits and of occur­ igneous, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks. They sug­ rences of gold, silver-lead-zinc, molybdenum, and pal­ gest, however, the following alternatives to the tradi­ ladium are described by Condon (1961) in a report on tional magmatic source for the mineralizing solutions. the geology of the Craig quadrangle. The greenstones and andesites of the eugeosynclinal Tin in Alaska assemblage in which the deposits occur contain metals Sulfide-bearing greisen on the north side of a body in ample quantities to account for the sulfide deposits of granite 1 mile southeast of the Lost River mine in and undoubtedly trapped large amounts of sea water the York Mountains was re-examined by C. L. Sains- that could have been heated and mobilized by deep bury, who found it to be identical to greisen at the Lost burial, radioactivity, or proximity to a magma. Gran- River mine that contains economic deposits of cassite- itization of the mafic rocks, for which there is some rite. The greisen is intersected by an altered dike that evidence, would also release metals from ferromagne- is also sulfide bearing. Geologic similaries between sian minerals and make them available for concentra­ this recently examined area and the Lost River mine tion into ore bodies. give new economic importance to the area. Copper deposits in sandstone in the Southwestern States Chromite deposits in the Stillwater Complex, Montana C. B. Read divides the numerous copper deposits in sandstone of the Southwestern States into two groups E. D. Jackson (1962) has correlated the five major on the basis of their structural character and the pres­ chromite-bearing zones of the Stillwater Complex, ence or absence of associated organic material. De­ south-central Montana, and has shown that they can be posits of one group are in fractures or permeable zones, traced along strike at least 15 miles. Total iron in organic material is absent or rare, and evidence for the chromite from the footwalls of these zones is almost hydrothermal activity suggests primary mineralization constant along the strike of any one zone but decreases by telethermal solutions. Deposits of the other group regularly upward from the lower zones toward the occur in sandstone or shale with carbonaceous or, in middle ones and then increases again. On the other places, bituminous material and syngenetic iron sulfide hand, the ratio of ferric iron to total iron in the chro­ or carbonate laid down under reducing conditions. mite is almost constant from zone to zone but decreases Subsequent introduction of the copper and replacement laterally from each end of the complex toward the of part of the iron may have been by hydrothermal solu­ center. The regularity of these variations, together tions but most commonly seem to have been by meteoric with the within-zone changes reported by Jackson, water. Dinnin, and Bastron (U.S. Geological Survey, 1961w, p. Al), should aid in locating commercial-grade chro­ Lead, zinc, and related ores in the Central and Eastern States mite. A. V. Heyl, Jr., and M. R. Brock (Art. 148) 1 have found the first known zinc deposit in Ohio at Serpent Mineral deposits near Philipsburg, Montana Mound. Coarse-grained yellow and orange sphalerite W. C. Prinz has recognized several stages of miner­ occurs in Silurian limestone in a 2-acre area of shatter alization in the Philipsburg district, Montana. The breccia near the center of this well-known explosion most important are, from oldest to youngest: zinc, lead, structure. A complex history of brecciation, cemen­ silver-copper, and manganese. Variation in composi­ tation, faulting and introduction of cherty jasperoid, tion, character, and distribution of the ore bodies and renewed brecciation and deposition of sphalerite, and the crude zoning within the district are explained by final fracturing of the sphalerite indicates that Serpent progressive changes both in time and space in structural conditions and composition of the ore solutions. The 1 Article 148 In Professional Paper 450-D. All references to articles mineral composition of an individual deposit was gov­ in Chapters B, C, and D are given In this style. Articles 1-59 are in Chapter B, articles 60-119 are In Chapter C, and articles 120-179 are erned by the stages of mineralization during which its in Chapter D. HEAVY METALS A3

Mound developed in successive stages rather than dur­ H. T. Morris (Art. 60), together with J. A. Anderson ing a single explosive event. of the Bear Creek Mining Co., worked out the pre- Epithermal fluorite and lead-zinc veins in the centra] volcanic topography of the Tintic-East Tintic district Kentucky district seem to be related to fractures devel­ from surface and subsurface data. The volcanic rocks oped on the collapsed Lexington Dome, according to were laid down on an old erosion surface having relief Janice Jolly and A. V. Heyl, Jr. Fluorite is more of more than 4,400 feet. This information will help abundant in the center and lead-zinc minerals at the the search for additional concealed ore bodies by show­ periphery of the district; this zonal pattern is similar ing in which areas the blanket of barren lavas is rela­ to that of the Cumberland district, England. tively thin. The zinc deposits at Friedensville, Pa., have been M. D. Crittenden, Jr., and others (1961) note that examined by A. V. Heyl, Jr., M. E. Brock, D. M. intense hydrothermal-alteration effects, sanded dolo­ Pinckney, and E. W. Eoedder, who report that the ore mite, and jasperoid bodies in the Drum Mountains, is in replacement veins along northeast-trending faults west-central Utah, closely resemble alteration effects and in bedding planes, in crackle breccia as open-space associated with ore in the Tintic district. They sug­ filling, and in a major mylonite zone that dips under gest that abundant near-surface manganese carbonate the ore body at a low angle. Microcline in quartz veins, and sulfide mineralization may give way to propor­ fluid-inclusion measurements, and the presence of minor tionally larger amounts of base metals in depth. amounts of copper suggest a fairly high-temperature Geologic mapping by M. D. Crittenden, Jr., east of origin. Park City shows that the youngest intrusive rocks near Keetley intrude the base of the adjoining volcanic rocks. Massive-sulfide copper deposit in North Carolina Recognition that the contact is intrusive rather than A. E. Kinkel finds that at the Ore Knob copper mine, sedimentary increases the economic interest in areas Ashe County, N.C., ore textures give little clue to origi­ of marked alteration. nal mineral relations because the sulfides and adjoining gneiss have been recrystallized. Unoriented micas and Silver in silicified rocks, Nevada and Washington other silicates, mutual growth of sulfides and silicates, Silver-bearing deposits in the Taylor mining district, coarsening of grain size, and probable change from 15 miles southeast of Ely, Nev., are restricted to silicified pyrite to pyrrhotite followed by late growth of pyrite Paleozoic limestone, particularly to thin-bedded or porphyroblasts suggest recrystallization under rising shaly limestone beneath thick shale formations, accord­ temperature. ing to Harald Drewes (Art. 1). The silicification and introduction of sulfide ore minerals appear to have been Magnetite deposits in New York related to faulting. The mineralization may also be Further chemical studies by B. F. Leonard and A. C. related to porphyritic rhyolitic dikes trending in the Vlidsidis (1961) on the minerals of the Jayville mag­ same general north to northeast direction as the faults netite deposit, St. Lawrence County, N.Y., have shown and silicified zones. that a borate mineral, presumably vonsenite, is a major In the Bodie Mountain quadrangle, northeastern constituent of part of the ore. Core from one drill hole Washington, E. C. Pearson has mapped an extensive contained 4.80 percent B2O3, equivalent to about 36 silicified zone at the contact of Tertiary volcanic rocks weight percent vonsenite if all the boron is present in with older metamorphic rocks. The zone, explored that mineral. only by shallow prospect pits, contains minor amounts Studies in Utah of silver and is paralleled by narrow quartz veins, in­ In a comprehensive description of the stratigraphy cluding the silver-bearing Zala M. vein. of the East Tintic Mountains, which provides the back­ Copper ore in Idaho ground for a detailed report on the structure and deep At the Empire mine, near Mackay, Idaho, replace­ ore zones of the Tintic mining district that is in prep­ ment bodies of primary and secondary copper ores occur aration, H. T. Morris and T. S. Levering (1961, p. within or near tactite, along an arcuate contact between 99-104) give data on the vanadiferous phosphatic shale granitic rocks of early Tertiary age and limestones of member of the Deseret Limestone. Parts of this mem­ Carboniferous age. In the lower levels of this mine, ber approach, in composition and thickness, some phos­ T. H. Kiilsgaard has found that steeply plunging, phorites utilized commercially in the thermal-reduction irregular, pipelike bodies of primary ore form where method of producing elemental phosphorus. In other northeast-trending premineralization faults cut the areas vanadium is already being recovered from the tactite, and he reasons that the jointed and fractured slags produced from similar phosphorites of the Phos- tactite was more permeable to mineralizing solutions phoria Formation. ascending along the faults than were the limestones A4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS and granitic rocks. Kiilsgaard's conclusions support, tative spectrographic analyses of these samples show in part, the earlier conclusions of Umpleby.2 that concentrations of the following elements are highly Copper and molybdenum mineralization in San Juan, Puerto significant of ore-related jasperoid: Ag>0.00015 per­ Rico cent; Pb>0.0015 percent; Zn>0.015 percent, Cu> A belt ofjnineralized quartz diorite porphyry adja­ 0.003 percent; Mo>0.0007 percent, and Bi>0.0007 per­ cent to a large west-northwest-trending fault has been cent. The recognition and evaluation of these found by M. H. Pease, Jr., near La Muda, about 8 miles characteristics should aid the exploration geologist in due south of the center of San Juan. The ore minerals identifying jasperoid bodies that may have a close occur as sulfides, chiefly chalcopyrite, but with signifi­ proximity to blind ore deposits. cant amounts of molybdenite as well. Pyrite is found Thermoluminesccnce both in the intrusive rocks and in the adjacent volcanic C. H. Eoach, G. R. Johnson, and J. G. McGrath rocks, but the copper and molybdenum sulfides appear report that the white and dark-gray dolomite phases to be concentrated in veinlets trending at an angle to the of the principal host rock at the Eagle mine, Gilman, principal fault. Companies that hold exploration per­ Colo., have significantly different thermoluminescent mits granted by the Puerto Rico Mining Commission characteristics. Glow curves of the dark-gray dolomite are using geochemical and physical methods to prospect consistently have two peaks, whereas those of the white the La Muda area as well as the earlier known Lares dolomite have only one. Although the intensity of and Utuado mineralized areas. thermoluminescence of the dark-gray dolomite does not

TOPICAL STUDIBS vary systematically with distance from ore, that of the white dolomite does, being low near ore and increasingly Manganese higher away from it. Systematic variation in one thin D. F. Hewett has continued his studies of the man­ marker bed extends outward 8,000 feet from ore and ganese-oxides reported earlier by Hewett and Fleischer.3 indicates that thermoluminescence might be useful in Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the heavy- exploration at Gilman. metal content of 32 vein oxides thought to be of hypogene origin strengthen his conclusion that the veins Fluid inclusions of manganese oxides in early and middle Tertiary vol­ Minute cavities in ore and gangue minerals contain canic rocks in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and fluids believed to be samples of the original mineraliz­ southern California may be succeeded in depth by veins ing solutions. Techniques for determining the chemi­ with abundant rhodochrosite and rhodonite and sulfides cal and isotopic nature of these solutions and their of lead, zinc, copper, and silver. The analyses show temperatures at the time of ore deposition have been noteworthy contents of tungsten, lead, copper, arsenic, applied to minerals from various districts. W. E. Hall antimony, thallium, barium, and strontium, whereas and I. E. Friedman report that ores in the Illinois- the sulfide-bearing manganese carbonate and silicate Kentucky fluorspar-zinc district and the Wisconsin veins contain huebnerite, base-metal sulfides, sulfarsen- zinc-lead district were deposited from concentrated ides, sulf antimonides, and barite. brines rich in sodium, calcium, and chlorine. The deuterium content of the solutions decreases in the later Jasperoid minerals. E. W. Eoedder and D. M. Pinckney find T. G. Lovering and J. C. Hamilton (Art. 63) have that the temperature of formation in the Mississippi made a statistical study of the physical, mineralogical, Valley-type ores ranged from 185° C to 207° C in east and chemical characteristics of jasperoid samples from Tennessee, 120° C to 160° C in southern Illinois^ was various districts in western conterminous United States about 120° C in the Tri-State district, Oklahoma- to learn whether they can be useful in the search for Kansas-Missouri, and ranged from 80° to 100° C in sulfide ore deposits. They find that 19 characteristics Wisconsin. are significantly more abundant in ore-related samples Fluid-inclusion and mineralogical studies by D. M. and 8 in non-ore-related samples. The most significant Pinckney of numerous veins in the northern part of the physical and mineralogical characteristics of ore-related Boulder batholith, Montana, have shown that the veins jasperoid are: phaneritic texture, abundant vugs, wide belong to a gradational series arranged in a broad zonal range in size of quartz grains, presence of abundant pattern, rather than to two distinct types of different elongated quartz grains, and presence in oxidized ages as was previously thought. The temperature of samples of orange goethite and jarosite. Semiquanti- formation ranged from 300° C for the central type, a Umpleby, J. B., 1917, Geology and ore deposits of the Mackay region, which consists largely of quartz and sulfides, to about Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 97, p. 44-49. 200° C for the peripheral type, made up chiefly of 8 Hewett, D. P., and Fleischer, Michael, 1960, Deposits of the man­ ganese oxides: Bcon. Geology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 1-55. chalcedony and rhombic carbonates. LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS A5 E. W. Roedder reports the unexpected discovery of to meet future needs. The greater part of our output liquid CO2 in primary fluid inclusions in quartz crystals now is derived as a byproduct or coproduct of base- from the Red Devil mercury-antimony mine, south­ metal mining and therefore is dependent on the prices western Alaska. The wide range of CO2-H2O ratios and demand for lead and copper. He foresees that an­ in different inclusions, plus the uniform homogenization nual domestic capacity should remain above 30,000,000 temperatures for the CO2 liquid and gas phases, im­ ounces for a number of years. plies the existence, at the time of ore deposition, of two immiscible fluids globules of a dense supercritical CO2 LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS phase in a water phase at pressures nearly equal to the DISTRICT STUDIES rock pressure. Beryllium deposits in the Tarryall area, Colorado Aeromagnetic prospecting for iron ore Geologic mapping by C. C. Hawley in the Tarryall G. D. Bath has found that in the Mesabi area of quadrangle, Colorado, shows that the Pikes Peak Gran­ northern Minnesota the aeromagnetic anomalies that ite occurs as a large lobe-like body extending south­ occur over bedded iron-formations of Precambrian age ward from the main Pikes Peak batholith, as numerous can be satisfactorily explained only after considering dikes, and as a small stock cutting older Precambrian the effects of both induced and remanent magnetization. rocks. The Boomer mine beryllium deposit is associ­ The induced magnetization, which is related to the mag­ ated with this stock. Mapping in the large lobe-like netite content of the rock, will not explain all of the body has shown that three main types of granite can anomalies, and it must be concluded, therefore, that a be distinguished on the basis of texture, grain size, and magnetic anomaly may not give a reliable indication type of inclusion: medium-to-coarse-grained granular of magnetite content. At the present time the utility rocks form the outer part of the lobe, and concentrically of the magnetic method of prospecting, and in particu­ within are fine- or medium-grained seriate porphyritic lar its ability to indicate magnetite content, is of fun­ granite and aplite. All of the known beryllium deposits damental importance to the mining industry. The pur­ in this lobe are in greisens associated with the latter two pose of a recently completed report 4 is to present the rock types. magnetization data that are required to explain the Beryllium deposits at Spor Mountain, Utah anomalies from the Biwabik Iron-Formation of the Beryllium deposits in the Thomas Range, Utah, are Mesabi area and to suggest that this evaluation of the on the west and east sides of Spor Mountain. All the induced and remanent magnetization of an iron-forma­ beryllium deposits contain fluorite, but the high-grade tion of known magnetite content may help to explain fluorite deposits on the central part of Spor Mountain the magnetic anomalies over similar iron-formations contain only trace amounts of beryllium. Most of the elsewhere in the world. This valuation can be used beryllium deposits are in tuff, although a little beryl­ as a basis for explaining aeromagnetic anomalies from lium has been found by M. H. Staatz and W. R. Grif- correlatives of the Biwabik Iron-Formation in the Gun- fitts (1961) in dolomite adjacent to the tuff. Studies by flint, Cuyuna, and Gogebic districts of the Lake Supe­ Staatz suggest that the beryllium deposits are related rior region. to the magma that formed fluorine-rich rhyolite in the

COMMODITY STUDIES region. The field relations suggest that the Spor moun­ tain deposit may be another in which beryllium was R. P. Fischer (1961) has analyzed statistical data on transported by a soluble complex fluorine ion that was the production, shipment, and consumption of vana­ stabilized by excess fluorine in the solution. The high- dium, which show a changing and puzzling picture. grade fluorite deposits would thus represent precipita­ Until 1955, United States exports were small, but in tion of this excess fluorine in the central part of the recent years certain European countries and Japan area permeated by hydrothermal solutions, and the pe­ have been taking quantities greatly in excess of the ripheral beryllium deposits would represent precipita­ amounts that traditional uses for alloying with steel tion from these outward-moving solutions after the ex­ would require. Some new use or uses may have been cess fluorine was lost. developed, but none is known that seems to account for the upsurge in demand, and the future of the vanadium Beryllium minerals in the York Mountains, Alaska industry is uncertain. Geologic mapping by C. L. Sainsbury in the York E. T. McKnight has assembled data on the history of Mountains, Alaska, has disclosed an extensive area, silver production in the United States and on resources hitherto unknown, containing beryllium minerals in fluoritized limestones similar to those associated with the * Bath, G. D., 1962, Magnetic anomalies and magnetizations in the Lost River mine 5 miles to the east (Sainsbury and Biwabik Iron Formation, Mesabi area, Minnesota: Geophysics. (In press.) others, 1961).

661513 O 62 A6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Pegmatites in the Blue Ridge area, North Carolina unit of the Bone Valley Formation extends across the F. G. Lesure has found that the pegmatites of the ridge. Franklin-Sylva district contain cataclastic structures Although the lower unit of the Bone Valley Forma­ similar to the structures in the Spruce Pine pegmatites tion grades into the upper unit in most of the phosphate that he reported previously.5 Preliminary study of district, small outliers of the lower unit in the northern­ data on 1,500 mica mines in all the districts of the Blue most part of the district indicate an erosional uncon­ Ridge of North Carolina and Georgia indicates that the formity between the two units. The sea in which the Blue Ridge pegmatites in general are more severely lower unit of the Bone Valley was deposited probably deformed than similar pegmatites in the southeastern withdrew slightly and then readvanced beyond its pre­ Piedmont. vious shoreline, so that the upper unit of the formation Aluminum deposits in Hawaii overlapped both the lower unit and the ridge in the Hawthorn Formation, and extended to the area under­ Investigations by S. H. Patterson of alumina-rich soil lain by the Tampa Limestone of Miocene age north of and weathered rock in deeply weathered basalt lava the land-pebble district. flows of Kauai, Hawaii, show that the thoroughly weathered rock at the surface is rich in gibbsite (trihy- Phosphate nodules in Montana drate of alumina) and secondary iron minerals, and A zone of phosphatic nodules in the basal 30 feet of that very fine grained titanium minerals are common. the Colorado Shale exposed in the Bearpaw Mountains, The clay-mineral halloysite is a minor component of Mont., is reported by W. T. Pecora, B. C. Hearn, Jr., and the rock at the surface but increases in abundance with Charles Milton (Art. 12). The nodules, which can be depth, and in general the downward increase in halloy­ easily removed from the unweathered shale, constitute site is accompanied by a decrease in gibbsite. Resources less than 2 percent of the shale but contain: an estimated of low-grade ferruginous bauxite in surficial deposits 33 percent P2O5. are estimated at 110 million tons. The principal chemi­ Potash deposits in the Carlsbad district, New Mexico cal components of this resource, in percent, are approxi­ Data compiled by C. L. Jones and B. M. Madsen from mately 4.7 SiO2, 25.9 A12O3, 39.4 Fe2O3, 6.7 TiO2, and the Carlsbad potash district, New Mexico, continue to 20.0 combined water. Also present are very large ton­ furnish evidence of large-scale replacement of evapo- nages of weathered rock having similar percentages of rites by potassium-bearing minerals. This concept alumina but undesirably higher percentages of silica. supersedes those held when the district was discovered, Phosphate deposits in Arkansas and provides an improved basis for exploration within Investigation by J. B. Cathcart of the Peyton Creek the district and possibly elsewhere. The replacement phosphate deposit in Arkansas has shown that the de­ occurred in two distinct stages: (1) a diagenetic stage posit is apparently a channel filling of Mississippian characterized by development of dolomite or magnesite age. Although the exposed phosphorite ranges from 1 at the expense of calcite, and anhydrite at the expense to 23 feet in thickness, the top of the bed is almost a of gypsum, and (2) a metasomatic stage involving an plane. The extent of the deposit is not known. This influx of potassium- and magnesium-bearing brines re­ one deposit is probably not large enough to be economic, sulting in the development of polyhalite at the expense but there may be other similar deposits in the area at of anhydrite, and sylvite arid associated bittern salts at this stratigraphic horizon, and together they might con­ the expense of primary halite. stitute a workable resource. Saline minerals in the Searles Lake area, California Phosphate deposits in Florida Mapping and X-ray studies by G. I. Smith show that evaporite minerals are common in the upper Quaternary The phosphate deposits of the land-pebble district lake sediments exposed around the edge of Searles Val­ of Florida are mostly in the lower unit of the Bone Val­ ley, Calif. Valuable deposits of contemporaneous ley Formation of Pliocene age. Studies by J. B. salines lie beneath the surface of Searles Lake, in the Cathcart have shown that the eastern extent of these de­ center of this valley. The evaporite minerals most posits was limited by a low ridge in the Hawthorn For­ commonly found in the exposed sediments are fine­ mation of Miocene age. The sea in which the Bone grained aragonite, calcite, halite, and dolomite, and Valley Formation was deposited was temporarily re­ efflorescent thenardite and ulexite. Many of the lower stricted by this ridge, and the phosphorite of the forma­ Wisconsin(?) sediments contain calcite and only sub­ tion thins markedly on its western flank. The upper ordinate aragonite, whereas the upper Wisconsin (?) and Recent sediments contain aragonite and subordinate Lesure, F. G., 1959, Deformation in pegmatites of the Spruce Fine calcite. This probably reflects an increasing salinity in district, North Carolina [abs.] : Oeol. Soc. American Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1766. the younger lakes. The mineralogy, lithology, and dis- LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS A7 tribution of some of the exposed sediments also indicate characteristics during drying and firing which would that the large lakes in which they formed were stratified, reduce its value for ceramic purposes. with the dense brines created during the previous low Clay in Maryland stand of the lake constituting the lower layer. These Shale specimens obtained in 1961 by M. M. Knechtel indications of increasing salinity and stratification re­ from outcrops of several formations of Paleozoic age flect the large quantities of soluble salts that accumu­ in western Maryland have been subjected to bloating lated in the basin during late Quaternary time, and tests by H. P. Hamlin, of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, in criteria indicating this history in other areas may 'be cooperation with the Maryland Department of Geology, useful in appraising the likelihood of concealed salines Mines, and Water Resources. When quick-fired in a in those basin centers. small electric kiln to temperatures of 2,000° F, 2,100° F, Clay in Kentucky and 2,200° F, specimens of Martinsburg Shale (Ordovi- A subsurface-contour map has been made of the Olive cian) from a locality in Washington County, Md., Hill Clay Bed of Crider 6 of northeastern Kentucky in formed bloated products comparable in lighteness, a cooperative study with the Kentucky Geological Sur­ strength, and low water-absorption capacity to many vey. According to J. W. Hosterman, the clay bed was rotary-kiln-fired materials that are marketed as light­ deposited throughout the area except where the under­ weight aggregate. The products closely resemble ma­ lying Upper Mississippian limestone units formed terials reported 7 to have formed when Martinsburg positive areas during the time of clay accumulation, or Shale from Frederick County, Va., was fired in a rotary where clay minerals were not formed by leaching and test kiln wherein the temperature fluctuated between recrystallization because there was no swamp environ­ 1,925° F and 2,020° F. &iale from the McKenzie For­ ment. Parts of this clay bed are also missing where mation (Silurian), exposed at a locality in Allegany removed along channels eroded prior to deposition of County, Md., also gave promising test results, and shale the sandstone f acies of the Lee Formation of Pennsyl- from several other formations in western Maryland vanian age. expanded enough to suggest that additional sampling and testing might result in discovery of new sources of Clay in Washington and Idaho raw material for rotary-kiln-fired lightweight aggre­ Geologic studies by J. W. Hosterman have delineated gate. The only such source heretofore reported 8 from several areas of clay in a belt across the southern part Maryland is the St. Marys Formation (Miocene), which of the Greenacres quadrangle, Washington and Idaho. crops out in the coastal plain. Four types of clay can be distinguished on the basis of their parent material or extent of transport. Three are REGIONAL, AND TOPICAL STUDIES residual clays formed during the Tertiary by intense Mineral deposits in the Piedmont of South Carolina weathering processes that affected (1) metamorphic rocks of probable Belt or pre-Belt age, (2) granodiorite Investigations by W. C. Overstreet and Henry Bell 3d and related rocks of Late Jurassic or Cretaceous age, show that the rocks exposed in the Piedmont of South and (3) Columbia River Basalt of Miocene to Plio­ Carolina represent many grades and types of meta- cene (?) age. The fourth type is transported clay which morphism, ranging from upper amphibolite-grade occurs in the Latah Formation ot Miocene age. Some gneiss and plutonic igneous rocks to slightly meta­ of the clay in the Latah Formation, however, may be morphosed argillite and tuff intruded by near-surface residual. bodies of granite. This geologic environment is more diverse than implied by the conventional concept that Clay in Hawaii the Piedmont exposes only the deep roots of ancient A byproduct of other studies by S. H. Patterson in mountains characterized by high grades of metamor- Kauai, Hawaii, has been the discovery of scattered de­ phism. Exceptional regional zoning of mineral de­ posits of plastic clay associated with peat deposits in posits is known, and the zones approximately coincide swamps. The clay consists chiefly of halloysite and with metamorphic-zone patterns. For example, sheet gibbsite, with minor amounts of iron minerals, titanium muscovite, sillimanite, and monazite are found in high- minerals, and probably aluminous silica gels. Re­ rank metamorphic rocks; kyanite and tungsten miner­ sources of the clay at 5 localities are estimated at 5 als are found in intermediate-rank metamorphic rocks; million tons. Much of the clay has a low iron content, and gold is found in low-rank rocks. These zones but it is likely to have high shrinking and cracking 7 Calver, J. L., Hamlin, H. P., and Wood, R. S., 1961, Analyses of clay, shale and related materials northern counties: Virginia Dlv. Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources Rept. 2, p. 66-67. « Crider, A. P., 1913, The flre clays and flre clay industries of the Olive s Knechtel, M. M., Hosterman, J. W., and Hamlin, H. P., 1960, Bloat­ Hill and Ashland districts of northeastern Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. ing clay In. Miocene .strata of Maryland, New Jersey and Virginia: Art. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 2, p. 592-711. 29 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B59-B62. A8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS might be better delineated than at present by appro­ than, and are displaced by, faults that are either the priate methods of regional geochemical and heavy- same age or younger than the folds. Other deposits mineral reconnaissance prospecting. younger than the faults are localized along them. Beryllium in volcanic rocks These contain more vanadium and less organic matter and molybdenum than the pref ault deposits. Data collected by D. E. Shawe continue to support the H. C. Granger (Art. 124) and E. S. Santos report premise that beryllium in Cenozoic volcanic rocks in that montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral in the western conterminous United States has a markedly the Westwater Canyon Member of the Morrison For­ provincial distribution. Field and laboratory work by mation in samples collected away from uranium de­ E. E. Coats, P. E. Barnett, and N. M. Conklin has posits in the Ambrosia Lake district, New Mexico, shown that glassy silicic volcanic rocks with abnormal where the Westwater Canyon Member is overlain by amounts of beryllium (10-30 ppm) occur in two gen­ the Brushy Basin Member. Within layers of pref ault eral areas: western Utah-eastern Nevada to southeast­ ore, however, chlorite is the principal clay mineral, ern Idaho, and western New Mexico to trans-Pecos and the ratio of chlorite to chlorite plus montmorillonite Texas-northern Coahuila, Mexico. The only known roughly correlates with uranium and carbon contents of potentially commercial deposits of beryllium associated the ore. Where the Westwater Canyon Member is with volcanic rocks are in these areas, one at Spor truncated and directly overlain by the Dakota Sand­ Mountain, Utah (see p. A5), and one in Mexico.9 It stone on the north flank of the Zuni Mountains, the has been known that beryllium deposits generally con­ sandstone beds consist of quartz and alkali feldspars in tain uncommon amounts of fluorine-bearing minerals, a kaolinite matrix and lack other clay minerals, calcic and investigations by W. E. Griffiths show that most plagioclase, and iron-bearing minerals. At other near­ fluorite deposits in the western conterminous United by places, Leopold 10 and Schlee and Moench (1961) States lie within the high-beryllium provinces. have also noted a kalonite-rich zone in rocks on which Quantitative beryllium determinations the Dakota rests. According to E. H. Moench and H. A new laboratory-type analyzer for quantitative C. Granger, the origin of the ore deposits at Laguna, beryllium determinations has been designed and con­ N. Mex., and at Ambrosia Lake may be related in some structed by W. W. Vaughn. The counting chamber manner to the development of this argillized and leached consists of a moderator and a ring of B10 proportional zone. counters, with the sample and Sb124 source arranged Eesults of geologic studies in the Uravan mineral in a concentric pattern inside the chamber. Initial test­ belt by D. E. Shawe (Art. 62) suggest that warping ing indicates that samples of rock containing as little as during deposition of the Salt Wash Member of the a few parts per million of beryllium can be quickly and Morrison Formation formed a large basin in western cheaply analyzed. Colorado and eastern Utah. In this basin a subsidiary Gypsum resources alluvial fan was developed on the much larger fan of Eesource studies by C. F. Withington of the minable the whole Salt Wash Member. The configuration of gypsum resources of the United States resulted in an this subsidiary fan determined the shape and extent estimate of 50 billion tons of material that average 85 of the mineral belt. percent gypsum. This represents a supply adequate for From a study of heavy-mineral suites in sandstone many centuries at the current rate of use, and shows beds of the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Forma­ that enough raw materials are available to support new tion, H. E. Bowers and D. E. Shawe (1961) conclude uses for this resource. that proximity to mineralized rock in the Disappoint­ ment Valley area, Colorado, is indicated by the almost RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS complete absence of black opaque minerals in light-gray DISTRICT AND REGIONAL, STUDIES carbonaceous sandstone of the ore-bearing unit. Exploration for uranium deposits in the Moab-Inter- Colorado Plateau river area, Utah, could be improved by use of field Most of the uranium deposits in the Ambrosia Lake analyses for cobalt, according to E. N. Hinrichs. In district, New Mexico, are in two belts that have no recog­ this area, about three-quarters of the large deposits near nizable relation to the Ambrosia dome or to the trend of the base of the Chinle Formation contain significant other flexures of post-Dakota age that deform the rocks amounts of cobalt. A halo of cobalt extends as much (Granger and others, 1961). These deposits are older

10 Leopold, L. B., 1943, Climatic character of the interval between the 8 Levinson, A. A., 1962, Beryllium-fluorine mineralization at Aguachile Jurassic and Cretaceous in New Mexico and Arizona : Jour. Geology, Mountain, Coahuila, Mexico: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, p. 67-74. v. 51, no. 1, p. 56-62. RADIO ACTIVE. MATERIALS A9

as 80 feet into sandstone around at least one deposit. Mount Spokane area, Washington Such a halo could be detected by analyses of drill core Geologic mapping by A. E. Weissenborn has shown or cuttings. that there are two principal units of intrusive rock in A. T. Miesch (1961b) has shown, from compositional the Mount Spokane quadrangle, Washington. Ura­ and abundance relations between uranium ore and the nium deposits are confined to muscovite-rich quartz altered sandstone lens in which the ore occurs at the monzonite, the less abundant unit, which contains Frenchy Incline mine, San Miguel County, Colo., that numerous pegmatites and appears to be a metasomatic most of the extrinsic elements in the ore could have been replacement of the more abundant biotite-rich quartz transported from the altered sandstone by either solute monzonite. diffusion or flowing solutions. The uranium and prob­ Thorium veins in the Wet Mountains, Colorado ably the vanadium, however, could not have been de­ Dikes of mafic lamprophyre and glassy rhyolite that rived entirely from the altered sandstone lens and must are closely associated with thorium-bearing veins in the have been transported greater distances by flowing Wet Mountains, Colo., and are involved in the wallrock solution. Configurations of the ore bodies suggest that alteration of the veins are probably of Tertiary age, solute diffusion played some part in their formation. according to George Phair and F. G. Fischer. The L. C. Huff and F. G. Lesure (1962) interpret zoned dikes are older than the ore and are chemically, minera- structure in similar deposits in the Salt Wash Member logically, and texturally indistinguishable from similar of the Morrison Formation in Montezuma Canyon, dikes that cut volcanic rocks of Tertiary age in the Utah, to be the result of diffusion transport of metals Mount Tyndall area. Furthermore, the abundance of just prior to their deposition. lead isotopes in galena from the thorium-bearing veins Shirley Basin, Wyoming is similar to that of leads from deposits of known Major uranium deposits in the Shirley Basin, Wyo., Tertiary age (Phair and Mela 11) in the Front Range are in a well-defined mineral belt and are mainly along and is markedly different from leads of known Precam- the curved margins of an extensive interface between brian age. These relations suggest that the thorium altered sand and the enclosing unaltered sand, accord­ deposits are Tertiary in age and indicate a need for a ing to E. N. Harshman (Art. 122). The altered sand revision in thought concerning what constitutes favor­ is greenish yellow and contains nontronite clay and al­ able ground for thorium prospecting in this general tered, incoherent, coalified plant debris. Pyrite, mag­ area. netite, and ilmenite, once present in the sand, have been Some of the thorium-bearing veins in the Wet almost completely destroyed. In contrast, the sur­ Mountains area contain 0.3 percent niobium, and the rounding unaltered sand is gray and contains mont- altered zone adjacent to the Antrim vein contains as morillonite, unaltered, coherent, coalified plant debris, much as 0.5 percent. pyrite, magnetite, and ilmenite. Geochemistry of the alteration is not fully understood, but the alteration is Uranothorite in the Hailey area, Idaho thought to be directly related to deposition of uranium. D. L. Schmidt has determined that uranothorite is Association of ore with altered sand makes the altered commonly a sparsely distributed accessory mineral in sand an excellent exploration guide. a large mass of intrusive granodiorite of the Idaho Migration of uranium in the Hulett Creek area, Wyoming batholith near Hailey, Idaho, but in detail much of the C. S. Kobinson and J. N. Kosholt interpret radio- uranothorite is in local segregations a few feet across. chemical and other analyses of samples from uranium Uranothorite is 10 to 1,000 times as abundant in the deposits in the Hulett Creek area, Wyoming, as indi­ segregations as it is in the bulk of the rock, yet the cating that the deposits have had a complex history in segregations are otherwise indistinguishable from ad­ the last 250,000 years (Kosholt, 1961, and Kobinson and jacent rock. The segregations were formed during late Kosholt, 1961). Those deposits above the water table or postmagmatic endomorphic alteration that released were formed more than 250,000 years ago but under­ an estimated 1 percent of the thorium initially held in went oxidation, migration of uranium, and some other positions in the rock to crystallize as uranothorite. secondary enrichment between 80,000 and 10,000 years Potentially economic placer deposits of uranothorite ago. In equally old deposits at the water table these occur downstream from places where the segregations processes have continued to the present. In deposits below the water table uranium began to accumulate are most numerous. about 180,000 years ago and has continued nearly to the present even though some of the uranium has re­ 11 Phair, George, and Mela, Henry, Jr., 1956, The isotopic variation of common lead in galena from the Front Range [Colo.] and its geological mained in these deposits only temporarily. significance : Am. Jour. Sci., v. 254, no. 7, p. 420-428. A10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS TOPICAL STUDIES petroleum and natural gas, and oil shale in the United Uranium in marine black shales States. The results of many investigations of uranium in PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS marine black shales by the Geological Survey have been Future petroleum-producing capacity reviewed and interpreted by V. E. Swanson (1961). As a result of a study of the data available, A. D. Besides pointing out the greater potential economic Zapp (1962) concludes that the factors contributing to significance of the Chattanooga Shale, more completely the rate of growth in the petroleum-producing capacity documented by Conant and Swanson (1961), as com­ of the United States in the years following World War pared to any other domestic uraniferous marine black II are the only realistic factors usable for future pro- shale, the author arrives at carefully reasoned, though ducing-capacity predictions. The quantity of undis­ tentative, conclusions. Chief among these are (1) sea covered oil is large, but the rate of increase of produc­ water that contained only about 3 parts per billion ing capacity will be dependent primarily on economic uranium, like modern sea water, was the source; (2) incentives that encourage exploration. uranium was collected partly by humic materials pre­ served in a reducing bottom environment and partly by Oil and gas map of New Mexico precipitation by H2S evolved from decaying organic A map prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico remains in this environment; and (3) in some similar Institute of Mining and Technology, State Bureau of environments where pH was between 7.5 and 8.0, Mines and Mineral Resources, shows the extent of pe­ phosphorite also was precipitated and uranium was troleum and natural-gas exploration and development preferentially fixed in the phosphatic particles rather in New Mexico. The map, compiled by Sophie than in the surrounding black muds. Vlissides and E. A. Bieberman (1961), shows the loca­ tion of oil and gas fields, pipelines, and dry holes. Monazite in crystalline rocks Stratigraphic sections in four parts of the State are also A review of the literature by W. C. Over-street shows included on the map. that most reported occurrences of monazite in crystal­ line rocks are in rocks of Precambrian age. This dis­ Oil-producing potential in the Salinas Valley, California tribution reflects mainly the greater proportion of high- D. L. Durham reports that potential oil-producing grade metamorphic and plutonic rocks, favored hosts folds in the area of the Salinas Valley, Monterey Coun­ of monazite, in Precambrian terranes than in younger ty, Calif., may be confined to the fault blocks. Map­ parts of the crust (Overstreet 12 ). Eocks petrologically ping on the west side of the valley has shown that most favorable as hosts for monazite are monazite bearing of the folds in the Monterey Shale are in fault blocks regardless of age, and petrologically unfavorable rocks and are not folds that have been offset by faulting. of Precambrian age are as lean in monazite as are sim­ COAL ilar rocks of younger age. Coal reserves of Washington FUELS The Geological Survey's program to estimate the coal Many studies carried on within the Geological Sur­ reserves of the United States, which has been summar­ vey contribute information useful to those engaged in ized by Paul Averitt (1961), was advanced during the the search for organic fuels. This information in­ year by the publication of a new estimate of the coal re­ cludes the results of fundamental studies of regional serves for the State of Washington. This report, pre­ geology and stratigraphy reported under the regional pared by H. M. Beikman, H. D. Gower, and T. A. Dana headings starting on page A12, and the reports on (1961) in cooperation with the State of Washington, studies of processes and principles starting on page indicates that an estimated 6 billion tons of coal re­ ATS. Only studies pertaining to fuels or areas of fuel serves remained in the ground as of January 1, 1960. resources are reported here. Most of this coal is bituminous and some of it has cok­ ing qualities. The estimate is conservative because BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENERGY RESOURCES large areas underlain by coal-bearing rocks have not An annotated bibliography of selected sources of been mapped in sufficient detail to permit accurate coal- information on domestic and world energy resources by reserve estimates. James Trumbull (1961) summarizes many publications Coal fields of Alaska relating to resources and productive capacity of coal, A new map of the coal fields of Alaska prepared by F. F. Barnes 13 shows, on a scale of 1: 5,000,000, the dis- 12 Overstreet, W. C., 1960, Metamorphic grade and the abundinue of ThOa In monazite: Art. 27 in U.S. Qeol. Surrey Prof. Paper 400-B. p. «Barnes, F. F., 1961, Coal fields of the United States, sheet 2 B53-B57. Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey. WATER All tribution of coal-bearing areas according to the rank of tween long. 109° and 109°15' W. in the basin are about coal. Insert maps and diagrams show the age of coal- 30 million tons. bearing formations in the State, the basis of rank clas­ WATER sification, the original reserves, and production up to WATER USE January 1,1959, of the various coal fields. Estimated use of water in the United States, 1960 Coal-rank studies in Alaska In 1960 almost 270,000 million gallons of water per Variation in the rank of coals of Tertiary age in the day, not including the amount of water used to develop Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, has been studied by F. F. waterpower, was used in the United States according to Barnes (Art. 65). Evidence indicates that age, depth K. A. MacKichan and J. C. Kammerer (1961); an ad­ of burial, and regional metamorphism have been fac­ ditional 2,000,000 mgd was used to develop waterpower. tors in advancing the rank of the coal in parts of that Of the 270,000 mgd withdrawn, only 61,000 mgd was area but that no single factor was dominant for the discharged to the atmosphere or incorporated into whole area. products. About 220,000 mgd was taken from surface- Coal resources of specific coal fields water sources and 47,000 mgd from ground-water sources. In a recently published report on the geology and Public water-supply systems served about 136 mil­ fuel resources of the Orderville-Glendale area, Kane lion people an average of 151 gallons per day per per­ County, Utah, W. B. Cashion (1961a) estimates that son. Rural use of water totaled about 3,600 mgd, of the original reserves of high-volatile C bituminous coal which 1,600 mgd was for livestock and 2,000 mgd was in the area totaled about 3.5 billion short tons. for domestic use. Water was withdrawn for irrigation K. B. Johnson (1961a) reports that coal beds of Late at the rate of 110,000 mgd to irrigate 39 million acres, Cretaceous and early Tertiary age in the Trinidad coal including 23,000 mgd lost in conveyance between the field of southern Colorado contain an estimated 16,367 points of diversion and use. Industry used an average million short tons of nonagglomerating high-volatile C of 140,000 mgd of self-supplied water, including 100,000 and agglomerating high-volatile A and B bituminous mgd for thermoelectric power. coal. Production up to 1957 was at least 217" million Since 1955 the use of saline water has doubled, the short tons. amount of water used for generation of electric power Field studies by F. F. Barnes in the southern part of has increased 33 percent, and the withdrawal of water the Beluga-Yentna district, Alaska, have shown that for uses other than electric power has increased 12 coal beds 10 to 50 feet thick are exposed at many places percent. within a 125-square-mile area and may extend into a much larger area. The coals range in rank from lignite Petroleum industry to subbituminous and in age from Miocene to middle Petroleum refineries required about 3,500 mgd of Oligocene. water in 1955, or about 3 percent of the total estimated daily withdrawal of water by industry in the United OEL SHALE States. These estimates are based on a survey by L. E. Studies of outcrops and cored sections by W. C. Cul- Otts of 61 various-sized refineries throughout the Na­ bertson have shown that the Tipton Shale Member of tion. About 91 percent of the water withdrawn was the Green River Formation is continuous and uniform for cooling. One-third of the refineries reused their over a large area in the southern part of the Green cooling water from 1 to more than 50 times. Refineries Kiver basin, Sweetwater County, Wyol Using assay with recirculating cooling systems consumed about 24 data by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, he estimates that the times more water per barrel of charge than refineries top 43 feet of the Tipton has a potential oil yield rang­ using once-through cooling systems, but withdraw ing from 15 to 30 gallons of oil per ton under an area about 25 times less makeup water. of about 1,400 square miles, for a total potential oil The refining of a barrel of crude oil requires an aver­ yield of about 60 billion barrels of oil. age of 468 gallons of water; the range was from 6.5 to Recent work by W. B. Cashion has led to a better un­ 3,240 gallons and the median was 95 gallons of water derstanding of the geometry of the gilsonite veins in the per barrel of crude oil. Noncracking refineries used an Uinta basin and has shown a relation between the width average of 375 gallons of water per barrel of crude oil of the vein and the thickness of the sandstone beds in and refineries with cracking facilities required an aver­ the wallrock. These factors have allowed a more re­ age of 471 gallons per barrel. The water requirements fined estimate of the gilsonite reserves. Indicated re­ of refinery processing units varied from about 125 gal­ serves of gilsonite in veins having estimated maximum lons per barrel for polymerization and alkylation units depths ranging from 200 to 1,300 feet and lying be­ to 15.5 gallons per barrel for distillation units. A12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Surface-water sources provided 86 percent of the of industrial water were producers of metal, paper, and water demand and reprocessed municipal sewage pro­ textile products. The small amount of ground water vided less than 1 percent. (0.2 mgd) withdrawn for industrial use was from pri­ Mining and beneficiation of iron ore vate wells and was principally for light industrial oper­ About 2,150 million gallons of water was used in ations such as bottling plants. Water was used for mining iron ore and 166,000 million gallons was used miscellaneous agricultural purposes, irrigation, and do­ at iron-ore beneficiation plants during 1956 according mestic use on farms at an average rate of 0.8 mgd. to O. D. Mussey.14 About 50 percent of the water used About 6.2 million gallons was used for irrigation dur­ in mining iron ore was consumed, and about 2 percent ing the year. Based on an estimated per-capita con­ of the water used in concentrating iron ore was con­ sumption of 65 gallons per day, the 15,700 people living sumed; therefore, about 4,400 million gallons of water outside areas served by public water supplies used about was consumed in these operations. In mining and 1 mgd of water. beneficiating iron ore, about 1,700 gallons of water was Water resources of Tacoma, Washington, and vicinity required per ton of iron concentrates or direct smelting Public water supplies in the Tacoma, Wash., area ore. Mussey estimates that the water used for mining withdrew an average of 70.1 mgd in 1955 to serve an and beneficiating iron ore will increase 65 percent dur­ estimated population of 290,000 people. According to ing the period 1956 to 1980. W. C. Griffin, J. E. Sceva, H. A. Swenson, and M. J. Mundorff (1962), about 70 percent of the water was Annotated bibliography of water use withdrawn from streams. Industry withdrew an aver­ An annotated bibliography of water-use data, by age of about 27 mgd from wells and about 20 mgd States, for 1960 was prepared by Lois E. Kandall from surface-water supplies. Kural families in this (1961). area used between 180 to 225 gpd for domestic use. Water resources of Providence, Rhode Island, and vicinity The total rural demand for domestic and livestock use In 1954 public water-supply systems in the Provi­ ranged from 2.2 to 3.6 mgd. The average annual use dence, K.I., area furnished an average of 66 mgd to a of water for irrigation in the area probably does not population of 648,000. According to H. N. Halberg, exceed 20 mgd. C. E. Knox, and F. H. Pauszek (1961), about 61 mgd Irrigation in New Mexico was obtained from surface water and 5.5 mgd from W. C. Ballance and others (1962) estimate that 860,- ground water. About 52 percent of the water furnished 000 acres was irrigated in New Mexico in 1960, of which by the public supply system was used by industry, 440,000 acres was irrigated with ground water and 42 percent was used for domestic purposes, and 6 per­ 130,000 acres was irrigated with a combination of cent was used by municipal governments or was lost by ground water and surface water. About 1,070,000 acre- leakage. Industry also withdrew 7.5 mgd of ground feet of ground water was applied in 1960, about 85,000 water and 35 mgd of fresh surface water from private acre-feet less in 1959. sources exclusive of water withdrawn for water power The above-average precipitation in the eastern part (356 mgd of saline water for condensing water for of the State in 1960 reduced the demand on ground thermoelectric-power production). About 0.9 mgd, water for irrigation. Water levels declined as much obtained from privately-owned sources, was used for as 14. feet in parts of the Koswell basin in 1959 but domestic supplies by 18,000 people. rose as much as 10 feet in the same area in 1960. Water Water resources of the Utica-Rome area, New York levels declined in 1959 throughout the irrigated area Municipal water systems supplied about 57 percent in Quay County, whereas' in 1960 rises were noted in of the 48.5 mgd used in 1954 in the Utica-Rome area, most of the area. Water-level changes in Koosevelt and New York, according to H. N. Halberg, O. P. Hunt, Lea Counties were similar to the Koswell basin in that and F. H. Pauszek.15 Of the 27.4 mgd furnished by large areas of water-level rise were noted in 1960 in public water supplies, about 35 percent was supplied to areas where declines occurred in 1959. industry, about 43 percent was for domestic use, and the The precipitation in the western part of the State remaining 22 percent was for all other uses. More than was below average in 1960, resulting in increased pump- 99 percent of the total of 29.1 mgd used by industry age of ground water for irrigation with the resul^ that was obtained from surface sources. The larger users ground-water levels in that part of the State reached "Mussey, O. D., 1961, Water Its role in mining and beneficiating record lows. iron ore: New York, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Engineers, Soc. Mining Engineers Preprint 61H81. REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY 16 Halberg, H. N., Hunt, O. P., and Pauszek, F. H., 1962, water re­ A principal mission of the Geological Survey is to sources of the Utica-Roma area, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 1499-Cx (In press.) increase our knowledge of the regional geology of the SYNTHESIS OF GEOLOGIC DATA ON MAPS OF LARGE REGIONS A13 United States. The more we know about the composi­ Kesults of regional geologic and hydrologic studies tion, age, physical properties, origin, and distribution are classified in the following sections according to the of the countless rock units of the Nation, the more subdivision of the conterminous United States shown readily and cheaply can we direct geology to the service on figure 1. of mankind. The preceding pages contain numerous SYNTHESIS OF GEOLOGIC DATA ON MAPS OF LARGE examples of the application of geology to human needs REGIONS in the fields of mineral and water resources, and it is reasonable to assume from past experience that new Compilation of geologic maps of large regions or of uses of geologic knowledge will continue to be found national scope continued as a small but important func­ as long as man lives on and derives his sustenance from tion of the Geological Survey. Such maps depend on the earth. All these applications are dependent, for data from mapping and topical studies by Geological their successful use, on some prior knowledge of the Survey personnel, on published data, and on unpub­ geology of specific areas. Study of geologic maps, for lished data generously provided by State geological example, may show that an Area A contains the same surveys, private companies, and universities. Some sort of association of rocks as is found at a major ore maps of this type are prepared, and in some instances deposit, which makes it a likely spot to test various published, by the Geological Survey in collaboration exploration techniques. Prior studies of the geology with national and international scientific organizations. of the region around an Area B may provide the start­ Collaborative maps nearing completion include: ing point for site selection and subsequent detailed geo­ 1. Geologic map of North America, scale 1:5,000,000. logic studies for a major engineering project. An This map is being compiled by a committee of the existing geologic map could suggest that certain sand­ Geological Society of America, E. N. Goddard, stone beds that crop out in an Area C may be valuable University of Michigan, chairman. aquifers at shallow depth farther east. Kegional geo­ 2. Basement-rock map of North America from lat 20°- logic studies, therefore, are most effective when the 60° N. scale, 1: 5,000,000. This map is being com­ work is done and the results are available before need piled by a committee of the American Association for them arises. of Petroleum Geologists, P. T. Flawn, University Some of the regional geologic and geophysical map­ of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, chairman. ping carried on by the Geological Survey is directly 3. Absolute-gravity map of the United States, scale related to specific resources or engineering investiga­ 1: 2,500,000. This map is being compiled by the tions, but a far greater part is conducted with the im­ American Geophysical Union Committee for Geo­ mediate aim of upgrading our knowledge of the re­ physical and Geological Study of the Continents, gional geology of the United States in anticipation of G. P. Woollard, University of Wisconsin, chair­ future need. In the pages immediately following, no man. A preliminary compilation of maps for each attempt is made to record all the areas in which regional of the 48 conterminous states is nearly complete; geologic and geophysical investigations have been car­ these maps will be used to prepare the published ried on (for a list of these, see p. A137 to A168), but version of the gravity map of the United States. these pages, instead, report only some of the more sig­ 4. Tectonic map of North America. This map is being nificant additions to our knowledge of the geology of compiled for the Subcommission for the Tectonic specific areas or regions. Map of the World, International Geological Con­ Studies of the quality, quantity, and availability of gress, under the direction of P. B. King. surface and ground water are largely by specific area, Collaborative maps published during the year or generally counties, districts, regions, or drainage basins. nearing completion are described below. These studies include the various aspects of the geologic Mineral-occurrence maps of the conterminous United States and hydrologic environment that relate to the occur­ A group of 20 mineral-occurrence maps that show the rence and movement of water on the surface and under­ location of important metallic and nonmetallic miner­ ground. Such studies stress evaluation of sources of al-producing areas in the conterminous United States water, determination of how it occurs in the area, its has been published in the Mineral Kesources series of chemical and physical composition, computation of the the Geological Survey (MK-13 through MB^31, and quantity of water available for use, description of its MK-33). The project was under the joint direction of direction and rates of movement, evaluation of fluctua­ P. W. Guild, serving as Vice President for North tions in flow, and determination of disposition of the America of the Subcommission for the Metallogenic water supply as use or waste in the area or outflow from Map of the World, International Geological Congress, the area. and W. L. Newman. A14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

FIGTJBE 1. Index map of the conterminous United States showing boundaries of regions referred to on accompanying pages.

The maps are at a scale of 1:3,168,000, and each is in this series locate occurrences of chromite, cobalt, accompanied by a short text that describes the geologic nickel, platinum, copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, tin, occurrence of the mineral commodity and identifies tungsten, antimony, bismuth, and mercury. This each location by name and cites published references series, as well as the mineral-occurrence map series in to it. The mineral commodities include copper, vana­ the conterminous United States, may serve as the basis dium, lead, uranium, zinc, antimony, gold, tungsten, for testing regional metallogenic concepts. mercury, chromite, bismuth, thorium and rare earths, Tectonic map of the United States titanium, borates, pyrophyllite and kyanite, manga­ The new tectonic map of the United States, on a scale nese, asbestos, magnesite and brucite, gypsum and an­ of 1:2,500,000, was published by the U. S. Geological hydrite, and talc and soapstone. Maps of about a dozen Survey in January 1962. The map was prepared as a more mineral commodities are in various stages of prep­ joint project of the American Association of Petroleum aration. Geologists and the Geological Survey under the direc­ The work is being expanded to include mineral occur­ tion of G. V. Cohee. rences throughout North America in cooperation with The map is a complete revision of the tectonic map Canadian and Mexican counterpart organizations published by the Association in 1944 and shows many under the general program of the Subcommission for additional features. It is of special interest in the the Metallogenic Map of the World, International Geo­ search for petroleum, natural gas, and ore deposits, for logical Congress. it provides a geologic and tectonic framework for the Mineral-occurrence maps of Alaska delineation of major mineral provinces. A map showing the location of lode gold and silver Paleotectonic-map folios occurrences in Alaska has been prepared by E. H. Cobb The long-term program to produce paleotectonic- (1962). This map is the fifth of a series of mineral- map folios of national scope for each of the geologic occurrence maps of Alaska (scale, 1:2,500,000) to be systems is continuing. The folio for the Permian Sys­ published in the ME series. Previously published maps tem has been compiled and is being edited prior to SYNTHESIS OF HYDROLOGIC DATA FOR LARGE REGIONS A15 publication. This folio focuses attention on prominent evolved gases, and the uses of the water will be tabulated transverse trends of major tectonic elements in the by countries or other geographic areas. Brief descrip­ conterminous United States during late Paleozoic time. tions of the geologic setting and maps showing location The longest and most conspicuous structural features, of the springs will accompany the tabulations. An including both positive and negative belts, trend north­ extensive bibliography including annotated references east. Shorter, less prominent northwest-trending to the literature on thermal springs is planned. structures may represent offsets or jogs in the major Ground water in the United States northeast trends. These structural belts apparently A report on the ground-water situation in the United controlled transgressions and regressions of the sea, States, prepared in a draft for the President's Water the location of evaporite basins, and the distribution of Resources Policy Commission and published in 1951 detrital materials. as Geological Survey Circular 114, is being brought up Work on the folio for the Pennsylvanian System has to date by C. L. McGuinness. The report will review, been confined mainly to data compilation. With the region by region and State by State, the ground-water intent of accelerating production of the paleotectonic situation, problems, and prospects for the future. This folios, preliminary work on the Mississippian System review is timely because of the increased awareness of was started in 1962. water problems, as recognized during the past few years Tectonic setting of uranium deposits in the Cordilleran foreland by the establishment of a number of governmental F. W. Osterwald and B. G. Dean (1961) relate the commissions and committees to study and recommend position of uranium deposits to large-scale tectonic solutions to present and anticipated water problems. features and many small structures in the central part Descriptions of the hydrologic cycle and the ground- of the Cordilleran foreland northward from central water regions of the United States will be accompanied Colorado. Their portrayal and synthesis of a large by descriptions of the occurrence, availability, quality, amount of tectonic and structural data also provide a and use of ground water in each of the 50 States. framework for analyzing distribution of other mineral Flood frequency in the United States commodities in the region. Nationwide reports of flood frequency are being pre­ pared in cooperation with numerous State and local SYNTHESIS OF HYDBOLOGIC DATA FOB LARGE agencies. Tl^e reports describe the frequency of floods REGIONS at selected stream-gaging stations and extend the data The synthesis of hydrologic data for the entire United to ungaged sites on major and minor streams. Recur­ States, for North America, and for the world is a con­ rence intervals for annual floods and the mean annual tinuing function of the Geological Survey. The bulk flood (a flood having a recurrence interval of 2.33 years) of the data is either gathered in the program for collec­ are calculated for the gaging stations. Definition of tion of basic hydrologic records throughout the Nation, the relation between the mean annual flood and drain­ collected as part of local and regional investigations age-basin characteristics enable the.mean annual flood of hydrologic conditions, or compiled from sources out­ to be predicted at any point in the drainage basin. The side the Geological Survey. reports will be published in the Water-Supply Paper Reports containing much of these data are published series in several parts corresponding to the drainage- in one of the following U.S. Geological Survey Water- basin subdivisions used in "Surface Water Supply of Supply Paper series: the United States." "Surface Water Supply of the United States" Chemical quality of river water in the conterminous United "Ground-Water Levels in the United States" States "Quality of Surface Waters of the United States" Three maps showing (1) prevalent dissolved solids The first two are published at 5-year intervals and the and concentrations, (2) prevalent chemical type, and last is published annually. (3) mean annual discharge-weighted sediment concen­ Additional interpretive and descriptive studies are tration of rivers in the conterminous United States are listed under separate headings below. being prepared by F. H. Rainwater. These maps, which Thermal springs of the world will be published as a Geological Survey Hydrologic A report by G. A. Waring on the thermal springs Atlas, should be useful to the water consumer, the ad­ of the world is being prepared for publication. Infor­ ministrator, the scientist who is not a specialist in this mation on the location of thermal springs, water field, and to people who are searching for general infor­ temperature, rate of flow, chemical character of the mation on water. A16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

NEW ENGLAND AND EASTERN NEW YORE REGION spread graded bedding has provided the key to struc­ tural and stratigraphic relations. A differentiated Cooperative geologic-mapping programs are pres­ mafic intrusion extends northeasterly for about 10 ently being carried on with the Commonwealth of Mas­ miles across the northern part of the quadrangle and sachusetts and with the States of Rhode Island and is part of a large intrusion that may be as much as 53 Connecticut. Geophysical and geochemical surveys, and miles long. Age determinations by Henry Faul on field studies related to mineral deposits, are in progress biotite from the gabbro and a nearby granitic intrusion in these States and in Maine, Vermont, and New Hamp­ indicate Early Devonian ages. shire. Water-resources investigations in New England A broad belt containing conductive black slates was and New York are carried on largely through coopera­ traced by E. B. Ekren and F. C. Frischknecht from the tive agreements with the various States. Smyrna Mills quadrangle across the Island Falls quad­ Results of geologic and hydrologic studies in this rangle and into the Sherman and Shin Pond quad­ area are summarized below. Other information per­ rangles by electromagnetic methods. The largest elec­ taining directly to New England and easter New York tromagnetic anomaly in the Island Falls quadrangle may be found on other pages as follows: water re­ is caused by a distinctive unit of interbedded black chert sources of Providence, R.I., page A12; marine geology, page A79; electrical properties of the earth's crust, and slate containing graptolites of Middle Ordovician page A82; coastal erosion, page A106; and geochemical age. Similar conductive rocks containing the same fos­ prospecting in Maine, page A121. sils have been found in the Danf orth and Howe Brook quadrangles. Geologic and geophysical studies in Maine The Ordovician succession in Maine is now known to Geologic and geophysical studies in Massachusetts contain rocks ranging in age from the lower middle E-an Zen, in a long-term field study of the Taconic part of the Ordovician System (Llanvirn) through sequence, is comparing the stratigraphic and structural the upper part (Ashgill), according to studies made by relations of the Taconic sequence at its south end in R. B. Neuman, in cooperation with several university northwestern Connecticut with those at the north end paleontologists. Although the sequence is not complete in west-central Vermont. Results to date suggest that in any one section, it can be pieced together from several the northern and southern areas are underlain by two areas. The oldest fossiliferous rocks, in the Shin Pond different sequences of argillite and carbonate rock. An area, are now considered to be early Middle Ordovician argillite sequence of the "high Taconics" in western (Llanvirn). Later Middle Ordovician rocks with shelly Massachusetts is of obscure age and structural relation faunas include the Kennebec Formation of Boucot 16 to a surrounding carbonate sequence. New data on the of the Moosehead Lake region; sandstone and conglom­ carbonate sequence indicate the similarity of sedimen­ erate of the Spider Lake quadrangle, discovered by tary conditions in Middle Ordovician time and conti­ Bradford Hall, of Yale University, and the "ribbon nuity of the Middle Ordovician unconformity between rock" of Aroostook County near Fort Fairfield, in which central Vermont and southwestern Massachusetts. brachiopods were found by W. H. Forbes, of Washburn. N. P. Cuppels has mapped a quartzo-f eldspathic unit Graptolites, conodonts, and radiolaria associated with of the Marlboro Formation in the Concord quadrange these rocks are being studied. Trilobites and brach­ that is similar in lithology to a f acies of the Newbury iopods in Ordovician rocks of the Presque Isle quad­ Formation mapped by R. O. Castle in the Salem quad­ rangle are of Late Ordovician (Ashgill) age. rangle to the northeast. A major fault, which probably originated in De­ R. N. Oldale mapped the distribution of unmeta- vonian time, was mapped by R. H. Moench in the morphosed red arkose and shale fragments in the Phillips quadrangle. The fault strikes about N. 70° E. Pleistocene deposits of the Salem quadrangle (Art. 71). and dips steeply north. Displaced rock units and meta- This material closely resembles the Triassic sedimentary morphic zones indicate an apparent right-lateral off­ rocks of the Connecticut Valley and may indicate the set of about 1 mile, but most observed slickenside striae presence of previously unknown Triassic bedrock in are oriented downdip, suggesting that some dip-slip northeastern Massachusetts. The high concentration movement took place. of arkose and shale in the drift in the northwestern part Most of the Greenville quadrangle is underlain by two sedimentary units of probable Silurian or Early of the quadrangle suggests that the bedrock source is Devonian age, according to G. H. Espenshade and E. nearby, presumably concealed by drift. L. Boudette. In the absence of usable fossils, wide- A hitherto unknown small inlier of granite in the Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks of the Narragansett 16 Boucot, A. J., 1961, Stratigraphy of the Moose River synclinorium, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull., 1111-E, p. 153-188. Basin was discovered near Attleboro by J. P. Schafer. NEW ENGLAND AND EASTERN NEW YORK REGION A17

The inlier is bounded on one side by a fault and on tic deposits in the cliffs, the Cretaceous deposits are the other by a nearly vertical disconformity. characterized by abundant kaolinite, the Tertiary by Deep drilling in Harwich on Cape Cod, done by chlorite, mica, and mixed-layer mica-montmorillonite, 1 the Raytheon Co. under contract to the Air Force but little or no feldspar; and the Pleistocene by the same Cambridge Research Laboratory, and logged and inter­ assemblage as the Tertiary, but with abundant feldspar. preted by Carl Koteff and John Cotton, has revealed Electron-microscope study of phosphate nodules from 435 feet of Pleistocene deposits consisting of 160 feet the Miocene of the cliffs showed significant amounts of of fine sand, 153 feet of bluish-gray silt, 116 feet of organic materials, abundant diatom fragments, and a bouldery till, and a 6-foot iron-stained zone that may wide range in particle size of apatite. These findings be the base of the till. The rock below this, penetrated suggest that the nodules originated as fecal material, to 565 feet below the iron-stained zone, is gray seri- perhaps from small whales, whose fossil remains are citized phylitic schist. The bedrock is of unknown common in these beds. age, but it is lithologically similar to both the Rhode The Pleistocene stratigraphic section of western Island Formation of Pennsylvanian age and the Black- Martha's Vineyard, according to C. A. Kaye, consists stone Series of Precambrian (?) age. A second 1,000- of 6 tills and 3 units of sorted sediments. The oldest foot drill hole in nearby Brewster revealed 433 feet of deposit is a till made up almost entirely of rock detritus Pleistocene deposits overlying granite gneiss, samples from Coastal Plain sediments and is thought to belong of which have been taken for age determination. to the Nebraskan Glaciation. A littoral marine unit , Although the paleontologic work on Upper Creta­ above this comprises three sedimentary facies and is ceous and Tertiary sediments of western Martha's Vine­ placed in the Af tonian Interglaciation. This unit prob­ yard has not been completed, C. A. Kaye is able to ably correlates with the fossil-bearing sediments on present a tentative stratigraphic section. Both the Long Island that have been called the Gardiners Clay Raritan and Magothy Formations are probably present. and with the shell-bearing beds of Sankaty Head, Nan- A recently discovered greensand may belong to the tucket. The section contains three stratigraphically upper part of the Magothy Formation, the Matawan distinct clays. Besides the Nebraskan and Aftonian, Group, or the Monmouth Group. The distribution of the following stratigraphic subdivisions of the Pleisto­ fossiliferous glauconitic and ferruginous sands of prob­ cene are thought to be present: Kansan, Yarmouth(?), able Matawan age in the drift gives a general idea of Illmoian, and Wisconsin (Farmdale( ?), lowan, and the former outcrop of these beds and indicates a north­ Tazewell). east strike of the coastal plain sediments. As yet there Studies of surficial deposits in the Rowe and Heath is no paleontologic evidence of Eocene sediments. Re­ quadrangles by J. H. Hartshorn have shown that the cent potassium-argon dating of a tektite found on the steep and narrow Deerfield River valley was filled with surface at Gay Head " indicates a late Eocene or early proglacial outwash to a height of approximately 80 feet Oligocene age for the glass. This does not necessarily above the present stream gradient. The outwash has mean that deposits of that age are present. The Mio­ been extensively reworked and terraced by late-glacial cene is represented by a richly fossillferous greensand and postglacial stream erosion and in numerous places whose exact position in the Miocene has not yet been 4 to 6 terraces occur in flights. A group of high kame determined. Above the Miocene greensand is a sul- deposits at different altitudes above the cut terraces pro­ fide-rich, somewhat glauconitic clay in which no fos­ vide evidence of a series of glacial lakes that were prob­ sils have yet been found. It may be Pliocene, and may ably held in by ice dams, and of kame terraces graded to be the source of several Pliocene vertebrate fossils that now-vanished base levels on a glacier tongue. have been found at Gay Head. R. B. Colton and R. V. Cushman (1962) have mapped In companion studies, good correlation between min­ numerous narrow bodies of gravel and sand flanking till eralogy and stratigraphy has been found in the Gay hills and drumlins in the Connecticut River valley be­ Head cliffs of Martha's Vineyard by J. C. Hathaway. tween Hartford, Conn., and Springfield, Mass. Most of Where both Tertiary and Pleistocene sediments are these deposits project beyond the southern ends of the glauconitic, they can be distinguished by the presence hills as southwestward-curving "tails." They are in­ of chlorite and a higher content of mixed-layer mica- terpreted as beach deposits formed at or 'below the montmorillonite in the Tertiary and the near absence of highest strand line of glacial Lake Hartford. This these minerals in the Pleistocene. Of the nonglauconi- strand line now rises northward about 4 feet per mile because of postglacial tilting. Evidence of late-glacial and early post-glacial eolian 17 Kaye, C. A., Schnetzler, C. C., and Chase, J. N., 1961, A tektite from Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts: Geol. Soc. America Bull., activity in Massachusetts is provided by a very wide­ v. 72, no. 2, p. 339-340. spread surface layer of windblown sand and silt, by A18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS ventifacts in this material, by wind-abraded surfaces Geologic mapping in Rhode Island on a few bedrock outcrops, and by stabilized sand dunes. G. E. Moore, Jr., has discovered well-crystallized J. H. Hartshorn (1962) reports that fluted bedrock graphite in muscovite schist from a drill core at Tucker- surfaces at six localities in eastern Massachusetts were town and in metaconglomerate from west of Worden cut during late-glacial time by winds mostly from the Pond in the Kingston guadrangle. The Rhode Island north to northeast. Formation contains much graphite, or meta-anthracite, C. R. Tuttle (1962), in connection with seismic in­ whereas the Blackstone Series does not, at least in this vestigations done in cooperation with the Massachusetts quadrangle. The rocks at these two localities, therefore, Department of Public Works, has described a seismic are thought to belong to the Rhode Island Formation layer with a compressional-wave speed of 5,000-8,000 and to occur in two separate small basins to the west of feet per second, which he calls high-speed till. It is the main body of the Rhode Island Formation of the ordinarily found beneath a surface layer of till in which Narragansett Basin. the speed is 2,000-4,500 feet per second. The seismic Several exposures near Westerly, studied by J. P. speeds obtained in this work must be used with caution Schafer, show bedrock that was deeply decomposed in as indicators of lithology, because high-speed materials pre-Wisconsin (perhaps pre-Pleistocene) time. This interpreted as till have proved in a few places to be weathered rock was strongly affected by solifluction, sheared phyllite, fracture-cleaved siltstone, or granodio- probably both before and after the last glaciation of rite containing unconsolidated clastic dikes. the area. E. A. Sammel (1962b), mapping surficial deposits in Geologic mapping in Connecticut connection with ground-water investigations in the Mapping in the Hampton and adjacent quadrangles Ipswich, Newburyport East, and Newburyport West by H. R. Dixon has shown that the Pomfret Phyllite quadrangles, has extended the known occurrences and and the Woodstock Quartz Schist of Gregory 18 are not relations of late or postglacial marine clays in north­ valid units but are continuations of the Hebron Gneiss eastern Massachusetts. These clays occur as much as 80 and the Scotland Schist. feet above sea level, and are clearly interbedded with The Willimantic dome, an elliptical structure 8 by 16 ice-contact deposits at a number of localities. miles in diameter in eastern Connecticut, has been A continuous seismic profile (Sammel, Art. 156) mapped in detail by G. L. Snyder. The rocks within the along about 20 miles of the Merrimack River from Plum dome, previously mapped as the Willimantic Gneiss of Island to Haverhill, Mass., shows that the present chan­ Gregory, are now divided into units that are correlated nel of the river, flowing over unconsolidated sediments, with formations elsewhere in eastern Connecticut. crosses a number of deep places in the underlying bed­ From the center of the dome outward these units are rock surface. In the 6 miles below Haverhill, the bed­ (correlative formation names in parentheses): alaskite rock beneath several reaches may lie more than 200 feet (Sterling Granite Gneiss), hornblende gneiss (Monson below sea level. In about the lowermost 2 miles, near Gneiss and Middletown Gneiss), a politic gneiss (Put- the ocean, the bedrock is more than 150 feet below sea nam Gneiss and Brimfield Schist) with a medial calc- level at 4 places and more than 200 feet at 1 of the 4. silicate and marble member (Fly Pond Member of the The full geologic implications of these data await fur­ Putnam Gneiss), a binary granite (Canterbury Gneiss), ther mapping and testing. and a calc-silicate rock and biotite schist (Hebron Dense aggregates of beaver-felled conifer wood at or Gneiss). near the base of four relatively thick peat bodies in H. R. Dixon has identified a conglomeratic zone in southeastern New England are reported by C. A. Kaye. the Putnam Gneiss in the Plainfield quadrangle that Two of these bodies are exposed in sea cliffs on Block appears to mark a transition between overlying alumi­ Island and Martha's Vineyard and two were exposed nous schists and a lower thick series of layered amphibo- during the excavation of an underground garage in the lites and quartz-biotite gneiss. The conglomerate is Boston Common. Radiocarbon ages of the beaver-felled composed of pebbles and cobbles of various granites, wood as determined by Meyer Rubin range from about quartzite, schist, and pegmatite in a matrix of silli- 11,000 to 12,100 years. From the size of the toothmarks manite-pyrite schist. It is highly deformed and, locally it is inferred that the beavers were the present Cana­ at least, the pebbles and cobbles are stretched. The ex­ dian beaver (Castor canadensis). It is possible that tent of the conglomerate along strike is not yet known, these early postglacial beavers dammed fairly well but at this horizon a highly aluminous pyritic schist is graded stream courses and that much of the swampland is Rice,. W. N., and Gregory, H. E., 1906, Manual of the geology of of present New England is the direct result of this. Connecticut: Connecticut Geol. Survey Bull. 6, 273 p. APPALACHIANS REGION A19 known to extend southward to the Honey Hill fault and New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by northward into Massachusetts, and may prove to be a this level. At two localities departures from the charac­ good marker unit within the Putnam Gneiss. teristic low level occur: the Croydon Dome of New C. E. Fritts has revised and refined the stratigraphy Hampshire (550-950 cps) and the Glastonbury i of the metasedimentary rocks of pre-Triassic age north­ Gneiss 20 in the vicinity of Meshomasic Mountain in west of New Haven (Art. 128). The Milford Chlorite Connecticut (500-1,000 cps). Schist of Gregory 19 probably underlies the Orange Ground water in Rhode Island Phyllite of Gregory; previously the Milford was In an appraisal of the ground-water reservoir areas thought to be the youngest formation of pre-Triassic of Rhode Island, S. M. Lang (1961a) divided the State age in the southeastern part of the western highlands of into 17 areas, most of them consisting of one major Connecticut. The main part of the Orange Phyllite of ground-water reservoir and the stream-drainage area former usage, now called the Wepawaug Schist, is be­ contributing to it. For each of these areas an appraisal lieved to occupy a tight syncline plunging gently north- was made of (1) the size of the ground-water reservoir, northeast. Tentative correlations have been made with (2) the amount of natural replenishment, (3) present well-established formations in Vermont. development of the water in the area, and (4) possible Geophysical studies in New Hampshire conflict between established water uses and future ! Detailed gravity measurements by M. F. Kane over ground-water developments. Of these 17 areas, 9 are several New Hampshire ring dikes show extremely considered to have ground-water reservoirs large sharp anomalies with gradients as high as 40 milligals enough and potential water use great enough to warrant per mile. Data over the southwest edge of the Merry- detailed investigations leading to a quantitative evalua­ meeting stock suggest that a near-surface mafic dike is tion of the amount of water available. Such investiga­ present along the margin of the intrusive. tions are presently underway in three of these areas. Andrew Griscom has made aeromagnetic studies of Quality of water in the St. Lawrence River basin five intrusions of the White Mountain Plutonic- A. L. Mattingly has assembled data on the chemical Volcanic Series. Analysis of the anomalies, which are and physical quality of waters in 12 streams tributary as large as 4,000 gammas, has provided considerable to the St. Lawrence River and the St. Lawrence itself information concerning the subsurface shape of the in New York, and from about 30 wells in the drainage intrusions. It was demonstrated from studies of the area. The dissolved-solids content of the surface water magnetic properties of samples that two of these intru­ generally ranges from 28 to 94 ppm (parts per million) sions possess a similar anomalous direction of remanent and the hardness from 12 to 70 ppm. The dissolved- magnetization, down and to the southwest. This direc­ solids content of the ground water ranges from 236 to tion is very different from that of other rocks of a 1770 ppm and the hardness from 221 to 345 ppm. These similar age. variations probably are related to the different types of Regional geophysical studies bedrock that underlie the drainage area. Gravity profiles across ancient river channels covered APPALACHIAN REGION by glacial deposits show small but measurable negative anomalies. M. F. Kane suggests that these are caused Results of some of the current geologic, geophysical, by the high porosity of the overburden, and that gravity and hydrologic studies in the Appalachian region are measurements should prove useful in problems con­ presented below. Discussion of some topical studies in cerned with the subsurface configuration of the bedrock. this area may be found as follows: iron deposits in Results of aeroradioactivity studies by Peter Popo- Alabama, page Al; copper in North Carolina, page noe in the New England-New York area point up the A3; pegmatites in North Carolina, page A6; geomor- potential use of airborne radioactivity measurements phology in southeastern Pennsylvania, page A76; lime­ as an aid to regional geologic mapping in glaciated stone hydrology, page A107; and radioactive-waste areas. The studies indicate a local derivation of a large disposal, page A114. part of the glacial material that mantles the bedrock, Geologic mapping so that many bedrock units may be traced by their Mapping near the Delaware River in New Jersey and characteristic level of radioactivity. For instance, the Pennsylvania by A. A. Drake, Jr., and J. B. Epstein new Hampshire Plutonic Series and the surrounding strongly suggests that the ridges of Precambrian rocks Ordovician volcanic rocks have a low radioactivity level in the Reading Prong may be detached parts of a single of 250 to 400 counts per second and may be traced across thrust sheet. The contact between the Shawangunk

* See footnote, p. A18. 90 See footnote, p. A18. A20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Conglomerate of Silurian age and the underlying felsic crystal tuffs in the volcanic-slate belt of the Martinsburg Shale of Middle and Late Ordovician age central North Carolina Piedmont have confirmed a may be a decollement as well as an unconformity. previously inferred Ordovician age for these unfos- Mapping by E. G. Eay in nothern Virginia has shown siliferous rocks. a series of complex, overturned folds in the Weverton Study of the breccias in the upper part of the Knox Quartzite foothills on the western side of the Blue Dolomite of eastern Tennessee and southwestern Vir­ Eidge. Recognition in aerial photographs of these ginia by Helmuth Wedow, Jr., suggests that much of folds, extending into the Shenandoah Valley, suggests the matrix consists of the following: (a) graded clastic conformity of the basal clastic rocks with the over­ sediments, including insoluble residues of dissolved lying carbonate rocks, as mapped by Charles Butts, limestones, (b) "sanded" dolomite rhombs from the instead of a thrust relation as suggested in earlier alteration of limestone, and (c) other detritus, includ­ reports. ing volcanic material, washed down through solution Structural and tectonic studies channels from the paleokarst surface at the top of the J. C. Eeed, Jr., and J. L. Jolly have demonstrated Knox. that the rocks of the Maryland Piedmont have been Comparison of well data from central and eastern affected by at least two periods of regional metamor- Kentucky with exposed sections in northeastern Ten­ phism. Rocks of medium- and high-grade regional nessee and southwestern Virginia by L. D. Harris metamorphism altered by retrogressive metamorphism shows that the limestones of the Conasauga Group thin have previously been mapped as low-grade metamor- and finger out to the northwest and that the younger phic rocks. Cambrian rocks transgress northwestward across the In the Grandfather Mountain area of North older, so that the basal sandstone probably ranges in Carolina, J. C. Eeed Jr., and Bruce Bryant have shown age from Early Cambrian in northeastern Tennessee that structures of several generations are present in to Middle Cambrian in central Kentucky. both the autochthonous and allochthonous sequences. Petrographic studies of two arenaceous formations Some of the structures formed prior to thrusting and of Early Cambrian age in the Philadelphia, Pa., area, some during thrusting. by Jane Wallace, have revealed significant differences Recent mapping by R. L. Miller (Art. 139) has re­ between them. In the samples examined, the Chickies vealed an exposure of the Pine Mountain overthrust Quartzite contains not more than 5 percent feldspar in fault zone in the "Genessee" black shale near Big Stone grains up to 1 mm in maximum dimension; but the Gap, Va., about 20 miles from the nearest previously Antietam. Quartzite contains about 50 percent feldspar known exposures. in grains that average 0.1 mm in size. In addition, the Chickies has a pronounced preferential elongation of Stratigraphic studies grains that is lacking in the Antietam. Detailed studies in the western part of the Pennsyl­ vania anthracite region by G. H. Wood, Jr., J. P. Trex- Geophysical studies ler, and H. H. Arndt (Art. 74) have demonstrated that Five lithologic zones have been identified in the base­ the upper member of the Mauch Chunk Formation ment rocks of eastern Tennessee as a result of study of intertongnes with the lowest beds of the Pottsville, and aeromagnetic and Bouguer gravity-anomaly maps by is therefore, at least in part, of Early Pennsylvanian J. S. Watkins (Art. 69). Four of these zones strike age. The same authors (Art. 72) have subdivided the slightly east of north. A major basement fault which Catskill Formation in this area into members on the strikes approximately parallel to surface faults of the basis of tonguing of marine and continental facies, and Valley and Ridge province truncates the zones. Over have demonstrated that the upper gray member is of 400 density determinations by Y. Yuval show that the Early Mississippian age (also see Art. 73). mean density of the lower Paleozoic limestone and shale Preliminary interpretation of geologic mapping and sequence of the Valley and Ridge province is between stratigraphic sections in the Northern anthracite field 2.70 and 2.75 g per cc and that the mean density of of Pennsylvania by M. J. Bergin, T. M. Kehn, and J. the Knox Dolomite is between 2.80 and 2.85 g per cc. R. Robertson indicates that the Pocono Formation and Interpretation of aeromagnetic surveys in the Green­ the overlying Mauch Chunk Formation intertongue wood Lake and Sloatsburg quadrangles, New York along the northwestern edge of the field, and that the Mauch Chunk Formation thins out abruptly toward and New Jersey, by Anna Jesperson and Andrew Gris- the northeast. com shows that the magnetic pattern duplicates the Lead-alpha measurements by T. W. Stern on zircon northeasterly geologic trend, differentiates areas of ex­ collected by A. A. Stromquist and A. M. White from posed or near-surface crystalline rocks from areas of ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN REGION A21 sedimentary rocks, and differentiates the three prin- phosphate deposits, page A6; clay deposits, page A7; tcipal units within the crystalline rocks. paleontology, page A74; geomorphology, page A76; Interpretation of gravity and aeromagnetic surveys plant ecology, page A77; lead-isotope studies, page in the Allentown quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. A96; saltwater encroachment, page A101; coastal ero­ Bromery suggests that the Precambrian rocks east of sion, page A106; artificial recharge of aquifers, page Saucon Valley are denser and more highly magnetic All2; and water pollution, page All5. than the apparently similar Precambrian rocks west Regional stratigraphy and structure of the valley. H. E. LeGrand (1961) has made a compilation of R. G. Bates (1962b,c) has shown that the average gross lithologic and major structural features of the aeroradioactivity levels or patterns of radioactivity Atlantic Coastal Plain. Interpretation of the regional units delineate the three major geologic subdivisions stratigraphy and structure by him indicates that (1) in eastern Tennessee and Kentucky. He also shows eastward and southeastward-dipping beds lie on a base­ that within the Valley and Ridge province, the north­ ment, of crystalline rocks and, less commonly, on Paleo­ west edge of the high radioactivity units (Rome For­ zoic and Triassic sedimentary rocks; (2) the basement mation and Conasauga Shale) accurately delineates the is a shallow, nearly flat platform beneath the updip or traces of the thrust faults that separate these rocks from inner half of the coastal plain, but in southern New the younger, less radioactive, largely carbonate rocks. Jersey and eastern North Carolina the basement plat­ In the Savannah River area of South Carolina and form steepens eastward and adjoins the west side of a Georgia, R. G. Schmidt (1961b, 1962) has shown that northward-trending trough; (3) the Peninsular arch of aeroradioactivity of the granites and some metamorphic Florida and the Cape Fear arch of North Carolina are rocks is high, that of the adjacent Upper Cretaceous two northwestward-trending positive elements, with an and Eocene rocks is moderate to high, and that of the embayment in southeastern Georgia between them; (4) slate-belt rocks and the post-Eocene formations is gen­ marine sand and clay predominate in Mesozoic rocks erally low. J. A. MacKallor 21 has shown that, in this north of Florida and in Cenozoic rocks north of North same area, there is a good correlation between counts Carolina; (5) near-surface calcareous rocks of Eocene per second recorded during flight and percent equiva­ age extend from Florida through North Carolina; and lent uranium (eTJ) in soil samples collected directly (6) pre-Pleistocene coastal plain rocks of Florida are Under the flight path of the aircraft; also there is a largely carbonates. definite correlation between eTJ of the soil and the kind ojf underlying bedrock. Stratigraphic studies Regional subsurface maps of the Upper Cretaceous Hydrologic studies sedimentary rocks in the coastal plain of Georgia and J. W. Stewart (Art. 43) used tests of core samples Florida aid in clarifying some of the episodes in the and pressure tests of core holes in computing the water- geologic history of the area. Mapping by Paul and yielding potential of metamorphic crystalline rocks in Esther Applin indicate that the sand, shale, and chalky the Piedmont province north-northeast of Atlanta, Ga. marl of Navarre (Late Cretaceous) age in Georgia, and C. L. Dodson has found that sustained yields of the lithologically and faunally distinct Lawson Lime­ water from wells in the Murphy Marble are higher than stone (Late Cretaceous) in the Florida peninsula rep­ would generally be expected from wells in the metamor­ phic rocks of the Murphy area, North Carolina. Only resent contemporaneous deposition in closely associated a small part of the area is underlain by marble, but this areas of dissimilar environment. The Applins inter­ small part, in addition to having a potentially large pret their data as indicating that the two types of sedi­ ground-water supply for industrial development, is ments were separated by an upwarped barrier in the strategically located near railroads and in the widest older beds of Taylor and Austin age. The barrier, valleys. which extended west-southwestward across southern Georgia and western Florida during the latter part of ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN REGION the Late Cretaceous, was apparently downwarped in Only findings of regional geologic and hydrologic Tertiary time. Contemporizing these units will have a studies in the Atlantic Coastal Plain are discussed in significant effect on future Atlantic coast stratigraphy. this section. Additional information on the following Preliminary sampling and analysis of the "Tusca- topical studies may be found elsewhere in this book: loosa," Black Creek, and Peedee Formations along the Cape Fear, Neuse, and Tar Rivers, N.C., by Linn a MacKallor, J. A., 1962, Aeroradioactivity (ARMS-1) and general Hoover and others indicate that marked differences oc­ geology of the Georgia Nuclear Laboratory area, northern Georgia : U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. Report CEX- 58.4.8. cur in the sedimentary components, but the persistency

661513 O 62 A22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS and the degree and direction of change in each unit has tesian aquifer in the vicinity of Savannah, Ga., have not been established. defined 4 permeable zones (totaling 100 to 150 feet in Surface and shallow subsurface mapping of Quater­ thickness) within a 600- to 700-foot-thick section of nary deposits in seven T1/^-minute quadrangles in New limestone. The relative permeability of each zone, the Jersey by J. P. Owens and J. P. Minard has shown that approximate contribution of water to the well from the classical division of the Quaternary into three stages each zone, and the approximate water velocity in each during which terrace deposits were laid down is not zone have been determined as an aid to studies of salt­ applicable to the area. Most of the Quaternary de­ water encroachment in the Savannah-Brunswick area, posits are recognized by internal structures such as Georgia. stream-channel and overbank deposits, and they show Origin of the Carolina Bays close lithologic correlation with source rocks nearby. A survey of the literature on segmented lagoons and The location of the deposits is related not to a sequence elliptical lakes by E. C. Robertson indicates that the of terraces of decreasing altitude but to the gradients segmented-lagoon hypothesis advanced in 1934 by C. of individual streams. Wythe Cooke to explain the Carolina Bays of the At­ S. M. Herrick (Art. 21) has identified a middle Eo­ lantic Coastal Plain deserves renewed consideration. cene fauna, characterized by Marginulina vacaviUensis Robertson (Art. 92) reviews recent studies of elliptical (Hanna), in a test well drilled in Camden County, N.J. lakes, including some lakes in the Chukotsky Peninsula The fauna occurred in the Manasquan Formation, of Siberia, and describes the segmentation of lagoons which is considered by Herrick to bear strong lithologic by the growth of cuspate spits. The prevailing wind and faunal similarity to the Weches Greensand Mem­ direction is perpendicular to the elliptical lagoon seg­ ber of the Mounty Selman Formation of Texas and the ments. The new hypothesis explains some features of Cook Mountain Formation of Louisiana. the bays not explained in the original lagoon hypothesis D. R. Rima, correlating by means of gamma-ray logs, of Cooke and, if correct, means that the bays must have has traced the marine Upper Cretaceous formations of formed as the sea retreated from the Atlantic Coastal New Jersey southwestward along the strike through Plain. Delaware. Rima's work substantiates previous strati- graphic interpretations in the area based on lithologic EASTERN PLATEAU REGION and faunal studies. Recent geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical work Examination of deep-Well cores from Florida by J. M. of regional significance is summarized below. Much Schopf revealed microscopic Chitinozoa similar to of this work is carried on in cooperation with various forms from Oklahoma in the Sylvan Shale of Late State agencies. Additional summary statements on Ordovician (Richmond) age. These problematic acid- topical subjects may be found as follows: mineral de­ resistant microfossils are being compared also with as­ posits, pages A2 and A7; water resources, Utica-Rome semblages from the Upper Ordovician in Ohio and area, New York, page A12; plant ecology, page A77; Kentucky. limestone hydrology, page A103; and water pollution, Hydrologic studies page A115. E. R. Lubke (1961a) has prepared a contour map Geologic and geophysical studies in Kentucky of the buried Cretaceous surface in the Huntington- During mapping of coal-bearing strata in the vicinity Smithtown area of Suffolk County, Long Island, N.Y., of Jackson in eastern Kentucky, W. R. Hansen and that depicts 5 major buried valleys, one of which is cut others (Art. 76) have defined the Frozen Sandstone 450 feet below sea level. These valleys are potential as a new member of the Middle Pennsylvania Breathitt conduits for the movement of salt water from Long Formation. The Frozen Sandstone Member is about Island Sound into Cretaceous aquifers. John Isbister 40 feet thick, and its base is about 80 to 100 feet above has recognized the presence of similar valleys in north­ the base of the Breathitt Formation. Because it is both eastern Nassau County, Long Island. widely exposed and easily recognized in an area of P. R. Seaber has divided the sequence of coastal plain generally poor outcrops, the Frozen Sandstone Mem­ sediments in New Jersey into eight major geohydrologic ber is an excellent stratigraphic marker within the units that comprise arealy extensive artesian-aquifer thick Breathitt Formation. systems, aquiclude systems, and a water-table aquifer Detailed mapping and stratigraphic studies of the system. At least two aquifer systems are available for Lower Pennsylvanian Lee Formation in the Middles- development in any section of the coast plain. boro area of southeastern Kentucky by K. J. Englund According to H. B. Counts and M. J. McCollum, show a previously unrecognized unconformity in the current-meter tests in deep wells in the principal ar­ upper part of the formation. The erosional surface, EASTERN PLATEAU REGION A23 which truncates about 300 feet of underlying strata, is Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks. Mapping has dem­ accompanied by a reversal in depositional trend above onstrated that coal beds are the most distinctive and the unconformity. Sandstone tongues of the Lee below most easily correlated units; further, the many inter­ the unconformity wedge out toward the northwest; vening sandstone and limestone units are so similar that those above the unconformity wedge out to the east or they can be correlated only when related to an under­ southeast. This is interpreted as indicating a change lying or overlying coal bed. Therefore, the basic map­ from an eastern or southeastern source to a northwest­ ping unit for field classification includes the several ern source, the latter source originating from uplift rock types between coal beds, and the basic units repre­ and cannibalism of previously deposited Lee sediments sent a sedimentary cycle. These units have been desig­ in the general region of the Cincinnati arch. The possi­ nated as members and, where possible, the member has bility that this unconformity is regional is significant been assigned the name of the coal bed at its base. In in that it may be related to the Mississippian-Pennsyl- Washington County, the formation boundaries have vanian boundary of the midcontinent region. been placed at the bases of the most important and per­ Work by R. A. Sheppard and Ernest Dobrovolny sistent thick coal beds, and the name assigned to the near Carter Cave State Park, northeastern Kentucky, formation is that of the major coal bed at its base. has demonstrated that a sandstone lithologically simi­ Each formation includes two or more members that lar to sandstones of the Lee Formation of Early Penn­ represent sets of similar and related sedimentary cycles. sylvanian age occurs in the underlying Pennington In ascending order, the stratigraphic units defined are: Formation of Late Mississippian age. The sandstone the Monongahela Group, which includes the Pittsburgh lies upon limestone older than the Pennington and is (5 members) and Uniontown (2 members) Formations overlain by more than 10 feet of fossiliferous shale and of Pennsylvanian age; the Dunkard Group, which in­ thin-bedded limestone typical of the Pennington For­ cludes the Waynesburg Formation (3 members) of mation. Stratigraphic and paleontologic evidence sug- Pennsylvanian and Permian age; and the Washington gpsts that sands which are similar to, if not part of, (3 members) and Greene Formations of Permian age. the Lee Formation were accumulating during Late Preliminary data collected by G. W. Colton in the Mississippian time. This accords with the intertongu- Cedar Run quadrangle, Lycoming and Tioga Counties, ing of the Pennington and Lee Formations in south­ Pa., suggest that the Upper Devonian Catskill Forma­ eastern Kentucky as described by Englund and Smith.22 tion can be divided into several mappable units which J. S. Watkins has recently completed a Bouguer possibly will be designated as formations at a later date. gravity map of Kentucky which was begun by R. W. Recognition of these units has aided in delineating the Johnson, Jr. Study of the gravity map indicates that structure of the area and should aid in interpreting the the basement beneath the Jessamine dome (northern stratigraphy of Upper Devonian rocks in north-central part of the Cincinnati arch) is composed of low-density Pennsylvania and contiguous areas. sialic rock, and that the persistent high structural posi­ Geologic studies in New York tion of the dome may be due to partial isostatic com­ Subsurface stratigraphic studies by Wallace de Witt, pensation of the low-density mass. The addition of Jr., show that the Genesee, Sonyea, West Falls, Java, new data to that already available in eastern Kentucky and Perrysburg Formations of Late Devonian age can shows that several small anomalies are elongate paral­ be recognized in the subsurface of southwestern New lel to the Appalachian structures. Previous data had York. Several members, which are composed largely tended to suggest that there was little or no relationship of black shale, have been traced widely in Schuyler, between the basement and surface Appalachian struc­ Steuben, and parts of adjacent counties. tures in Kentucky. Of the numerous faults in Ken­ Paleontologic studies of compound rugose corals of tucky, only those in the central part of the Rough Creek the Onondaga Limestone by W. A. Oliver, Jr., support fault zone appear to be associated with significant base­ a Middle Devonian age for the formation. The co­ ment faults. lonial corals are most abundant in the reef facies, com­ Geologic studies in Pennsylvania mon in biostrome facies, but rare in other parts of the Current geologic mapping and Stratigraphic studies Onondaga. in Washington County, Pa., by H. L. Berryhill, Jr., Geologic studies in Alabama and V. E. Swanson (Art. 75) have yielded data that A geomorphologic study by J. T. Hack of the Rus­ permit a revised nomenclature and classification for the sell Cave National Monument, Ala., in the limestone 82 Englund, K. J., and Smith, H. L., I960, Intertonguing and lateral region near the southern end of the Cumberland Pla­ gradation between the Pennington and Lee Formations in the tri-State teau distinguishes the geologic featues that apparently area of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71. p. 2015. controlled the location of the cave, as well as other A24 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS caves of the region. The valley walls in the area are SHIELD AREA AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY about 1,000 feet high. The lower 750 feet is mostly REGION limestone of Mississippian age and the upper 250 feet Results of recent geologic, geophysical, and hydro- is shale, coal, and massive sandstone of the Pottsville logic studies in the Shield area and in the upper Missis­ Formation of Pennsylvania age. The sandstone that sippi Valley region are described in the following para­ caps the plateau is the source of numerous aprons of graphs. Much of this work was done in cooperation talus and inactive slides that extend to the valley floor. with State agencies. Additional information on min­ The floors of the limestone valleys are completely eral deposits is presented on page Al, aeromagnetic blanketed by cobbles of the sandstone. Because of the prospecting on page A5, glacial geology on page A78, large quantity of sandstone debris shed onto the valley rubidiumstrontium age determinations on page A94, floor, the stream channels tend to migrate toward the limnological studies on page A103, airborne radio­ sides of the valley where they are captured by sinks activity surveying on page A115, and isotope geology and carried off downdip in the limestone. Numerous on page A122. undrained depressions in the gravelly floor of the val­ Geologic and geophysical studies ley indicate that much of the erosion is by solution, and Some of the conglomerate at the base of the We we the gravel is removed only during floods that do not Slate south of Goose Lake in the eastern part of the run off underground. Marquette district, Michigan, has been found to con­ Surface-water studies in Kentucky sist of rounded and angular granitic cobbles and peb­ C. R. Collier and J. J. Musser found that weathering bles in a matrix of thinly laminated slate. J. E. Gair and subsequent erosion of the spoil banks formed by believes that the cobbles and pebbles were ice-rafted strip mining for coal in the Cane Branch basin, Mc- into the area and were deposited in accumulating thinly Creary County, Ky., has greatly increased the sediment layered, possibly varved, muds. load of Cane Branch. The sediment yield of the Cane The Quinnesec Formation in southern Florence Coun­ Branch basin (6 percent strip mined) at the measuring ty Wis., was described by Van Hise and Leith 23 as station was 1,900 tons per square mile of drainage area overlying and interbedded with sedimentary rocks of in the 1958 water year. In contrast, the nearby Helton middle Precambrian age (upper Huronian of that re­ Branch basin had no strip mining and yielded less than port), but stratigraphic equivalents in Wisconsin and 30 tons per square mile of drainage area. Michigan have recently been tentatively considered to be Quaternary geology of the lower Ohjo River valley of early Precambrian age. Investigation of critical A completed study by L. L. Ray has demonstrated areas in Florence County by C. E. Dutton revealed that that each zone of the profile of weathering developed pillows in metabasalt of the Quinnesec Formation show on thick well-drained sections of Peorian Loess adja­ that the top of the unit is northward toward middle cent to the Ohio Valley between Louisville, Ky., and Precambrian quartzite in which crossbedding indicates Cairo, 111., is characterized by a distinctive silt-clay that its top is southward. A major fault with relative ratio. -Continuing studies indicate that with increasing uplift of the south side is inferred to pass between these distance from the valley, deposits become thinner and two stratigraphic units, and the early Precambrian age commonly less well drained, and that there is a pro­ of the Quinnesec Formation remains likely. A met- gressive change in the silt-clay ratio from one zone to arhyolite that lies between the metabasalt and the another within the weathering profile. inferred fault appears to be a younger part of the Quin­ nesec Formation. Interbedded volcanic and sedimen-. Quality of ground water, Delaware County, New York tary rocks present north of the fault are apparently part Ground water containing moderate to large amounts of the Michigamme slate of middle Precambrian age. of hydrogen sulfide, chloride, and natural gas is report­ J. R. Henderson reports that aeromagnetic-contour ed by J. Soren in wells tapping Upper Devonian con­ maps will be prepared and interpreted geologically for tinental rocks in Delaware County, N.Y. Excessively a 15,000-square-mile area of that part of the "midconti- hard water has also been pumped from wells in these nent gravity anomaly" that crosses Iowa. This spec­ rocks. In most instances the wells yielding objection­ tacular gravity feature extends for about 800 miles able constituents are located near crests of eroded low southwest ward from Lake Superior to the Salina Basin anticlines. The constituents are believed to migrate with ground water through faults and joints from un­ 23 Van Hlse, C. R. and Leith, C. K., 1911, The geology of the Lake derlying marine Middle and Lower Devonian rocks. Superior region: U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 52, 641 p., 49 pi. SHIELD AREA AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGION A25 of Kansas. Mathematical analysis of the aeromagnetic aquifer contains water under both water-table and ar­ data will permit estimates of total thickness of the tesian conditions and is recharged within the county, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary section and pro­ but the eastern aquifer contains water under artesian vide a basis for speculation about the character, con­ conditions only and does not receive recharge within figuration, and distribution of basement rocks. the county. Radioactivity levels in part of Ohio and Indiana Well logs and water analyses indicate that the Dakota ranged from 300 to 1,000 cps (counts per second) and Sandstone in Sanborn County, S. Dak., may be divided averaged 450 to 500 cps, according to R. G. Bates. The into three water-bearing zones. The shallowest and the (iause of a 700- to 1,000-cps high reading a few miles deepest zones contain dissimilar chemical types of water northwest of Columbus, Ohio, is not known, but the and the middle zone contains water of intermediate high values may be due to fertilizers used on the fields chemical character. The zonation may be modified or of the Ohio State Experimental Farm. No correlation destroyed over or near highs in the Precambrian surface of radioactivity levels and bedrock geologic units has and locally where corroded well casings may permit yet been noted because of the masking effect of glacial leakage of water between zones. deposits that cover all but the southeast corner of the In an investigation of the Skunk Creek-Lake Madi­ survey area. Neither has any correlation between son drainage basin the amount of water available from Radioactivity levels and morainal and outwash deposits the glacial outwash was estimated by M. J. Ellis and tyeen noted, probably owing to the loess cover that man- D. Adolphson to be about 154,000 acre-feet annually. tjles much of the area, Preliminary study indicates Natural discharge from the basin is by surface flow and that the radioactivity level over belts of boulders trans­ underflow into the Big Sioux River and into the out- ported from Canada by the Wisconsin ice is slightly wash deposits along its valley near the city of Sioux higher than over the surrounding glacial deposits. Falls, S. Dak. Radioactivity levels over urban areas were generally Studies in Ohio by G. D. Dove have established that 50 cps lower than over the surrounding countryside. fairly large amounts of ground water are available A survey of part of Illinois and Indiana shows that from outwash sand and gravel in the valley of the the level of aeroradioactivity of the Chicago area is Hocking River in Fairfield County. The river is a low to moderate, and G. M. Flint, Jr., reports that potential source of recharge to the aquifer. The largest Specific correlations with geology are precluded by gen- user of water in the valley is the city of Lancaster, 0ral homogeneity of the Pleistocene surficial material. which pumps about 2^ mgd from 6 wells. In general, however, dune-sand deposits and old lake- An interesting method of determining the flow sys­ beds have low radioactivity, whereas morainal materials tem from the Miami River at Dayton, Ohio, to a well probably derived in part from the Paleozoic sedimen­ field tapping the valley-train deposits was developed tary rocks that constitute the floor of Lake Michigan by S. E. Norris and A. M. Spieker (Art. 42). The have comparatively moderate radioactivity. technique consists of precise measurements of the tem­ An aerial radiological-measurement survey of Min­ perature-depth relation in wells. Changes in tempera­ nesota and Wisconsin covered 10,000 square miles cen­ ture indicate the depth of relatively impermeable till tered at the nuclear reactor of the Rural Cooperative layers and their effect on the movement of ground Power Association at Elk River, Minn., and included water. i metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul. According to J. A. Reconnaissance investigations of ground-water re­ Pitkin the area surveyed is characterized by low to mod­ sources in Minnesota recently have revealed previously erate levels of background radioactivity. A distinctive unknown sources of ground water from glacial deposits. radioactivity low north of Minneapolis-St: Paul is as­ Studies by G. R. Schiner and others in the northern sociated with the Anoka sand plain. This plain is part of the Lake Agassiz basin in Minnesota have shown composed dominantly of poorly stratified fine-grained that large quantities of good-quality ground water are quartzose sand with lenses of gravel and is the result available from glacial-outwash aquifers underlying a of the eastward diversion of the Mississippi River by a Lake Agassiz beach ridge. The economic development late Pleistocene ice sheet. of the region has been hindered by scarce water supplies Hydrologic studies and poor-quality water. Further studies suggest that L. W. Howells estimates that 2,200,000 acre-feet of additional outwash aquifers, capable of producing at water is stored in the 2 glacial-outwash aquifers in west­ least moderate supplies of water, underlie or are in line ern and northern Sanborn County, S. Dak. More than with other beach ridges in the area. 20,000 acre-feet of water could be withdrawn annually Robert Maclay reports that large amounts of ground without exceeding average recharge. The western water are available in a narrow channel of buried out- A26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

wash at Aurora, Minn. The channel, which contains Southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain studies 2 outwash bodies about 30 feet in thickness, extends L. D. Toulmin and P. E. LaMoreaux have described southward from the Mesabi Range in St. Louis County and differentiated rocks of Tertiary age cropping out to the St. Louis River. along the Chattahoochee River. Exposures of these rocks, which provide the only continuous unweathered GULF COASTAL PLAIN AND MISSISSIPPI geologic section in southwestern Georgia and southeast­ EMBAYMENT REGION ern Alabama, soon will be largely covered by back­ The geologic, geophysical, and hydrologic studies in waters of dams now under construction. The section the Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi Embayment serves as a connecting link between geologic units to the region discussed below illustrate the diversity of activ­ east and west that have been differentiated in outcrop. ity of Geological Survey personnel in this large area. The determination of rock types will aid in locating the In addition to these studies of a more regional nature, formations in the subsurface of adjacent areas where the following topical subjects are summarized on the some are sources of large quantities of ground water. pages indicated: floods, page A99; low flows, page R. H. Musgrove and others have studied the water A100; stratigraphlc paleontology, page A75; hydro- resources of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties in chemical facies, page A90; and underground nuclear northwestern Florida. This expanding industrial area testing in Mississippi, page A109. has many streams with high base flows and two produc­ tive aquifers. Development of ground water is princi­ Aerial radiological studies, southeast Texas pally from a sand-and-gravel aquifer several hundred R. M. Moxham and D. H. Eargle (1961) in making feet thick which overlies the Floridan aquifer. Salt­ a comparison of airborne radioactivity studies with water encroachment is being detected in coastal estuaries mapped geologic units in southeast Texas show that and some stream channels. many stratigraphic units can be distinguished on the basis of radioactivity intensities, but not where the units Mississippi Embayment hydrologic and geologic studies are covered by more than a few feet of residual soils E. M. Gushing and E. H. Boswell report that, ac­ or surficial deposits. This finding suggests the possi­ cording to electric logs of wells and oil tests, all sands bility that airborne radioactivity studies may prove val­ above the Paleozoic rocks probably contain fresh water uable in preparing regional and reconaissance maps in in northeastern Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, areas where conditions are similar to those in southeast Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and northwestern Texas. Alabama. These sands are of Late Cretaceous age and younger. Sands of Late Cretaceous age are used as a Subsurface geology, Little Rock, Arkansas, to Cairo, Illinois source of water supply in only about one half of this Aeromagnetic mapping in the vicinity of Little Rock, area of approximately 30,000 square miles. The study Ark., and northward to Cairo, 111., indicates a near- also indicates that sands of Early Cretaceous age in a surface nepheline syenite mass a few miles southeast of small area in east-central Mississippi may be a potential Little Rock, in an area that may contain an accumula­ source of fresh water. In several small areas within tion of bauxite. Magnetic anomalies between Little the embayment, fresh-water-bearing sands occur below Rock and Cairo are interpreted as expressions of the sands containing moderately mineralized water. Precambrian crystalline basement, a mile or two beneath A study of Upper Cretaceous gastropods of north­ the surface. Lower and Middle Cambrian sedimentary eastern Mississippi by N. F. Sohl affords a sound basis rocks are believed to be very thin or absent within the for correlating the lower part of the Coffee Sand with area of study. the middle part of the Blufftown Formation of Georgia Faulting in western Kentucky and Alabama, and with the Wolfe City Sand Member Geologic investigations in the Jackson Purchase area of the Taylor Marl in Texas. Scaphites hipprocrysis- of western Kentucky by U.S. Geological Survey per­ like ammonites in the middle part of the Blufftown suggest correlation with the New Jersey Merchantville sonnel have revealed that several faults with throws of Formation. as much as 150 feet have displaced beds ranging in age S. M. Herrick has identified Robulus inornatus from Ordovician to Recent. One fault with about 30 (d'Orbigny) in the Cane River Formation of eastern feet of displacement reportedly formed during the New Arkansas. Owing to its association with Marginulina Madrid earthquake of 1811-12. Most of the faults vacavillensis (Hanna) elsewhere in the Mississippi trend west-southwest and northwest and are continua­ Embayment this discovery permits a part of the Cane tions of known faults that displace Paleozoic rocks in River Formation of Arkansas to be correlated with the adjacent areas north and east of the Tennessee River. Winona Formation in Mississippi. OZARK REGION AND EASTERN PLAINS REGION A27 After correlating the results of chemical analyses of Geologic studies in southeast Missouri [low-flow water samples from the Mississippi Embay- In the Lesterville quadrangle of southeast Missouri, ment area of Alabama and Mississippi, W. J. Welborne T. H. Kiilsgaard has mapped the Black fault a distance reports that streams (at low flow) originating in out­ of 8.5 miles southeastward beyond the point where the crop areas of the Eutaw Formation and Tuscaloosa fault previously was believed to terminate. Dolomitic Group of Cretaceous age in northeast Mississippi and rocks of Late Cambrian age have been displaced along northwest Alabama contain water of extremely low this steeply dipping normal fault; those on the south­ mineral content. In general, stream mineralization in­ west side have been dropped at least 260 feet. creases south and west toward the Mississippi Eiver Kiilsgaard also found that near Lesterville a white as the result of water draining from younger, less coarse-textured vuggy to cavernous dolomite facies leached formations. transgresses the Bonneterre, Davis, and Derby and Doe Hydrologic studies in Arkansas and Texas Eun Formations, and extends into the lower part of the Potosi Dolomite where the different formations lap Geohydrologic studies made by D. E. Albin show that onto hills of Precambrian igneous rocks. It remains the Porters Creek Clay of the Midway Group is the fresh-water "basement" of the 2,000 square mile area of to be determined whether the facies is of organic origin, Bradley, Calhoun, and Ouachita Counties in south- such as a series of reefs that originally were anchored central Arkansas. - At least small supplies of ground to the Precambrian hills, grew through successive pe­ water can be developed in the outcrop areas of all riods of sedimentation, and then subsequently were geologic units above the Porters Creek Clay. The dolomitized, or whether the facies originated from Sparta Sand of the Claiborne Group, the most impor­ dolomitization in an environment influenced by Pre­ tant aquifer in the area, dips eastward approximately cambrian topography. 30 feet per mile toward the axis of the Mississippi Stratigraphic studies in Arkansas trough. About 5 mgd of sodium-bicarbonate type water Mapping in the Snowball quadrangle in north-cen­ is withdrawn from the Sparta Sand in the 3 counties. tral Arkansas by S. E. Frezon has shown that there are The Sparta in the eastern part of the three-county area three sets of fluvial valley-fill deposits of Pleistocene (?) is capable of supporting much larger pumpage. age along the Buffalo Eiver. The deposits indicate L. A. Wood has mapped a previously unknown body that several cycles of deposition and erosion occurred of fresh to slightly saline ground water in the Trinity along the larger streams in the Ozark region in Pleisto­ Group in the lower Eed Eiver and Sulphur Eiver basins cene ( ?) time. These deposits are similar to and may of Texas. In much of this area no usable water overlies be related to cyclic deposits of Pleistocene age in the the newly discovered aquifer, which is 2,000 to 3,600 Mississippi Eiver valley. feet below the land surface. Aeromagnetic survey in the Wichita Mountains The effect of salt springs and seeps on the quality Andrew Griscom and Anna Jespersen have found of water in the Brazos Eiver is described by B. Irelan that magnetic anomalies in the Wichita Mountains and H. B. Mendieta (Art. 54). They report that the system of Oklahoma and Texas result from the Pre­ average load of chloride during base flow from the Salt cambrian basement rocks. Some of the anomalies indi­ Croton Creek basin was computed to be 400 tons per cate the presence of significant remanent magnetization. day. (Also see p. A29.) The aeromagnetic patterns show that in general the Precambrian rocks, which are in uplifted fault blocks, OZABK REGION AND EASTERN PLAINS REGION extend outward from their areas of outcrop at relatively Current work in the Ozark region and Eastern Plains shallow depth for distances of a mile or two. Steep region includes geologic, geophysical, and hydrologic magnetic gradients mark the position of the faults at studies of both regional and local interest. Some of the the margins of these blocks. The complexity of the important recent results of this work are discussed fault pattern and the variety in depth of burial of the below. In addition, specific references to other studies blocks of Precambrian rocks indicate a highly frac­ in this area may be found on the following pages: pot­ tured basement. ash deposits, page A6; paleontology, page A74; geo- Aerial radiological measurements in New Mexico morphology, page A76; limestone hydrology, page J. A. MacKallor has found that aerial radiological A103; underground nuclear testing, page A108; ground measurements over a playa, Eed Lake, in Eddy County, water in Oklahoma, page Alll; evaporation suppres­ N. Mex., show radioactivity of 500 to 600 counts per sion, page A112; and artificial recharge of aquifers, second in contrast to 300 to 400 counts per second over page A112. the surrounding area. He suggests that the anomaly A28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS may result from small amounts of potassium salts that shown that the present pumpage of 3.2 mgd from the may have been concentrated in the playa deposits. aquifer in the alluvial deposits represents less than 3 Geologic mapping in Texas percent of the quantity of ground water available from Geologic mapping by Eargle,24 Stafford, 25 26 Ter- natural recharge. The aquifer is recharged by direct riere,27 and D. A. Myers has shown that the Cisco penetration of rainfall at an estimated rate of 10 inches Group (Pennsylvanian) and the lower part of the per year. Wichita Group (Permian) contain many discontinuous Extensive test augering has shown the aquifer to be channel-fill deposits of sandstone and conglomerate, all continuous and in hydraulic connection with the river. of which mark local disconformities. There is no evi­ Thus the quantity of water potentially available by dence to indicate a widespread unconformity at the inducing recharge from the river is many times that boundary between the Pennsylvanian and Permian available from natural recharge along the river. Systems in the area between the Colorado River and Water-table decline, Grant and Stanton Counties, Kansas the Clear Fork of the Brazos River in north-central Ground water pumped for irrigation in Grant and Texas. Stanton Counties, Kans., is obtained primarily from Geologic mapping by D. A. Myers in the Wayland storage, according to S. W. Fader, E. D. Gutentag, D. quadrangle, Stephens and Eastland Counties, Tex., has H. Lobmeyer, and W. R. Meyer. About 248,000 acre- shown an increase in amount of channel-fill sandstone feet of water is pumped annually for irrigation from and conglomerate in the Cisco Group from south to unconsolidated deposits of Pliocene and Pleistocene north. This is in keeping with data presented by age. From 1940 to 1960 the water table declined about Eargle 24 for the Colorado River drainage basin on the 40 feet in part of the area, and the decline averaged 8.2 south, and with that presented by Lee and others 28 for feet for both counties. The two counties are underlain and area to the north of the Wayland quadrangle where by about 55 million acre-feet of ground water in storage. a large part of the Cisco Group is a chaotic sequence of Fresh water at great depth in Oklahoma channel-fill deposits. D. L. Hart, Jr., reports that a zone of fresh water Geologic mapping by V. L. Freeman in the Shumla extends to depths greater than 3,000 feet in the Lime­ quadrangle, Texas, has revealed more details about the stones of the Arbuckle Group, in the Arbuckle Plateau effects of the Terrell arch on the thickness and distribu­ region of Johnson, Pontotoc, and Murray Counties, tion of sedimentary strata. Near Comstock the George­ Okla. Although the lateral limits have not yet been town Limestone is overlain by the Del Rio Clay, of delineated, the zone probably underlies about seven former usage but northward the Del Rio pinches out townships. Fresh water in adjacent areas generally against the arch, and the overlying Buda Limestone is available to depths of only 600 feet or less. The rests on the Georgetown. The problematical "yellow­ large contrast in depths at which fresh water occurs is ish marl" of northern Val Verde County was found to probably a result of the large recharge area and the rel­ be a weathered phase of the middle unit of the Buda atively high permeability of the limestone, which allows Limestone, as has been recognized by several geologists fresh water to circulate to great depths and to flush and working in the area. It is separated from the George­ dilute the mineralized water in the aquifer. town Limestone locally by less than 1 foot of the lower part of the Buda. Ground-water recharge, High Plains, New Mexico During 1960 two periods of excess rainfall and cessa­ Ground-water recharge, Arkansas River valley, Arkansas tion of pumpage due to extensive hail damage to crops A recent study by M. S. Bedinger, L. F. Emmett, caused significant rises in ground-water levels through­ and H. G. Jeffery of ground-water conditions in the al­ out the High Plains of Lea County, N. Mex. Prelimi­ luvium along the 200-mile segment of the Arkansas nary estimates by J. S. Havens show a net gain of about River between Fort Smith and Little Rock, Ark., has 483,000 acre-feet of resaturated sediments. If a spe­ 84 Eargle, D. H., 1960, Stratigraphy of Pennsylvanian and lower Per­ cific yield of 20 percent is assumed, this represents about mian rocks of Brown and Coleman Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 315-D, p. 55-78. 100,000 acre-feet of apparent recharge to the aquifer, 25 Stafford, P. T., 1960, Geology of the Cross Plains quadrangle, Brown, the Ogallala Formation of Tertiary age. Estimated Callahan, Coleman, and Eastland Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1096-B, p. 39-72, pis. 4-5, figs. 7-14. [1961] total withdrawal of water from the aquifer was 124,000 28 Stafford, P. T., 1960, Stratigraphy of the Wichita Group in part of acre-feet for the same period. If it is assumed that this the Brazos River valley, North Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1081-G, p. 261-280. [1961] amount must be added to the aquifer before any rises 87 Terriere, R. T., 1960, Geology of the Grosvenor quadrangle, Brown and Coleman Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1096-A, p. 1-35. in the water table are shown, recharge to the Ogallala 29 Lee, Wallace, and others, 1938, Stratigraphic and paleontologic Formation in Lea County totaled 220,000 acre-feet for studies of the Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks in north-central Texas: Texas Univ. Bull. 3801, 252 p. 1960. NORTHERN ROCKIES AND PLAINS REGION A29

Ground water in the Entrada Sandstone NORTHERN ROCKIES AND PLAINS REGION F. D. Trauger and F. X. Bushman report that ground Current investigations of the Geological Survey are water occurs under water-table conditions in the allu­ extremely varied in this area that includes large parts vium but generally is tinder artesian conditions in the of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Entrada Sandstone of Jurassic age, which is the prin­ Wyoming, and small parts of Washington, Utah, Colo­ cipal aquifer for the city of Tucumcari, N. Mex., and rado, and Nebraska. Some recent findings of regional the area southwest and west of the city. The Entrada studies are presented in this section and additional in­ Sandstone in the structural basins west of Tucumcari formation on topical studies may be found as follows: and the older alluvium underlying the city together mineral deposits are described in the sections starting contain available ground water of good quality suffi­ on pages Al, A5, and A10; oil shale, page All; paleon­ cient to supply the city and rural domestic and stock tology, page A74; plant ecology, page A77; Pierre needs for several hundred years at the current rate of Shale studies, page A89; geochemistry of hot springs, use. page A89; and geochemistry of surface water, page The coefficient of transmissibility of the Entrada A90. Sandstone is about 1,500 gallons per day per foot. Geologic and geophysical studies in northeastern Washington Pumping tests show that drawdown of water levels and northern Idaho in the Entrada Sandstone tends to be excessive, and In northern Stevens County, Wash., R. G. Yates has interference between closely spaced wells is compara­ found swarms of lamprophyre and related felsic dikes, tively great. which intruded Tertiary albite granite late in the The rate of movement of water through the Entrada igneous and tectonic cycle. Chemical analysis of the Sandstone is slow because of the relatively low perme­ dike rocks indicates that they are part of a pronounced ability of the formation. Calculations for 2 general differentiation sequence of alkaline character, and thin- areas in the structural basin show the rate of movement section study shows abundant carbonate, probably of to be about 15 feet per year for both areas. It would primary origin, and disequilibrium relations among the require about .1,700 years at the rate of 15 feet per year mafic minerals. for water to move from the areas of recharge on the In the Hunters quadrangle, Washington, A. B. periphery of the structural basin to the city well fields. Campbell has mapped a stratigraphic unit composed Post-Rustler red beds correlated of graptolite-bearing thin-bedded dark-gray impure The age and correlation of the post-Kustler red beds limestone and black slate. According to R. J. Ross, Jr., of southeast New Mexico have been in question since the graptolites are from the Climacograptus bicomis 1935. J. B. Cooper (Art. 9) suggests that these red zone, Early Caradoc stage of the Middle Ordovician. beds are most closely associated with rocks of Permian The unit is thus equivalent, at least in part, to the Led- better Slate of the Metaline mining district, and its age and are correlative with the Dewey Lake Redbeds. occurrence in the Hunters quadrangle extends con­ "Pierce Canyon Redbeds," the name given to this unit siderably the known distribution of Ordovician rocks in the past, has been abandoned in favor of Dewey in northeastern Washington. Lake Redbeds. In the Wilmont Creek quadrangle, Washington, ad­ Sources of salinity in the upper Brazos River basin, Texas jacent to the Hunters quadrangle on the west, G. E. An investigation of the salt load in the Brazos River Becraft has shown that metamorphic rocks in the north- in Texas by R. C. Baker, L. S. Hughes, and I. D. Yost, central part of the quadrangle originally included in shows that more than 50 percent of the chloride load the Covada Group by J. T. Pardee 29 are distinctly at Possum Kingdom Reservoir originates in the Salt different from rocks farther north and east that Pardee Croton and Croton Creek basins. The source of the also included in the Covada Group. The rocks mapped by Becraft apparently were originally shale, sandy salt is the Permian rocks from which the salt springs shale, and calcareous shale, and do not contain the large and seeps discharge. The source of the water discharg­ amount of greenstone and conglomeratic graywacke ing in the Croton Creek basin is precipitation in the present in the Covada Group farther east. Duck Creek basin. The collection and disposal, either A reconnaissance gravity survey by W. T. Kinoshita by evaporation or by subsurface disposal, of the total and W. E. Davis in Ferry and Stevens Counties, north­ flow of Salt Croton Creek would reduce the chloride eastern Washington, has shown that the boundary be- load of the Brazos River by about 45 percent; disposal of the baseflow of Salt Croton Creek would result in a 29 Pardee, J. T., 1918, Geology and mineral deposits of the Colville In­ dian Reservation, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 677, 186 p., reduction of about 30 percent. (Also see Art. 54.) 12 pis. A30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS tween miogeosynclinal rocks of early Paleozoic age and eastern Idaho, and represents a group of rocks that eugeosynclinal rocks of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic had not been recognized before in central Idaho. The age is marked by a broad northeast-trending gravity syenites that intruded the metavolcanic rocks are sat­ high, and that the Tertiary volcanic rocks exposed near urated, alkalic varieties that in places contain rare Wauconda and in the Eepublic graben are marked by earths and niobium in accessory minerals; location of gravity lows. A two-dimensional analysis of the major the rocks may thus be useful in prospecting for rare- low, which occurs over the graben and has an amplitude earth and niobium deposits in bedrock or in placers. of about 25 milligals, indicates that the volcanic rocks The southwest face of the Beaverhead Eange in the near West Fork are about 7,000 feet thick. northern part of the Leadore quadrangle is bounded P. L. Weis and A. E. Weissenborn have concluded by a zone of generally northwest-trending range-front from mapping in the Greenacres and Mt. Spokane faults; according to E. T. Euppel, this zone of frontal quadrangles, Washington, that the Osburn fault prob­ faults is cut by nearly vertical north-trending faults ably extends westward beneath the alluvial nil in the that have an apparent horizontal displacement of a few Spokane Valley from its last surface exposure near hundred feet to as much as 6,000 feet. The latest move­ Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Their conclusion is supported ments on both sets of faults have displaced Quaternary by the structural and stratigraphic discontinuity re­ alluvial deposits as well as older rocks, and clearly in­ flected in the dissimilar rocks on either side of the dicate rather recent tectonic activity. The frontal valley. faults are part of a major system of faults that define In the Pend Oreille area of northern Idaho, J. E. the Lemhi Valley in the Leadore quadrangle and ad­ Harrison's studies of Precambrian Belt Series rocks jacent areas, and are reflected by steep gradients in show that regional metamorphic grade increases sys­ gravity anomalies along the mountain fronts. W. T. tematically with stratigraphic depth, from the chlorite- Kinoshita has made a brief gravity survey of the Lemhi sericite zone at the top to the biotite zone at the bottom. Valley in this area and has found that a major gravity The transition from the chlorite-sericite rocks to com­ low extends southeast from the vicinity of Leadore to pletely reconstituted biotite rocks occurs through about near Nicholia; he infers that the bedrock surface in the 14,000 feet of section. Preliminary calculations sug­ center of the valley lies at a depth of about 9,000 feet. gest that the transition took place under an increase in Geologic and geophysical studies in western Montana load pressure of about 1 kildbar and an increase in In a reconnaissance study of the Centennial Valley temperature of about 140°C. in southwestern Montana, W. B. Myers and W. B. Geologic and geophysical studies in central Idaho Hamilton have recognized the much-deformed shore­ In the Biggins area of west-central Idaho, mapping line of a large lake that filled the valley in latest Pleis­ by W. B. Hamilton has shown that a Late Jurassic tocene or early Eecent time. The shoreline cuts talus orogen of metamorphic rocks, stocks, and small batho- of late Pinedale (very late Wisconsin) age, yet despite liths trends northeastward into a younger complex this youth it is warped as much as 60 feet and is broken formed by the north-trending west margin of the Idaho by fault scarps 10 to 20 feet high. This deformation batholith and its broad border zone of schist and gneiss. changed the drainage outlet of the lake from the north­ The intrusion of the Idaho batholith and the accom­ east to the west end of the valley, and drained the lake panying metamorphism occurred in middle Cretaceous down to the level of the present small Eed Eock Lakes. time, and the Jurassic orogen was truncated obliquely, Eeconnaissance by Hamilton has also shown that the overthrust from the east, and remetamorphosed during south end of the Madison Eange, near Targhee Pass, is the Cretaceous orogeny. underlain partly by tuffs and flows that contain pollen In the Big Creek quadrangle, B. F. Leonard (Art. 5) genera and species considered by E. B. Leopold as of has mapped epidote-amphibolite facies of metavol- probable Oligocene age (Art. 10). These tuffs and canic rocks that include mafic schists, felsic hornfels flows overlie rocks that range from middle (?) Precam­ with relicit phenocrysts, and reconstituted elongate- brian to Early Cretaceous in age, and are in turn over­ pebble breccias and conglomerates. These metavol- lain by rhyolite tuffs of Pliocene(?) and Pleistocene canic rocks represent flows, tuffs, and volcanic breccias age. of Belt( ?) age that were intruded by a syenite complex, In the Tepee Creek quadrangle, I. J. Witkind (Art. perhaps of Paleozoic age, and were isoclinally folded 3) has mapped two parallel bedding faults that are before emplacement of the Idaho batholith. The se­ similar in many respects to the detachment faults of quence of rocks resembles in some respects the Precam­ northwestern Wyoming, and that may have formed at brian coarse clastic rocks and greenstones and Cam­ about the same time and from the same upland. Al­ brian quartzite of northeastern Washington and south­ though little is yet known about direction of movement NORTHERN ROCKIES AND PLAINS REGION A31 of the Tepee Creek faults, their similarities with the Geologic and geophysical studies of the Bearpaw Mountains, TjTyoming detachment faults suggest that movement on Montana the Tepee Creek faults was southwestward from a In the southeastern Bearpaw Mountains, detailed break-away point possibly near an ancestral high near geologic mapping by W. T. Pecora and B. C. Hearn, the north edge of Yellowstone National Park. The Jr., of a belt of intrusions and deformed sedimentary age of the faults has been provisionally determined as rocks almost devoid of intrusions, has supported pre­ post-Early Cretaceous and pre-early Eocene. vious conclusions that recurrent collapse is a dominant Between Divide and Silver Star, south of Butte, structural factor in those areas now underlain by vol­ Mont., H. W. Smedes and M. R. Klepper have shown canic rocks. that the contacts between pre-Belt metamorphic rocks Analysis of magnetic-property data from igneous and younger rocks, including both Belt rocks and, in rocks by K. G. Books indicates that both the older vol­ places, Paleozoic rocks, are thrust faults rather than canic rocks and the intrusive rocks in the Bearpaw depositional contacts as earlier considered. At least two Mountains of Montana acquired their permanent mag­ major thrust faults are present, both of them older than netization in a field significantly different from the the rocks of the Boulder batholith. Recent mapping present geocentric dipole field. The paleomagnetic pole by Klepper has also shown that the steeply dipping pre- position for the mean geocentric dipole field calculated batholith fault that bounds the Boulder batholith on for the older volcanic rocks of Eocene age is at lat 57° the east for 45 miles north of Big Pipestone Creek is N., long 157° E. In terms of the earth's magnetic poles preserved south of Big Pipestone Creek in a discontin­ it is a north magnetic pole in the northern hemisphere. uous screen of metamorphosed Upper Cretaceous vol­ The paleomagnetic pole position calculated for the in­ canic rocks and Cambrian sedimentary rocks between trusive rocks of Eocene age is at lat 66° N., long 131° W. two major plutons of the batholith. and is a south magnetic pole in the northern hemisphere. Both of the paleomagnetic pole positions calculated are In the Boulder and Whitetail Valleys, south of in general agreement with Eocene pole positions com­ Boulder, Mont., gravity measurements by W. T. Kino- puted by others from European and North American shita suggest that the sedimentary deposits in these valleys are little more than a few thousand feet thick, data. and that the fault-bounded trough in the southern part Geologic and geophysical studies in parts of southeastern Idaho, of the Boulder Valley is relatively shallow. Similarly, Wyoming, and South Dakota aeromagnetic and gravity studies by Kinoshita and Alkali basalts of three different ages and chemical W. E. Davis in the Clarkston Valley and in the south­ compositions have been recognized in the Soda Springs western arm of the Townsend Valley suggest the pres­ quadrangle, southeastern Idaho, by F. C. Armstrong. ence of a few thousand feet of valley-filling sedimentary A plot of the chemical composition of some of them falls deposits, and place the bedrock several thousand feet along the differentiation path of the intermediate an- higher than that underlying the main part of the Town- karamite basalt series postulated by K. J. Murata.30 send Valley. These data thus support the idea of an intermediate dif­ ferentiation series and help define its path into the more In the Maudlow area, B. A. Skipp has recognized that magnesia-rich ankaramite end of the series. The middle part of the Livingston Formation consists of primary member of the differentiated sequence has a chemical volcanic rocks erupted from a local source. The Maud- composition similar to that of the Snake River basalt low area is thus another source for some of the younger clan identified by H. A. Powers, which suggests that epiclastic volcanic debris of the Livingston Formation the Snake River basalts may also belong to the ankara­ in the Crazy Mountains basin to the east. mite differentiation series. These suggested conclusions In the Wolf Creek area, the upper part of the Two are tentative as they are based on only a few chemical Medicine Formation of Late Cretaceous age consists analyses and on samples from a small part of the total mainly of clastic volcanic rocks and lava flows. Con­ amount of basalt in the area. glomerate beds in this sequence contain abundant peb­ Field studies by W. C. Culbertson have demonstrated bles and cobbles of welded tuff that R. G. Schmidt, that the Tower Sandstone Lentil of the Green River M. R. Klepper, and H. W. Smedes consider megas- Formation in the Green River area, Wyoming, is not a copically similar to welded tuffs in the Elkhorn Moun­ single bed as earlier supposed, but rather is a series of tains Volcanics in their type area about 50 miles farther lenses occurring at many horizons in the lower 400 feet south. The similarity of the welded tuffs suggests that of the Laney Shale Member (Art. 78). The Tower at least some, and perhaps most, of the clastic volcanic rocks of the Two Medicine Formation have been de­ so Murata, K. J., I960, A new method of plotting chemical analyses of rived from the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics. basaltic rocks: Am. Jour. Scl. Bradley Volume, v. 258-A, p. 247-252. A32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Sandstone Lentil is therefore abandoned. Culbertson the quadrangle, consists of a number of narrow shears has also noted that two oil-shale zones near the base of that contain a few small quartz veins. the Laney Shale Member locally have potential oil Stratigraphic studies of Paleozoic rocks yields that are high enough to be of possible future commercial value. Stratigraphic and faunal studies by J. T. Dutro, Jr., In the vicinity of Jackson, Wyo., studies by J. D. Love and W. J. Sando of a Mississippian sequence in the show that the Quaternary rocks have been deformed as Chesterfield Range, southeastern Idaho, provide a key a result of crustal adjustments, and that one of the to the nature of rocks previously called Brazer in this youngest Quaternary units, a loess that is believed to area. Two new formations are recognized: a 1,000- be 10,000 to 20,000 years old, has been downdropped at foot-thick clastic sequence below and a 900-foot-thick least 200 feet (Art. 160). Mild earthquakes are com­ carbonate sequence above. The clastic sequence is mon in this area, and it seems likely that the crustal ad­ divided into a sandstone member overlain by a sandy justments are continuing and should be considered in limestone member. The carbonate sequence is divided the planning, design, and location of major construction into the following three members, from bottom to top: projects. massive limestone, medium-bedded limestone, and Surface and subsurface studies by W. R. Keefer cherty limestone. Three faunal-assemblage zones are and J. D. Love of lower Eocene rocks along the north also recognized, the lower two of which are probable and east margins of the Wind River Basin, Wyo., indi­ Meramec equivalents and the upper of which is appar­ cate the presence of three distinct stratigraphic units. ently of Chester age. The oldest of these was overridden by major reverse Studies of regional Devonian stratigraphy by C. A. faults along the south margin of the Owl Creek Moun­ Sandberg suggest that the Englewood Limestone may tains and the west margin of the Casper arch. The be partly of Late Devonian age in the Black Hills, other two units were deposited after the faulting had rather than entirely of Early Mississippian age. A taken place, and reflect only the slight to moderate local angular unconformity between the Englewood folding of the basin margins in post-early Eocene time. and the overlying Pahasapa Limestone suggests that A parallel structural history for the Granite Mountains the earliest Mississippian orogeny of the Williston is suggested by surface work and drilling which show Basin area extended at least as far south as the northern that a thrust sheet of Precambrian rocks moved south­ Black Hills. ward over a thick sequence of earliest Eocene rocks. Stratigraphic studies of Permian rocks in Wyoming In his study of the origin of detachment faults in by E. K. Maughan have shown that carbonate rocks northwestern Wyoming, W. G. Pierce had shown that of Permian age in the Owl Creek Mountains of central the South Fork fault is older than the Reef Creek Wyoming are transitional from laminated argillaceous fault. Pierce's earlier work 31 had shown that the dolomite in the east, through oolitic and pelletal lime­ Heart Mountain fault was younger than either the stone (bahamaite), to richly organic skeletal limestone South Fork or Reef Creek faults, but the relative age in the west. The dolomite facies is believed by of the last two faults was unknown. By mapping the Maughan to have been deposited in a lagoon environ­ "early acid breccia" unit, he has been able to determine ment, the oolitic and pelletal limestone in an offshore the relative ages of these two faults, and to confirm bar environment, and the skeletal limestone on the sea­ that the volcanic source of the breccia probably was ward side of the offshore bars. north-northwest of its presently known occurrence. Study of crossbedding in the Lakota Formation of Stratigraphic studies of Mesozoic rocks Cretaceous age in part of Wyoming and South Dakota A distinctive ostracode species, previously known by W. J. Mapel and C. L. Pillmore has indicated prob­ only from Wyoming, has been noted by I. G. Sohn in able deposition by meandering streams with general the lower part of the Morrison Formation of Montana northward flow (Art. 13). and in the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Forma­ Mapping of Precambrian rocks in the central Black tion in Colorado. This suggests the possible extension Hills, S. Dak., by J. C. Ratte, has shown the presence of Salt Wash equivalents to Wyoming and Montana. of a shear zone about half a mile wide trending N. 34° Stratigraphic studies of rocks of the Montana Group W. across the northeastern corner of the Hill City of Cretaceous age in the southern half of Wyoming by quadrangle. The zone, which cuts across the general A. D. Zapp (Art. 134) have shown that tongues of non- north to northeast trend of structures in the rest of marine and marine strata reflect five significant re- gressive-transgressive cycles. Associated fossils and 81 Pierce, W. G., 1960, Reef Creek detachment fault in northwestern lateral tracing serve to establish the correlation of more Wyoming [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 2, p. 1944. of these tongues with those recently described in north- NORTHERN ROCKIES AND PLAINS REGION A33 western Colorado and northeastern Utah.32 Two local unless provision is made to intercept and control Unconformities within the rocks of the Montana Group ground-water discharge. were recognized near the point common to Sweetwater, Investigation of the Bluewater Springs area, Car­ Fremont, and Carbon Counties, Wyo. One is at the bon County, by Everett Zimmerman indicated that base of the Lewis Shale; the other is in the lower part water from many springs and one flowing well ap­ of the Montana Group. parently comes from the Tensleep Sandstone and the C. F. Dyer and A. J. Goehring found that the Da­ Chugwater Formation. Leakage from the Madison kota Sandstone of the type area in northeastern Ne­ Limestone probably supplies some water to these braska, southeastern South Dakota, and northwestern aquifers. Springs from the Tensleep generally are Iowa grades westward into the Mowry Shale and New­ along fault lines; those from the Chugwater issue from castle Sandstone in the Black Hills area. A few tens joints. These sources are believed adequate to supply glaciofluvial deposits in south-central Burleigh County. A34 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS H. M. Jensen reported that test drilling in northern Front Range. The cordierite occurs in biotite gneiss Traill County revealed only small supplies of ground that contains sillimanite, garnet, a little spinel, and er­ water of relatively poor quality in the glacial drift. ratically distributed microcline. This assemblage sug­ Studies by C. J. Huxel, Jr., indicated that in Stuts- gests a more intense metamorphism than had previously man County large supplies of ground water are ob­ been recognized in these rocks. tainable from outwash plains, valley outwash, and P. K. Sims and R. B. Taylor (Art. 154) report the buried preglacial or interglacial channels that contain discovery of hypersthene gabbro, a mafic intrusive rock stratified sand and gravel. not previously known in the Front Range. The gabbro Ground-water investigations in South Dakota forms subconcordant plutons southwest of Fraser, Colo., An investigation by C. F. Dyer and M. J. Ellis and a phacolithic body near Apex, north of Central revealed that pre-Cretaceous rocks yield large supplies City. It is a product of the same period of Precambrian of good-quality water to flowing and nonflowing arte­ intrusion as the granodiorite of the Boulder Creek, but sian wells in and near the outcrop area surrounding the younger than the granodiorite. Near Fraser, the gab­ Black Hills. These rocks underlie much of western bro transformed adjoining biotite gneiss to rocks of the South Dakota, but only a few wells outside of the Black pyroxene hornfels facies of metamorphism, and locally Hills area are known to obtain water from them. melted the gneisses, forming hornfelsic contact breccia. Records of oil tests and a few water wells indicate that Near the mountain front, Boulder Creek Granite and the Mississippian Mission Canyon Limestone and the a related but younger quartz monzonite along the Ordovician Red River Formation probably are the southern end of the Boulder Creek batholith have an major untapped sources of water in a large part of anticlinal internal structure. Studies by J. D. Wells western South Dakota. have shown that the southeastern flank of the anticline is defined by a foliation produced principally by cata- SOUTHERN BOOKIES AND PLAINS REGION clasis, and the northwestern flank by a foliation pro­ duced by igneous flow. The foliations are apparently Geologic and hydrologic investigation in the South­ ern Rockies and plains region during the fiscal year contemporaneous, and they formed at a stage when an 1962 led to advances in the several fields summarized outer shell of the batholith was solid enough to fracture, and the inner part was liquid enough to flow. below. Additional information on the region is in­ M. C. Van Lewen reports that a well for disposal of cluded under other headings in this report: mineral chemical wastes at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Derby, deposits, pages A4 and A5; coal deposits, page All; Colo., was completed at a depth of 12,045 feet. The paleontology, page A74; major crustal studies, page well, the deepest ever drilled in the Denver Basin, en­ A84; ore-solution studies, Creede, Colo., page A89; tered fractured Precambrian biotite granite gneiss at potassium-argon age determinations, page A94; lead- 11,974 feet. A sequence of orange quartzite, maroon alpha age determinations, page A94; lead-isotope stud­ shale, and pink to white dolomite, probably of Cam­ ies, page A96; ground water, Kearney, Nebr., page A110. brian or Ordovician age, was penetrated between 11,895 feet and the contact with the Precambrian. Geology of Precambrian rocks The Silver Plume Granite, which is younger than the Current knowledge of the two stages of folding rec­ Boulder Creek Granite and related granodiorite, forms ognized in the Precambrian rocks of the Idaho Springs- a large pluton in the west-central part of the Front Central City area in the Front Range west of Denver, Range, near Berthoud Pass. Studies by P. K. Theo­ Colo., has recently been summarized by R. H. Moench, bald indicate that the pluton is composite and is made J. E. Harrison, and P. K. Sims (1962). Continuing up of three texturally different varieties of the granite, studies by R. B. Taylor, W. A. Braddock, and P. K. which were intruded in sequence. A pegmatite zone Theobald, have shown that these 2 stages of deformation more than 3,000 feet wide and 10,000 feet long lies near are recognizable across the entire 40-mile width of the the northern edge of the pluton, near Winter Park. The range, and moreover, that each stage is characterized pegmatite is mineralogically simple and contains many by intrusive igneous rocks similar to those of the Idaho large inclusions of gneiss, but it may have commercial Springs-Central City area. value as a source of scrap mica. D. J. Gable has recently discovered that cordierite is Precambrian rocks in the western part of the Poncha a widespread constituent of gneisses in the vicinity of Springs quadrangle, near Salida, Colo., have been found diorite and granodiorite bodies in the Central City by R. E. Van Alstine to include mica schist, biotite quadrangle. The diorite and granodiorite are related gneiss, hornblende gneiss, marble, quartzite, and calc- to the Boulder Creek Granite, the older of the two main silicate rock. Farther east, near a mafic intrusive body, classes of igneous rocks recognized in this part of the dark gneisses made up principally of magnesian silicate SOUTHERN ROCKIES AND PLAINS REGION A35 minerals predominate. The gneisses enclose large sill- or Callovian part of the Sundance Formation (Upper like bodies of granitic rock, and smaller bodies of peg­ Jurassic) from the upper or Oxfordian part. Farther matite that contain muscovite, tourmaline, and beryl. south in Colorado, in the Trinidad coal field, R. B. The sulfide minerals chalcopyrite and sphalerite occur Johnson has found a sequence of gypsum and limestone in replacement deposits in the schists and gneisses. lying between the Entrada Sandstone (Upper Juras­ Immediately east of the quadrangle these sulfide min­ sic) and the fluvial deposits typical of the Morrison erals also occur in quartz veins that contain scheelite. Formation (Art. 77). Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies Detailed paleontologic and Stratigraphic studies of the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Pueblo, The coarsely clastic Minturn and Maroon Formations Colo., have led G. R. Scott and W. A. Cobban to divide of Pennsylvanian and Permian age are separated by the formation into eight members. Each member is the Jacque Mountain Limestone Member of the Min­ identifiable both by lithology and by fossils. Twelve turn. In the northwest part of the Minturn quad­ f aunal zones are recognized in the Niobrara Formation. rangle, Colorado, where slumping and cover obscure the Genera of Inoceramus and Scaphites predominate, but geologic relations, deailed study by T. S. Levering and other genera have equal value as guide fossils. The W. W. Mallory showed that all three of these units ammonite Haresiceras indicates that the upper part of intertongue with gypsum and gypsiferous mudstones. the formation at Pueblo is Campanian in age (Art. 22). This evaporitic equivalent of part of the Maroon and Clioscaphites saxitonianus was found to form a sep­ Minturn has been named the Eagle Valley Evaporite arate scaphite zone rather than to occur with C. vermi- (Art. 132). formis as formerly supposed (Art. 90). In work on Sedimentary structures in certain rocks of the Boul­ the Niobrara Formation farther south, C. H. Dane and der quadrangle, Colorado, have been studied by R. F. W. A. Cobban found that glauconitic sandstone of early Wilson to determine the origin of the rocks and the Niobrara age in Rio Arriba County, N. Mex., grades direction to their source. The Lyons Sandstone, of northward into limestone typical of the Fort Hays Permian age, was deposited largely as sand dunes by Limestone Member of the Niobrara Formation near winds blowing'in a southerly direction. The upper­ Pagosa Springs, Colo. Dane has also found that un­ most member of the overlying Lykins Formation (Per­ conformity between rocks of Carlile and Niobrara age mian? and Triassic?) was deposited by confined and extends farther south on the east side of the San Juan unconfined water currents flowing in a northeasterly basin in New Mexico than believed previously, although direction. The lower sandy part of the Morrison For­ the geographic limits have not yet been defined. mation, of Late Jurassic age, was deposited by streams Study of the stratigraphy and paleontology of the flowing in a northeasterly direction, and at least a part Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in eastern Colorado of the Fountain formation (Pennsylvanian and Per­ is being made by W. A. Cobban and G. R. Scott. Near mian) had a similar northeasterly direction of Pueblo, the base of the Pierre Shale contains the zone transport. of Baculites cf. aquilaensis and the upper half of the Marine Jurassic deposits and some accompanying zone of Scaphites hippocrepis. The base of the Sharon Upper Triassic rocks in a triangular area extending Springs Member of the Pierre Shale in this area is from Boulder, Colo., northward and northwestward to coincident with the base of the zone of ScapMtes Douglas and Lander, Wyo., are currently under study spiniger. by G. N. Pipiringos. Near Lander, the thickness of The Green Mountain Formation of LeRoy 33 in Jef­ Triassic and Jurassic rocks between the Alcova Lime­ ferson County, Colo., has been found by J. H. Smith to stone Member of the Chugwater Formation, of Triassic be predominantly sandstone, siltstone, and claystone, age, and the Morrison Formation, of Late Jurassic age, rather than conglomerate as previously supposed. is about 1,000 feet. This sequence thins eastward to Plant fossils from a claystone 100 to 150 feet above the about 300 feet near Douglas, and it thins southward to base of the formation have been provisionally dated by about 35 feet near Boulder. The Jelm Formation (Up­ H. D. MacGinitie of Humboldt State College, Calif., per Triassic) of southeastern Wyoming has been traced as not younger than Paleocene. into the Lander area, where its upper member is over­ In Valley County, Nebr., R. D. Miller and T. C. lain by the lower part of the Popo Agie Member of Nichols have found terrace-like erosion surfaces at three The Chugwater Formation (Upper Triassic) without levels beneath a cover of the Loveland, Peorian, and intertonguing. Similarly, the Nugget Sandstone Bignell Loesses. The erosion surfaces mark stages of (Lower Jurassic) of the Lander area overlies the Popo 88 LeRoy, L. W., 1946, Stratigraphy of the Golden-Morrlson area, Jef­ Agie without the intertonguing sometimes ascribed to ferson County, Colorado: Colorado School Mines Quart., v. 41, no. 2, these formations. A disconformity separates the lower p. 101, 111-113. A36 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS valley cutting in pre-Illinoian time, probably during Volcanic flows and thick masses of volcanic breccia in the early Pleistocene. In the Golden quadrangle, Colo­ the Rabbit Ears Range, between Middle Park and rado, a sequence of soils and erosion surfaces has been North Park, Colo., have been found by W. J. Hail to be found by Richard Van Horn to represent most of Pleis­ basaltic and andesitic in composition. Dikes and plug- tocene and Recent time. A volcanic ash in this sequence like masses that probably were feeders for the volcanic has been correlated with ash of late Kansan age in rocks are mainly andesitic and dacitic, as are associated Kansas, and it thus provides a stratigraphic tie with sills. Some of the sills are greatly thickened at their the standard Pleistocene sequence of the Plains region. updip margins, and the prominent peaks of the western A few miles south of the Golden quadrangle, a remark­ part of the range were carved from them. able deposit of vertebrate fossils and associated arti­ Continuing studies of the Valles caldera in the Jemez facts of early man is under study by G. E. Lewis in Mountains, N. Mex., by R. L. Smith and R. A. Bailey company with members of the U. S. National Museum. have provided new evidence on the nature and timing The fossiliferous deposit was the site of a bog in which of caldera collapse. Although the collapse resulted many animals became mired in late Wisconsin time. from extrusion of the great volume of rock classed as More than a ton of fossils, principally of mammoth Bandelier Tuff, distribution of the upper ash-flow unit and bison, has been collected and is being prepared for of this tuff indicates that the subsidence did not occur study. until after all the tuff had been extruded. Thus there Geology of volcanic terranes in Colorado and New Mexico was no gradual subsidence concurrent with eruption, but Further study of the volcano-tectonic depression rapid subsidence after eruption ceased. This suggests occupied by the Silverton and Lake City calderas of that some force existed temporarily to support the roof the western San Juan Mountains, Colo., has been made of the partially emptied magma chamber until eruption by W. S. Burbank and R. G. Luedke, and a map of one ended. of the quadrangles bordering the depression has been Studies of intrusive igneous rocks in Colorado published (Luedke and Burbank, 1962b). Recent find­ The Empire stock in the Front Range west of Denver ings indicate that the mass of Precambrian granite be­ has been found by W. A. Braddock to be a composite tween the two calderas is not a fault block as previously body made up of four kinds of rock, each of which was mapped but an ancient hill within the volcano-tectonic intruded separately. From oldest to youngest, these depression. This hill guided the movement of volcanic rocks are nepheline-bearing pyroxene monzonite, py­ materials in the central part of the depression. Large roxene-hornblende mozonite, leucocratic quartz-bearing volcanic domes within the peripheral ring-fault zone of monzonite, and porphyritic adamellite or granite. The the volcano-tectonic depression were extruded after the stock, of Laramide age, caused marked contact meta- subsided core of the depression was domed. Similar morphism of the Precambrian wallrocks and xenoliths. relations have ben observed in the Creede caldera to the Cordierite formed in some rocks; biotite broke down to east by T. A. Steven and J. C. Ratte. Recent studies an aggregate of sanidine, corundum, and magnetite; and by Steven and Ratte show further that several ash-flow perthitic microcline was transformed to untwinned non- sheets related to the Creede caldera formed from suc­ perthitic orthoclase. cessive ash flows that accumulated so rapidly near the Stocks in the San Miguel Mountains of southwestern source that they welded together to form single cooling Colorado also are composite. The Mt. Wilson stock, units, whereas toward the margins they formed mul­ studied by C. S. Bromfield, consists of microgranogab- tiple cooling units. They are thus composite ash-flow bro, granodiorite, and quartz mionzonite, intruded in sheets according to the classification of R. L. Smith.34 that order. The nearby Dolores Peaks stock, studied In the Powderhorn district, near the northern margin by A. L. Bush and C. S. Bromfield, consists of an older of the San Juan volcanic field, J. C. Olson and D. C. granodiorite and a younger quartz monzonite. Tuf- Hedlund have found that several welded and non- faceous volcanic rocks recently found near the western welded tuff units of probably Miocene age rest on older edge of the stock may be related to two pipelike bodies Tertiary laharic breccias, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, of quartz latite that cut the granodiorite. and Precambrian rocks. On the south side of the Gun- nison River, the ash flows dip about 2° N., but on the Dating of Laramide features north side they dip gently southward, parallel to the In the Leadville area, Colorado, most of the known surface on which they were deposited. In contrast, the faults formed during the part of the Laramide orogeny underlying Mesozoic rocks dip gently northward on when porphyries of many kinds were intruded. Ages both sides of the river. of the oldest and one of the youngest porphyries have been determined by R. C. Pearson and others (Art. 84 Smith, R. L., 1960, Ash flows: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, p. 795-842. 87), using the potassium-argon method. If correct, COLORADO PLATEAU REGION A37 the age figures indicate that in the Leadville area the Formation and deposition of clay balls, Rio Puerco, New climax of the Laramide orogeny, marked by porphyry Mexico intrustipn and the formation of faults, occurred in the The environment of the Rio Puerco in New Mexico interval between 64 and 70 million years ago. is ideally suited to the formation of clay balls, accord­ ing to C. F. Nordin, Jr., and W. F. Curtis (Art. 14). Aerial radioactivity survey in Colorado They found numerous clay balls in a reach of the Rio An aerial radioactivity survey of 6,000 traverse miles Puerco near Bernardo in 1961. All the balls exhibited at 1-mile spacing was made immediately, east of the a high degree of sphericity. Some were armored and Front Range, Colo., by J. A. MacKallor. In most of others were not. Most had no perceivable internal the area, radioactivity is between 650 and 1,000 counts structure, whereas other had various types of struc­ per second, and there is little correlation between bed­ ture concentric, laminated, and composite. Cores rock and radioactivity. Radiation highs of 1,000 to having structure must have been dry during transpor­ 1,400 cps are correlated with rhyolite flows near Castle tation, otherwise plastic deformation would have dis­ Rock, and with granitic alluvial material derived from torted or destroyed the structure. the Front Range. Ground-water recharge COLORADO PLATEAU REGION About 12,000 acres in the Mirage Flats area in north­ Geologic and hydrologic work in the Colorado Pla­ western Nebraska was irrigated with water diverted teau region during fiscal year 1962 has yielded signifi­ from the Niobrara River in 1961, according to C. F. cant results in the fields of stratigraphy and paleontol­ Keech. Because of infiltration of part of the irriga­ ogy, structural history, emplacement of igneous rocks, tion water, ground-water levels have risen. About 50 rock alteration, physiography, ground water, and sur­ irrigation wells have been installed to supplement the face water. Some of these results are summarized be­ supply of surface water. low. Others are reported as follows: uranium deposits, Little if any precipitation on Frijoles Mesa, N. Mex., page A8; thorium-bearing veins, page A9; coal re­ percolates through the soil mantle into the underlying sources, page All; paleontology, page A75; geomor- tuff, and the infiltration of arroyo flow on the mesa is phology, page A76; rock mechanics in mining, page negligible after bank and channel material become sat­ A106; and botanical studies, page All5. urated, according to J. E. Weir, Jr., and W. D. Purty- Stratigraphy and paleontology man. During arroyo flow, the moisture content As part of the study of the Redwall Limestone in the increased in the channel material and underlying tuff Grand Canyon region, Arizona (see McKee 35 ), J. T. ! to a depth of 3.5 feet but decreased rapidly after the Dutro, Jr., has analyzed the brachiopod fauna and flow ended, owing to evaporation and to capillary re­ B. A. L. Skipp is analyzing the Foraminifera. Dutro turn to the surface. The large number of open joints, reports that most of the formation can be correlated mapped in large-diameter drill holes by special tech­ with upper Kinderhook and Osage (Early Mississip- niques (Baltz and Weir, 1961), are the dominant fac­ pian) equivalents elsewhere; that Meramec (Late Mis- tors influencing the permeability of the Bandolier sissippian) faunal elements are found in the upper part Tuff. of the Redwall in the western Grand Canyon region; Ground-water storage and that an assemblage of Chester age (late Late Mis- sissippian) occurs at one locality in beds immediately An additional 18,000 acre-feet of water can be overlying the Redwall. Skipp reports the identifica­ pumped annually from the Arikaree Formation in the tion of the following stratigraphically restricted genera Wheatland Flats area, Wyoming. E. P. Weeks reports of calcareous Foraminifera, previously described only that (a) the pumping lift under the new equilibrium from Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Soviet Union: conditions resulting from the additional pumping Carbonella Dain 1953, ChemysMnella, Lipina 1955, would range from about 185 to 190 feet, and that (b) Septaglomospiranella, Lipina 1955, Septatournayella the flow in the Laramie River eventually would be re­ Lipina 1955, and Towrnayella, Dain 1953. duced 6,000 to 7,000 acre-feet per year. W. J. Sando has recognized several marker coral An analysis by G. E. Welder of the results of test- horizons in the Lower Mississippian Redwall Limestone hole drilling in the vicinity of Glendo, Wyo., indicates of northern Arizona. The upper part of this forma­ that the Hartville Formation is incapable of yielding tion locally was eroded or telescoped by solution and large quantities of water to wells for irrigation and that Recent stream deposits in parts of the area are capable 85 McKee, E. D., 1960, Lithologic subdivisions of the Redwall Lime­ stone in northern Arizona their paleogeographic and economic signifi­ of yielding only moderate amounts of water to wells. cance : Art. 110 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B243-B245.

661513 O 62 4 A38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS collapse prior to Pennsylvanian deposition. A resid­ southwest Colorado. The toe of the smaller fan marks uum containing silicified corals from the Redwall was a change in lithology and coincides with the Uravan reworked by the Pennsylvanian sea. The lower two mineral belt of uranium deposits in southwest Colorado, members of the Redwall were not recognized south of according to D. R. Shawe (Art. 62). The fan likely the Defiance uplift. resulted from accelerated streamflow caused by local In a compilation and analysis of findings at Circle down warping in Jurassic time. Cliffs, in south-central Utah, E. S. Davidson has found Structural history that major channel systems of the Shinarump Member New data on the amount of pre-Tertiary structural of the Chinle Formation, of Triassic age, extend as movement in the Colorado Plateau has recently become much as 10 miles and may be inferred to extend another available. 10 miles. Parts of the channel system are logical tar­ gets for uranium prospecting. Continued studies of the Carrizo Mountains, Ariz., In his study of the San Raf ael Group of Jurassic age, near the center of the Colorado Plateau by J. D. Strobe!! J. C. Wright has recognized an ancient barrier beach indicate that the ridgelike basement "high" recognized that separates a marine facies characteristic of the earlier is the crest of a tilted fault block. The ridge Carmel Formation from a littoral facies characteristic trends northwest from the mountains and is bounded of the Entrada Sandstone. The barrier beach, which on the northeast by a fault that has been active inter­ lies south of Green River, Utah, comprises lenses of mittently since the Devonian and has possibly existed sandstone 5 to 15 feet thick and 1,000 to 3,000 feet broad. since Precambrian time. The Ouray Limestone of Pale-reddish-gray limey clay-shale west of the beach Devonian age is displaced a total of 1,550 feet by the grades within 2 to 4 miles to greenish-gray limestone fault, but stratigraphic changes indicate that this dis­ that contains marine fossils and is typical of the Carmel placement was achieved in steps, as follows: 500 feet Formation. Massive reddish-brown siltstone east of in Devonian (Elbert) or pre-Devonian time; 600 feet the beach is a facies of the lower part of the Entrada just prior to or during Pennsylvanian (Paradox) and Sandstone. Permian (Cutler) time; 200 feet in Mesozoic time; 250 Recent work by J. R. Donnell indicated that red feet in Laramide time. During the Laramide orogeny claystone beds and lenticular sandstone beds similar to lower beds were faulted, whereas shallower beds were the fluviatile Wasatch and Bridger Formations overlie only folded. The ridge may be a northern element of the uppermost lacustrine beds of the Green River For­ the Defiance uplift, a positive area that existed in north­ mation at one locality near the southeast corner of eastern Arizona during Pennsylvanian time. As pro­ Grand Mesa, Colo. This is the only place in the jected, the ridge would intersect a ridge of northeast Piceance Creek basin where beds of the Wasatch or trend, also of Pennsylvanian age, beneath the complex Bridger have been found overlying the upper part of of intrusive rocks that underlie the Carrizo Mountains, the Green River Formation. and this intersection apparently localized the intrusive The Burro Canyon Formation is widely distributed center. The ridge and its boundary fault influenced in the central and northeastern parts of the plateau. migration of oil and gas, helium, and presumably other The upper part of the formation has been well-dated fluids of deep origin within the Paradox basin. It may as Early Cretaceous by Simmons.36 The age of the be coincidental that a cluster of uranium deposits over­ lower part of the formation, however, has been in doubt. lies these deep structures. R. B. O'Sullivan recently obtained fossils from the At the northeastern edge of the Colorado Plateau, in Karla Kay Conglomerate, locally the basal member of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River, Colo., W. E. the Burro Canyon. The fossils, examined by R. A. Hansen has mapped two sets of high-angle faults. One Scott and D. W. Taylor, indicate that the Karla Kay is set trends west-northwest, and the other, north to east. of Early Cretaceous age. One fault of the west-northwest set is more than 20 The Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation, miles long and an echelon to the great Cimarron fault. one of the principal host rocks of uranium deposits on Some of the faults of both sets clearly show two periods the Colorado Plateau, has long been known to have been of movement. The first movement occurred before Jur­ deposited in the form of a gigantic alluvial fan that assic time, perhaps when the Uncompahgre highland thins to the northeast. A smaller fan, characterized by was elevated during Pennsylvanian time. This early a distinct lithology, is superposed on the large one in movement was strike-slip, left lateral on the west-north­ west set and right lateral on the north to east set, and 86 Simmons, G. C., 1957, Contact of Burro Canyon Formation with displacements are measured in thousands of feet. The Dakota Sandstone, Slick Rock district, .Colorado, and correlation of second and smaller movement occurred in early Ter­ Burro Canyon Formation: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 41, no. 11, p. 2519-2529. tiary time, before extensive volcanism began. Move- COLORADO PLATEAU REGION A39 ments at this time were vertical, on some faults pivotal, ward against the accumulating San Juan volcanic piles. and displacements measure a few hundreds to a few At the cessation of volcanic activity a syncline formed thousands of feet; some faults with large pre-Jurassic over the site of the Black Canyon, possibly as a result of displacement pass upward into partly ruptured mono­ subsidence of the West Elk Mountains. The Gunnison clines of Tertiary age. River shifted laterally to occupy this syncline, en­ At the south-central edge of the Colorado Plateau, in trenched, and superposed itself through the volcanic the eastern Mogollon Rim of Arizona, mapping by T. and sedimentary rocks onto the hard Precambrian rocks. L. Finnell (Art. 143) has also demonstrated two periods Meanwhile, rapid degradation of the Mancos Shale in of fault movement. A vertical fault trends northward, the valleys of the North Fork of the Gunnison and the parallel to one of the dominant structural trends marked Uncompahgre River provided the main stem of the Gun­ by diabase dikes of Precambrian age. The first move­ nison with the steep gradient needed to cut its canyon ment displaced the Martin and Naco Limestones, re­ into the hard Precambrian core of the Gunnison uplift. spectively, of Devonian and Pennsylvanian age, as much The narrowest and most awesome parts of the canyon as 1,200 feet up on the west. The second movement ap­ are incised into granitic rocks that intruded the meta- pears to have displaced gravel and basalt of Tertiary or morphic complex. Quaternary age as much as 1,400 feet down on the west. In parts of the Colorado River system of Arizona The fault is probably a member of the Basin and Range and Utah, M. E. Cooley (Art. 18) has found that multi­ structure system that projects into the plateau from the ple periods of alluviation, erosion, and terracing record south. the geologic events of late Pleistocene and Recent time. Igneous rocks Although the amount and type of alluviation and ero­ In their study of the Ute Mountains of southwest sion vary from one locality to another, the alluvial- Colorado, E. B. Ekren and F. N. Houser have found in­ erosional sequence generally is similar and is recog­ trusive masses in the core of a large structural dome nizable in many drainge systems. apparently formed by the forceful injection of three G. G. Parker reports that in certain arid and semiarid stocks.. The alinement of the stocks appears to be con­ lands, piping is a major factor in the erosive process trolled by a north-northeast-trending zone of fractures and plays an important role in the shaping of minor which may reflect structure in the underlying Precam­ landf orms. Also, in some areas, it creates serious land- brian rocks. The igneous rocks rich in hornblende, stability problems. Piping, sometimes called natural range from gabbro to quartz monzonite. They may tunneling, is the development of subsurface drainage have formed as a result of differentiation during crys­ tubes in certain soils or in weakly consolidated shale and tal settling of a fused and partly fused hornblende silt. Runoff, instead of following surface channels to substratum. trunk streams, disappears into the soil through sink­ W. R. Hansen has mapped the Curecanti Granite of holes, commonly producing a miniature karst topog­ Precambrian age in the upper part of the Black Can­ raphy. An example of this is on the low hills of the yon of the Gunnison River, Colo. The pluton is dis­ Chinle Formation near Chinle and Cameron, Ariz., cordant, somewhat mushroom shaped, and about 3l/2 where the crowns of many hills are sieved with sink­ miles long and 2 miles wide. Undulatory but mainly holes into which surface water runs. Discharge is subhorizontal contacts of floor and roof cut across through wet-weather seeps and springs into surface steeply dipping foliation of the Precambrian meta- channels at or near the bases of the hills. Rodent holes, morphic wallrocks. An exposed thickness of 1,200 feet root holes, and deep cracks may start pipes in some of granite west of the center of the pluton suggests deep areas, but in general, pipes seem to develop without roots there. initial holes or cracks in the ground. Physiography Hydrologic problems in San Juan County, New Mexico W. R. Hansen has determined that the impressive Ground water of good quality is available only locally gorge of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River is the in San Juan County, N. Mex., according to F. D. Trau- result of several geologic events. Following the Lara- ger; although many geologic formations yield ground mide orogeny, when the Gunnison uplift was formed, water in small to large quantities, the water quality consequent streams flowed westward across the area generally ranges from poor to unusable for any pur­ from the Continental Divide. By about middle Ter­ pose. Most water used in the county, therefore, is tiary time, erosion had reduced the area to a nearly flat river water. plane, and streams flowed at random across the under­ The three greatest hydrologic problems are allevi­ lying structure. Volcanoes building up over the site of ation of waterlogging in irrigated areas, locating addi­ the West Elk Mountains crowded the drainage south­ tional potable ground water in areas distant from rivers, A40 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS and protection of both surface water and ground water away from fault zones transmissibility generally is less from contamination and pollution. Completion of the than 1,000 gpd per foot. Similarly, the specific capac­ Navajo Dam will provide additional surface water and ity of the 4 city wells ranged from 2.5 to 8.6 gpm per should solve some of the problems. foot of drawdown, whereas the specific capacity of Hydrogeology near Los Alamos, New Mexico nearly all wells in the area tapping unfractured Coconi­ Hydrogeologic data gathered and analyzed by R. L. no Sandstone is less than 1 gpn) per foot of drawdown. Griggs in the Los Alamos area, New Mexico, show that BASIN AND RANGE REGION wells drilled into the Santa Fe Group of Middle(?) Miocene to Pleistocene (?) age, yield about 500 gpm Geologic and geophysical investigations during fiscal (gallons per minute) with a specific capacity of 3 to 7 1962 have been concentrated in central and eastern gpm per foot of drawdown. Thus, several wells prop­ Nevada, western Utah, southeastern Arizona, and the erly spaced to minimize pumping interference can sup­ Death Valley-Mojave Desert area of California, and ply Los Alamos with adequate water 'for municipal some of the significant results are given below. Results use. of hydrologic investigations recently completed or in Much of the Los Alamos area is underlain by tufface- progress in these same States are also presented. Re­ ous rock identified as Bandelier Tuff. According to sults of additional studies are summarized on other Griggs, the tuff comprises the following members in a pages as follows: mineral deposits in sections beginning ascending order: (1) Guaje Member, an unconsolidated on pages Al and A5; floods, page A99; paleontology, deposit of pebble-sized pumice; (2) Otowi Member, a page A75; geomorpholgy, page A76; major crustal massive aggregate of poorly sorted, pumiceous, rhyolite- studies, page A84; evapotranspiration studies, pages tuff breccia; and (3) Tshirege Member, a cliff-forming A101 and A103; potassium-argon age determinations, welded rhyolite tuff. page A94; geological and hydrologic work at the Ne­ Erosion and sedimentation in northwestern New Mexico vada Test Site on page A105 and in the section begin­ ning on page A106; ground water at the Nevada Test D. E. Burkham, reporting on the results of a 10-year Site, page A110; and radioactive-waste disposal, page study of the hydrology of Cornfield Wash, in north­ western New Mexico, has discovered an apparent change A115. in the precipitation and runoff pattern for that part Structural geology Arizona of New Mexico beginning in 1955. Prior to that time, In the Klondyke quadrangle, F. S. Simons and D. B. most of the precipitation occurred as torrential down­ Brooks have mapped the Grand Reef fault, a large pours from thunderstorms of small areal extent. Since normal fault, extending along the west side of the Turn- 1955 most of the precipitation has occurred as small bull-Santa Teresa Mountains block but not delimiting showers or from frontal storms of large areal extent that block. Volcanic rocks of Late Cretaceous or early with low precipitation intensity. Tertiary age west of the fault are dropped down against The lowered intensity of precipitation after 1955 has rocks ranging in age from early Precambrian to Penn- changed the runoff pattern, and hence the erosion effects. sylvanian; the stratigraphic throw appears to be at The reduction in the ratio of seasonal runoff to pre­ least 1,300 feet. cipitation, after 1955, amounts to approximately 55 per­ Structural geology and geophysical studies Nevada cent. Analysis of long-term precipitation and runoff Mapping in the southern part of Esmeralda County, records suggests that a significant change in the ratio of by J. P. Albers, J. H. Stewart, and E. H. McKee has seasonal runoff to rainfall occurs at intervals of about revealed a prominent easterly structural trend marked 10 years. by elongate bodies of granitic rock, by folds associated Faulting and its relation to ground water in the FlagstafiF area, with these intrusive bodies, and by high-angle faults. Arizona The largest eastward-trending fault passes just north During an investigation for additional water sup­ of the village of Gold Point and has a stratigraphic plies for the city of Flagstaff, Ariz., J. P. Akers (Art. separation of at least 6,000 feet. 39) found that wells tapping fractured rocks of the Also from fieldwork by Albers and Stewart, in addi­ Coconino Sandstone in the vicinity of major faults tion to studies by H. C. Cornwall in Nye County, evi­ yield 10 to 50 times as much water as those tapping dence is growing that a strike-slip fault, originally similar rocks that are unfractured. Aquifer tests at recognized by H. G. Ferguson and S. W. Muller, ex­ the sites of four municipal (Flagstaff) wells indicate tends for about 150 miles from Soda Springs Valley that transmissibility, hence fracturing, increases toward southeastward across Clayton Valley, under Sarcobatus the fault zones. Transmissibility determined at the 4 Flat, and along the southwest margin of Bare Mountain. sites ranged from 5,000 to 50,000 gpd per foot, whereas The fault is believed to have a right-lateral slip of the BASIN AND RANGE REGION A41 order of 4 to 10 miles and to represent one of at least north of Water Canyon slicing along thrust faults has 3 subparallel structures that constitute major elements removed about 1,500 feet of the lower part of the Guil- of the Walker Lane. mette Formation. Further study by C. K. Longwell during late 1961 The East Range fault, Humboldt and Pershing Coun' of structural features adjacent to the Arrowhead fault ties, Nev., extends at least 2 miles farther northward in the Muddy Mountain area rules out a previously than previously mapped, according to Philip Cohen, favored concept that movement on that fault had an im­ (Art. 4). Evidence for the extension of the fault in­ portant strike-slip component. Kesults of the recent cludes alined springs, a localized ground-water mound, study confirm that the Muddy Mountain thrust is pres­ highly mineralized thermal water, hydrothermal alter­ ent north of the Arrowhead fault, though it is concealed ation of alluvium and consolidated rocks, and a buried there beneath the downthrown block of the faulted bedrock high. thrust plate (Art. 144). Offsets of extensive aeromagnetic and gravity anom­ G. A. Thompson and D. E. White report that in the alies are being used by I). R. Mabey to infer the Basin and Range province near and south of Reno the amount and direction of lateral movement along some ranges were formed by a combination of warping and major faults and fault zones in the Basin and Range block faulting, starting in Pliocene time. Extensive province. Lateral displacement of 3 miles along a fault volcanism was concentrated largely in the ranges, and in central Nevada has been inferred on the basis of mag­ uplift and volcanism may be genetically related. netic anomalies. An apparent offset of gravity anoma­ R. E. Wallace and N. J. Silberling have determined lies is consistent with the postulated 40-mile displace­ that the complex structure in the Antelope Springs or ment along the Garlock fault based on geologic Pershing area at the southern end of the Humboldt evidence. Range is a large fan fold at least 5 miles across and 6 A regional Bouguer-anomaly map of Nevada was miles long and having flanks overturned both northeast compiled at a scale of 1:500,000 using U.S. Geological and southwest. The structure involves beds of lower Survey data. The map has a 10-milligal contour inter­ Jurassic age and is cut by diorite of possible Late Juras­ val and will be used as part of the gravity map of the sic or Early Cretaceous age. United States now in preparation. Parts of the map Ha-rold Masursky has recognized that the areal dis­ are generalized from larger scale maps prepared by tribution of Tertiary rocks in the Cortez and Shoshone M. F. Kane, D. L. Healey and D. R. Mabey. The Ranges of central Nevada indicates a shift in the high- larger local anomalies are produced by the density con­ angle or basin-range fault pattern from east-west in trast between the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Oligocene time, to N. 20° W. in Miocene and Pliocene Cenozoic age and the more dense older rocks. The time, to north-south and N. 50° E. in Pliocene and more extensive anomalies are related to regional Pleistocene time. topography. From his work in the Schell Creek Range, Harald Drewes believes that part of the complexity of the Structural geology Utah and Idaho thrust faults in eastern Nevada is a result of over­ W. J. Carr and D. E. Trimble have recognized an lapping of several types of faults: huge slumps, low- east-dipping thrust zone in the American Falls-Poca- angle normal faults, bedding-plane thrust faults, and, tello area of Idaho that they believe may extend south­ locally, high-angle normal faults. The apparently con­ ward to join the Willard thrust of northern Utah. flicting interpretations of direction, age, and genesis of This thrust zone is the western margin of a belt of older movement show promise of resolution with careful sep­ rocks bounded on the east by the Bannock thrust zone. aration of these structural types. Article 1 discusses The Oquirrh Formation in the northern Oquirrh the stratigraphic and structural controls in the Taylor Mountains, Utah, differs markedly from the section of mining district in the Schell Creek Range. equivalent age span in the central and southern parts of Geologic mapping by A. L. Brokaw in the Egan the range, according to E. W. Tooker and R. J. Roberts. Range south of Ely reveals that the structure of Ward The sections are separated by the North Oquirrh thrust. Mountain consists of a pair of major folds, trending North of the thrust the Oquirrh Formation aggregates northwest and overturned to the east. The fold belt is about 10,100 feet in thickness and has been divided into truncated at both ends by faults. The structural pat­ 6 units ranging in age from possible Late Mississippian tern suggests a relation to large-scale thrust faulting, to Early Permian, althoug'h no fossils of Late Penn- but faults of this type have not yet been recognized sylvanian age have been recognized. In contrast, the within this block. Northwest and west of Ward Moun­ stratigraphic section south of the thrust contains faunas tain, however, Mississippian to Permian rocks are representative of all the stages in the Pennsylvanian thrust over rocks of Devonian to Permian age, and and Early Permian, and is more than 24,000 feet thick. A42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS A map of the Boulter Peak quadrangle, Utah, by Calif., and Spring Mountains, Nev., to about 1,000 feet A. E. Disbrow (1961) shows that a right-lateral strike- at Bare Mountain, Nev. Farther northwest in south­ slip fault trending northeast offsets the axis of the north ern Esmeralda County, beds possibly representing the Tintic anticline at least 4,000 feet. Zabriskie are less than 100 feet thick, and the forma­ Stratigraphy Arizona tion is not recognizable in the central part of the Mapping by P. M. Blacet in the Mt. Union quad­ county. Beds previously reported 38 to be the trilobite- rangle revealed a foliated quartz diorite unconformably bearing Johnnie Formation are now believed by below the Texas Gulch Formation of the Yavapai Palmer and Stewart to belong to the Wood Canyon Series. This is the first known occurrence of a plutonic Formation. rock older than the Yavapai Series and calls for a reap­ R. J. Ross, Jr., has made studies of laterally chang­ praisal of the early Precambrian history of the ing Ordovician faunas just below the Eureka Quartzite Southwest. across southern Nevada. On the east, the unfossilif- A. F. Shride and Madora Krieger have concluded erous Eureka Quartzite rests on the Anomalorthis zone that the Cambrian rocks in the region between the Holy (Whiterock Stage), whereas to the west presumably Joe Peak quadrangle and the Globe-Superior area con­ younger faunal elements of the Manner and Ashby sist of the lower units of the Abrigo Formation and Stages occupy this interval. Either the strata immedi­ locally of the underlying Bolsa Quartzite. ately under the Eureka become progressively younger In the Whetstone Mountains, S. C. Creasey has rec­ toward the west, or the observed faunal differences are ognized about 25 feet of relief on the surface of the partly a function of lateral facies change rather than unconformity separating the Abrigo Formation and one of age. the Martin Limestone, in decided contrast to the unus­ Research on Great Basin fusulinid Foraminifera by ual stability displayed during this part of geologic time R. C. Douglass has been concentrated on rocks on Penn- in the Dragoon Mountains 20 miles to the east. sylvanian age. A preliminary study of fusulinids In the southeastern part of the Canelo Hills in south­ from the Egan Range, Nev., indicates possible occur­ eastern Arizona, several lenses of upper Paleozoic sedi­ rence of Late Pennsylvanian strata in the Ely Lime­ mentary rocks crop out in a terrane of silicic volcanic stone east of Lund. Species of Triticites found below rocks of probably Tertiary age. These lenses are the chert-pebble conglomerate at the base of the Riepe believed by F. S. Simons to be slabs that were trans­ Spring Limestone 39 seemingly bridge the reported ported on or within flows of silicic lava. The lenses unconformity between Middle Pennsylvanian and consist mainly of carbonate rocks with subordinate Permian. quartzite and are up to 1,300 feet in greatest dimension. Geologic mapping by D. H. Whitebread shows that In mapping the Superior quadrangle, D. W. Peter- the Pioche Shale is exposed for a strike length of about son has divided rocks previously considered to be "Cam­ 10 miles in the northern half of the Garrison quadrangle, brian Troy Quartzite" into Precambrian Troy Quartz­ Nevada. The "Wheeler Limestone" unit of the Pioche, ite and quartzites of Cambrian age in accord with the which is the host rock for beryllium minerals in the concepts of M. H. Krieger. Mount Wheeler mine, averages 8 to 12 feet in thickness J. R. "Cooper has shown that the volcanic pile of the in this area. Sierrita Mountains was formed at essentially the same Comparison by Harold Masursky of the Upper time as the volcanic pile of the Cerro Colorado but was Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian carbonate rocks derived from a different center of eruption. in the Cortez and Horse Creek Valley quadrangles, Nevada, with the standard section at Eureka, Nev., in­ Stratigraphy Nevada and California dicates a change from 75 percent dolomite at Eureka to* Precambrian and Cambrian rocks of Esmeralda less than 5 percent dolomite at Cortez. This facies County, Nev., at least 13,000 feet thick and lying in a change indicates that the 200-mile-wide zone of shelf structurally conformable sequence, have been described dolomites of eastern Nevada gives way to deeper water by J. P. Albers and J. H. Stewart (Art. 126). At least limestones within 30 miles. 3,600 feet of the sequence is of Precambrian age, 7,500 N. J. Silberling in collaboration with D. B. Tatlock feet is of Early Cambrian age, and 1,900 feet is of has discovered new fossil occurrences in western Persh- Middle and Late Cambrian age. 87 Hazzard, J. C., 1937, Paleozoic section In the Nopah and Resting Fieldwork by A. R. Palmer and J. H. Stewart in Springs Mountains, Inyo County, California: California Jour. Mines and southern Nevada and southeastern California shows Geology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 273-339. 88 U.S. Geol. Survey, 1960, Synopsis of geologic results: U.S. Geol. that the Zabriskie Quartzite of Hazzard 37 is a region­ Survey Prof. Paper 400-A, p. A40. ally distributed formational unit varying strikingly in 88 Steel, Grant, 1960, Pennsylvanian-Permlan stratigraphy of east- central Nevada and adjacent Utah: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum thickness from less than 100 feet in the Nopah Range, Geologists Guidebook, llth Ann. Field Conf., p. 93 (chart 1), p. 102. BASIN AND RANGE REGION A43 ing County, Nev., that indicate an early Mesozoic age considerably less than that reported in the northern for previously undated metasedimentary rocks sporad­ part of the Pancake and Grant Ranges or in the Eureka ically distributed over an area of 2,500 square miles. and Hamilton mining districts. Tatlock also has tentatively correlated a metavolcanic J. H. 'Stewart (Art. 79) finds that in areas in the sequence at the north end of the Selenite Kange with southern Diamond Mountains and in the northern Pan­ similar rocks at Black Kock known to be of late Early cake Range, White Pine County, Nev., the Chainman Permian age. and Diamond Peak Formations consist of several thous­ Near Winnemucca, Nev., five lithologic units of Lake and feet of siltstone and minor amounts of sandstone, Lahontan age are recognized by Philip Cohen (Art. conglomerate and silty limestone, divisible into several 81) in the Humboldt River valley the lower silt and major lithologic units. Thick pale-yellowish-brown clay, alluvium, the medial gravel, the upper silt and sandstone beds are a distinctive part of the formation in clay, and gravel-bar deposits. The lower silt and clay the areas studied. unit was deposited in an early deep-lake stage. The Examination by C. R. Longwell of the sedimentary alluvium and the medial gravel units were deposited section exposed in Frenchman Mountain, Las Vegas largely by streams during a period of desiccation, and and Henderson quadrangles, Nevada, confirms the con­ the upper silt and clay and gravel-bar units were de­ clusion that no identifiable rocks of Ordovician age are posited during a second and final deep-lake stage. in that structural block. Only 6 miles to the north, Recent stratigraphic studies by N. J. Silberling in across the course of the Las Vegas shear zone, an ex­ the Humboldt Range, Nev., demonstrate marked lateral posed but incomplete section dated as Ordovician repre­ variation in the composition of the Star Peak Group, sents the Pogonip Group, the Eureka Quartzite, and the which includes the Prida and Natchez Pass Formations Ely Spring Dolomite. of Middle and early Late Triassic age. The upper Discovery by D. C. Ross of Lower Ordovician grap- part of the Prida Formation thickens from south to tolites (identified by R. J. Ross, Jr) in the Indepen­ north at the expense of the overlying Natchez Pass dence quadrangle, California, marks the first recogni­ Formation. During latest Middle and earliest Late tion of Lower Ordovician strata in the Inyo Mountains, Triassic time, when shallow-water carbonate rock was and helps to bridge a gap previously believed unfossili- being deposited at the site of the southern Humboldt ferous in the geologic column of the Inyo Mountains. Range, deeper water limestone was still accumulating Geologic mapping in the Blanco Mountain quad­ to the north. This and other stratigraphic evidence rangle, California, by C. A. Nelson has resulted in rec­ augments the paleogeographic interpretation of shore­ ognition of rocks of the Middle and Upper Cambrian ward deposition toward the southeast and offshore Emigrant Formation in this part of the Inyo Moun­ deposition toward the northwest during Middle and tains. Late Triassic time in northwestern Nevada. Stratigraphy and structural geology New Mexico Continued mapping, fossil collecting, and paleon- Studies by G. O. Bachman show that Pennsylvanian tologic study by C. W. Merriam indicate that the prob­ rocks that are probably equivalent to rocks of Missouri lematic vanadium-bearing shales and sandstones of the age in the midcontinent region (zone of Triticites Cockalorum Wash quadrangle, Nevada, are of Devon­ ohioensis and T. irregularis) may attain a total thick­ ian age and, in part, possibly Early Mississippian. ness of more than 600 feet in local areas in the extreme These vanadium-bearing rocks are in fault contact with southern part of the Oscura Mountains. This is un­ Middle and Late Devonian dolomite and limestone of usually thick for rocks of this age in southern New the Nevada and Devils Gate Formations. Mexico with the exception of the Sacramento Moun­ Geologic mapping in the Carlin quadrangle, Nevada, tains, where similar thicknesses have been reported by by J. F. Smith, Jr., and K. B. Ketner, disclosed a shale facies of Late Mississippian age that contains well- other workers. preserved ostracodes. Preliminary study of the ostra- At the southern end of the San Andres Mountains, codes by I. G. Sohn indicates that the lower part of this Bachman also has discovered, high-angle east-trending section is of Meramec equivalent and the upper part reverse faults which may have broken through the sur­ is of Chester equivalent. face locally and shed landslide blocks. Geologic mapping in the Pancake Range, northern Igneous rocks Moj ave Desert Nye County, Nev., by F. J. Kleinhampl has revealed Geologic mapping of the Ord Mountains in the south- that the Pilot Shale of Devonian and Mississippian central part of the Mojave Desert region in California age extends into the central part of the range. There by T. W. Diblee, Jr., has revealed quartz monzonite the Pilot appears to be represented by only about 5 to of Mesozoic age that has intruded gneiss of Precam- 15 feet of calcareous to siliceous shale and siltstone, brian(?) age and associated hornblendite. Andesitic A44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS or latitic porphyry dikes of Mesozoic age intruded this Formation of Winfrey,40 have been mapped on both complex; and on East Ord Mountain rocks of andesitic sides of the range and within the range. The distribu­ or latitic composition, including breccia and devitri- tion of these patches suggests that before faulting and fied obsidian, appear to form a large plug. subsequent erosion the beds covered the area now occu­ pied by the mountain mass. Cenozoic rocks and history In the Holy Joe Peak quadrangle, Arizona, Madora Reconnaissance mapping by G. W. Walker and C. A. Krieger has divided the rocks of Miocene (?) to Pleisto­ Repenning in Lake and Harney Counties, Oreg., as cene ( ?) age into 14 units including basaltic or andesitic well as preliminary study of fossil vertebrates from flows; silicic ash flows composed of welded and non- several new localities, has established a Miocene and welded tuffs; rhyolitic flows, tuffs, and plugs; and older age for volcanic and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks interbedded sedimentary rocks. exposed in Steens Mountain and the Pueblo Mountains. Study of the Cenozoic history of the Duncan-Clifton In recent years, these rocks have been considered Plio­ and Gila-San Simon Basins, Ariz., by R. B. Morrison cene in age. Also, several fossil mammals new to the has shown that in pre-Gila River time there was a long Miocene of Oregon were found. relatively arid interval followed by a shorter wet inter­ Interpretation by W. T. Kinoshita and W. E. Davis val, probably coeval with a major Pleistocene glacia­ of gravity data across the valley west of Lakeview, tion, when lakes rose several hundred feet in each basin. Oreg., indicates that the basin fill is about 9,000 feet The lakes probably overflowed the basin divides and thick in the eastern part of the valley, and that a hidden initiated this portion of the Gila River at this time. north-trending fault zone lies along the east side. E. S. Davidson reports that basin parameters in the Preliminary study by D. M. Lemmon of hydrother- Safford Basin, Ariz., were formed by erosion preceding mal alteration of Tertiary volcanic rocks south of and contemporaneous with block faulting and that both Squaw Pass in the Frisco quadrangle, San Francisco erosion and faulting were major contributors to basin district, Utah, indicates that the principal products in development. Post-block-faulting drainage in the the areas studied are quartz and kaolinite; alunite is Safford Basin was largely interior from late Tertiary present in the bleached areas about White Mountain, or early Pleistocene to middle Pleistocene time and re­ and cristobalite occurs southwest of White Mountain. sulted in deep accumulations of sediment in the basin. Anomalous Foraminifera in Cenozoic strata of the Lithofacies mapping of these sediments shows that Mojave and Colorado Deserts have been investigated gravels deposited on alluvial fans should not be ex­ by Patsy Smith. Outcrop and well samples from lo­ pected to coalesce along entire mountain fronts, as calities along the Colorado River and adjacent dry formerly thought. Regional uplift, tilting, and accom­ lakes reveal the presence of Foraminifera characteristic panying minor faulting began province-wide erosion of lagoonal or estuarine environments. Some of these and development of through drainage which persists fine-grained foram-bearing sediments have been traced to this day. laterally into subaerial fanglomerates. In the Cibola area of southwestern Arizona, D. G. Study of glaciation features in Little Cottonwood Metzger has found that degradation by a through- and Bells Canyons, Utah, by G. M. Richmond suggests flowing stream probably the Colorado during Plio­ that the west front of the Wasatch Mountains was up­ cene (?) time dissected earlier basin deposits. Ag­ lifted more than 6,000 feet relative to the adjacent gradation by the Colorado River during the early Great Salt Lake basin in Pleistocene time. Deposits Pleistocene, or perhaps starting in the Pliocene, resulted of 2 middle Pleistocene glaciations were recognized and in an accumulation of deposits to at least 900 feet above moraines of 2 late Pleistocene glaciations are present in the present sea level. Later in the Pleistocene, degra­ the canyons. Outwash deposits of the two sets of dation by the Colorado River removed much of the moraines (early and late stages of Bull Lake Glacia­ material. Smaller scale degradation and aggradation tion) at the mouths of Little Cottonwood and Bells along the flood plain resulted in the present flood-plain Canyons intertongue with and are overlapped by de­ topography. posits of the two high stands of Lake Bonneville (Al­ A series of climate-controlled late Quaternary lakes pine and Bonneville Formations). in Searles Valley, Calif., dried up to form layers of A. L. Brokaw reports that the distribution of Terti­ economically recoverable salines. Mapping by G. I. ary sedimentary rocks in the Ely quadrangle, Nevada, Smith (Art. 82) of the laterally equivalent sediments indicates that the Sheep Pass (Eocene) basin of deposi­ tion may have been more extensive than shown by «Winfrey, W. M., Jr., 1958, Stratigraphy, correlation, and oil poten­ other workers in the area. Scattered patches of rocks, tial of the Sheep Pass Formation, east-central Nevada: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Rocky Mtn. Sec. Geol. Record, 8th Ann. Meeting, lithologically and faunally similar to the Sheep Pass p. 77-82. BASIN AND RANGE .REOION A45 exposed around the edges of the valley indicate several able distance. The lower member in general is firmly fluctuations of the larger lakes that are not evident in consolidated and locally is much deformed; the middle the subsurface record. The distribution of exposed de­ member is poorly consolidated and in general is only posits supports the inference that the lake has not over­ slightly deformed; and the upper member is uncon- flowed the basin since early Wisconsin time. solidated and undeformed. The thickness of the lower In the Imperial Valley of southeastern California, and middle members is measured in hundreds and per­ J. H. Robison has found geomorphic evidence of shore­ haps thousands, of feet, whereas the upper member lines of possible marine origin at 140 to 160 feet above generally is only tens of feet thick. sea level. The body of water associated with these Ground water in pre-Tertiary rocks shorelines would antedate Lake Cahuilla, of probable late Pleistocene to Recent age, whose shorelines lie 30 to S. L. Schoff and I. J. Winograd (1961,1962, and Art. 40 feet above sea level. 105) concluded from a study of records of core holes at the Nevada Test Site that the carbonate rocks of Paleo­ Hydrogeology of basins zoic .age are not necessarily barriers to the movement of Hydrologic studies in the Las Vegas, Nev., ground- ground water, as previously had been implied. Rather, water basin recently completed by G. T. Malmberg fractures in these rocks, where saturated, may be capa­ (1961) indicate about 38,000 acre-feet of recharge to ble of yielding substantial quantities of water to wells the ground-water reservoir from all sources in 1961. finished in them. The estimated ground-water discharge from wells in The Madera Limestone of the Magdalena Group of 1961 was about 45,000 acre-feet and evapotranspiration Pennsylvania age, which is the only important aquifer losses from ground water were about 23,000 acre-feet for in the Manzano Mountains, N. Mex., has a maximum a total of about 68,000 acre-feet, or almost twice the rate yield of a few tens of gallons per minute, according to of replenishment to the ground-water reservoir. With­ studies by F. B. Titus, Jr. Numerous dry holes have drawals have lowered water levels as much as 100 feet, been drilled into the Madera in the eastern part of the and the decline in head has resulted in a cessation of Manzano Mountains. Data are being collected that will flow from most artesian wells and springs. Reduction allow outlining the area in which production from the of artesian pressure due to withdrawal of artesian water Madera is not reliable. In the Sandia Mountains the has resulted in some land subsidence. Madera is important as an aquifer only in the northern Investigations by R. L. Mower show that artesian and extreme southeastern parts. Elsewhere in the San- heads in Pavant Valley, Millard County, Utah, declined dias the following formations all yield water locally to 3 to 35 feet during the period 1950-60, owing to in­ wells: the Abo Formation, Glorieta Sandstone, and San creased use of ground water for irrigation and below- Andres Limestone of Permian age; the Santa Rosa normal precipitation. In 1960 about 67,000 acre-feet of Sandstone and Chinle Formation of Triassic age; the ground water was discharged through wells. The larg­ Entrada Sandstone and Moriison Formation of Juras­ est withdrawal was in the Flowell area, where a large sic age; and the Dakota Sandstone, Mancos Shale, and cone of depression has formed in the piezometric Mesaverde Formation of Cretaceous age. surface. Smaller cones of depression have formed in the McCornic, Greenwood, and Kanosh areas, where Interbasin movement of ground water withdrawals of ground water are smaller. The pie­ G. W. Sandberg reports that recent investigations zometric surface and water table declined about 3 to 5 of ground water in five basins of southwestern Utah feet in the areas between the cones of depression owing indicate that the basins are connected hydraulically to below-normal precipitation. even though each is separated geologically. Water- On the basis of ground-water studies in Grant level contours of a composite area made up of the five County, N. Mex., F. D. Trauger reports that the Gila basins and connecting areas indicate that ground water Conglomerate of Quaternary and Tertiary age, bolson moves from the high basins Parowan Valley, the fill of Quaternary age, and stream-valley alluvium of Beryl-Enterprise district, Cedar City Valey, and Beaver Recent age furnish the principal ground water for do­ Valley thence converging on the basin of lowest al­ mestic, stock, municipal supply, industrial supply, and titude, the Milford district, which is located north and irrigation use in the county. west of the others. Water-level contours also indicate The sequence of rocks commonly referred to as the that some water is moving out of the lowest basin. Gila Conglomerate in Grant County can be divided into Water levels are declining appreciably only where there three members. These members can be distinguished is considerable pumping. Unpumped areas cover locally in outcrops and in well cuttings, but they cannot nearly as much land as do pumped areas and represent be easily mapped at the land surface over any appreci­ sites of possible new development. A46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS I. J. Winograd (1962a, b, and Art. 104) has shown reported elsewhere in this chapter as follows: uranium that ground water in alluvium and tuff beneath Yucca deposits, page A9; paleontology, page A75; gravity Flat, Nev., is semiperched above thick, nearly imper­ studies, page A85; and radioactive waste disposal, page meable, zeolitized tuff. The water moves away first by A114. drainage downward through the tuff into underlying Gravity studies in Oregon and Idaho carbonate rocks. Presumably it then moves laterally A study by W. T. Kinoshita of gravity data in Bear out of the Yucca Flat area through the carbonate rocks. Valley north of Seneca, Oreg., suggests that the valley Hydrogeochemistry is bounded by faults of an east-trending graben about A. M. Diaz reports that investigations in the Great 4,000 feet deep. Salt Lake basin establish that during the 1960 water A reconnaissance geologic map of the west-central year, almost 2 million tons of salt was contributed to Snake River Plain, Idaho, recently completed by H. E. Great Salt Lake by streams, springs, and drains carry­ Malde, C. H. Marshall, and H. A. Powers, shows a close ing industrial and municipal waste. Although the relation between geologic structure and the gravity dis­ runoff in the basin was below normal for 1960, the pres­ tribution as reported by D. P. Hill and others (1961). ent findings are about twice the magnitude of estimates The principal structural feature is a northwest-trend­ of past hydrologic investigations. ing graben about 30 miles broad, bounded on the north Philip Cohen (Art. 114) reports that bleached rocks and south by volcanic highlands of early Pliocene age. are the source of practically all of the sulf ate in most of Within this structural depression, the contours that the ground water of the Truckee Meadows area in the outline several elongated areas of high gravity are vicinity of Reno, Nev. The sulf ate content of the water nearly parallel to faults that give shape to the moun­ of the area tends to decrease with increasing distance tain fronts. One "gravity high southwest of the Bru- from the areas of bleached rock. neau Valley matches a niche defined by the faulted out­ Studies in Tooele Valley, Utah, by J. S. Gates show line of the lower Pliocene volcanic rocks, although the that a well-defined 1- to 5-mile-wide tongue of ground surface rocks in the niche are low gravity sedimentary water of relatively low mineral content extends from rocks of middle Pliocene age. These relations seem to the southwest corner of the valley to about 3 miles from demonstrate that the gravity highs and the graben were Great Salt Lake. A similar but less well-defined formed simultaneously, mainly before middle Pliocene tongue of ground water extends from the southeast cor­ time. The regional geology suggests that the concealed ner of the valley to within about 2 miles of the lake. heavy rocks causing the gravity hights are more plau­ These tongues of ground water are bounded by water sibly explained as fissure fillings by material injected of greater mineral content and probably occur in per­ from the mantle rather than as down-faulted lava flows. meable stream-channel deposits. It has also been dis­ Structural and stratigraphic studies in Oregon and Idaho covered (Art. 142) that a northwest-trending fault di­ Late Cenozoic normal faults in western Idaho and vides the Erda ground-water district of northeastern northeastern Oregon are controlled by the character Tooele Valley into hydraulically separate areas. of pre-Mesozoic rock complexes, according to a study Estimating porosity from specific gravity by W. B. Hamilton. The massive Idaho batholith is Oohen (Art. 15) reports that the porosity of samples little deformed, whereas its western border zone of of the flood-plain deposits of the Humboldt River val­ schist and gneiss is broken by many normal faults that ley near Winnemucca, Nev., can be estimated from the are mostly semiconcordant to the general northerly dry unit weight of the samples within about ± 1.5 per­ strike and eastward dip of the older rocks. West of cent if the average absolute specific gravity of the sam­ this belt is the Columbia Plateau province of irregular ples is known. The relation between these parameters anticlinal uplifts and northwest-trending normal faults may prove useful in future studies for estimating that are superimposed across a complex of east- to porosity. northeast-trending relatively incompetent low-grade metamorphic rocks intruded by small plutons of Late Jurassic(?) age. Detailed mapping by T. P. Thayer and C. E. Brown Structural and stratigraphic studies continue in the showed that Ironside Mountain, 45 miles east of John John Day area of Oregon and the Snake River Plains Day, Oreg., is a 3- by 6-mile fault block of complexly of southern Idaho. Considerable progress has been folded basaltic to rhyolitic lavas of Lower Tertiary age made in the continuing studies of the availability and dropped down into impermeable foliated sedimentary quality of ground water in parts of Washington, Idaho, and metavolcanic rocks of Jurassic and Triassic age. and Oregon. Results of other studies in this area are The block of Tertiary lavas constitutes a potentially COLUMBIA PLATEAU AND .SNAKE RIVER PLAINS REGION A47 important ground water reservoir. The Ironside Moun­ that water levels have declined 5 to 100 feet during the tain boundary fault is believed to be pre-middle Mio­ past 7 years (1954 to 1961) because of pumping ground cene in age, and unrelated to Pliocene and Pleistocene water to irrigate about 25,000 acres. Water levels have faulting that raised a larger structural mass of which declined moderately in basalt; the largest declines have Ironside Mountain is a part. been in aquifers in silicic volcanic rocks. A reconnaissance field and petrologic study of the The basalt in central Twin Falls County, Idaho, large Island Park caldera in the northeastern Snake yields much smaller quantities of ground water to irri­ River Plain was made by W. B. Hamilton. A circular gation wells than the basalt in the main part of the mass 18 miles in diameter was dropped during late Snake River Plain. E. G. Crosthwaite concludes that Pleistocene time from the center of a shield volcano of only a limited amount of a sizable arable acreage can rhyolite tuff, and the collapsed area was flooded by be irrigated with contiguous ground water, and that intercalated rhyolite and basalt erupted from vents water from other sources or areas will have to be im­ interspersed within the caldera. The eruptive pattern ported for extensive agricultural development. and sequence show that basalt and rhyolite magmas Birch Creek, in a basin tributary to the Snake River were present simultaneously within the large magma Plain along its north flank, is a stream with a remark­ chamber beneath the caldera. ably uniform discharge that rises from a group of According to I. G. Sohn, the abundant silicified ostra- springs behind a hydrologic barrier about midway be­ codes in the Permian Coyote Butte Formation of east­ tween the head and mouth of the basin. Studies by ern Oregon belong to species of Leonard age. M. J. Mundorff indicate a large storage capacity in the Volcanic ash in local surficial and terrace deposits aquifer. Pumping from storage behind the barrier in the John Day area of Oregon is attributed by Ray would reduce natural outflow to some extent, but the Wilcox and Howard Powers to the great Mazama erup­ total amount of water available during the irrigation tion of Crater Lake, generally regarded on the basis of season could be increased twofold or threefold by this radiocarbon dating as having occurred about 6,500 years means. ago. These particular Recent ash deposits in the John Results of studies of the hydrology of radioactive- Day region match the known Mazama material of the waste disposal at the National Reactor Testing Station, Crater Lake area in chemical, spectrographic, and opti­ Idaho, by P. H. Jones show that the local direction of cal properties of the glass as well as in optical proper­ ground-water flow is more closely related to the geom­ ties of phenocrysts. The Mazama material has been etry (thickness and areal continuity) of the aquifer compared with material of other Recent source vents system in the Snake River Group than to the regional in the Pacific Northwest and found to differ sufficiently hydraulic gradient. to enable its recognition even at distant localities in P. R. Stevens reports that ground water is the chief Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada, where lo­ source of water for irrigation of more than 60,000 acres cally it provides a convenient marker horizon for dating in the Mud Lake basin in the northeastern part of the rgeomorphic and archeological events. Snake River Plain. The annual withdrawal from 200 Ground water in basalts of Washington and Idaho wells exceeds 300,000 acre-feet annually. The average At least six stratigraphically distinct units have been yield of wells is about 4,500 gpm, and specific capaci­ distinguished in the Yakima Basalt of central Wash­ ties average about 1,500 gpm per foot of drawdown. ington by M. T. Grolier and J. W. Bingham. The Pumping has caused a net decline in the water level of major aquifers in the area are permeable zones at and 5 or 6 tenths of a foot a year since 1955. adjacent to the contacts between these units. That large amounts of ground water can be obtained Rapid expansion of ground-water use for irrigation from gravel and basalt aquifers underlying the eastern in eastern Idaho during the past decade has caused a end of the Snake River Plain from St. Anthony south- water-level decline of 1 to 15 feet in the basalt aquifer westward to the Snake River is shown by an investiga­ of the Snake River Plain. M. J. Mundorff estimates tion in that area by M. J. Mundorff. Withdrawals that in 1961, an area of about 720,000 acres was irri­ gated with about 2,300,000 acre-feet of ground water. from the regional aquifer probably will not affect water Natural discharge from the aquifer has declined only levels in overlying perched aquifers, and hence will not slightly because of the very large volume of water in interfere with return flow to Henrys Fork and Snake storage and the distance from pumped areas to dis­ River. Large withdrawals, however, would eventually charge areas. reduce inflow to American Falls Reservoir, 60 to 70 Information collected by E. G. Crosthwaite in the miles downgradient, where the regional aquifer dis­ Artesian City area east of Twin Falls, Idaho, shows charges nearly 2 million acre-feet of water annually. A48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

PACIFIC COAST REGION Coast Range and the Tertiary and Quaternary conti­ nental volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range; to the south Some of the recent findings of geologic, geophysical, both marine and continental rocks overlap Mesozoic and hydrologic investigations in parts of California, and Paleozoic metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the Oregon, and Washington are summarized below. Ad­ Klamath Mountains. The northeast structural grain ditional information of a more topical nature is pre­ of the rocks in the Klamath Mountains is reflected in sented on other pages as follows: mineral deposits, the trend of folds and faults in Tertiary rocks in the page A2; oil and coal, page A10; water resources, Ta- western Cascade Range and in the Coast Range south coma, Wash., page A12; paleontology, page A74; geo- of Tillamook; however, structures trend predominantly morphology, page A77; glaciers and glacial hydrology, north to northwest in northwestern Oregon and east of page A78; glacial geology, page A79; major crustal the crest of the Cascade Range. studies, page A84; potassium-argon age determinations, Interpretation by P. D. Snavely, Jr., of 40 chemical page A94; aquifer compaction, page A102; engineering analyses of basalt from three Tertiary volcanic se­ geology, page A104; and subsidence, page A105. quences of different age in the Coast Range indicates Geologic studies in Washington that these rocks are distinct chemically as well as pet- Stratigraphic studies southeast of Seattle by J. D. rographically. Basalt of the Siletz River Volcanic Vine and H. D. Gower indicate that nearly 6,000 feet Series of early Eocene age contains less SiO2 (average of coal-bearing strata in the Eocene Puget Group south 48 percent on a water-free basis) and more MgO (aver­ of the Cedar Eiver correlate with 14,000 feet of strata age 6.7 percent) and CaO (average 11.4 percent) than north of the river, which contain abundant clastic vol­ younger basalts. The andesine basalt of the Nestucca canic material. This northern sequence includes a Formation of late Eocene age contains more A12O3 wedge of marine rocks, as much as 3,000 feet thick, at (average about 17 percent) than rocks of the other the base of the exposed section. The volcanic-rich sequences. The middle Miocene tholeiitic basalt at northern facies was deposited in a rapidly subsiding Government Point is chemically and petrographically trough whose southern margin is located near the pres­ similar to the Yakima Basalt east of the Cascade Range. ent Cedar Eiver. A plot of the analyses shows that the magmas of early D. F. Crowder and R. W. Tabor find that the impos­ and middle Miocene age evolved along the trend of the ing Glacier Peak volcanic cone in the northern Cascade Hawaiian tholeiitic basalt series, but the older magma Mountains consists of only 3,000 feet of Pliocene and progressed much further in differentiation. Quaternary lavas; these cap a ridge of basement rocks Aeromagnetic and gravity studies show pronounced that is 7,000 feet high. The youngest flows from the magnetic anomalies and a broad gravity high near the ancient volcano partially fill glacial valleys cut in older Oregon coast between Waldport and Haceta Head lavas and basement rocks. (Bromery 1962). Although this anomalous area coin­ In central Pierce County geologic mapping and ex­ cides in part with the areal outcrop of upper Eocene amination of well logs by K. L. Walters and G. E. volcanic rocks, the total thickness of these flows ranges Kimmel have revealed that lacustrine and fluviatile only from 1,500 to 2,000 feet and could not be respon­ Tertiary Sediments that formerly were believed to be sible for the geophysical anomalies. The anomalous somewhat restricted in areal occurrence were found to area possibly represents a structural high of rocks of the be relatively extensive. Fossil plants collected from Siletz River Volcanic Series of early Eocene age, al­ several localities were identified by J. A. Wolf e as being though this hypothesis is not supported by geologic late-middle to late Miocene. The flora from one of the evidence. Further analysis of gravity data indicates Pierce County localities is correlative with a flora found that the middle(?) to upper Eocene sedimentary and in the Wilkes Formation of the Toledo-Castle Rock volcanic rocks and Oligocene strata attain a thickness area. A nonglacial unit has been found to occur be­ of approximately 10,000 feet in the central part of the tween Vashon Drift and Salmon Springs Drift in the Nehalem River basin, and the post-Tillamook sequence is over 20,000 feet thick in the central part of the southern Puget Sound lowland. Radiocarbon dating Tualatin Basin. suggests that this unit was deposited between 28,000 and 37,000 years ago. Geology of Klamath Mountains, Cascade Range, Coast Ranges, and coastal area of California Geologic and geophysical studies in Oregon In the Condrey Mountain quadrangle, Siskiyou The geologic map of Oregon west of the 121st merid­ County, P. E. Hotz has mapped an eastward-dipping ian (F. G. Wells and D. L. Peck, 1961) shows the inter­ high-angle reverse fault that separates quartz-mica relations of the thick marine Tertiary sequence of the schist of the pre-Silurian Abrams Mica Schist from a PACIFIC COAST REGION A49 younger sequence of amphibolite, quartzite, and marble. Geologic and geophysical studies in the Sierra Nevada A few occurrences of cinnabar near the fault suggest In the canyon of the North Fork of the American that it guided the flow of mercury-bearing solutions Eiver, graywacke and slate of probable Silurian age and therefore warrants the attention of prospectors. are overlain with pronounced angular unconformity by W. P. Irwin and P. W. Lipman (Art. 67) report strata of Mesozoic age (L. D. Clark and others, Art. that an extensive subhorizontal sheet of ultramafic 6). The older beds were complexly folded, regionally rocks of Late Jurassic or older age in the eastern metamorphosed, and deeply eroded during late Klamath Mountains separates Paleozoic strata to the Paleozoic or Triassic time. east from the underlying metamorphic Abrams and Sal­ J. G. Moore and F. C. Dodge (Art. 7) describe the mon Formations. The regional discordance of the occurrence along the Kings Eiver of marine fossils of Paleozoic strata with the ultramafic rocks suggests that Triassic or Jurassic age in a large metamorphic pendant the sheet may have been intruded along a thrust fault in the Sierra Nevada batholith. The pendant, which or that the Paleozoic strata were later thrust over the is composed of metamorphosed arkosic sandstone, silt- sheet. stone, and marble, is one of a group of similar metamor­ Geologic mapping by G. A. MacDonald north of phic remnants that extends northward from Mineral Lassen Volcanic National Park, Calif., has revealed King through the dominantly granitic terrane. These that andesite and rhyodacite lava flows of Pliocene (?) fossils, together with previously reported Upper age, overlying the Tuscan Formation, were gently Triassic fossils from near Mineral King, suggest that folded along nearly east-west axes and were faulted the strata of this group of pendants are all of Mesozoic and eroded before deposition on them of a series of rather than of Paleozoic age. This belt of pendants volcanic rocks ranging in composition from basalt to may extend at least 50 miles north of the Kings River. dacite. Eruptions of basalt, andesite, and dacite lavas At Iron Lakes, near the southern boundary of Yosemite recurred without any single definite sequence of types National Park, D. L. Peck and N. K. Huber find quartz­ through Pleistocene and into historic time. ite and marble interbedded with eastward-dipping G. D. Bath finds that tabular masses of ultramafic metavolcanic rocks; farther east, across the trough of rock are almost continuous along several major fault the Sierra Nevada synclinorium, Lower Jurassic fossils zones in the San Francisco Bay area. The extent of have been found in the metavolcanic rocks. these partially buried masses is revealed by prominent F. C. Calkins and D. L. Peck (1962) point out that anomalies mapped by an aeromagnetic survey. The the variety of sculpture of the walls of the Yosemite anomalies indicate that thin ultramafic sheets extend Valley resulted from the varied nature of the bedrock almost continuously along the Hay ward and Pilarcitos principally the different degrees to which the various faults, and that serpentine along the shear zone crossing rocks are jointed. The more siliceous rocks are less San Francisco extends at least 10 miles to the southeast jointed and therefore form the larger monoliths, such beneath the sediments of the bay; however, only dis­ as El Capitan, Cathedral Eocks, and Half Dome. continuous masses occur along the San Andreas fault. Broad talus slopes flank cliffs of the closely jointed, less Investigations of Pacific Border province Silurian siliceous rocks, such as the diorite of the Eock Slides. faunas by C. W. Merriam indicate close relationship Clyde Wahrhaftig (1962) concludes that the free- of Atrypella-be&ring faunas in the Klamath Mountains, plunging falls in recesses in the walls of the Yosemite Calf., to Silurian faunas of the southeast Alaska is­ Valley were formed from cascades by the spalling of lands. These faunal affinities are consistent with close flat sheets along the cascades. The sheeting was ap­ similarity of rock facies. In both regions the Pacific parently induced both by wetting and drying and by Border Silurian facies comprise graywackes, sand­ freezing and thawing. stones, thick conglomerates, pure limestones, and Analysis by P. C. Bateman (1961b) of data gathered volcanic rocks. Unlike "stable shelf" Silurian carbo­ by W. D. Johnson in 1907 shows that the faulting near nate rocks of the Great Basin, these Pacific Border Lone Pine during the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake in­ geosynclinal Silurian strata include very little dolomite. volved both dip-slip and right-lateral components of Patsy Smith has studied Foraminifera from a movement. This pattern of movement is opposed to measured section through the Pliocene of the Los the recent postulate of regional systematic left-lateral Angeles Basin. The forams represent shallow waiter at movement along the east side of the Sierra Nevada the top of the column and deeper water (to 4,000 feet) during the Cenozoic, but does not prove systematic down lower in the column, and are very similar to right-lateral movement. The total amount of strike- Eecent foram assemblages living off the California slip movement since the Cretaceous is limited to a few coast. miles by the correlation of two physically similar gra- A50 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS nitic plutons on adjacent sides of Owens Valley (D. C. water storage capacity of the zone, 20 to 200 feet below Eoss, Art. 145). land surface, based on physiography, soils, and lithol- An analysis of releveling data obtained from the ogy, is about SS1/^ million acre-feet. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey indicates that there A. I. Johnson and D. A. Morris (Art. 16) have de­ has been a significant amount of internal deformation scribed the relation of volumetric shrinkage to clay within the Sierra Nevada between surveys in 1940 and content of the deposits in the Los Banos-Kettleman 1957. Changes in the elevation of bench marks west City area, San Joaquin Valley. They state that the of Tenaya Lake are quite small and within the limits volume of fine-grained deposits decreases continuously of probable error, but the eastern Sierra has been tilted as the water content decreases until reaching the shrink­ upward to the east at an average rate of 0.1 /*rad per age limit, which is the transition point between the year. This tilt rate is comparable to the current rate semisolid and solid states. This study is part of a of isostatic rebound from glacial loading in Fen- broad-scale program on the mechanics of land sub­ noscandia but is probably of tectonic origin. These sidence being made under the direction of J. F. Poland. data tend to confirm an earlier conclusion,41 based A preliminary analysis of the hydrology of San An­ on gravity observations, that the eastern half of the tonio Valley, Santa Barbara County, Calif., by K. S. Sierra is slightly over-compensated. Muir suggests that the perennial yield is in excess of Additional study of gravity and seismic measure­ 5,000 acre-feet. Much of the supply is now lost by ments in the Sierra Valley, Calif., by W. H. Jackson evapotranspiration near the downstream end of the suggests that this is an area of greater structural com­ valley. plexity than previously reported (Jackson and others, A reappraisal of the water supply of the Carpenteria -1961). A prominent gravity minimum was found to and Goleta Basins, Santa Barbara County, Calif., by conform to the general outline of the valley, with some E. E. Evenson, K. S. Muir, and H. D. Wilson indicates major exceptions. Contrary to the northwest regional that the perennial yield of both basins is somewhat trend in this area, the anomaly has a northeast trend, larger than estimated 10 years ago. Subsurface inflow which may represent a structural trend not yet detected from the adjacent Santa Ynez Mountains, larger at the surface. A chain of small gravity highs across amounts of irrigation return water, and larger storage the center of the valley is probably the expression of hills of pre-Tertiary rock and (or) dense Cenozoic vol­ capacity of the deposits are being studied as the possible canic rocks buried beneath lighter Cenozoic stream, sources of the additional water. transported sediments. These hills may form a Hydrologic studies in Washington partial "dam," which may affect the flow of ground Studies of the White Eiver valley train below Em- water in Sierra Valley. The gravity field in parts of mons Glacier, Mount Eainier, Wash., show a marked the Sierra Valley area suggests that the valley limit response of the train to flows produced by the high may be much greater than that shown by topographic temperatures of July 1961. expression. A significant event of June 1961 was a mudflow that Hydrologic studies in California covered 50,000 square yards of the valley train near the F. H. Olmsted and G. H. Davis (1961) have described glacier. The deposit contained an estimated 30,000 the geologic features and ground-water storage capac­ cubic yards of material from the prominent lateral ity of the Sacramento Valley. Twenty geologic units moraine of the Emmons Glacier. The White Eiver im­ have been identified, of which 9 yield little water and mediately began to remove the mudflow but left behind 11 yield water freely to wells. For 21 subareas, aver­ large boulders that could be construed by future ob­ age-well discharge ranges from 250 to nearly 1,700 gpm; servers as stream deposits. average specific capacity ranges from 21 to 106 gpm per foot of drawdown; and average well depth ranges AT.AgTTA from 120 to 494 feet. Figure 2 is an index map of Alaska showing the The Sacramento Valley is in the northern part of boundaries of the regions referred to in the following a large structural trough, a downwarped basin of summary of significant scientific and economic findings deposition filled with 20,000 feet of sedimentary mate­ of recent geologic, geophysical, and hydrologic studies. rials, which range in age from Cretaceous to Eecent. Mineral deposits are discussed on pages A2 and A5, In general, the deposits contain fresh water to depths coal on page A10, floods on page A99, glacial geology of 1,000 to 2,000 feet. The estimated total ground- on page A78, permafrost on page A81, highway geol­ ogy on page A105, and Project CHAEIOT on page tt Oliver, H. W., 1960, Gravity anomalies at Mt. Whitney, California: Art. 146 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B313-B315. A109. 68° 70° 171° 168° 165° 162° 159° 156° 153° ISO0 147° 144° 141° 138° 70°

. Northern 2. West-central 3. East-central 4. Southwestern 5. Southern 6. Southeastern

pw

74° 176° 17

165° 162° 159° 156° 153° 150° 147° 144° 141° 138

FICHTBE 2. Index niap of Alaska showing boundaries of regions referred to on accompanying pages. A52 GEOLOGICAL .SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Northern Alaska In the Candle and Selawik quadrangles, mapping Regional studies of the structural knot at the north­ by W. W. Patton, Jr., and A. R. Tagg (Patton and west end of the Brooks Range province were recently Grantz, 1962) suggests that the middle Cretaceous begun by I. L. Tailleur. Lower Cretaceous and Juras­ Koyukuk geosyncline was not, as previously supposed, sic rocks, comparable to those mapped in regions to the a single depositional trough between the Brooks Eange east and deformed along trends that swing from east­ and the Yukon Delta, but consisted of a narrow east- erly to northerly going west, were found in the saddle trending trough along the Kobuk and upper Koyukuk between the nose of the DeLong Mountains and the Rivers and a larger southwest-trending trough that Lisburne Hills. Within and along the east side of extended from the lower Koyukuk to the Yukon Delta. the Lisburne Hills the rocks are similar to those mapped The two troughs were separated by the east-trending at the CHARIOT test site and similarly exhibit im­ Hogatza High along lat. 66° N. The volcanic and bricate faults. Coal-bearing rocks, intertongued with granitic intrusive rocks of Late Jurassic and Early the base of the Mississippian Lisburne Group, and pos­ Cretaceous age now exposed along the geanticlinal trend sibly subjacent graywacke that are unique to the Lis­ were an important source of sediments in both troughs. burne Peninsula, were found west of the Lisburne Hills. In the White Mountain area, near McGrath, C. L. High-rank(?) bitumious coal in seams up to 10 feet Sainsbury and others report the existence of Middle thick that aggregate 70 feet of the carbonaceous sec­ (?) Ordovician and older rocks previously unknown tion may have economic potential. in this area. The section consists of marine carbonate West-central Alaska and clastic rocks approximately 4,500 to 5,000 feet thick In evaluating previous aerial radiological measure­ dated by fossils as Middle (?) Ordovician and Silurian ment surveys, R. G. Bates obtained radioactivity values (?) in age. Along the Farewell fault these marine as high as 1,600 counts per second over stream gravels strata are in contact with 8,100 feet of quartz conglom­ along streams draining to the north off the mountains erate of Cretaceous (?) age which may be correlative south of Selawik Lake, Selawik quadrangle. These with the Cantwell Formation. The rocks are unmeta- values indicate anomalous concentrations of radioactive morphosed and may be important in petroleum explora­ minerals in the stream gravels and suggest that deposits tion. of economic significance may exist within the drainage East-central Alaska area. Analysis of fossils from the Upper Devonian clastic On Seward Peninsula, detailed geologic mapping by sequence in the central and eastern Brooks Range by C. L. Sainsbury has shown evidence of widespread J. T. Dutro, Jr., and W. A. Oliver, Jr., supports rela­ thrust faulting in the York Mountains, and fossil col­ tions suggested by the physical stratigraphy. Work by lections indicate that the contact between Lower Or- W. P. Brosge and others has indicated a complex dovician argillaceous limestone and Middle Ordovician sequence of intertonguing and intergrading units. shales, shaly limestone, and arenaceous limestone prob­ Fossil assemblages of Frasnian and Famennian age ably is transitional. The Ordovician rocks are not are identified from a limestone-siltstone unit, a slate- conformable with the underlying slate, which probably sandstone unit, and, at the top, the Kanayut Conglo­ is Precambrian or lowermost Cambrian in age. merate. These magnaf acies apparently cut across time Mapping by J. M. Hoare and W. H. Condon in the lines, becoming older in a general southward direction. lower Yukon-Norton Sound region revealed that some Below this sequence the Skajit Limestone, of late Middle of the areas previously mapped 42 as Quaternary basalt (?) and early Late Devonian Age, probably straddles south of Norton Sound are interbedded calcareous sand­ the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary. stone and conglomerate of early Late Cretaceous age Reconnaissance of the Black River in east-central and andesitic volcanic rocks of probable Jurassic or Alaska by E. E. Brabb has shown the need for a major Early Cretaceous age. Similar volcanic rocks of Mes- revision of the geologic map of Alaska in that area. ozoic age commonly form the flanks of geanticlinal areas Bedrock exposures along the river from the United farther north around the edge of the Koyukuk Basin. States-Canada border to Chalkyitsik (Fishhook) in­ This fact, plus the fact that the nearby conglomerate clude quartzites of probable Precambrian age and basalt contains cobble-sized clasts of chert and quartzite of of Cenozoic age near Chalkyitsik, and limestone of Late probable Paleozoic age, indicate a western source for Ordovician and Devonian age and argillite of Cre- some of the Cretaceous rocks that crop out between taceous(?) age near Salmon Village. Some of the the Yukon River and Norton Sound. coral faunas in the limestone are similar to the Big­ horn-Red River faunas of the Rocky Mountain and 42 Dutro, J. T., Jr., and Payne, T. G., 1957, Geologic map of Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey. Manitoba regions, according to W. A. Oliver, Jr. ALASKA A53

Trilobite collections made by E. E. Brabb in north­ Southern Alaska east Alaska have been identified by A. E. Palmer and In the McCarthy area D. J. Miller and E. S. MacColl provide the first knowledge of early Upper Cambrian have delineated widespread marine Cretaceous sedimen­ faunas in that part of the world. The Alaska trilobites tary rocks in the northern two-thirds of the McCarthy reveal affinity to species from Queensland, Australia. A-4 quandrangle. Supported by D. L. Jones' paleon- Discovery by gravimeter work of very thick deposits tologic studies, they have been able to demonstrate that of low-gravity sediments in the basin west of Nenana 3 formations ranging from Albian to Maestrichtian (?) by D. F. Barnes (1961) has attracted the attention of in age are represented, and that at least 1 unconformity major oil companies. Land has been leased and a test is present. In the McCarthy C-5 quadrangle, geologic hole will be drilled in early 1962. Field mapping in mapping by E. M. MacKevett, Jr., and M. C. Blake 1961 has proved conclusively that the hills a short dis­ indicates that a section of marine strata approximately tance to the southwest of the drilling site are underlain 8,500 feet thick, previously considered to be Late Trias­ by nonmarine Tertiary beds found farther south in the sic and Cretaceous in age, is Early, Middle (?), and Late foothills of the Alaska Eange. Jurassic in age on the basis of fossil identifications by Southwestern Alaska E. W. Imlay (Art. 133). In addition, they have dis­ The gelogy of the lower Kuskokwim region has been covered a previously unreported granodiorite (?) plu- summarized by J. M. Hoare (1961). The region in­ ton cutting volcanic flows and intercalated sedimentary cludes part or all of 2 technically positive elements rocks near the base of the Wrangell Lava. Fossil leaves and part of 2 tectonically negative belts which were collected from continental sedimentary rocks interca­ first formed in middle Mesozoic and older strata; the lated with the basal Wrangell Lavas were dated as negative or geosynclinal belts contain strata ranging Oligocene by Jack Wolf e. in age from Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous which Foraminifera from the Matanuska Formation in the were derived locally from the positive elements and Squaw Creek-Nelchina Eiver area of south-central deposited under tectonically active conditions. Traces Alaska are mainly of Campanian age, but the sequence of copper, antimony, quicksilver, zinc, and gold were studied by H. E. Bergquist (1961a) may range from found by Hoare. Quicksilver and antimony mineral­ late Turonian to Maestrichtian in age. Five tentative ization was much less extensive than in the adjoining microfossil zones are indicated. According to A. Central Kuskokwim region. Placer gold probably Grantz, the formation contains several lithologic units offers the best chance for expanding economic interest. and probably should be raised to group rank. The low porosity of the highly deformed rocks indi­ Issuance of two maps by A. Grantz (1961 a, b) com­ cates a low petroleum potential. pletes the publication of geologic maps at 1:48,000 scale Metamorphic rocks along the eastern margin of the of the Nelchina area, in the western part of the Copper Aleutian Range batholith that were formerly mapped as Eiver basin, one of the possible petroleum provinces of paleozoic (?) are now considered to be of Triassic age, Miller, Payne, and Gryc.43 as a result of the work of E. L. Detterman. Eocks be­ Test drilling at Cordova has shown that glacial de­ lieved to be equivalent are found east of the contact- posits extend to a depth of more than 140 feet in a small metamorphic zone; some of these unmetamorphosed area between Eyak Lake and Orca Inlet, according to rocks have a poorly preserved Late Triassic fauna con­ K. L. Walters. Sand and gravel beds penetrated by sisting of Halobia sp. and Monotis sp. Detterman has two test holes are of rather low permeability but should also shown that the Iliamna region was the center of yield sufficient water to supply the city. Cordova for volcanism in southern Alaska during Early Jurassic many years has used a surface-water supply, which, time. The Talkeetna Formation in the Iliamna region during the winter months entered the distribution sys­ consists almost entirely of lava flows, agglomerate, vol­ tem at a temperature of about 32 °F. The ground- canic breccia, and tuff. North and south of the region water temperature is about 42 °F and should help to this sequence of rocks contains thick interbeds of fos- eliminate the problem of frozen water mains. siliferous sedimentary rock. Southeastern Alaska E. E. Wilcox (1961) attributes the albite in the Study by J. A. Wolfe of a collection of the flora of spilitic and keratophyric volcanic rocks of the Aleutian Tertiary (Eocene and younger) rocks exposed on Ad­ Islands mainly to albitization since emplacement of the miralty Island ** has shown that the coal-bearing rocks rocks, rather than to primary crystallization from soda- rich magmas. He concludes this from the fact that 43 Miller, D. J., Payne, T. G., and Gryc, G., 1959, Geology of possible the coexisting pyroxenes are normal types rather than petroleum provinces in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1094. soda rich as would be expected if their source magma 44 Lathram, E. H., Loney, R. A., Berg, H. C., and Pomeroy, J. S., 1960, Progress map of the geology of Admiralty Island, Alaska: U.S. Geol. had been soda rich. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-323.

661513 O 62 5 A54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS near Kootznahoo Inlet were deposited in a continuous Kotzebue Sound in western Alaska. Field investi­ sequence beginning in latest Eocene time. The young­ gations by D. M. Hopkins, D. S. McCulloch, and R. J. est plants collected, which are of late Oligocene age, Janda (1962) and studies of the molluscan fauna by are overlain by a considerable thickness of sedimentary F. S. MacNeil demonstrated that "Submarine Beach," rocks that may, therefore, be of Miocene age. Further, "Third Beach-Intermediate Beach," and "Second the volcanic rocks on the south end of the island are Beach," the three well-known marine units at Nome, are underlain by plant-bearing beds of late Eocene age, and probably of Pliocene and Pleistocene, Aftonian (First one collection from the volcanic rocks is of middle Interglaciation) and Sangamon (Third Interglaci- Oligocene age. Hence, the volcanics were extruded at ation) age, respectively. The presence of a fourth the same time as sediments were being deposited in the marine unit, "Fourth Beach," was confirmed at Nome Kootznahoo Inlet region. and it was tentatively correlated with a newly dis­ During regional mapping on Chichagof and Baranof covered and highly fossiliferous marine deposit of Islands, R. A. Loney, H. C. Berg, J. S. Pomeroy, and definite Yarmouth (Second Interglaciation) age ex­ D. A. Brew found fossils of Jurassic or Cretaceous age posed on the shores of eastern Kotzebue Sound. Pale- on Emmons Island in Hoonah Sound, southern Chicha­ obotanical studies had previously shown that taiga gof Island, in slate and graywacke interbedded with (northern forest) vegetation extended into these tundra volcanic rocks. These rocks were previously mapped regions during the Sangamon interglaciation interval as a part of the belt of Paleozoic rocks called the Prince and during a brief warm period about 10,000 years ago. of Wales geanticline by Payne.45 This occurrence of Additional palynological studies by Estella Leopold Mesozoic rocks within the geanteicline tends to substan­ have now shown that during Submarine Beach (Plio­ tiate the suggested Mesozoic age for the chert, slate, cene and Pleistocene) time, pine, fir, and hickory grew graywacke, and greenstone sequence in northeastern near Nome in addition to species now characteristic of Baranof Island (U.S. Geological Survey, 1961w, p. the taiga of central Alaska. Although the vegetation A43). This sequence is exposed about 15 miles to the and the molluscan faunas have changed appreciably southeast of Emmons Island along the regional struc­ during the interval of time represented by the Pleis­ tural trend and near the axis of the Prince of Wales tocene sediments at Nome and in the Kotzebue Sound geanticline. Thus, the areal extent of Paleozoic rocks area, the foraminiferal fauna has changed little, if at may be greatly narrowed in the vicinity of southern all; nearly all the species recognized in a series of Chichagof and northern Baranof Islands, and Mesozoic specimens studied by Patsy Smith, representing all of rocks may have originally extended eastward entirely the marine units recognized in the Nome-Kotzebue across the Prince of Wales geanticline in this area, con­ Sound area, live in adjacent waters at the present time. necting with an abrupt westward salient of the eastern Paleontological and stratigraphic studies carried out belt of Mesozoic rocks (Seymour geosyncline) near the during the last decade have resulted in radical changes southern tip of Admiralty Island. in the age assigments of Alaskan Tertiary marine and The North Bradfield River iron prospect, examined nonmarine sediments; the results are summarized in a by E. M. MacKevett, Jr., consists of several magnetite- recent publication by F. S. MacNeil and others (1961). rich bodies of pyrometasomatic origin that are localized Palynological studies recently conducted by Estella in skarn. The skarn is part of a sequence of metamor- Leopold have contributed further to the solution of phic rocks consisting mainly of gneiss, granulite, schist, correlation problems, especially in the later part of the and marble that forms a northwest-trending roof pend­ Tertiary period, and have begun to reveal the broad ant within the composite Coast Range batholith. outlines of the developmental history of the tundra and MacKevett also reports that the Sumdum copper- taiga vegetation in the American Arctic. Pollen floras zinc prospect is on numerous sulfide replacements and of probable Oligocene age consist dominantly of disseminations localized in gneiss and schist, and less broad-leafed tree genera now restricted to temperate extensively in fault zones. In order of general decreas­ latitudes. Pollen floras of probable late Miocene or ing abundance, the sulfide minerals are pyrite, pyrrho- early Pliocene age consist chiefly of coniferous-tree tite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. genera, some of which are now restricted to more tem­ perate latitudes. Several species of broad-leafed trees Cenozoic stratigraphy of Alaska are also present. Pollen floras of probable Pliocene A remarkably complete record of Pleistocene cli­ and Pleistocene age consist chiefly of pine, spruce, and matic fluctuations, sea-level changes, and glacial events fir with smaller quantities of pollen from broad-leaved is preserved along the coasts of Seward Peninsula and trees that are alive today in central Alaska; but hickory a genus now nearly restricted to the eastern * Payne, T. G. (compiler), 1955, Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic elements of Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-84. part of the conterminous United States is also present HAWAII A55 in small but significant quantities. It appears that the magma per month to the magma reservoir within the Northern vegetation has developed largely by slow sub- volcano. iraction of tree species incapable of surviving in a The first of three summit eruptions in 1961 began severe climate, with an accompanying proliferation of on February 24, in a small collapse pit on the floor of Shrubby and herbaceous plants. Halemaumau Crater and lasted less than a day. The Recent stratigraphic and paleontological studies of second began on March 3 in the same pit and continued radiocarbon-dated sediments of late Pleistocene age in until March 25, filling the pit with 400,000 cubic yards the Tofty Placer districts by C. A. Repenning, D. M. of lava. This feeble outpouring of lava had little Hopkins, and Meyer Rubin have shown that timberline effect on the overall tilt picture, and the volcanic dome was at altitudes of 600 feet and lower during various continued to inflate. The third eruption began on the parts of the Wisconsin Glaciation in this part of central night of July 10, 1961, spurting lava from a discon­ Alaska. Timberline evidently rose to its present tinuous rift extending halfway across the floor of altitude of 2,000 feet about 6,800 years ago. Halemaumau. This eruption stopped on July 17. A compilation being made by T. L. Pewe of the During the activity more than 17 million cubic yards of extensive deposits of loess in Alaska reveals that the lava poured into Halemaumau. deposits range in thickness from a film to more than The Kilauea dome continued to inflate, and on Sep­ 200 feet at Fairbanks and are as thick as those reported tember 21,1961, a swarm of large, shallow earthquakes elsewhere in the United States. Further, this is one of began to emanate from the upper end of the east rift the largest areas of loess in the United States. The zone of Kilauea. By the following morning several loess is confined mainly to lowlands bordering the small eruptions had occurred along the east rift, major rivers, all of which drained extensively glaciated between 7 and 14 miles from the summit, and measure­ areas in the past. In addition to the Quaternary loess, ments at 2 tilt stations indicated that rapid detumes- windblown dust is currently being deposited in many cence of the summit area was in progress. In the next 2 areas today. days additional minor outbreaks, concurrent with HAWAII strong faulting, took place farther down the rift zone, but all activity virtually had ceased by the night of Investigations in Hawaii during fiscal 1962 included September 24. Although the detumescence indicated a observations on volcanoes, geologic and water-resources withdrawal of about 70 million cubic yards of magma Studies of specific areas, and the collection of basic from beneath the summit, less than 2 million cubic yards records on surface and ground water. Water-resources remained on the surface. work was carried on in cooperation with the Division Petrographic studies by D. H. Richter and J. G. of Water and Land Development of the Hawaii Moore of the 1961 lavas suggest that the lavas erupting Department of Land and Natural Resources, and a part at different altitudes along the rift zone came from of the volcanologic studies was done in cooperation with different levels in the volcanic magma chamber. The the U.S. National Park Service. lavas that erupted low on the rift zone contain abundant Results of studies of aluminum desposits are dis­ phenocrysts of olivine, but those high on the rift zone cussed on page A6, a statement on clay resources is and in the summit area are devoid of olivine. given on page A7, and results of recent paleomagnetic Lava lake in Makaopuhi Crater studies on lavas are presented on page A81. The prehistoric 225-foot-deep lava lake in Makaopuhi Eruptions of Kilauea Volcano in 1961 crater on the east right of Kilauea Volcano is being In August 1960, soon after the great subsidence of the studied by J. G. Moore. Detailed examinations of a Kilauea dome in early 1960, J. P. Eaton and H. L. vertical section through the lake-filling lavas have re­ Krivoy detected new tumescence at tiltmeter stations vealed a zone of horizontal silica-rich veins between 20 over the summit area. The rate of tumescence and 125 feet below the lake surface, and an accumula­ remained low until late October 1960, when it acceler­ tion of olivine in the bottom 90 feet of the lake. ated rapidly immediately after a swarm of deep (50 Recent growth of Halemaumau Crater, Kilauea Volcano km) earthquakes accompanied by swarms of shallower A recent study by D. H. Richter, J. G. Moore, and (10-15 km) earthquakes and by tremor. The rapid R. T. Haugen (Art. 20), in cooperation with the U.S. tumescence had abated by early November 1960, and National Park Service, has shown that landsliding has from then until September 1961 it continued at a high enlarged the area of Halemaumau Crater by almost but fairly constant rate. The tumescence between 6 percent in the last 33 years. The average annual November 1960 and September 1961 could be attained growth since 1928 has been about 1,700 square yards, by the addition of about 10 million cubic yards of equivalent to an average rate of recession of the rim of A56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS about 1.5 feet per year. The growth pattern has been Ground water in southern Oahu neither consistent nor regular, however, and about 15 Studies by F. N. Visher in southern Oahu show that percent of the rim that existed in 1928 still is standing. increased pumping in the area has resulted in a lower­ Landsliding and rapid opening of cracks peripheal to ing of the fresh-water head by about 3 feet. The low­ the crater rim occur during detumescence of the Ki- ering of the head has resulted in a decrease in natural lauea dome. ground-water discharge that is roughly equal to the increase in pumping. The long-term pattern of fluctu­ Lava lake in Kilauea Iki ations of the water level measured in a deep piezometer Temperature studies in the 365-foot-deep lava lake extending into salt water under the fresh-water lens formed in Kilauea Iki Crater during the 1959 eruption is about the same as that in nearby fresh-water wells. have been continued by W. U. Ault, D. H. Kichter, and The water level in the deep piezometer was as high as D. B. Stewart (1962). A second hole drilled through 3 feet above sea level in 1958 and dropped to as low the lake's crust on April 13, 1961, entered molten lava as 2 feet below sea level in 1961. The salt water that at a depth of 29.7 feet. When the hole was deepened this piezometer measures apparently has poor hydraulic on October 4, 1961, it entered the melt at a depth of connection with the ocean. This poor connection may 35.0 feet. The maximum temperature measured in the greatly retard the salt-water encroachment that would molten lava was 1,106°C at the bottom of a probe forced be expected to result from lowering of the fresh-water 4 feet into the melt. Observations made during earlier head. and recent drilling show that the base of the crust is at the 1,065°C isotherm, regardless of depth. The Ground water in the Waianae district, Oahu 1,065°C isotherm moved downward more than 12 feet In hydrologic studies in the Waianae area of Oahu, between August 1960 and October 1961, resulting in a C. P. Zones finds that the flow of ground water into crustal thickening of about 0.94 foot per month. The streams and thence into the sea is small. The presence thermal gradient in October 1961 was 19°C per foot in of brackish ground water under the coastal lowlands the lower 23 feet of the crust and 5°C per foot in the indicates that the discharge of ground water directly melt. The rate of cooling of the melt at a depth of 39.2 into the sea also is small. The major natural discharge feet during a 22-day period was 0.5°C per day. of ground water is by transpiration through phreato- Gravity and seismic-refraction studies on the surface phytes growing in the lowland. Most of the wells of the lava lake have been started by H. L. Krivoy and in the area also are in the lowland, where they compete J. P. Eaton. The thickness of the lake's crust as de­ with the phreatophytes and where withdrawal of fresh termined from seismic data is in accord with the thick­ water has caused sea-water intrusion. Eventual maxi­ ness found in drilling. A preliminary magnetic survey mum development of the fresh-water lens probably will by R. W. Decker shows relatively uniform vertical mag­ be in wells drilled farther inland where the lens is rela­ netic intensities over the central part of the lake, and tively thick and the water table is too deep for large extreme changes of more than 5,000 gammas along the withdrawal by phreatophytes. margin of the lake. Water resources of windward Oahu Gravity studies Studies by K. J. Takasaki, George Yamanaga, and E. R. Lubke (1962) on the windward (northeast) side Reconnaissance gravity studies of the Island of of Oahu show that the minimum base-flow water supply Hawaii, begun in 1960 by H. L. Krivoy and J. P. Eaton in the area, before diversion and use, is about 82 mgd. (1961), have been extended by Krivoy and R. R. Mc­ (million gallons per day). The flow available for Donald to cover most of the northeast half of the island. development, after diversion, is about 38 mgd. Most Local Bouguer anomalies of as much as +70 milligals of the ground water in the area appears in streams have been found to overlie the summit areas of the two active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa, and the dis­ before it flows into the sea. In an analysis of records of flow of streams on wind­ sected dome of extinct Kohala Volcano. The anomal­ ward Oahu, G. T. Hirashima (Art. 108) found evidence ies appear to be attributable to a complex of dense that the excavation of a 1,200-foot water-development intrusive masses within the cores of the volcanoes. On tunnel in the valley of Haiku Stream caused a reduc­ Mauna Kea, data suggests that a high positive anomaly tion in the base flow of Kahaluu Stream 2i/£ miles away. overlies the south flank of the volcano rather than its The valleys of the two streams, which are transverse present summit area. D. R. Mabey and W. T. Kino- to the axis of the Koolau Range, cut deeply into dike shita completed gravity coverage of Hawaii in early compartments containing high-level ground water. 1962 and made a regional gravity survey of the island Draining of the ground water by the Haiku tunnel of Maui. caused a shift of the ground-water divide toward and INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND NATIONAL PARES A57 a reduction of ground-water discharge into Kahaluu vicinity of Hotosan Vo Village (Charco 27), Papago Stream. Indian Reservation, Ariz. The study was aimed pri­ Rain-catchment studies marily at establishing a suitable water supply for Preliminary studies of records of runoff from an domestic use. A test well was drilled through a series artificial catchment in the North Kona district of of volcanic flows to a depth of 716 feet. Potable water Hawaii by D. E. Havelka and S. S. Chinn show that under artesian pressure and of sufficient quantity was about 84 percent of the rainfall on the catchment can found at 625 to 650 feet and rose to 575 feet in the well. be recovered. The average yield from the quarter-acre G. A. Dinwiddie and W. S. Motts recently have com­ catchment, which is in an area having a mean annual pleted a study of the hydrogeology of parts of the rainfall of about 80 inches, was about 2,000 gallons Acoma and Laguna Indian Reservations, N. Mex. per day during the period 1958-61. Continuous sup­ They report that ground water in sufficient quantities plies of 600 to 2,000 gallons per day from the catchment for irrigation requirements and domestic supplies is would require storage capacities ranging from 60,000 available both in alluvial and basalt aquifers of the Rio to 240,000 gallons. San Jose valley and in tributaries to that valley. Addi­ tional out smaller supplies may be developed in the more INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND NATIONAL PARKS permeable parts of the Tres Hermanos Sandstone Mem­ jreologic and hydrologic studies in Indian Reservations ber of the Mancos Shale. Ground water in the alluvial and basalt aquifers near the streams is hydraulically A hydrogeologic study of the Pine Ridge Indian continuous with water of the streams. Inasmuch as the Eeservation, S. Dak., recently has been completed by Rio/San Jose is a perennial stream in the stretch be­ M. J. Ellis. Results of the study indicate that the tween McCartys, N. Mex., and the western boundary of Arikaree Formation, of Miocene age, is the principal the Acoma Reservation, aquifers in this reach are best Aquifer there, and that wells developed in this aquifer supplied with water. This reach, therefore, is the most will yield up to 100 gallons per minute. In areas favorable area for development of additional large where the Arikaree Formation is not present, moderate water supplies. quantities of ground water are available in alluvium of the White and Cheyenne Rivers and from undrained J. B. Cooper reports that the development of sources gravel terraces capping sediments of the White River of ground water in southeastern McKinley County, N. Group, of Oligocene age. Mex., for use by Navajo Indians living off the main An investigation of the Milk River valley in the Fort reservation, is of great benefit. Since 1958 the Navajo Belknap Indian Reservation, Mont., by W. B. Hop- Tribe, on the basis of hydrogeologic information sup­ kins and O. J. Taylor indicated that most ground water plied by the Survey, has developed an accelerated work from post-Cretaceous rocks is too saline for use. Water program by means of which a number of successful new from the Cretaceous Judith River Formation contains wells have been drilled and many long-used springs considerable dissolved solids but is usable. The irri­ have been cleaned and rehabilitated. gated land is waterlogged because it is underlain by The Ojo Alamo Sandstone, the Nacimiento Forma­ SO to 40 feet of relatively impermeable fine-grained tion, and the San Jose Formation contain thick beds flood-plain deposits. These deposits are underlain by of sandstone in the southern part of the Jicarilla sand containing artesian water. Studies indicated that Apache Indian Reservation, N. Mex., and in adjacent reducing the artesian pressure by pumping or draining regions to the south and west, according to E. H. Baltz, would not alleviate waterlogging of the overlying S. W. West, and S. R. Ash (Art. 171). The cumula­ deposits, but that reducing the artesian pressure by tive thickness of sandstone ranges from 80 to 1,840 feet, pumping from a few sand lenses in the flood-plain and a well tapping all the sandstone possibly would deposits would reduce waterlogging locally. yield as much as 3,500 gallons per minute. F. J. Kleinhampl reports that springs watering the Ground-water study in Grand Teton National Park Duckwater Indian Reservation, northern Nye County, Nev., issue from a terrace comprised of tufa and traver­ An investigation near Jackson Lake, Grand Teton tine that was originally a sinter deposit. This deposit National Park, Wyo., by E. D. Gordon has revealed has an area of about 2.5 square miles with a maximum that moderate quantities of ground water of suitable length of about 3 miles and a width of 1.5 miles. The quality for domestic and public supplies are available thickness is unreported, but areally it ranks among from Quaternary rocks along the east side of Jackson the large thermal-spring deposits of the United States. Lake. Larger ground-water supplies of similar quality P. W. Johnson has completed a study of the char­ are available from alluvium in part of the Pilgrim acter and thickness of exposed volcanic flows in the Creek Valley near Jackson Lake. A58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

PUERTO RICO has a wide range; initial study reveals delineation of several broad geologic features by aerial radioactivity The Geological Survey is carrying out a continuing measurements. The Utuado and San Lorenzo plutons, investigation in cooperation with the Department of both of granodioritic composition and of Cretaceous or Industrial Eesearch of the Puerto Eico Economic De­ Tertiary age, have low to moderate levels of radioac­ velopment Administration to prepare detailed geologic tivity. Adjacent to the plutons, Lower(?) Cretaceous maps and to study the mineral resources of Puerto Rico. rocks have low radioactivity and Upper Cretaceous Preliminary geologic map rocks have low to moderate radioactivity. Moderate A geologic map of Puerto Rico has been compiled by to high levels of radioactivity were measured over R. P. Briggs at a scale of 1:240,000. Although the map Tertiary calcareous rocks in the northwest part of the has not yet been published, it is on open file and avail­ island. These levels have no immediate geologic ex­ able for public use. planation, as they trend north-south over the east-west In the mountainous central core volcanic and sedi­ trending Tertiary rocks. mentary rocks of Early and Late Cretaceous and early Hydrologic studies Tertiary age are cut by numerous large faults and Peak discharge of streams in Puerto Rico may exceed intruded by several plutons of dioritic rocks and by the 100 percent Meyer rating and they rank with the serpentine. Dipping gently seaward on the northern highest known peaks in the world. Base flow of the and southern flanks of the core are slightly deformed streams ranges between 0.3 and 1.0 cubic feet per sec­ marine limestone and clastic formations of Oligocene ond per square mile in much of the interior upland and Miocene age. A wide variety of surficial forma­ area, but may be as low as 0 in the south coastal plain tions mantle the older rocks, especially along the coasts and as high as 2.0 cfs per square mile in the wettest of the island. Of special interest are widespread de­ mountains. Calcium and bicarbonate are the predomi­ posits of sand and clay that cover much of the northern nate ions in the water. Sediment discharge in some coastal belt. Briggs (1962) believes that these sands streams appears to be in the magnitude of 1,000 to were deposited by a retreating sea and then were 6,000 tons per square mile annually. trapped in a developing karst topography and thus Production of more than 2,000 large wells individu­ could not be removed by surface runoff. ally ranges from about 0 to 4,000 gallons per minute. Limestone The low-producing wells generally are in the interior The limestone sequence of northern Puerto Rico con­ upland area and the high-producing wells generally tains lenses of sand and gravel deposited as river-mouth are in the coastal lowlands area, particularly between bars and on river flood plains during late Oligocene Ponce and Patillas. Dissolved solids in ground water and early Miocene time. Many of these lenses are due commonly are in the range of 65 and 250 parts per north of the headwaters of major rivers that now cross million. Salt-water intrusion is not a significant the limestone belt many miles from the lenses. W. H. problem. Monroe (1962b) believes that these headwater reaches About 818 million gallons per day of surface water are as old as Oligocene, and that extensive multiple and about 257 mgd of ground water was used in 1960 stream piracy has since diverted them. The thick for all purposes. Of the 69 inches of average annual Aymamon Limestone near the top of the sequence con­ rainfall on Puerto Rico, about 23 inches may be called sists of chemical-grade limestone, 95 to 99 percent the controllable supply, of which only a little more than CaCOs (Monroe, 1962a), that apparently was deposited 3 inches, or about 14 percent, was used consumptively at a time when Puerto Rico had been eroded to a low in 1960. Most of the major rivers are not fully ex­ island from which streams were removing very little ploited, considerably more ground water can be pumped, debris. and the total available supply is adequate for antici­ Large quantities of a marble-like algal limestone of pated needs. The quality of the water is good for early Tertiary age are available in southern Puerto almost all purposes. Rico in the Coamo and Salinas quadrangles (Glover, A preliminary appraisal of the water resources of 1961a, b). the Jobos area is presently underway on Puerto Rico's Aerial radioactivity survey south coast between Salinas and Guayama. The area An Aerial Radiological Measurement Survey is a coastal plain, mantled by alluvial gravels and clays (ARMS) of Puerto Rico was made in November and overlying fractured and creviced bedrock. The allu­ December 1961 as part of a cooperative program with vium is less than 50 feet thick at the east end of the the Division of Biology and Medicine, U.S. Atomic area and more than 250 feet thick near the west end. Energy Commission. The radioactivity of the Island Much of the streamflow from the hinterland enters the WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS A59 ground-water aquifers at the north edge of the plain sea water and photosynthesis may produce supersatura- i and is-generally released to the stream channels near tion and deposition of some calcium carbonate; how­ the sea where the water table intersects the ground ever, the amount is small compared to deposition by surface. The aquifers have very high coefficients of organisms. At the shore, solution of limestone by sea transmissibility, and about 40,000 to 50,000 acre-feet of water may result from vertical solution gradients at ground water is pumped annually in this relatively the water-limestone interface and may involve com- small area. Because of the seasonally large streamflow plexing of the calcium so that it does not enter diurnal and the local rainfall (averaging 45 inches annually), reactions comparable to those on reef flats. Discharge however, the water table throughout the area has shown of brackish ground water of low calcium carbonate con­ no indication of decline over the last 30 years. tent prevents formation of beach rock at many places along the coast and explains the relative paucity of this WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS type of deposit at Guam as contrasted to atolls where During the past fiscal year, the U.S. Geological Sur­ less ground water of higher carbonate content dis­ vey continued analyses of data and specimens collected charges, and beach rock is abundant. during detailed field surveys of selected islands within Paleontologic studies the western Pacific Ocean between 1946 and 1958 Paleontologic studies by W. S. Cole, H. S. Ladd, and (Fig. 3). others confirm earlier age determinations for the upper Preliminary results of surveys of 11 islands and Teritiary limestones of the Palau Islands and permit island groups which were cooperative projects of the reappraisal of the distribution and depositional history U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Army Corps of Engi­ of these limestones. Tertiary / (upper middle Mio­ neers, and other agencies, have been published in a cene) limestones appear to be confined to the southern limited-edition series of "Military Geology Eeports" end of the island group where they form the cores and that have recently been distributed to selected public highest elevations of the islands and are flanked by and university libraries in the United States. Eesults younger limestones. In the central part of the group, of present studies are adding new information that will basal Tertiary g (upper Miocene) limestones are over­ be useful in developing resources and interpreting the lain and flanked by uppermost Tertiary and Quater­ geologic history of an oceanic area comparable in size nary limestones. Cole, Ladd, and Gilbert Corwin be­ to that of the conterminous United States. lieve a close relation exists between tectonic movements Hydrologic studies during the past year were limited of the Palau Islands arc, progressive growth and de­ to Guam, American Samoa, and Angaur Island (Palau struction of coral reefs, and present distribution of Islands). limestones within the island group. J. H. Johnson (1961) describes and discusses 90 spe­ Marine geology of Guam, Mariana Islands cies of fossil calcareous algae, belonging to 16 genera, K. O. Emery 46 has made a detailed study of the off­ from holes drilled on Eniwetok, Funafuti, and Kita- shore slopes, reefs, Cocos Lagoon, and the shoreline of Dait5-Jima of the western Pacific Ocean. The fossil Guam. He reports the existence of 4 distinct subma­ algae have contributed notably to reef construction and, rine terraces that are nearly continuous around the on the basis of habitats on existing reefs, have consid­ island at depths of 55, 105,195, and 315 feet. The ter­ erable value as paleoecologic indicators. The algal races have veneers of loose shallow-water calcareous floras from Quaternary, Miocene, and Eocene units are sediments that have probably been derived from the reef distinct and with one exception have no species in edge. The reef is incised by large channels that appear common. to have a close relation to the island's present drainage On the basis of distribution and abundance of smaller but are probably ancient features that have persisted Foraminifera in Eecent shallow-water reef and lagoon during growth of the reef. Muddy fresh water now sediments from Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands, Euth supplied by the streams floats on sea water above the Todd (1961 a) recognizes two major distinctive habi­ channels, rather than flowing downward through the tats: surfaces and adjacent slopes of the reefs, and channels. Sediments within Cocos Lagoon at the south limesand bottom of the lagoon. In general, the Onotoa end of Guam consist chiefly of sands composed of coral fauna shows a close correspondence in species composi­ and algal fragments. The abundance of sediment types tion to faunas of other shallow-water reef and lagoon differs from that of atoll lagoons of the Marshall Is­ areas of the central Pacific. Foraminifera tests within lands because of shallower depths and a larger ratio the stomach and gut contents of 22 fish suggest a rather of reef to lagoon area. On reef flats, diurnal heating of localized feeding area for each fish. Continued study of the subfossil pigs from Ishigaki, 48 Emery, K. O., 1962, Marine geology of Guam: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-B. Eyukyu Islands, by F. C. Whitmore, Jr., which were o

20

10' EXPLANATION :FALIK (Island names underlined as shown) W |~ Geological, geophysical, and deep-well explora­ EASTERN " ft CAROL!NE tions; northern Marshall Islands ISLANDS T ' KAPINGAMA_RANGI Detailed geologic, soils, and vegetation studies, GILBERT^.. ISLANDS Pacific geologic mapping program

'* .QNQTQA Supplementary geologic studies and geologic reconnaisance for Office of the Engineer, U. S.. Army; U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Air ELLICE !. . Force; and National Research Council ISLANDS ' j 400 600 800 MILES _I FUNAFUTI* ,

tjd AMERICAN SAMOA ^

FIGURE 3. Index map of western Pacific islands showing areas investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey. ANTARCTICA A61 first reported in Professional Paper 400-B (p. B372- many, particularly those near the edge of the island, B374) seems to indicate that they are closest to the liv­ are saline. ing species Sits taivanus Swinhoe, which now inhabits The southern half of the island is composed largely northern Taiwan, rather than Sits leucomystax Tem- of volcanic rocks, which contain little ground water. minck & Schlegel, the modern wild pig of Japan. It The numerous small streams have extremely large dis­ is not yet certain, however, whether these pigs migrated charges for their size, producing as much as 4,000 cfs to the island or were introduced by early man. per square mile according to S. H. Hoffard. One Evidence for an earlier faunal connection between stream has been developed (the Fena Reservoir system) the southern Ryukyus and areas to the south and west by the Navy as a source of water supply, and several is furnished by the presence on Ishigaki of the small others offer potential sources of supply when their de­ deer Metacervulus astylodon (Matsumoto). This velopment is required. genus, occurring in beds of Pliocene and Pleistocene Total water use on the island in 1961 for a population age, has been found elsewhere only in Shansi Province, of nearly 70,000 was approximately 11 mgd. Springs China, and in Java. It probably migrated to the Ry- and wells in the northern part of the island supplied tukyus from China during a low stand of sea level in the somewhat more than 3 mgd to military installations and ^Pleistocene. Its southern origin is further indicated a few residential tracts; diversions from springs, by the fact that Metacervulus is found only south of streams, and a few dug wells around the southern part Takara Strait, a deep passage crossing the arc which of the island supplied considerably less than 1 mgd to probably has formed a barrier to the migration of land the several municipalities and rural areas; and the Fena animals since some time in the Tertiary. Reservoir system supplied about 7 mgd to Naval in­ Forty angiosperm pollen types, 3 fern spore types, stallations and to the Government of Guam for distribu­ and 2 kinds of simple algae have been recognized by tion to municipalities and rural areas in the northern Estella Leopold from drill cores on Eniwetok Atoll, part of the island. The Fena Reservoir system re­ Marshall Islands. The pollen-bearing sediments are of portedly has a firm yield of 9 to 14 mgd, and therefore Miocene age, based on Foraminifera also present in is capable of supplying the total current water require­ them. Seventeen of the angiosperm genera have been ments, except during extended droughts. The water- identified; 6 of these now grow on the atoll, but 1 of distribution system, however, would have to be enlarged these probably was reintroduced by man. Ten now at considerable expense to convey water to all principal exotic angiosperm genera identified by fossil pollen water users on the island. now grow in the western and (or) central Micronesia. Saline-water intrusion on Angaur Island High pollen density and the presence of shoreline algae Studies of Angaur Island by Ted Arnow (1961a) in­ in deep levels of drill holes lend supporting evidence to dicate that open-pit mining of phosphate ore created the hypothesis that the coral atoll has undergone sub­ large water-table lakes, which became filled with saline sidence since Miocene time. water. It was determined that the earthy phosphate Ground-water supplies in American Samoa formed a seal over the underlying highly permeable A reconnaissance study of Tutuila, Aunu'u Ofu, Olo- limestone which contains saline water. Removal of the sega, and Ta'u Islands in American Samoa by D. A. phosphate allowed the saline water to enter the Davis suggests that both high-level and basal ground- excavations. water supplies could be developed on most of the islands. The possibility of the saline water spreading to sur­ The islands are volcanic in origin and are composed of rounding areas and causing damage to agricultural land lava flows, dikes, tuff, and breccia, and minor amounts and the water supply was evaluated. To reduce the of colluvium, alluvium, and calcareous sand and gravel. possibility of saline-water intrusion into the surround­ Hydrologic studies on Guam ing fresh-water aquifers, the excavations were back­ The water supply of Guam Island was. studied brief­ filled with rubble. In less than a year recharge from ly in 1961 by G. F. Worts, Jr. Guam is about 30 miles rainfall substantially reduced the salinity, and a fresh­ long and 7 miles wide, covering an area of roughly 200 water lens had been established in the former sites of square miles. The northern half of the island is a lime­ the saline lakes. stone plateau, which contains a basal fresh-water lens floating on salt water. Kainfall is about 100 inches per ANTARCTICA year, and little of it runs off most recharges the fresh­ A geologic-mapping program in Antarctica by the water lens by sinking into the limestone or forming Geological Survey was begun in the 1960-61 austral short streams that flow into sink holes. Shaft and summer and was continued in 1961-62 in cooperation tubes wells have yields in excess of 2,000 gpm, but with the U.S. Antarctic Research Program of the Na- A62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS tional Science Foundation. Areal geologic mapping at found probable organic materials in black argillite at a scale of 1: 50,000 has been done in the Thiel Mountains one locality. The sedimentary and related intrusive (formerly referred to as eastern Horlick Mountains) rocks are not folded or are only very gently folded, but in the interior of the continent. Glaciological studies they have been involved in high-angle faulting. have also been made in the Thiel Mountains. A Survey Glaciology and glacial geology of the Thiel Mountains coal geologist accompanied a party from Ohio State A network of stakes on the ice sheet was surveyed by University in the Ohio Eange of the Horlick Moun­ B. G. Andersen during the 1960-61 season and resur- tains. Studies in petrology, tectonics, coal geology, veyed the following season to determine annual ice and glacial geology begun in previous years have been movement. Seasonal movements of the steeper glaciers continued. were measured in the 1961-62 summer. Although final The topographic mapping of Antarctica, carried on calculations have not been made, ice movement was as part of the U.S. Antarctic Eesearch Program of the found to be extremely slow. The annual snow accumu­ National Science Foundation, was expanded during lation during 1961 was about l1/^ feet; stratigraphic fiscal year 1962. Six topographic engineers went to Antarctica during the 1961-62 austral summer to obtain studies in snow pits indicate that it has been about the geodetic control for topographic mapping, and one same for the past 15 years. Erratics and glacial stria- aerial-photograph specialist was assigned to the Navy tions on nunataks show that the ice sheet has been at in an advisory capacity. In addition to the conven­ least 1,500 feet thicker than it is today. tional practice of using solar observations for position The mean annual air temperature is about 37°C, as determinations, daylight observations were made on inferred from the temperature at the bottom of a 30- stars, with an expectation of greater accuracy in the foot-deep bore hole. Daily summer air-temperature final results. variation is generally less than 5°C, but daily variation of temperatures oi rock surfaces which are shaded part Geology of the Thiel Mountains of the day was found to be as much as 40°C and varied A five-man Survey party has completed the areal from about 15°0 to about +25°C. Chemical weath­ geologic mapping of the Thiel Mountains (fig. 4). A. ering as well as mechanical weathering by frost action B. Ford, J. M. Aaron, R. W. Tabor, B. G. Andersen, seem to be significant processes even in this polar and R. W. Elliott have found that hypersthene-bearing environment. quartz monzonite porphyry comprising the main massif has been intruded by very coarse grained biotite Paleobotany and coal studies granite porphyry. Pegmatite and aplite dikes are very Additional collections of fossil plants from the Ohio rare. Petrographic studies by Ford and Tabor show Range of the Horlick Mountains and from the Mackay that unusually euhedral porphyroblasts of cordierite Glacier area in Victoria Land by J. M. Schopf have have developed in the quartz monzonite. Indistinct added new elements to the flora. These include ScMzo- light and dark layers forming local antiforms and syn- neura, Vertebraria, coniferous twigs, and cone scales. forms within the quartz monzonite suggest that it has The rhizomes of Vertebrcma attest to the local growth been folded. of vegetation, but "root" zones are not evident below The age of the plutonic complex is unknown, but coal beds. The new plants reinforce earlier tentative large samples were collected for absolute age determi­ conclusions as to the probably Permian age of the nations. The Devonian and younger strata that over­ Antarctic coal measures. Early Devonian psilophytic lie crystalline basement rocks in the Horlick Mountains plants occur in dark shale intercalated between sandy are not exposed in the Thiel Mountains. The southern­ fossiliferous marine beds in the Ohio Range. An most bedrock outcrops, however, show abundant errat­ alteration of littoral and paludal f acies is indicated. ics of sedimentary rocks resembling those of the In the laboratory, reflectance studies of coal from be­ Horlick Mountains. The erratics lie on diabase, and neath igneous sills show evidence of coke structure and therefore it is probable that later Paleozoic strata and indicate that the coke formed from high-rank bitumi­ related intrusive diabase are buried beneath plateau ice nous coal. Further coal analytic data show variation on the south flank of the range. in analytic values down to about low-volatile bitumi­ Weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in the nous rank, depending on distance from igneous southernmost group of nunataks have been intruded intrusion. by quartz diorite. Quartzite, argillite, and spotted Fish plates were found by John Mulligan in 1961 in argillite predominate. Sills of dacite occur locally. an erratic of black shale on the Mackay Glacier and These rocks are mostly unfossiliferous, but Aaron are comparable with those described by Smith Wood- ANTARCTICA A63

Modified from U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office Chart H. 0. 6634, 1st Edition, August, 1956

\ Taylor Valley MacKay \ Glacier f \

FIGURE 4. Index map of part of Antarctica showing areas of geologic mapping, geologic studies, and geologic reconnaissance by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1957 through 1962. A64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS ward 47 from the same area. This material probably side of the snout of Taylor Glacier, between the glacier indicates the existence of Upper Devonian deposits. and Bonney Lake, has numerous small saline pools Reconnaissance geologic traverses upon it, and the till at its edge is thickly encrusted with The occurrence of lithologically similar alkaline ba­ halite. The platform, probably an ice delta formed salts and trachytes of probable Quaternary age in Marie by refreezing of meltwater streams from the Rhone and Byrd Land, the Koss Island area, and South Victoria Taylor Glaciers, has a fretted surface due to the ac­ cumulation of saline waters; the total relief is 6 feet. Land has been interpreted by W. B. Hamilton and E. L. Boudette to be a highly alkaline volcanic province pet- The surface is stained yellowish brown by minute gran­ rologically, but not tectonically similar to the African ules of iron oxide, in striking contrast to the clean white ice of lake and glacier. Depressions contain sul- rift valleys. This criterion along with the potassic character of the basement rock, the lack of a submarine fatic water and are floored by a precipitate of calcite trench, and an appropriate volcanic alinement, all in and iron oxide. At the edge of the platform, inso­ the province, preclude that the ice-submerged "is­ lation holes around boulders contain saline water. lands" of Marie Byrd Land and the Ross Sea Islands Evaporites, mostly halite, encrust the boulders and also are part of an andesitic island arc of the circum-Pacific form a surface crust and subsurface caliche in the till at type. the edge of the ice. A preliminary concentration of the solutions as a saline residuum after freezing is Geologic reconnaissance of the Eights Coast likely, the solutes remaining in the last freezing por­ Five areas of bedrock exposure were examined by tion. Evaporation must control the precipitation of A. A. Drake, Jr., a member of the U.S. 1961 icebreaker calcite, iron, and salts. expedition along the Eights Coast of the Bellings­ Age of moraines in McMurdo Sound area hausen Sea. The principal rock present in all these The presence of ice cores in youthful-appearing mo­ exposures is diorite that apparently is the same unit described from Thurston Island by Craddock and Hub- raines mapped by T. L. Pewe during the 195Y-58 season bard.48 The unit is of batholithic size and has a max­ indicates their considerable age. Ice-cored moraines as imum dimension of more than 120 miles. Specimens old as 6,000 years occur in the area. In addition, fully developed contraction-crack polygons with trenches 3 of granite or quartz monzonite collected from one ex­ posure suggest that the batholith may have potassic dif­ to 4 feet wide are present on the moraines. Such fea­ ferentiates. The age of this unit is unknown, but it is tures probably take hundreds of thousands of years to develop. Mummified seals up to 2,000 years old have almost certainly not related to the Andean intrusives of been found near and on these moraines, indicating a the Palmer Penninsula that have an entirely different character. The batholith probably belongs to the series minimum age for the deposits. of Paleozoic intrusives so common in west Antarctica. Topographic field operations Petrographic and petrochemical affinities have not as W. H. Chapman, W. C. Elder, and E. R. Soza used yet been determined. Inclusions of metamorphic rock electronic distance-measuring equipment to establish were found within the batholith near lat 72°35'27" S., mapping control in the mountains between Hallett Sta­ long 95°07'00" W. This rock is composed principally tion and Plunket Point, near the head of the Beardmore of high-calcium plagioclase and orthopyroxene (prob­ Glacier (fig. 5). In addition to the U.S. Navy logistics ably hypersthene) and has charnockitic affinities. The support furnished to all USARP field parties, this par­ batholith is overlain by basaltic volcanic rocks in the ticular group was closely supported by a U.S. Army Jones Mountains. helicopter detachment. Successful completion of the This expedition confirmed the presence of a number 1,500-mile traverse resulted in the establishment of con­ of islands in this part of Antarctica. These islands, trol for mapping 100,000 square miles of mountainous however, are of plutonic rocks and not of volcanic rocks terrain. as had been postulated previously. While operating with a USARP party jointly fielded Saline features in Taylor Valley by the Universities of Michigan and Minnesota, T. E. W. B. Hamilton, I. C. Frost, and P. T. Hayes report Taylor established control along the west edge of the (Art. 28) that a small ice platform lying at the north Ross Ice Shelf near the Nimrod Glacier, the Liv Glacier-Amundsen Glacier area, and Mulock Inlet. 47 Woodard, A. S., 1921, Fish remains from the Upper Old Red Sand­ C. G. Merrick, a member of the USARP Antarctic stone of Granite Harbour, Antarctica: British Antarctic ("Terra Peninsula Traverse, obtained geodetic positions for ap­ Nova") Expedition, 1910, Natural History Kept., Geol., v. 1, no. 2, p. 51-62. proximately 100 peaks in Ellsworth Land between the 48 Craddock, Campbell, and Hubbard, H. A., 1961, Preliminary geologic Jones Mountains and the base of the Palmer Peninsula. report on the 1960 U.S. expedition to Bellingshausen Sea: Science, v. 133, no. 3456, p. 886-887. Several mountain ranges were observed and located, ANTARCTICA A65 0

JUNE 30, 1962

T1 I PUBLISHED TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

I I MAPPING IN PROGRESS

B EXISTING MAPPING PHOTOGRAPHY FIGTJBE 5. Index map of Antarctica showing status of topographic mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey as of June 30, 1962. land it is thought that the Sweeney, the Latady, and the R. D. Martin established horizontal control by tri- Lowell Thomas Mountains are among them. There is angulation and vertical control by spirit leveling for use I considerable variance between the positions of these by the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office in the photo- i ranges as reported from sigh tings by early explorers grammetric compilation of a large-scale map of Naval and these recently observed geodetic positions. It will be necessary to study the report of earlier sightings to Air Facility McMurdo, the main U.S. base in correlate the conflicting name data. Antarctica. A66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF REiSTJLTS

Stellar observations for geodetic position were made movable section of the model, which will be semitrans- at the marker designating the South Geographic Pole parent, will show the sea-level surface and the surface by R. D. Martin and at the new Byrd Station by W. H. of the continental ice mass. The projections of moun­ Chapman. The latter position was tied by electronic tain masses through the ice will also be shown on the surveys to the old Byrd Station, the site of an observa­ upper section. tion made by Chapman during the winter of 1959. Both positions are on the moving polar icecap. An GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN approximation of the annual rate of ice movement may OTHER COUNTRIES be possible by comparing positions determined in dif­ Under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State ferent years. Agency for International Development, the Geological Additional astronomic observations in Antarctica Survey continued to play an important role in support­ are reported on page A125. ing and furthering United States foreign policy by Aerial photography extending scientific and technical assistance to nations U.S. Navy Air Development Squadron Six obtained whose future development depends largely on full utili­ aerial photography in accordance with Geological Sur­ zation of their source of greatest wealth minerals and vey specifications. W. R. MacDonald was assigned water. Programs undertaken or continuing in fiscal to the Navy Photographic Laboratory at Christchurch, 1962 in 20 countries were fundamentally designed to New Zealand, to advise on the quality of developed assist in establishing permanent governmental units photography and to assist on planning and necessary capable of carrying forward national mineral and water reflights. basic-data gathering and analysis activities. Such basic scientific data are now recognized as the foundation for Early in the season, one of the three Neptune P2V's sound economic development, enabling the expansion, used for Antarctic photographic missions crashed at diversification, and conservation of these resources for Wilkes Station, killing five men. Because of this loss, the ultimate benefit of the people. severe operational restrictions were placed on the two The Geological Survey's activities are of several remaining aircraft. Final analysis of the season's kinds: (a) geologic training of students of other coun­ photography indicates that an area of about 105,000 tries, accomplished by assigning them to field parties square miles was photographed acceptably for use in the and laboratories in the U.S., or by sending experienced Survey's mapping program. American geologists to foreign universities or geologi­ Cartographic activities cal surveys as instructors or training officers; (b) ad­ Three 1:500,000-scale topographic maps along the visory services in the establishment of geologic surveys; coast of Wilkes Land were published, making a total of and (c) cooperative systematic geologic investigations 11 sheets now available in this area. of areas favorable for the occurrence of mineral and Three 1:250,000-scale topographic maps of the Sen­ water resources. tinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains were published Although the advisory and training activities are of in shaded-relief editions. These sheets are the first of a great signifiance, they do not yield new geologic infor­ series designed to cover those areas of interest to Ant­ mation directly and are not described here (see p. A167- arctic scientists. Mapping at the same scale is in prog­ 168 for a list of the activities). Some of the new infor­ ress for 33 other maps covering the Horlick Mountains, mation from cooperative field studies abroad is here Executive Committee Range, McMurdo area, Britannia summarized with emphasis on items of broad scientific Range, and Queen Alexandria Range (fig. 5). and economic interest. Uncontrolled planimetric manuscripts are being com­ Iron-ore deposits, Minas Gerais, Brazil piled of part of the Pensacola Mountains, and of the An ore control of the high-grade hematite deposits of Heritage Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, to support the Quadrilatero Ferrifero has been established by re­ geologic investigations by the Survey and the University cent geologic studies. It has been known for some years of Minnesota. that folds in the itabirite host rock were an important Antarctica relief model structural control of the metasomatic high-grade hema­ Compilation was completed and a contract was let for tite ore (66 percent Fe or more). Also known was that a 2-layer multicolored plastic relief model of Antarc­ marked steepening of the lineation in the rocks was tica, at a scale of 1:10,000,000 with a vertical exaggera­ characteristic of some ore bodies. However, localiza­ tion of 25:1. The lower part of the model will show the tion of several ore bodies, ranging in size to more than submarine floor, the subice topography, and ice-free 200 million tons, still could not be explained, and it was mountain areas on the continent. The upper and re­ thought that internal folding within the iron-formation GEOLOGIC AND SYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES A67 localized these bodies. Now, mapping of the Moeda Mineral deposits near Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico Plateau by R. M. Wallace shows that bodies of high- Abundant deposits of industrial-grade gypsum in grade hematite were localized at the intersection of commercial quantities, located in the easily accessible obscure cross folds, which occur in two systems, with border areas of the Sierra de Texas, were studied by the generally north-trending flanks of the major Moeda B. H. Kent during the mapping of the San Pedro quad­ syncline. The lineation was steepened by this intersec­ rangle. Transportation facilities are good and an tion. G. C. Simmons then recognized that ore occurred adequate supply of gypsum is available for any exten­ at crossf old intersections in the Brumadinho area, and sive new industrial use in the Torreon area, State of J. V. N. Dorr recognized such relations in the Jangada- Coahuila. The Sierra de Texas, in the central part of , Samambaia area in the Serra do Curral. Thus, all the the quadrangle, consists of two formations: the Upper [thoroughly explored, major deposits of high-grade Cretaceous Indidura Formation, conformably overly­ j hematite in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero are now known ing the Lower Cretaceous Aurora Limestone. Numer­ | to be localized on or near the axes of folds and, in many ous vein deposits of high-quality barite and fluorite cases, at the intersection of major and minor folds. were found throughout the range, although none con­ Folds are both anticlinal and synclinal. tains adequate ore to be considered commercial. Lead-zinc deposits, Bahia, Brazil Mineral-resource studies in Libya R. F. Johnson (1960) has studied and reported on the The compilation of a new base map and a geological Boquira lead-zinc deposits in south-central Bahia, Bra­ map of Libya at scale of 1:2,000,000, in addition to the zil. These deposits, among the largest known in that completion of a summary report on the geology and I country, occur as veins in lenses of iron-rich meta- mineral resources of Libya (exclusive of petroleum), sedihientary rocks of probable Precambrian age. Ex­ marked the end of cooperative field investigations tremely rich near-surface ozidized lead ore has furnished begun in 1955. Many detailed geological data were | most of the production to date, but sulfide minerals have supplied by private oil concessionaires through the |been found at depth. Petroleum Commission of the Ministry of Petroleum Affairs in Libya. During the course of the work a Tin, tungsten, and copper studies, Bolivia financially self-supporting minerals-testing laboratory Among the several demonstration field projects cur­ (chemical) with a 10-man staff was permanently rently under way in Bolivia are the geological investi­ established. gations and mapping in the Cordillera Tres Crucos Ground-water in the Libyan desert of western Egypt '(Quimza Cruz), an important tin- and tungsten- iproducing area of great potential. A study of a part Ground-water investigations to date in the New k)f the Altiplano copper belt, including 2,800 square Valley project in the Libyan desert of western Egypt kilometers of mapping at a scale of 1:50,000, has been have revealed 3 or more thick and productive artesian completed. Two veins were discovered by Bolivian sandstone aquifers at depths of 100 to 700 meters be­ ;geologists, Henry C. Meyer and Jose E. Murillo, neath the Kharga Oasis. These aquifers yield water [through geochemical prospecting, and three additional generally containing less than 250 milligrams per liter veins were discovered through electromagnetic studies. of total dissolved solids. Twenty of the projected 27 wells have been completed for geohydrologic explora­ Geomorphology and metallogenic map, Chile tion and pilot development. All wells in the lower part Recent studies by Kenneth Segerstrom (Art. 93) in­ of the oasis flow with artesian heads as much as 100 feet dicate that the dune deposits, consisting of sand chains above land surface. The total developed flow from the tand barchans which extend from Chile's Pacific coast 20 wells measured approximately 120,000 cubic meters inland to the area northeast of Copiapo (Atacama per day. province), are derived from deflation of an elevated Ground-water investigations in Kordofan Province, Sudan marine terrace. The terrace consists mainly of sand- Cooperative ground-water reconnaissance of Kordo­ Stones and coquina beds that rest unconformably on the fan Province, Sudan, has shown that ground water granitic bedrock. The dune chains lie near the east occurs in deeply weathered Precambrian crystalline margin of the deflated area and extend inland on a rocks over about 55 percent of the province and in bearing of approximately N. 70° E., parallel to the Cretaceous sandstone and Pliocene and Pleistocene sand dominant present-day wind direction. throughout the remainder of the area. In most places, A metallogenic map of Chile has been compiled ground water is of good to fair chemical quality; in jointly with the Institute de Investigationes Geologicas some parts of the province, however, the water is not kind is now being prepared for publication. potable. A68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Iron deposits of Yugoslavia indicate high concentrations of scheelite from the drain­ The principal iron deposits of Yugoslavia, in the 'Re­ age basin southeast of Batgram. public of Bosnia-Hercegovina, have been examined by A detailed survey of the Makarwal coal field in West Carl Button. At Vares, near Sarajevo, a hematite Pakistan was recently completed by Ibrahim Shah and layer with an average thickness of 50 feet and an under­ W. Danilchik. This work indicates that the small but lying siderite layer with an average thickness of 200 important coal field is nearly exhausted of its developed feet are gently to moderately inclined, are part of a reserve, but that another 3 million long tons remains to sequence between thrust faults, and are separated into be developed above the water table. The total remain­ three main ore bodies by other faults. At Ljubija, in ing reserve in all categories is 19,217,000 long tons. the northwestern part of the republic, a siderite layer Beach placers containing monazite, ilmenite, zircon, with an average thickness of 150 feet is gently folded, and other heavy minerals extend 100 miles southeast­ faulted, and locally is extensively altered to limonite; ward along the shores of the Bay of Bengal from Chit- other limonite deposits as much as 135 feet thick appear tagong to the Burma border. Comprehensive field in­ to be in disconnected basins on the bedrock surface and vestigations by S. A. Asad and R. G. Schmidt, includ­ are believed to be transported and reaccumulated ing airborne radiometric surveys of the entire area, material. were begun in November 1961 and are continuing. The In the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia, placers consist of sand generally containing 10 to 30 magnetite deposits in tilted sandstone near andesite percent heavy minerals and locally with lenses that con­ occur in an area 2,500 feet by 150 feet and are being tain as much as 96 percent minerals exceeding 2.80 developed for concentration. In the western part of specific gravity (Art. 64). the republic, chamositic layers in phyllite near Kicevo Field investigations by Habib Abbas and M. G. White are as much as 60 feet thick and are being developed of a copper-nodule occurrence in the Central Salt Range for possible use. The strata are gently folded and com­ reported in the early geological literature on the region plexly faulted. resulted in the discovery of apparently extensive copper In the southern part of the Republic of Serbia, 2 mineralization. The occurrences are found in the deposits that contain magnetite lenses as much as 150 "Speckled sandstone" (late Paleozoic) in the Central feet long and 60 feet wide in marble are being explored and Western Salt Range. To date all localities checked and developed for probable production. between Nammal gorge to the west and Nilawan gorge Iron deposits of large tonnage, but of only possible to the east contain copper. This presents an inferred potential value because of excessive amounts of nickel strike length of about 65 miles of possible copper- and chromium, occur along the boundary of Bosnia- mineralized rock. In general the mineralization as in­ Hercegovina and central Serbia and in southern Mace­ dicated by the presence of malachite and cuprite was donia. Chamosite and limonite are at the first locality weak. One to four beds of weakly mineralized sand­ and magnetite, hematite, and limonite at the second. stone from a few inches to 6 feet thick in a section as The deposits are on or near serpentinized peridotite much as 100 feet thick have been found in the upper from which they were derived and reaccumulated chem­ part of the "Speckled sandstone." Extensive sampling ically and mechanically in predominantly clastic strata. at four widely separated localities has been completed, Cooperative mineral exploration and paleontologic studies in and laboratory work on the samples is in progress. Pakistan A large deposit of barite has been located near Khuz- Reconnaissance investigations of the Hazara District, dar, in Kalat Division, West Pakistan. Detailed map­ West Pakistan, by S. T. Ali, J4 A. Calkins, T. W. ping of the deposit by M. I. Ahmad and F. L. Klinger Offield, and K. W. Stauffer, indicate the presence of a shows the deposit to be a steeply dipping lens of bedded number of promising mineral occurrences. Most nota­ barite, 1,200 feet long and up to 60 feet thick. It is ble are glass sands (metamorphosed quartzose sand­ the largest of a series of similar deposits that follow stones containing variable amounts of carbonate) at a zone of strong rock alteration in Jurassic limestone Manda Kuchha, and bedded iron and manganese de­ and shale. The structure of the barite deposits is con­ posits at Galdanian. Reserves of glass sand are esti­ formable with that of the wallrocks, and although the mated to be 155 million tons. The iron and manganese deposits resemble sedimentary beds they may be of deposits occur as hematite and manganese-rich beds hydrothermal origin. The larger deposit contains at within a persistent red-bed sequence. Reserves are un­ least 500,000 tons of barite. An additional 200,000 known. Other promising mineral commodities are tons is probably available from a group of smaller kaolin, scheelite, and pegmatite minerals, including deposits. Most of this tonnage can be mined from beryl. Analyses of heavy minerals from stream sands opencuts. GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES A69 Large-scale geologic mapping by Roger van Vloten now underway. Detailed systematic studies in strati- in the chromite deposits of the Hindubagh mining dis­ graphic and structural geology are being carried out for trict has revealed that the chromite ore occurs in the the first time concurrent with these studies in economic lower part of a layered basic intrusive complex. The geology. lowest exposed part of the intrusive complex is olivine- Engineering-geology studies in Indonesia rich rock, greatly serpentinized. Veins and lenses of A detailed geologic study by H. H. Waldron was com­ chromite seem to occur mainly near the contact with pleted at the Djatiluhur damsite of the Tiitarum River, an overlying pyroxenite layer. On top of the pyroxe- West Java (Art. 125). The river at the damsite has nite a previously unsuspected mass of gabbro was cut a gorge through a thick sequence of folded marine found. The olivine rock is dissected by a diabase dike sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age. The foundation swarm that does not continue into the gabbro. A large consists principally of a silty shale, with some inter- number of faults strike approximately perpendicular beds of siltstone, fine sandstone, and thin beds and to the trend of the dikes, and preliminary results indi­ lenses of limestone. A minor anticlinal fold on the cate that the chromite veins are parallel to these faults. south flank of a major anticline underlies part of the Studies by D. H. Dunkle of vertebrate fossils col­ damsite. The rock-fill structure will be the first multi­ lected by personnel of the Geological Survey of Pak­ purpose dam in Indonesia. When completed, it will be istan have resulted in the recognition of faunal zones 100 meters high and have a total volume in excess of 10 in the lower Pleistocene sequence of rocks exposed in million cubic meters. Rock-fill is to be derived from the Chandhar anticline, adjacent to the Mangla Dam. nearby masses of intrusive andesitic rock. site near the Kashmir border. Dunkle also found three Chromite investigations in western Luzon, Zambales Province, stratigraphic-paleontologic stages of associated marine Republic of the Philippines invertebrate and continental vertebrate fossils that will The Zambales mafic complex, exposed over an area be useful to geologists studying middle and upper Ter­ 150 miles long and 30 miles wide, has been the subject tiary sediments of the lower Indus Basin, east of the of study by Darwin Rossman. The rock units are be­ axial belt in Kalat, Karachi, and Hyderabad Divisions, lieved to be tabular in shape and to lie one above the West Pakistan. other in a succession whose structure is dome shaped Hydrologic regimen in the Punjab region, West Pakistan that is, coincidental with the profile of the Zambales Detailed geologic and hydrologic investigations were Range. The exposed rocks probably are part of a completed in Rechna and Chaj doabs of the Punjab much larger mass. The thickness of the lowest unit, region. Indications are that about 95 percent of a total saxonite, is unknown, but the exposed part is probably area of 27 million acres is underlain by saturated al­ no more than 5,000 feet thick. The saxonite is overlain luvium to a depth of 1,000 feet or more. A high- by a dunitic zone that ranges from 30 to 1,000 feet in capacity well yielding 5 cubic feet per second or more thickness. Gabbro lies over the dunite and has a maxi­ can be developed at almost any given site. Hydro- mum thickness of 5,000 feet. The bulk of the gabbro chemical studies show that the water quality is gen­ is norite, but near the geographic center of the exposed erally acceptable for irrigation in 80 percent of the area part of the complex the basal part of the gabbro grades and that the average concentration of dissolved solids into olivine gabbro. The shape of the olivine gabbro is is generally less than 1,000 parts per million. The lenticular, and the maximum known thickness is about average potential rate of recharge from the existing 1,OOQ feet. irrigation system, according to hydrologic studies, may Diamond drilling on the Zambales Government Re­ be 0.5 feet of water per year, and the component of re­ serve has proved 600,000 tons of good refractory grade coverable natural recharge may range from. 0.2 to 0.3 chromite and twice this amount of probable ore. All feet of water per year. known deposits lie below the gabbro in a 1,000-foot- i Mineral investigations in Thailand thick zone that includes the dunite and upper part of i The cooperative effort in Thailand is directed toward the saxonite. I the eventual diversification of the mining industry. Refractory-kaolin deposits, Kinmen (Quemoy) Island, Taiwan (Thailand has 200 operating mines of which all except Geologic investigations by Sam Rosenblum on Kin- ill new mines are producing tin and tungsten. The men (Quemoy) Island, Fukien Province, led to the new mines, placed in operation under the present pro- discovery of at least 65 million metric tons of shallow !gram, produce gypsum, manganese, ceramic materials, refractory koalin containing less than 5 percent sand. jcoal, and iron ore for local manufacturing. Fluorite In addition 30 drill holes indicated several hundred is now mined for export. In addition, the first scien- million metric tons of clay containing 5 to 50 percent i tific and economic studies of Thailand's tin deposits are sand. Iron content for the whole deposit is estimated

661513 O 62 6 A70 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS to be from 0.5 to 4.5 percent. The clay and sand layers PHOTOGEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE MOON are apparently recent blankets partly covering a mature The earthward face of the Moon is being mapped granitic gneiss terrane. geologically at a scale of 1:1,000,000. The first maps Ground-water studies for U.S. Navy at Poro Point, Luzon, Re­ that have been prepared cover the nominal target area public of the Philippines for the Eanger spacecraft of the National Aeronautics The water supply at Poro Point is obtained from a and Space Administration. Telescopic photographs are fresh water lens floating on salt water in limestone and an important source of the information used in map­ sand. Several tube wells tap this source but the water ping, and good progress has been made in assembling becomes brackish in May, at the end of the 6-month a working library of copies of the best available lunar dry season during which rainfall totals only 4% inches. photography. Tests and analysis of the data suggest that (a) recharge Lunar stratigraphy is derived wholly from precipitation and is about 1,000 Continued detailed mapping has extended the distri­ to 2,000 acre-feet per year, or between one-third and bution of the five major stratigraphic divisions of lunar one-half of the 92 inches of rain that falls from May surface rocks recognized in the first detailed mapping through October; (b) the amount of ground water (Shoemaker, 1962c). The lunar time scale correspond­ stored in the fresh-water lens ranges from about 2,000 ing to these divisions, which have been termed systems, acre-feet at the end of the dry season to about 3,500 is as follows: acre-feet at the end of the wet season; (c) pumpage in (Present time) 1961 was only about 100 acre-feet; (d) most of the Oopernican Period ground water is discharged by natural processes Eratosthenian Period through seeps and submarine springs around Poro Procellarian Period Point; and (e) the coefficient of transmissibility is Imbrian Period about 200,000 gallons per day per foot, and the coeffi­ pre-Imbrian time cient of storage is about 0.13. The field coefficient of (Beginning of lunar history) permeability may exceed 10,000 gallons per day per Recent work by E. J. Hackman, E. E. Eggleton, and square foot. C. H. Marshall has resulted in the establishment of two One shaft well, extending only 3 to 5 feet into the formal stratigraphic subdivisions of the Imbrian Sys­ fresh-water lens, obtains potable water the year around. tem, which have been named the Apenninian Series Similar wells, properly spaced along the axis of Poro and the Archimedian Series (Shoemaker, 1962a). The Point, also could be expected to yield potable water Apenninian (named for the type area in the lunar throughout the year. To minimize the possibility of Apennine Mountains) comprises a great sheet of mate­ sea-water intrusion, the yield of any single shaft well rial occupying upland areas surrounding the Mare probably should not exceed 100 gallons per minute. In­ Imbrium Basin. Eggleton and Marshall have found termittent pumping causes a surging action in the fresh­ that this unit is more widespread than was recognized water lens and results in a thickening of the transition earlier; about 80 percent of the earthside hemisphere zone between the fresh and salt water. Thus, to reduce of the Moon lies within the farthest known limits of the further the threat of sea-water encroachment the wells unit. The topographic characteristics of the Apen- should be pumped continuously at the minimum rate re­ nianian vary with distance from Mare Imbrium. A quired to meet the needs for water. continuously hummocky f acies extends outward 300 to 500 kilometers from the edge of Mare Imbrium. At this ASTROGEOLOGIC STUDIES distance the hummocky facies grades into a smooth The Geological 'Survey is continuing its investigations facies with isolated hummocky patches. On the basis in support of the space exploration program of the Na­ of the way the Apenninian fills in older craters, Eggle­ ton has estimated that its thickness in the nominal tional Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Eanger target area (selenographic latitude 16° N.-160 emphasis to date has been on research related to prob­ S. and selenographic longitude 10°-50° W.) ranges lems of the lunar surface. Three main approaches are from approximately 500 to 2,000 meters, generally being followed: geologic mapping of the Moon by means increasing toward Mare Imbrium. These data support of information obtained from visual, photographic, and the interpretation of the Apenninian Series as an photometeric studies with telescopes; investigation of extensive blanket of ejecta derived from the Mare terrestrial and experimental impact and cratering Imbrium Basin. phenomena; and study of extraterrestrial materials that The Archimedian Series (named for the type area may originate from or occur on the Moon. around the crater Archimedes, which is being studied by ASTRGGEOLOGIC STUDIES A71 Hackman) is composed mainly of the rim materials of traveling in asteroidal orbits, which would be focused craters of post-Apenninian and pre-Procellarian age. by the earth's gravitational field. D. E. Gault, of the The number and size of these craters indicate that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Archimedian Epoch must represent a significant inter­ C. H. Marshall have restudied the volumetric relations val of time that intervened between the formation of the of lunar craters on the basis of topographic data con­ Mare Imbrium Basin and its filling by mare material tained in lunar charts prepared by the Air Force Aero­ of Procellarian age. nautical Chart and Information Center. They found All exposed mare material has been assigned to the that the volume of the crater rims is nearly twice the Procellarian System, and the major mare areas are ap­ volume of the craters rather than being approximately parently of about the same age. Recently, however, equivalent, as has been assumed for over a century and Eggleton and Marshall have found numerous restricted a half (Schroeter's Rule). areas with marelike topography which are overlain by Although much of the lunar surface may be covered the Apenninian Series. Pre-Imbrian marelike material by low-density, possibly noncohesive materials, it is of presumably occurs in these areas at relatively shallow some interest to consider the thermomechanical effects depth. If the mare material is of volcanic origin, as is of the monthly temperature variation that might be generally supposed, the occurrence of pre-Imbrian expected if rock comparable in strength to ordinary marelike material suggests that volcanism of the mare terrestrial rocks were exposed. If such rock responds type was not restricted to a single episode in the Moon's elastically to the monthly expansion and contraction, history. surficial tensile stresses an order of magnitude greater W. A. Fischer and T. M. Sousa have found that the than the tensile strength would develop in unf ractured major stratigraphic units on the Moon may be dis­ rock. On the basis of a recently developed theory, A. criminated by the use of several statistical parameters H. Lachenbruch (1961a) has found that the resulting derived from microdensitometer traverses of full-moon tension cracks could be as much as 200 feet deep. At photographs. In further investigations, the data ob­ first sight this result is somewhat surprising, as the tained in analog form were converted manually to stresses would be dominated by gravitational compres­ digital form for preliminary analyses by R. G. Hender- sion at depths greater than 15 or 20 feet in unf ractured son with the use of a high-speed digital computer. Fre­ lunar rocks. quency analyses using Fourier transforms, and studies The importance of highly instrumented unmanned of the autocorrelation function and second derivatives spacecraft in testing the landing sites and in determin­ of the densitometer traverses, were carried out. Both ing the scientific objectives for the manned lunar ex­ frequency and autocorrelation analysis appear promis­ ploration was analysed by Shoemaker (1962a). A ing for use in distinguishing and describing lunar strati- spacecraft in orbit around the Moon could be instru­ graphic units. mented to provide data necessary for detailed geologic mapping of the Moon's surface. Structural features E. M. Shoemaker (1962c) compared lunar craters TERRESTRIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMPACT AND with terrestrial impact craters and maars. Both im­ CRATERING PHENOMENA pact and volcanic craters are probably present on the Moon, and discrimination between the two types by The high-speed impact of objects of a great range of earth-based observations rests chiefly on secondary size has been a major factor in the development of the Moon's surface, and has played a lesser but appreciable characteristics of the crater rim material. The charac­ role in the development of the Earth's surface. Accord­ teristics of ray craters, such as Copernicus, match those ingly, the Geological Survey is studying both terrestrial predicted from a simplified theoretical model of impact meteorite impact craters and experimentally produced cratering. In a further use of the model the expected impact crater^. variation in thickness of the ejecta surrounding an im­ Terrestrial craters and structures pact crater was derived (Shoemaker, 1961a). The A second high-pressure polymorph of silica has been thickness of the ejecta blanket calculated for the crater found occurring with coesite in shocked sandstone at Copernicus is consistent with observations. Meteor Crater, Ariz. (Chao, Fahey and others, 1962). In a study of the distribution of craters of Copernican This mineral has been named stishovite, after S. M. and Eratosthenian ages, C. H. Marshall has found that Stishov, who together with S. V. Popova first synthe­ the areal density of postmare craters is greater near sized this newly discovered phase of silica in 1961 at a the center of the lunar disk than near the limb, as would pressure of about 110 to 120 kilobars and a temperature be expected for craters formed by impacting objects of 1,200°C to 1,400°C. Stishovite, in submicron-size A72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS grains, forms up to about half a percent of the more features. The dike rock was studied by D. J. Milton strongly shocked sandstone. It is tetragonal with a and features were found, notably the melting of quartz structure closely related to that of rutile, in which the grains without solution in the matrix glass, that do silicon atoms are in 6-fold rather than the usual 4-fold not occur in volcanic products but are found at larger coordination. The calculated specific gravity is 4.28, meteorite craters. Comparison with the Neptune nu­ much greater than the specific gravity of quartz (2.66) clear crater on a steep slope in the Nevada Test Site or coesite (2.93). The pressure at which stishovite was suggests that some unusual structural features of the synthesized is equivalent to that at a depth of about Kofels area may in part be caused by meteorite impact 400 kilometers in the earth; its presence at Meteor on a steep mountain side. Crater is attributed to the transient shock pressure E. M. Shoemaker and R. E. Eggleton have found tha,t accompanying meteorite impact. Cretaceous rocks at the Sierra Madera disturbance, Small amounts of coesite have been found by Janet Texas, were intensely deformed together with Permian Littler, J. J. Fahey, and D. J. Milton in glassy ejecta rocks. This leads to a simplification of the structural collected by E. M. Shoemaker from the Scooter Crater history over previous interpretations. Detailed map­ produced by the underground explosion of 500 tons of ping in a radial sector of the roughly circular structure TNT in alluvium at the Nevada Test Site. The peak shows outward overthrusting and overturned and pressure to which this material was subjected was cal­ asymmetrical folding diminishing in intensity outward. culated to be close to 150 kilobars. Reconnaissance suggests that similar relations hold in Thermoluminescence of the rocks exposed in the rim other sectors around the structure. Both the inferred of Meteor Crater, Ariz., has been found by C. H. Roach, single period of intense disturbance and the character G. R. Johnson, J. G. McGrath, and T. S. Sterrett (Art. of the deformation are consistent with an impact origin 149) to have been markedly affected by the shock pro­ of the structure. duced by impact. Thermoluminescence characteristics Experimental cratering phenomena of samples taken from three separate beds at various An experimental study of cratering by impact of points along the crater rim indicate that the southeast hypervelocity projectiles in rock is being carried out quadrant of the crater rim received stronger shock than jointly by the Geological Survey and the Ames Re­ the-northern part of the rim. Rocks at a greater depth search Center of the National Aeronautics and Space in the southeast part of the crater wall also appear to Administration. Investigation of the characteristics have been more strongly shocked than elsewhere. Bulk of particles ejected from the craters formed by impact density of rocks from a given bed tends to vary directly led to the development by E. M. Shoemaker, D. E. with inferred shock strength. The observed relations Gault,49 and H. J. Moore of a mathematical model in suggest that the point of entry of the meteorite into closed analytical form for the production of lunar the ground may have been closer to the southeast quad­ particles by impact of interplanetary particles. On the rant than to other points on the crater rim, as would basis of estimates of the velocity, space density, and be expected if the meteorite were moving from a south­ mass distribution of the interplanetary particles, the erly or southeasterly direction toward the north or flux of lunar particles at the lunar surface was found northwest. to be sufficiently great to warrant investigation. This On a reconnaissance trip to the New Quebec Crater, will be attempted by means of instruments placed on Quebec, under the auspices of the Dominion Observa­ the spacecraft being designed for soft landing on the tory of Canada, E. M. Shoemaker found that sheeting lunar surface under the Surveyor project of the Nation­ in the crystalline rocks in which the crater is formed al Aeronautics and Space Administration. Both the is turned up sharply where the bedrock is exposed near television system on the Surveyor spacecraft and the the crest of the crater rim. The structure is in this way acoustical detectors were recommended for this pur­ analogous to that at Meteor Crater, Ariz. Rocks ejected pose. Investigation of the flux is of considerable im­ from the crater apparently have been preserved locally portance to the national space program because it on the crest of the eastern rim and possibly elsewhere appears to constitute a possibly severe hazard not only on the outer flanks of the rim. to exposed optical surfaces but also to men placed on At Kofels, in the Tyrolean Alps of Austria, a crater- the Moon. like hanging valley in an area of intensely fractured Faint clouds reportedly observed by K. Kordylewski rock is blocked by several cubic miles of rubble, at the in the Earth-Moon triangular-libration regions were edge of which is a dike of vesicular glass. The dike suggested by Shoemaker (1962b) to be composed of has been attributed to vulcanism of late Quaternary age by most Austrian geologists, but an impact origin 49 Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Adminis­ has also been suggested for the valley and associated tration. ASTROGEOLOGIC STUDIES A73 particles ejected at escape velocity from the Moon. A analyzed bediasites are much less than those found in program for studying and sampling these clouds was fused terrestrial rocks. This suggests that tektites suggested and a photographic investigation to confirm were fused in an environment where the partial pres­ their existence has been initiated by E. C. Morris and sure of oxygen was many orders of magnitude less than H. G. Stephens. On the basis of the experimental- that on the surface of our planet. cratering data, an estimate of the possibilities of tele­ The composition of bediasites may be compared with scopic observation of the nonluminous ejecta that will that of terrestrial rocks by recalculating the chemical be produced by the impact of the Kanger spacecraft analyses on a water-free basis with respect to a standard was prepared by Shoemaker and Moore. It was con­ rock cell containing 160 oxygen atoms. Differences in cluded that there was a reasonable but marginal chance composition shown in terms of "gain" and "loss" nec­ that the event could be observed from Earth-based essary to make a pre-existing rock into a tektite can telescopes. then be compared with the chemical changes that might be expected as a result of fractional volatilization. EXTRATERRESTRIAL MATERIALS Bediasites are more similar to rhyolitic igneous rocks In 1962, work on extraterrestrial materials was than to graywacke sandstones, with which they had largely restricted to tektites. Evidence is accumulating been compared previously. Meteorite impact on an to indicate that tektites are the product of large-scale extraterrestrial body with widespread rocks of rhyolitic impacts (Choa, Adler, and others, 1962), and the prob­ composition should be considered as a likely origin of ability is good that the impacts occurred on the Moon, tektites. Current work is chiefly directed toward systematic Complete physical and chemical data for a single studies of the chemical composition, petrography, and tektite discovered on Martha's Vineyard, Mass.,50 and physical properties of tektites from the known major one of the rare tektites from Georgia were obtained in strewn fields. a joint study with the U. S. National Museum (Clarke Support for the impact origin of tektites was obtained and Carron, 1961). The two objects are closely similar from petrographic study of material from a large crater to the most siliceous bediasites from Texas. of probable impact origin (Shoemaker and Chao, 1961). New measurements of the magnetic susceptibilities In the Otting quarry at the Ries Crater, Germany, Chao of australites, bediasites, and philippinites by F. E. found small amounts of a dense impactite glass inter­ Senftle, A. N. Thorpe, and Alfred Hoyt, extend the mediate in petrographic characteristics between typical known range for each group. The susceptibilities, impactite glass and tektites. The glass contains inclu­ which range from 4.00 X 10"6 to 8.60 X 1Q-6 emu per g, sions of lechatelierite and shows flow structures similar correlate well with the FeO content. Electrical conduc­ to those of tektites. Its magnetic susceptibility, meas­ tivities of tektites, measured between 100°C and 150°C ured by F. E. Senftle, is 6.62 X 10~6 emu per g, similar and corrected to room temperature, show a range from to that of some indochinites and philippinites. The 9.34 X lO'16 to 2.56 X 1Q-13 ohm-1 cm-1. The thermal glass, however, contains crystal fragments, which are conductivity of a philippinite was measured by E. C. not found in tektites. Robertson as 2.79 X 10~3 cal per cm sec deg C, near that As a part of a systematic investigation of the chem­ of other silicate glasses. istry of tektites, a method was developed by M. K. Car- ron and Frank Cuttitta (Art. 30) for accurate deter­ INVESTIGATIONS OF GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC mination of silica in small samples of tektites by PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES volatilization (see also p. A117. The method is appli­ Although the following discussion of investigations cable to tektites because of their very low content of of fundamental processes and principles in various volatile constituents. phases of geology and hydrology is presented separately The major and minor chemical constituents of 21 from sections on resource investigations and regional selected Texas tektites (bediasites) and 4 Philippine studies, all these studies are closely interrelated in the tektites (philippinites) have been determined by a overall program of the Geological Survey. Coordina­ monitored system of high-precision methods by Frank tion of applied and theoretical work is maintained so Cuttitta, M. K. Carron, and Janet Fletcher. Alumina, that each contributes significantly to the other. Owing ferrous iron, and titania increase with increasing index to this interrelation of activities, it is difficult to separate of refraction and magnetic susceptibility and decrease clearly the results of the topical studies from those of a with increasing silica content. The silica content of more regional nature. Thus, the reader may find addi- the bediasites ranges from 71 to 81 percent. The chem­ ical evidence suggests that all the tektites of Texas , C. A., Schnetzler, C. C., and Chase, J. N., 1961, A tektite from Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts: Geol. Soc. America Bull., belong to a single shower. Ferric-ferrous ratios of the v. 72, no. 2, p. 339-340. A74 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS tional topical studies as applied to specific geographic that the large molluscan fauna of the Exogyra costata areas reported in proceeding sections. zone (Campanian-Maestrichtian) did not arise by sud­ den invasion of new types, but was the product of evolu­ PALEONTOLOGY tionary development from lineages already well estab­ Paleontologic studies bearing mainly upon regional lished in the Gulf coast region as early as Coniacian. problems are discussed in other sections of this review. Paleoecology Keported here are findings which have to do with evolu­ W. J. Sando's investigations of Madison Lower Mis- tion, paleoecology, morphology and systematic paleon­ sissippian corals from wells in the Williston basin of tology, and stratigraphic paleontology. North Dakota give evidence of biologic response of Evolution bottom faunas to changing ecologic conditions. Coral Findings of Geological Survey paleontologists dur­ impoverishment in the Lodgepole Limestone toward ing 1962 shed new light on the evolution and migration the north is apparently related to increased clay content of whales and mollusks. and decreasing grain size of limestone as the basin A 50-foot whalebone whale, excavated jointly by F. center is approached; in that vicinity, water circulation C. Whitmore, Jr., of the Geological Survey, and pale­ is believed to have been poor. Coral faunas of the over­ ontologists of the Smithsonian Institution, reveals ad­ lying Mission Canyon Limestone, however, are dis­ vanced evolutionary features not previously recorded tributed more uniformly, suggesting well-aerated among Miocene Cetacea. The new form, recovered bottoms. In late Madison time (Charles Formation) from the upper Miocene Yorktown Formation at Hamp­ the coral distribution pattern again shifted in response ton, Va., has cervical vertebrae that are fused together; to northward increase of evaporites and restriction of the skull rostrum has the bow-shaped profile of a mod­ the sea. ern baleen whale. Although the genus Balaena, to Fossil bison and mammoth bones associated with which the Yorktown Miocene specimen is related, oc­ human artifacts were collected at the Lamb site south­ curs in the European Pliocene, it has not previously west of Littleton, Colo., by G. E. Lewis, with C. L. been reported below the Pleistocene in the western hemi­ Gazin and Waldo Wedel, U.S. National Museum. sphere. The well-known middle Miocene cetotheres These finds confirm Lewis' earlier interpretation of the of the Calvert Formation in Maryland are a more site as a late Wisconsin bog containing a stratigraphic primitive group ancestral to whalebone whales; these succession of late Pleistocene, faunas. cetotheres are much smaller than the Yorktown speci­ Six floral zones have been recognized by J. A. Wolfe men, lack the bow-shaped skull profile, and have sepa­ (Art. 89) in a sequence of volcanic rocks from the rate rather than fused neck vertebrae. If the York- Cascade Mountains in northern Oregon. These rocks, town upper Miocene whalebone whales evolved from representing much of the Miocene Series, contain both the Calvert middle Miocene cetotheres, evolution must leaves and plant microfossils. The pollen and spores have been rapid. More tenable, perhaps, is a theory indicate the gradual replacement of a broad-leafed that the balaenids developed elsewhere in the world dur­ forest by a coniferous forest during the Miocene; by latest Miocene time this coniferous forest was the dom­ ing early Miocene or even earlier Cenozoic time, and were contemporaneous with primitive cetotheres. inant vegetation in the Cascade Range. The gastropod Neptunea is indigenous to the Pacific A remarkable concentration of Permian amphibian Ocean. F. S. MacNeil's studies of evolution and mi­ remains was discovered in north Texas by S. H. Mamay. gration of this genus in Alaska and regions adjoining This occurrence, associated with fossil plants in the the North Pacific indicate its earliest occurrence in Vale Formation, has produced approximately 300 lower Cenozoic rocks of East Asia. By Oligocene time, skulls. It constitutes the richest Permian vertebrate deposit of its kind yet found in North America. The Neptunea was present in Alaska, the'hce migrating fauna, consisting of several species, evidently was con­ southward in the Miocene. Other Neptunea stocks centrated in the waters of a drying pond, where the spread through the Arctic regions during the Pliocene animals expired because of their inability to walk on and Pleistocene, reaching Europe in preglacial Pleisto­ cene time. A Neptunea stock populated the North land. Atlantic coast of America in the late Pleistocene. The Morphology and systematic paleontology Arctic dispersal pattern of this differentiating Pacific K. E. Grant has described unusual and previously gastropod may apply as well to other Cenozoic orga­ unknown attachment structures of Linoproductus nisms which reached Atlantic waters relatively late. augustus King. This study of brachiopod structure is Detailed evolutionary studies of Gulf coast Upper a byproduct of Grant's comprehensive systematic work Cretaceous gastropods by N. F. Sohl seem to indicate on Texas Permian brachiopods carried out jointly with GEOMORPHOLOOY A75 G. A. Cooper of the Smithsonian Institution. Unlike sponding age in higher latitudes of northern California, many productids, this linoproductid species developed Oregon, and Alaska. Early and Middle Jurassic am­ I spines solely along the cardinal margin. The spines monites were collected by Imlay in the Sailor Canyon (grew in opposing pairs, locking the brachiopod per- Formation of the Sierra Nevada, Calif. ; manently in suspended attachment to a crinoid column W. A. Cobban has been able to subdivide Cretaceous or other cylindrical object. rocks in the lower part of the Montana Group (Art. In systematic studies of upper Paleozoic ostracodes, 22) on the basis of ammonites. The Scaphites Jiippo- ; I. G. Sohn has revised classification of a stratigraphi- crepis Range Zone now can be subdivided into an early 1 cally useful group, including Aechminella, Amphissites, subzone characterized by Haresiceras montanense and related genera, providing range charts and (Reeside), a middle subzone marked by Haresiceras identification keys to species and genera. placentiforme Reeside, and a late subzone that has as Collections of Permian plants were made by S. H. its guide fossil Haresiceras natronense Reeside. Mamay f om the Admiral and Vale Formations at sev­ The value of the Oligocene as a worldwide geologic eral north Texas localities. Plants from the Admiral, series has frequently been questioned, particularly in the first obtained from this formation, fill an important North America where this subdivision is poorly under­ gap in the sequence of Permian floras known in North stood. F. S. MacNeil's researches upon the Vicksburg 1 America. The plants in the Vale include new forms of mollusk faunas of Mississippi are therefore of signifi­ Gigantopteris that contribute significantly to under­ cance. MacNeil recognizes a very close genetic relation standing this botanical complex. between upper Eocene and Oligocene molluscan faunas | Stratigraphic paleontology of Europe and those of the Gulf coast, wherein the i J. M. Berdan's studies of lower Paleozoic ostracodes Mint Spring Marl Member of the Marianna Limestone from Nevada suggest that at least three stratigraphi- correlates with the European Rupelien. Vague simi­ cally useful assemblages are present in the Silurian and larities also exist between the Vicksburg faunas and ; Devonian. One, characterized by Mesomphalus, is those of the Peruvian Oligocene, although both may be i probably Late Silurian, but possibly is Early Devonian descendants of stocks isolated since Eocene. MacNeil's [in age. Another assemblage, characterized by Thlip- studies reveal no close relation between Vicksburg \sura, appears to be Early Devonian, and in several col­ Oligocene mollusks and those of western North lections is associated with brachiopods referable to America. 1 Leptocoelia. The third assemblage, characterized by Studies by Ruth Todd of planktonic Foraminif era in Hanaites and other hollinid genera, is Middle Devonian. deep-sea cores from a guyot adjoining Eniwetok Atoll Compound rugose corals of the Onondaga Limestone in the Marshall Islands suggest that certain species may in New York, described by W. A. Oliver, Jr., support a be useful in establishing ages from late Miocene to Middle Devonian age. These corals are locally con­ Recent. Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman and Jar- centrated, being most abundant in reef facies, common vis) is indicative of late Miocene age. Globigerinoides i in biostrome facies, but rare in the greater part of this sacGulifer fistulosa (Schubert), in the absence of the Re­ extensive limestone unit. cent species Grloborotdlia, trwficatuLinoides (d'Orbigny), ! Correlation of American stratal units with those of is indicative of early Pliocene age. Approximate cor­ ,the Old World is always significant. New vertebrate relation of late Miocene sections is possible between the i evidence regarding correlation of the Cutler Formation central Pacific, the West Indies, the Mediterranean re­ in Colorado with Permian rocks of France and Ger­ gion, and Australia. many is brought forth by discovery of a new pelycosaur GEOMORPHOLOGY in the Cutler. The Cutler haptodontine pelycosaur, as described by G. E. Lewis and P. P. Vaughn, is closely Studies of ancient and modern landforms are im­ related to Haptodus of the Autunian in France and the portant in helping to reconstruct geologic and hydro- :Eothliegende of Germany. logic history. Consideration of landforms and the proc­ Studies by R. W. Imlay of ammonites from the John esses involved in their development may also have tDay region, eastern Oregon, demonstrate that Early practical applications in problems such as ground- i Jurassic strata previously regarded as Upper Triassic water supplies, construction engineering, erosion, and !in that region were incorrectly assigned. Middle and radioactive-waste disposal. Results of some studies in iLate Jurassic ammonites from the Bedford Canyon geomorphology involved in these problems and others Formation, Santa Anna Mountains, Calif., have been are discussed in this section. Studies of a more region­ ishown by Imlay to be related to European Tethyan al nature are summarized under regional headings else­ species, and are without affinity to ammonites of corre­ where in this chapter. A76 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Morphology of stream channels R. Cox and J. S. Havens found that the depression Study of the channel geometry of a small tidal chan­ probably was formed during late Quaternary time by nel by R. M. Myrick, L. B. Leopold, and W. B. Lang- solution and collapse of rocks in the lower part of the bein yielded data on the down-channel change of width, Rustler Formation of Permian age. The depression depth, and velocity with discharge as discharge changes was partly filled by alluvium derived from nearby ma­ through a tidal cycle. The field measurements agreed terial. Collapse breccia beneath the depression extends closely with a theoretical development based on the con­ downward almost to the top of the salt of the Salado cept that such a channel system tends toward a uniform Formation. distribution of energy and a minimum rate of work in Geomorphology and'geology in relation to streamflow the system as a whole. Landforms of the Lebanon Valley (part of the Great Studies in northern Arizona and southern Utah by Valley in southeastern Pennsylvania) are interpreted M. E. Cooley (Art. 18) show that tributaries of the by H. Meisler to be the result of erosion within two Colorado River in this area cut"their channels as much separate stream systems Swatara Creek and the an­ as 800 to 1,500 feet deeper during Quaternary time. cestral Quittapahilla Creek in which streams and in­ Five cycles of downcutting and alluviation occurred in ter-fluvial area.s were in a state of erosional equilibrium. Pleistocene. Two prominent and two secondary ero­ The land surface in equilibrium with the ancestral sion cycles occurred in Recent time. He recognizes 5 Quittapahilla Creek is at a higher elevation than adja­ Recent alluvial units, dating from before A.D. 500 to cent land surfaces that were in equilibrium with Swa­ the present based on cultural materials, and he believes tara Creek. Accordance of summits is the result of that the lowest 2 of these units, units 4 and 5, are roughly uniform erosion of uniform rocks in basins whose dis­ correlative with the Tsegi Formation 51 of Jeddito charge points are at the same elevation. Lack of ac­ Valley. The first prominent erosion cycle of Recent cordant summits on uniform rocks is the result of time, from A.D. 1100 to A.D. 1400, terminated deposi­ erosion in basins whose discharge points differ in tion of unit 4. Deposition of unit 3, which is probably elevation. correlative with the Naha Formation,51 followed. Events associated with the present episode of arroyo Geomorphology related to ground water cutting, which started about A.D. 1850, abruptly termi­ H. E. LeGrand (1962a) states that a careful exami­ nated deposition of unit 3. Units 1 and 2 have been nation and evaluation of landforms can solve many deposited during this last period of arroyo cutting. problems concerning ground-water supply, disposal of W. J. Schneider, in a study of two areas in Georgia radioactive wastes, and engineering geology. For ex­ (Art. 47), has found that streams there become peren­ ample, in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains an effect nial at the beginnings of incised stream channels. Each of stream entrenchment is the steepening of the hydrau­ of the areas is a sample of a physiographic province of lic gradient and the consequent increase in the rate of Georgia, one in the Coastal Plain and the other in the flow in valleys where ground water discharges (Le­ Piedmont. He noted that first- and second-order Grand, 1962b). He states that the ground-water dis­ streams in the Piedmont have convex profiles if peren­ charge and the base flow of streams in the coastal plain nial and concave profiles if ephemeral. is derived from the water table and, locally, the upper­ In an investigation of the relation of geology of the most artesian aquifer. base runoff of streams in an area of 134 square miles L. A. Heindl (Art. 109) demonstrates that the in the Piedmont of Georgia, O. J. Cosner reports that heterogeneity of alluvial deposits is not necessarily ran­ streams having highest base runoff are in an area of dom along the Santa Cruz River south of Tucson, Ariz. low, rounded hills underlain by biotite gneiss and horn­ He points out that ground-water shadows, areas of low blende gneiss. The effect of geology on base runoff, yield bounded either by areas of higher yield or by however, is masked by evapotranspiration, which ac­ nearly impermeable rocks, reflect the influence of the counts for about two-thirds of the annual precipitation. depositional environment on local ground-water con­ Areas with the highest base runoff also have the least ditions. Better sorted and more permeable materials evapotranspiration. Small basins of the Piedmont are deposited in the central parts of valleys where generally have two aquifers: a ridge-section aquifer trunk streamflow is concentrated, whereas the less and a flood-plain aquifer. Water-table contours in the permeable materials are deposited adjacent to ridges flood-plain aquifer are parallel to the stream and show by less competent streams. Ground-water shadows that water moves across this aquifer from the ridge also occur beneath buried ridges and valleys. During evaluation of the Queen Lake depression in 51 Hack, J. T., 1941, Dunes of the western Navajo Country: Geog. Eddy County, N. Mex., as a storage basin for brine, E. Rev., v. 31, no. 2, p. 262-263. PLANT ECOLOGY A77 ection to the stream. Underflow parallel to the stream (Branson, Miller, and McQueen, 1962). On the better s practically nil in the flood-plain aquifer. soils, however, furrowing resulted in the establishment iS According to F. A. Kilpatrick, who is making a de- of a satisfactory stand of desert wheatgrass following failed study of the source of base runoff in a 1-squara seeding. Heavy grazing caused a marked reduction in mile basin in the Piedmont of Georgia, transmissibili- the yield of all herbaceous plants, as well as desert Ities range from less than 100 to nearly 1,000 gallons per wheatgrass, during a dry year but only a slight reduc­ (day per foot in both the ridge-section and the flood- tion in yield during a moist year. ^>lain aquifers. Tests completed to date indicate leaky J ^rtesian conditions in both aquifers. Forests and geomorphology \ In the parts of the Black Earth Creek basin, Wiscon­ Studies by J. C. Goodlett and W. J. Schneider in the sin, covered by glacial drift, the ground-water dis­ Yellow River drainage basin of the Piedmont region charge to streams was found by D. R. Cline to be of Georgia show that the highly variable wild vegeta­ (significantly higher than in the driftless areas. tion can be described in terms of differences in bedrock, soils, the size of the valley, the shape of the valley pro­ Morphology of alluvial fans file, and topographic form. Forests on crests and Alluvial-fan sizes, slopes, and shapes reflect the ridges contain many tree species absent from valley erosional and tectonic histories of their drainage basins. floors of higher order streams. Forests in first-order Studies in western Fresno County, Calif., by W. B. valleys contain most of the tree species that grow on Bull (Art. 19) show that fan morphology in this area crests and on floors of higher order valleys but show is affected by such factors as drainage-basin size, li- pronounced changes in composition from their heads jthology, and uplift. Fans derived from mudstone- or to mouths. These changes presumably reflect adjust­ Ishale-rich drainage basins are steeper than fans of ments within the plant cover to differences in the pres­ Similar area that are derived from sandstone-rich ent environments within the valleys and chiefly to dif­ basins, and are roughly twice as large as the fans derived ferences in moisture regimes. The presence of pure [from sandstone-rich basins of comparable size. Studies stands of pine trees, however, is most closely related to pf topographic profiles show that intermittent uplift past use of the land rather than to physical character­ of the mountains in western Fresno County has istics of the environment. steepened the stream gradients and has caused most fan deposits to accumulate at steeper slopes than before Effects of coal strip mining upon, forests uplift. The resulting fans have radial profiles that are As part of a project to determine the hydrologic and segmented. related effects of coal strip mining in eastern Kentucky, PLANT ECOLOGY R. S. Sigafoos (in Collier, 1962) has studied the effect A knowledge of the distribution of plants and de­ of acid drainage from the mined area upon the growth velopment of the present vegetation is necessary to a of trees in the surrounding forest. Results show that |full understanding of geomorphic and hydrologic trees irrigated by the drainage are growing faster than Sprocesses because past climatic trends can be recon­ they did before mining and faster than those not irri­ structed from analyses of the present vegetation. gated by the drainage. The high concentrations of mineral matter in the drainage are believed to be the Relation of vegetation to soil moisture cause of the increased growth. As part of the continuing program to investigate the Trees as indicators of floods relations between plant communities and soil moisture In a continuing study of botanical evidence of floods, iin the semi-arid West, F. A. Branson and R. S. Aro R. S. Sigafoos has found evidence of every high flow jare studying vegetation in connection with various since the maximum flood of record on March 19, 1936, itypes of land treatment. In a project designed to de­ along one short reach of the Potomac River near Wash­ termine the effects of eradication of juniper and pinyon ington, D.C. Some evidence of the 1924, 1889, and |in parts of Arizona, they found at Apache Pond near 1861 floods also has been found. This consists of the iShow Low that the herbaceous vegetation has increased age of sprouts from inclined trunks and scars in cross in density since the trees were removed. sections of stems. Preliminary results indicate that | A 10-year study of the effect of contour furrowing, boxelder and silver maple trees grow only on fine­ grazing intensity, and soil on range vegetation near grained alluvium on flood plains, whereas shingle, JFort Peck, Mont., shows that almost no increase in swamp white, and swamp chestnut oaks grow only on jvegetation resulted from different treatments of poor bedrock surfaces that are flooded as frequently as the having a sodium-dispersed zone near the surface flood plains. A78 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF REiSULTS GLACIOLOGY AND GLACIAL GEOLOGY water from ice storage because of the abnormal melt. About 10 percent of the earth's surface is now covered A small drainage basin that does not contain a glacier by perennial icefields and snowfields. During past geo­ adjacent to and having approximately the same area- logic epochs glacial activity involved much larger altitude distribution as the South Cascade Glacier basin areas, including a large part of the United States. was studied by W. V. Tangborn. He showed that this Studies of glaciers and glacial deposits are important basin's yearly hydrograph was strikingly different from not only for their purely scientific value but also in the hydrograph of the South Cascade Glacier basin: their application to many problems in water resources, storm-runoff timing was different, runoff was more di­ agriculture, mining, and construction engineering. rectly related to precipitation, and water losses were more noticeable in the basin not covered by a glacier. Studies of existing glaciers Detailed studies of the regimen of South Cascade Glacial geology Glacier, Wash., by M. F. Meier and W. V. Tangborn Fieldwork and analytical studies of so-called tillites showed the unusual character of the glacier budget in of pre-Pleistocene age in North America, and a review 1960-61. Because of deficient snow at low altitudes of published descriptions of the pre-Pleistocene tillites and a prolonged ablation season, the specific net budget of Africa, Australia, India, Russia, South America, and for the glacier averaged about 44 inches of water, Tasmania by A. E. J. Engel and C. G. Engel indicate but reached 293 inches of water near the terminus. that these rocks are largely graywackes, argillites, and This is the largest net deficit at low elevations ever graywacke conglomerates. Most of these rocks appear measured on this glacier. Surface elevation changes to be products of debris and turbidity flows and mud­ and ablation studies on Nisqually and other glaciers slides, commonly associated with subareal and subma­ showed similar results. rine vulcanism. Hence, these "tillites" must be A recent result of the South Cascade Glacier work reexamined to evaluate whether glaciers are involved was the discovery that the accumulation-area ratio is either directly, or incidentally, in the rock-forming directly related to the average glacier net budget. This process. Conclusions from these studies may suggest hypothesis was applied by M. F. Meier and A. S. Post important modifications in existing concepts of the to derive information on the net budget of many hun­ secular variations in climates. dreds of glaciers in northwest North America by using Recent exposures of the internal structure of end simple aerial-reconnaissance photography. The results moraines in Ohio have shown them to be made up of showed that glacier net budgets during 1960-61 were several discrete till sheets, according to studies by G. W. generally positive only in the Coast Range from south­ White (Art. 95). Apparently the moraines themselves eastern Alaska to British Columbia, and that glacier may have limited the spread of the ice, and they antedate net budgets were generally negative away from this the last ice advance. area. T. L. Pewe and L. Burbank, in an analysis of the Analysis of the glacial regime in Greenland north of glacial features of the Yukon-Tanana upland in central lat 76° N. by W. E. Davis and D. B. Krinsley indicates Alaska, find at least two glaciations of the upland by that below an altitude of 3,000 feet, melt greatly ex­ small alpine-type glaciers. The area has no glaciers ceeds snow deposition and ice flow from adjacent ice­ today. The orientation of 1,088 cirques was plotted, caps. In this zone, glaciers are now in retreat. Gla­ and it was found that most of the cirques face in a di­ ciers that terminate on land have retreated from 100 to rection between north and N. 20° E. more than 1,500 feet from their end moraines of 1892- The extensive deposits of loess in Alaska range in 1900. Glaciers afloat have retreated from several hun­ thickness from a film to more than 200 feet at Fairbanks, dred feet to more than 2,000 feet. The maximum posi­ according to a compilation of data by T. L. Pewe. The tion of glaciers afloat was reached in the early 1920's. deposits in Alaska are as thick as those reported else­ The present retreat is counter to observations on the ice­ where in the United States and are among the largest cap above an altitude of 3,000 feet, where there is a net in area. The loess is mainly confined to lowlands balance of snow accumulation. bordering the major rivers, all of which drained exten­ Glacier hydrology sively glaciated areas in the past. In addition to the Water-budget data were obtained by M. F. Meier and Quaternary loess, windblown dust is currently being W. V. Tangborn from the South Cascade Glacier basin, deposited in many areas. Washington. For the part of the basin that contains Drift sheets of three alpine glaciations of Wisconsin the glacier, runoff was about 200 inches and precipita­ (post-Sangamon) age and at least one of pre-Wisconsin tion only 156 inches during the 1960-61 budget year; age have been found by D. R. Crandell and R. D. the difference of 44 inches was due to withdrawal of Miller along the Nisqually River valley between Mount OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE GEOLOGY A79

Rainier and the Puget Sound lowland in western Wash­ Geological Survey along the Alaska Peninsula shoreline ington. Differences in weathering features in the drifts indicate that a gravity low associated with Kodiak Is­ support assignments to three separate glaciations in land broadens and deepens southwest of the island. Wisconsin time. The two older glaciers of Wisconsin There is no indication in the Shelikof Strait area of the age formed icecaps on part of the Cascade Range, but pronounced gravity low associated with the Cook Inlet during the most recent glaciation a valley glacier headed geosyncline. Atmospheric aerosol and rainwater sam­ in cirques in the Cascades and on Mount Rainier. ples were taken in plastic-lined collectors mounted on D. R. Crandell found evidence of three glaciations of the flying bridge, and will be chemically and radiologi- the southwestern part of the Olympic Peninsula, Wash., cally analyzed. i in Wisconsin (post-Sangamon) time. During the first Analysis of preliminary Mohole samples, Guadalupe site two glaciations, piedmont lobes heading in icecaps in A number of Geological Survey scientists have been the Olympic Mountains reached to within a few miles studying samples from the preliminary drilling phase of the Pacific Ocean, and a lobe from the Hoh River of the Mohole project under the coordination of H. S. ! valley probably extended westward beyond the present Ladd and J. R. Balsley, Co-chairmen of the Panel on 1 shoreline. During the last glaciation of Wisconsin Scientific Objectives and Measurements of the AMSOC time, glaciers were much smaller and few even reached Committee of the National Academy of Sciences. The I the southwest front of the Olympic Mountains. coring operations near Guadalupe Island and the cores D. V. Harris and R. K. Fahnestock have restudied the recovered in deep water have been described by Riedel, lower Pleistocene Prairie Divide Till 52 in Colorado and Ladd, Tracey, and Bramlette (1961). The chemical conclude that it was emplaced by an icecap glacier mov­ composition, CIPW norm, and approximate mode of a ing from the Cameron Pass area (35 miles away) over basalt sample from about 565 feet below the ocean bot­ topography radically different from that of the present tom have been determined by C. G. Engel and A. E. J. (Art. 17). Engel (1961). The mode in volume percent as based on 500 counts is augite 49, plagioclase 41, olivine 1, OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE GEOLOGY opaque minerals 5, calcite 1, and chlorite, serpentine, palagonite, and zeolite, total of 3. Investigations by the Geological Survey related to Other Geological Survey work being done on samples oceanography and marine geology continue to increase from the Guadalupe site includes isotopic investiga­ ! and to be characterized by the diversity of subjects and tions of dolomite and interstitial waters by Irving I geographic areas investigated, and by the close collabo­ Friedman, and magnetic measurements by George ration with other organizations, notably the Coast and Keller and Charles Zablocki, and by A. V. Cox and Geodetic Survey, the Navy Hydrographic Office, the R. R. Doell. Chemical work on samples is being coordi­ Atomic Energy Commission, and the Coast Guard. nated by K. J. Murata, complete chemical analyses of National ocean-surrey program sediment samples are being made by Leonard Shapiro, During fiscal year 1962, five Geological Survey scien­ and clay mineralogy and ion-exchange characteristics tists were abroad the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship are being determined by Dorothy Carroll. Microfossils Pioneer during several cruises in the North Pacific. from the sediment cores included a few ostracodes, These were the first operations in a long-range national which have been studied by I. G. Sohn. and international program to make systematic observa­ Marine geology tions of broad oceanic areas and eventually to produce Radiocarbon dates determined by Meyer Rubin from detailed scientific maps and charts of the entire world the sloping base of salt-marsh peat in an excavation ocean. Geochemical studies of bottom sediments and for an underground garage in the Boston Common, ocean water by G. W. Moore and C. E. Roberson, of the combined with dates of samples from other Boston Geological Survey, and H. D. Nygren, of the Coast and localities, indicate that the postglacial sea-level rise Geodetic Survey (Art. 33), showed that the carbon reached to within 3 feet of the present datum about dioxide content of the sediments is relatively constant 2,500 years ago. As part of this study C. A. Kaye has and is not a function of latitude. Deep-sea manganese noted that the compression of peat under its own weight nodules were collected from eight widely separated lo­ is considerable and must be taken into account by a calities and all proved to be composed of the mineral compression factor when referring radiocarbon dates todorokite. Gravity observations made cooperatively of marsh peat to former sea levels. by the Coast and Geodetic Survey on the ship and the Another study by Kaye shows that the present sea- level rise recorded by tide gages probably dates back 62 Bryan, Kirk, and Ray, L. L., 1940, Geologic antiquity of the Linden- meier site in Colorado: Smlthsonian Misc. Coll., v. 99, no. 2, 76 p. no further than the late 19th century. Comparison A80 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS of 19th-century and modern levels of the intertidal the Lomonosov Ridge, the dominant topographic fea­ barnacle zone has indicated that the present rise of sea ture of the Arctic Basin, is relatively small and indi­ level is greater than the barnacle-zone rise rate of about cates rocks with low but rather uniform magnetic 3 inches in 80 years. The lag of the barnacle zone is the susceptibility. Abnormally flat profiles over the Nan- result of a sea-level stillstand during at least much of sen Sill between Greenland and Spitsbergen suggest the the 19th century. presence of nearly nonmagnetic rocks, and there is no Organic material (USGS Lab. NQ. W-945) collected magnetic indication here of the midoceanic ridge that by J. E. Upson and C. W. Spencer from cores for bridge has been inferred from earthquake-epicenter data. borings for the Connecticut Turnpike across the Quin- Preliminary trials of a radiometric technique for con­ nipiac River at New Haven has a radiocarbon age of tinuous-traverse measurement of gamma radioactivity 5,900 ± 200 years B.P. according to determination by and bulk density of in-situ bottom sediments were con­ Meyer Rubin. The material came from a depth of 30 ducted from a Coast Guard cutter in Lake Superior by to 31.5 feet below mean sea level, and suggests a rela­ C. M. Bunker and M. D. Shutler. The radioactivity tive rise of sea level of roughly that amount in the past measurements were proved feasible, and the bulk- 6,000 years. Pollen from this sample and from other density measurements can probably be made following samples at about the same depth, analyzed at the Den­ instrument modification. ver laboratory of the Geological Survey and re­ Marine geochemistry ported by E. B. Leopold, probably falls in the B or C-l Dorothy Carroll has determined the mineralogy, pollen zone of Deevey.53 A sample of peat (USGS Lab. grain-size distribution, and ion-exchange capacity of No. W-1082) collected from 13.6 feet below mean sea numerous sea-floor sediment cores collected by the Navy level at Mystic Harbor, Conn., was determined to be Hydrographic Office from near the Gulf of St. 2,850 ±260 years old. The two points help define a Lawrence and by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and curve of relative sea-level rise that generally agrees with the Atomic Energy Commission off the east coast of other sea-level curves for southern New England. the United States. The northern sediments are mostly Intraformational recumbent folding, a common fea­ silty clays containing chlorite and detrital mica. Cores ture of the Nubian sandstone of North Africa, Shina- from off the New Jersey coast are mostly Globigerina rump Member of the Chinle Formation, and other oozes, but the lower part of a core from 2,000 fathoms sandstones, has been reproduced in the Denver sedi­ is probably red mud. There is more clay 2 to 3 feet mentation laboratory of E. D. McKee by forcing sand below the surface than at the surface, and the deeper masses of flood action across a set of submerged f oresets clay minerals are better crystallized. Chlorite is prob­ (Arts. 164, 165). Basic differences between these ably largely detrital but may also be authigenic. structures and such others as convolute bedding and Organic carbon is not abundant in the Atlantic cores. contorted bedding have thus been clarified. The ion-exchange capacity of the sediments ranges from Marine geophysics 3 to 30 milliequivalents per 100 grams. A study of Arctic aeromagnetic data was conducted About 35 glauconite samples ranging in age from jointly with the Coast and Geodetic Survey has yielded Cambrian to Recent have been examined by X-ray dif­ a wealth of information on 1,350,000 square miles of fraction (Fe-Ka radiation). They range from micas Arctic Ocean in the Western Hemisphere between the that have a crystallinity very similar to that of Fithian North Pole and the North American continent. Ex­ illite, to mixtures of mica and chlorite, mica-chlorite- amination of 23,000 miles of aeromagnetic profiles by montmorillonite, and chlorite (chamosite?). E. R. King has shown that most of the high-amplitude A sample of clean pellet-form glauconite put under anomalies are in a single large area west of the 90° a pressure of 3,000 psi for 1 month by E. G. Robertson meridian. The edge of this zone is especially sharp was unchanged in appearance, and X-ray patterns be­ where it crosses the continental shelf off the Canadian fore and after treatment were identical, indicating that Archipelago, suggesting faulted margins. Faults may some glauconite is stable under load pressure. Experi­ also be an important factor within the zone, particu­ ments are continuing at increased pressures. larly along the flanks of the Alpha Rise. The presence The Deuterium content of ocean water is discussed of large negative anomalies, and the great size of the on page A95. anomalies characteristic of this zone, indicate rocks with strong remanent magnetization typical of many PERMAFROST STUDIES volcanic areas. The persistent magnetic anomaly over Data obtained in 1960 from reconnaissance observa­ tions of the active zone of permafrost in Kronprins 68 Deevey, E. S., Jr., 1939, Studies on Connecticut lake sediments: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 237, p. 691-724. Christian Land and Peary Land, North Greenland, GEOPHYSICS A81

shows that the ice-cemented soil is separated from the Wide lateral and stratigraphic sampling has failed permanently frozen ground by a dry, ice-free layer to locate rocks possessing reversed polarities; thus, all from an inch to over 6 inches in thickness. This layer lavas on Hawaii now above sea level probably were ex­ occurs in soils ranging in texture from clay through truded since the magnetic field last had a reversed pebbly and sandy gravel. The area under considera­ polarity. The age of the "reversal" zone is not pre­ tion is extremely arid, and the moisture content of the cisely known, but it probably occurred about half a active zone is generally 20 percent or less during the million years ago. These paleomagnetic results have height of the melting season. also shown that secular variation in this region is mate­ Only one small remnant of permafrost was noted, at a rially less than it has been elsewhere during the last depth of 30 feet, in the out wash deposits in the immedi­ 200 years, and was also probably quite low for long pe­ ate vicinity of Big Delta, Alaska, T. L. Pewe and G. W. riods in prehistoric times. Holmes report. However, they think the deposits were Magnetic properties of rocks formerly perennially frozen to a depth of at least 100 Detailed magnetic measurements by A. V. Cox, R. R. feet and have subsequently been thawed by water per- Doell, and Y. Arai of basalt cores taken from the bot­ jcolating through the more permeable sediments. tom of test hole EM-T, Guadalupe Island, show that: Temperature measurements to depths of 1,000 feet in (1) the basalt layer is reversely magnetized, (2) the permafrost at high latitudes yield information on re­ natural remanent magnetization is extremely stable and cent secular trends in mean annual ground-surface tem­ of thermoremanent origin, (3) induced magnetization perature. The data are easily analyzed by heat-conduc­ is less than 5 percent of the remanent magnetization, tion theory in the absence of the complicating effects of decreasing to about y2 percent at the upper surface, and heat transfer by moving fluids. In a well near Barrow, (4) the Curie temperature is several hundred degrees Alaska, A. H. Lachenbruch, G. W. Greene, and V. B. below that for pure magnetite. These data strongly Marshall report that a recent increase in surface tem­ suggest that average magnetic properties cannot be perature has affected earth temperature to a depth of properly determined from measurement of material about 300 feet. Measurements taken during the past dredged from the top of submarine lava flows, and that 12 years yield the total warming at each depth since the interpretation of magnetic anomalies in oceanic areas start of the change, and the rate at which the warming must be based on remanent magnetism, not induced is currently taking place. From these data the thermal magnetism. diffusivity of the permafrost and the history of the A magnetic-susceptibility and vertical magnetic-field surface change can be estimated. The mean annual strength probe was designed and used by C. J. Zablocki ground-surface temperature has evidently increased in preliminary hole EM-9 of the Mohole project near about 4°C since about 1850, with about half of the in­ Guadalupe Island. No appreciable amounts of mod­ crease occurring since 1930. Data from other wells erately paramagnetic or ferromagnetic minerals were under study in northern Alaska indicate that this sec­ detected in the zones of sedimentary rock above the ular warming is general along the Arctic coast, al­ basalt. The bottom section of the hole filled and pre­ though it is subject to local variation. vented logging of the basalt layer. GEOPHYSICS Stress waves in solids The following discussion of some recent results from Measurements by L. Peselnick and R. Meister of the the Geological Survey's program in the field of geo­ 8 and P waves as a function of density for a monomin- physics is presented under the general headings of eralic material (limestone) has shown a linear depend­ theoretical and experimental geophysics and major ence of the velocity with density. crustal studies. Findings from regional geophysical Because of conflicting data in the literature on the studies are related in the previous sections on regional elastic constants of calcite, new measurements were geology and hydrology where they augment the results made by Peselnick and R. A. Robie. Their results of other regional field studies. agree with the earlier work of Voigt 54 and Bhimase- nachar 55 and disagree with the recently published data THEORETICAL. AND EXPERIMENTAL. GEOPHYSICS of Reddy and Subrahmanyam.56 Paleomagnetism Results of recent paleomagnetic studies on Hawaiian M Voigt, Waldemar, 1910, Lehrbuch der kristallphysik : B. G. Teubner, Bedin. lavas, the age of Hawaiian volcanoes, and the nature 55 Bhimasenachar, J., 1945, Elastic constants of calcite and sodium ni­ of the earth's magnetic field in this region have been trate : Indian Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 22, sec. A, no. 4, p. 199-208. M Reddy, .P. J., and Subrahmanyam, S. V., 1960, Thermo-elastic be­ described by R. R. Doell and A. V. Cox (1961b). havior of calcite: Acta Cryst., v. 13, p. 493-494. A82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Rock deformation by the magneto-telluric method; 57 (3) observation of Laboratory observations have been made of fracture telluric currents and their relations with local geology; and flow of rocks under a large variety of conditions, of and (4) observation of the characteristics and attenu­ creep and rupture of metals tested under various con­ ation of electromagnetic signals generated by under­ ditions, and of a few incidental observations of rock ground nuclear explosions. breakage in mines. E. C. Robertson states that it is Preliminary work has indicated that the electrical possible to make some generalizations about the defor­ properties of a rock may be predicted within fairly close mation of all these materials in terms of strain, tempera­ limits when its lithology, geologic age, and tectonic en­ ture, stress, and time, and in terms of ductility versus vironment are known data which are generally avail­ brittleness. For a given strain rate, at least in the able from the geologic literature. Because the proce­ region of observation, of 10~8 sec-1 to 10s sec"1, an in­ dures of sampling rocks usually alter their electrical crease of temperature compensates for increase of stress properties, laboratory determinations are unsuitable difference for the sample to remain ductile; at a given for predicting their in-place electrical respone. Better temperature, a decrease of strain rate compensates for data for establishing the nominal electrical properties an increase of stress difference to maintain ductility; of rocks of varying lithology, geologic age, and tectonic and the effect of decreasing the hydrostatic pressure, environment are afforded by electrical logs of oil wells for constant strain rate and stress difference, can be and prospect drill holes. Selected groups of logs are compensated by increasing temperature, to maintain being obtained and processed for analysis by a digital ductility. computer. Thermochemical data Few data are available on the electrical properties of the deeper layers of the crust, so resistivity soundings R. A. Robie is evaluating thermochemical data from are being made on an unprecedentedly large scale. For the literature, paying special attention to the sulndes. obtaining information about rocks several tens of kilo­ The thermodynamic properties of 30 minerals and re­ meters deep, a direct-current dipole is set up with 100 lated* substances have been tabulated for 100° intervals. electrodes grounded at each end of a heavy cable 3 miles A tabulation of molar volumes and densities and unit- long and attached to storage batteries adequate to force cell parameters has been prepared, in collaboration currents of 5 to 20 amperes through the ground. The with Phillip Bethke, for the Geological Society of resulting electric-potential field is measured with a America's "Handbook of Physical Constants." short dipole of potential-measuring electrodes at dis­ Electrical investigations tances as great as 35 miles from the current dipole. Model studies for the turam method, using graphite Deep soundings have been made in central New Hamp­ and carbon models immersed in a brine-filled tank, were shire, in northwestern Maine, in southern Nevada, and made by G. I. Evenden and F. C. Frischknecht. Com­ in central Arizona. parison of results using a large insulated loop with In the White Mountains of central New Hampshire, those using a long grounded wire show that the contri­ a surface layer about 50 meters thick is composed of bution to anomalies from ground-return currents may weathered granite and has low resistivity; the massive be large when using a long grounded wire as a source. granite at greater depths has very high resistivity. At Electrical-resistivity logs were made by C. J. Za- a depth of somwhat less than 10 kilometers the resistiv­ blocki in 13 deep prospect drill holes penetrating meta- ity is again low, probably because of a lithologic change. sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Adirondack area In northwestern Maine, the metamorphosed sedimen­ of New York. Because these rocks have relatively low tary rocks at one location and the igneous rocks (includ­ permeability from fracturing and consequently have a ing granite and felsite) at another location gave electri­ low water content, they are less conductive than the cal results similar to those in the White Mountains, igneous rocks of the Western United States. despite the lithologic differences. In southern Nevada, near-surface Paleozoic carbonate rocks about 12 kilo­ Electrical properties of the earth's crust meters thick have moderately high resistivity and over­ In cooperation with the Advanced Research Projects lie basement rock, possibly volcanic, of considerably Agency, Department of Defense, G. V. Keller and lower resistivity. In central Arizona, alluvium and others have started an intensive study to determine the volcanic rocks of very low resistivity comprise a surface electrical properties of the earth's crust by means of layer as thick as several kilometers and overlie a high- several concurrent investigations: (1) compilation from resistivity basement thicker than 40 kilometers. electrical well logs of the resistivity of near-surface rocks; (2) measurement of resistivity of rocks from 5 f Cagnlard, Louis, 1953, Basic theory of the magneto-telluric method to 50 miles deep by large-scale resistivity soundings and of geophysical prospecting: Geophysics, v. 18, no. 3, p. 605-635. GEOPHYSICS A83

; A preliminary survey of the telluric field in an area Interpretation methods |of the Front Range west of Denver, Colo., revealed In magnetic interpretation it is desirable to distin­ [strong polarization of the electric field perpendicular to guish anomalies due to basement relief (suprabasement the contact between the resistive rocks of the Front anomalies) from those due essentially to susceptibility Range and the conductive sediments of the Denver- contrasts within the basement complex (intrabasement Julesburg Basin. anomalies). R. G. Henderson, using the electronic Transient electromagnetic signals generated by un­ computer, simulated theoretical fields typical of the two derground nuclear explosions were observed at various cases, and applied the downward-continuation option (distances from ground zero of some of the winter 1961- of his "comprehensive system" 60 to compute the fields 62 series of tests at the Nevada Test Site. With broa-d- at the level of the basement surface. Preliminary re­ Isand recording, the electromagnetic signal decreased to sults, obtained thus far only for the suprabasement the ambient noise level about 10 miles from ground zero. anomaly, show a characteristic pattern. Induced polarization To obtain geologically significant residual anomalies i Induced polarization contributed by overvoltage ef- from complex geophysical maps, it has been found nec­ ffects in pyritic sandstones has been found to depend essary to fit the regional effects with least-squares poly­ [upon current density, the size and distribution of the nomial surfaces of relatively high degree. The com­ [metallic grains, and resistivity of the matrix as well as puter program has been accordingly extended by W. L. total sulfide content. Laboratory studies have shown Anderson to include surfaces up to the 15th degree. [that all these variables affect polarization as expected. Studies by Henderson are directed toward establishing iOvervoltage measurements by L. A. Anderson and criteria for the degree appropriate to a given map. G. V. Keller on a single-crystal of pyrite showed that Power spectral-density analyses have been investi­ |the specific surface resistance of the crystal decreases gated by Henderson with a view to preparing computer (rapidly as the current density is increased. Measure- programs for treating digitized seismic and other time- paents on natural samples in the laboratory indicate that function data. An elaborate system for interpreting fairly large amounts of pyrite are necessary to provide seismic reflection and refraction reversed profiles in polarization in excess of background level caused by crustal-studies investigations has been outlined and electrolytic polarization. A field survey, however, flow-charted by B. F. Grossling and is being pro­ [demonstrated the effectiveness of the induced-polariza- grammed by W. L. Anderson. ttion method in detecting volume percentages of pyrite Quantitative interpretation of aeromagnetic anom­ (as low as 2 percent. The most reliable approach to alies has been based for the most part on the use of [polarization analysis is believed to be through over- physical models in which the direction of magnetiza­ tion is parallel to that of the earth's field, although voltage measurements that provide the basic data neces- laboratory results show that this assumption is invalid isary for distinguishing between electrometallic and for many rock units. I. Zietz reports that magnetic [electrolytic polarization. fields have been calculated for inclinations of magneti­ Luminescence zation significantly different from that of the earth's Barnes 58 has shown that a wide variety of minerals present field. The calculations are for a rectangular [fluoresce in the infrared part of the spectrum, upon flat-topped mass with infinite vertical sides and a 75° excitation by visible light. His instrumentation, how­ inclination of the earth's field. Several significant ever, did not permit examination of phosphorescence. empirical relations between tjie physical model and the computed fields have been obtained. For low dips of R. H. Barnett and R. M. Moxham 89 devised laboratory magnetization the maximum and minimum points, instruments to observe and record inf rared phosphores­ rather than the points of inflection, mark the edges of cence, using a pulsed-excitation technique. Kyanite, the rock masses. The depth-calculation techniques de­ fluorite, and scheelite, among a dozen minerals exam­ scribed by Vacquier and others 61 are based on the as­ ined, have phosphorescence decay times on the order of sumption of induced polarization, but these same em­ ia few milliseconds that are detectable with an infrared- pirical rules can be applied equally well to the total- i sensitive photomultiplier. The laboratory instruments intensity field when remanent magnetization is present. are being adapted for field exploration. This probably explains the success of the methods when applied to observed aeromagnetic anomalies over sedi-

68 Barnes, D. P., 1958, Infrared luminescence of minerals: U.S. Geol. 60 Henderson, R. G. 1960, A comprehensive system of automatic com­ [Survey Bull. 1052-C. putation in magnetic and gravity interpretation: Geophysics, v. 25, no. I *» Barnett, R. H., and Moxham, R. M., 1961, Infrared phosphorescence 3, p. 569-585. ! detection using pulsed excitation: Rev. Sci. Instruments, v. 32, no. 2, 81 Vacquier, V., and others, 1951, Interpretation of aeromagnetic p. 740-741. maps : Geol. Soc. America Mem. 47, 151 p. A84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS mentary basins. For rock units having large remanent Eastern Colorado and New Mexico magnetization, the dip of the magnetization may be Assuming a crust composed of uniform flat-lying estimated from the ratio between the maximum- and layers, each having a P-wave speed greater than that in minimum-anomaly amplitudes, and the declination may any layer above it, W. H. Jackson, S. W. Stewart, and be approximated from the horizontal line between the L. C. Pakiser deduced an approximate structure of the locations of the extreme values. The method has been crust in eastern Colorado from the traveltime curve of successfully applied to aeromagnetic data taken over the unreversed profile extending northward from Nee volcanic buttes near the Bearpaw Mountains, Mont. Granda Reservoir to Sterling, Colo. P-wave speeds and thicknesses of the major layers are: near-surface Geophysical Abstracts material, 3.9-5.2 km per sec, 2.3 km; upper crustal The Geological Survey continued quarterly publica­ layer, 5.8 km per sec, 9.7 km; lower crustal layer, 6.1 tion of Geophysical Abstracts for its 34th year. Ab­ km per sec, 19.1 km; intermediate layer, 6.7 km per sec, stracts were derived from more than 500 journals in 20 17.2 km; upper mantle, about 8.0 km per sec. The languages, and increased by approximately 200 ab­ depth to the top of the mantle is 48.3 km. stracts over the number published in 1961. The staff Pakiser and Stewart computed a very similar struc­ and volunteer abstractors cover literature pertaining to ture for the crust in eastern New Mexico from the physics of the solid earth, application of physical GNOME traveltime data. Augmenting the GNOME methods and techniques to geologic problems, and geo­ data with that from pre-GNOME experiments which physical exploration. established a near-surface speed of about 4.6 km per sec, MAJOR CRTJSTALi STUDIES the speed and thickness of the crustal layers were found Long-range seismic refraction to be: near-surface material, 4.6 km per sec, 4.0 km; With the support of the VELA UNIFORM Program major crustal layer, 6.2 km per sec, 19.4 km; inter­ of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Depart­ mediate layer, 7.0 km per sec, 25.2 km; upper mantle, ment of Defense, the Geological Survey has undertaken 8.2 km per sec. The depth to the top of the mantle is a seismic-refraction exploration of the continental crust 48.6 km, in rather close correspondence to that in eastern of western conterminous United States. An immediate Colorado. goal of this exploration is the determination of im­ Along both of these profiles, particularly that from proved traveltime curves needed in the evaluation of GNOME, waves refracted along the top of an inter­ some fundamental problems in nuclear-test detection. mediate layer were first arrivals over a range of several Long-range objectives include the measurement of the tens of kilometers. gross physical properties of the crust and upper mantle California and Nevada and the correlation of these parameters with physio­ Refraction lines in California and Nevada, reported graphic provinces and major geologic structures. The by J. H. Healy and others, traversed a number of methods used are those that were used by the Carnegie physiographic provinces: Basin and Range, Sierra Institution of Washington in its pioneering work on the Nevada, Central Valley of California, and Coast exploration of the crust and, later, by the University of Ranges. Except for lines shot from San Francisco, Wisconsin and others. where the low apparent speed of 5.4 km per sec for the The 1961 field effort was concentrated in the Cali­ major crustal layer was indicated by data from a pro­ fornia-Nevada region, whare a contractor, United Elec- file between San Francisco and Fallen, Nev., the ap­ troDynamics, Inc., provided major support for the field parent speed of Pg lay between 5.9 km per sec and 6.3 program and the preliminary interpretation of the km per sec, with an average near 6.1 km per sec. Ap­ records. Seventy-six chemical explosions ranging in parent speeds of Pn were low (7.6 to 7.8 km per sec) in size from 250 pounds to 10,000 pounds were detonated the Basin and Range province and higher (8.0 to 8.4 in bodies of water or in drill holes at 10 shotpoints to km per sec, average about 8.1 km per sec) along the provide signals for more than 3,500 km of refraction Pacific coast. With the possible exception of lines coverage along 6 major profiles. shot from San Francisco, an intermediate layer with a A preseason training and procedure-development speed near 7.0 km per sec was not represented by first exercise in eastern Colorado provided 600 km of profile arrivals on the California-Nevada profiles. Prominent along 2 lines from a series of chemical explosions in secondary arrivals along some profiles, such as Eureka, Nee Granda Reservoir. The post season GNOME nu­ Nev., to Fallon, Fallon to Eureka, and Fallen to San clear explosion was recorded by 10 Survey units and Francisco, suggest an intermediate layer with a speed 1 Colorado School of Mines unit at ranges of 31 km to near 6.9 km per sec. 431 km along a line extending northward from Carlsbad A simple flat-layer interpretation of the Eureka to in eastern New Mexico. Fallon traveltime data yields the following crustal GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND PETROLOGY A85 structure: near-surface layer, 4.8 km per sec, 2.7 km; tween surveys in 1940 and 1957. Changes in the eleva­ major crustal layer, 5.9 km per sec, 14.8 km; intermedi­ tion of bench marks west of Tenaya Lake are quite small ate layer, 6.9 km per sec, 17.4 km; upper mantle, 7.7 km and within the limits of probable error, but the eastern ] >er sec. The depth to the top of the mantle is 34.9 km. Sierra has been tilted upward to the east at the average A crust of nearly the same total thickness was com- rate of 0.1 ju,rad per year. This tilt rate is comparable ] >uted from the Fallon to San Francisco profile for the to the current rate of isostatic rebound from the glacial Sierra Nevada (along Highway 50). Beneath the re- loading in Fennoscandia, but is probably of tectonic Ifion of Carson Sink, however, the depth to the top of origin. These data support the conclusion by H. W. the mantle appears to be somewhat less than 30 km on Oliver 62 based on gravity observations that the eastern the basis of the Fallon to Eureka profile. half of the Sierra is slightly overcompensated. Very high apparent speeds in first arrivals between '. 20 and 160 km and relatively early first arrivals be­ GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND PETROLOGY yond 160 km on the San Francisco to Fallon profile Many members of the Geological Survey are presently sjuggest a large structural anomaly beneath the central occupied in both field and laboratory studies in geo­ jj>art of the Central Valley of California. Possible ex­ chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology. This work is planations of these traveltime anomalies include that of concerned prim.irily with such topics as the descrip­ s,n "antiroot" beneath the Central Valley, with the tion of new minerals, crystal structure of minerals, rfiantle bulging upward beneath the deep valley sedi­ physical and chemical properties of rocks and minerals, ments. distribution and abundance of the elements in minerals, Gravity studies of the Snake River Plain rocks, and water, physical and chemical conditions dur­ | Significant gravity anomalies over the eastern Snake ing ore deposition, and studies of organic processes ]jliver Plain described by T. R. LaFehr and L. C. Pak- and materials. Results from many of these general ijster are: (1) a broad high which is an extension of the areas of investigation are reported in the following Ijarge gravity highs of the western plain; (2) a set of section. Research in these subjects may also be reported alternating, elongated lows and highs normal to the elsewhere in this chapter, such as, isotope and nuclear t(rend of the eastern plain; and (3) a prominent low studies page A93; resource investigation, page Al; c^ver Mud Lake. geochemical and botanical exploration, page A121; i The low-amplitude anomalies of the eastern plain con- radioactive-waste disposal, page A112; marine geo­ tjrast sharply with the high-amplitude en-echelon grav­ chemistry, page A80; spectroscopy, page A118; and ity highs of the western plain reported by D. P. Hill, distribution of elements as related to health, page H. L. Baldwin, and L. C. Pakister (1961), and suggest A115. g, structural dissimilarity between the eastern and EXPERIMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY western parts of the plain. Mineralogical studies and description of new minerals Secular deformation of the Great Basin G. T. Faust and J. J. Fahey (1962) have restudied the ; A value of approximately 1021 poises for the viscosity serpentine-group minerals by a variety of physical and Of the mantle beneath the eastern Great Basin has been chemical techniques and have determined the structural derived by M. D. Crittenden, Jr., from a study of the formula of this group to be XMYmO10 (OH) 8, where X itate of isostatic recovery of Lake Bonneville. Curves is a divalent ion and n ranges in value from 6.04 to 5.81, representing the deflection at the center of the changing and Y is mostly Si and m ranges in value from 4.00 to lload of Lake Bonneville water, where this changing 4.09. Ijoad of water was deduced from curves by Roger Morri- Margaret Foster has calculated the structural formu­ sjon (1961d) showing the variation in lake level during las of vermiculites and hydrobiotites from modern tjhe last 60,000 years, were constructed for various as- chemical analyses. She finds that these minerals resem­ Sumed viscosities. Comparison of these curves with ble phlogopites and magnesian biotites in structural the amount and timing of observed uplift permitted composition, although with certain interpretable differ­ tfhe selection of the appropriate viscosity, which is lim­ ences. On the basis of composition and charge relations, ited in accuracy to about one order of magnitude by vermiculites may be considered as formed from phlogo­ Uncertainties in the dating of Lake Bonneville events. pites or magnesian biotites by replacement of K by Mg. Sierra Nevada The compound Cui.96S, previously known only as a An analysis of releveling data in the central Sierra synthetic compound, has been identified in nature by E. Nevada obtained from the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- ^fey indicates that there has been a significant amount of «2 Oliver, H. W., 1960, Gravity anomalies at Mt. Whitney, California: internal deformation within the mountain range be­ Art. 146 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B313-M315.

661513 O 62 A86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS H. Roseboom. The mineral, named djurleite, has been County, Colo.j and is a calcium vanadyl vanadate of found to occur in a number of places, including locali­ formula Ca2HzV£4+*)Vklz)O24.8H2O, where a^O.l. The ties in Mexico, Peru, southwest Africa, and Butte, Mont. second, found in vanadium-uranium deposits in Mon­ Although the mineral should prove to be a widespread trose County, Colo., is a potassium vanadyl vanadate; occurrence, its similarity in appearance to chalcocite the purplish-blue uranium molybdate occurs in western will slow down its recognition. The two minerals, how­ Karnes County, Tex. ever, can be differentiated by X-ray diffraction methods. Potentiometric studies by A. M. Pommer and Djurleite may well be a significant temperature indica­ Dorthy Carroll of a hydrogen-montmorillonite, using tor, because it is unstable above 100°C. hydrogen- and cation-sensitive glass electrodes, indi­ Charles Milton has studied a nearly monomineralic cate that the clay functions as a mixture of two acids carbonate rock extruded from the active Oldoinyo Len- because of the presence of two types of exchange sites, gai volcano, Tanganyika, Africa. The new, unnamed interlayer and edge, both occupied by hydrogen ions. mineral comprising the bulk of the rock has the The interlayer sites, which hold the hydrogen ions less composition tightly, cause the stronger acid function, and the edge (Ca. 94Sr 05Ba.01 ) CO3. (Na2.03K.40 ) [ (CO3 )i.i2 (SO4) .oe sites, which form stronger hydrogen bonds, cause the (C1).01 (F).01 (OH).04)]. weaker acid function. In the case of beidellites, the pattern is reversed. Application to the clay of Eisen- In cooperation with the Geological Survey of Israel, man's theory, of an atomic selectivity suggests that the Milton has investigated the remarkable mineralization stronger acid sites are more likely to hold cesium pref­ of the "limestone" rocks of the Hatrurim region near erentially. This would be of interest in considering the southern end of the Dead Sea. These rocks consist the problem of disposal of radioactive cesium-137 in largely of such minerals as spurrite, 2 Ca2SiO4 CaCO3, wastes. hydrogarnets, 3CaO-Al2O3 -6H2O and SCaO-Fe^- J. J. Fahey (1962) has published the results of an 6H2O, and barite, BaSO4, enclosing such garnets. Pre­ extensive study of the mode of occurrence of the saline sent in some rocks are portlandite, Ca(OH) 2, afwil- minerals in the Green River formation, the paragenetic lite Ca3 (SiO3OH) 2 -2H2O, ettringite, Ca6Al2 [(OH) 4 relation of the minerals, and the economic importance (SO4]3 26H2O, vaterite, CaCO3, tobermorite Ca5H2 (Si3 of the trona deposits. Also included is a section by O9) 2 -2H2O, plombierite, Ca5H2 (Si3O9 ) 2 -6H2O, and Mary Mrose on X-ray powder data for saline minerals. several new species as yet unnamed. In a study of the alkalic dike rocks of Augusta Crystal chemistry County, Va., Milton and collaborators have isolated and Further studies aimed at a better understanding of identified well-crystallized bastnaesite, and probably structural states and the nature of aluminum-silicon or­ also labuntsovite-nenadkevichite (complex Ti-Nb sili­ dering in feldspars have been made. A more detailed cates). Milton has shown that northupite, Na3Mg- examination has been made of reedmergnerite, the boron (CO3) 2C1, may contain ferrous iron substituting for analog of feldspar, by D. E. Appleman and Joan Clark, magnesium, amounts up to that given by the ratio and of the iron synthetic analogs of the feldspars by Fe:Mg=3:7. D. R. Wones and D. E. Appleman (1962). It appears X-ray diffraction studies by D. E. Appleman have most probable that the degree of order in low-tempera­ proved the validity of melanophlogite as a mineral. ture feldspars, if not complete, is much greater than has It is essentially a cubic polymorph of SiO2 (a= 13.41 heretofore been considered. A), apparently having a zeolite-like structure that can C. L. Christ and Joan Clark have continued their sys­ accommodate an appreciable amount of elementary sul­ tematic study of the structure and crystal chemistry of fur, which can be driven off with heat without destroy­ the hydrated borate minerals. In collaboration with ing the silica framework. D. E. Appleman, the crystal structures of the five cal­ A new mineral, wegscheiderite, having the formula cium borates in the series 2CaO-3B2O3 -wH2O, with n= Na2CO3 3NaHCO3, has been described by J. J. Fahey, I (synthetic, sheet structure), 5 (colemanite, chain), 7 K. P. Yorks, and D. E. Appleman (1962) from oc­ (meyerhofferite, polyion), 9 (synthetic, polyion), and currences in the Green River Formation, Sweetwater 13 (inyoite, polyion), all of which have been previously County, Wyo. solved in this program, were subjected to intensive re­ Single-crystal X-ray studies by Marie Lindberg have finement to determine positions with high accuracy. permitted the complete characterization of two new This work was carried out with a comprehensive new vanadium minerals and a new uranium molybdate least-squares analysis program written for the Geolog­ mineral, initially investigated by Alice Weeks and co- ical Survey's B220 computer by D. E. Appleman and workers. The first of these is found in Montrose J. Marsheck, using some 15,000 independent X-ray data. GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND PETROLOGY A87

As a result, the most accurate distances and angles ever H. R. Shaw (1962) has calculated the solubility of measured for borate structures have been obtained, and H2O in silicate melts by the methods of statistical ther­ these data should eventually provide the basis for a modynamics. Binary, or approximately binary, por­ chemical-bond theory for borates as well as an explana­ tions of the system CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-NaAlSi3O8- tion for the hydrogen bonding found in these crystals. SiO2-H2O were considered, and with the limited experi­ A new structure analysis of sarcopside by Mary Mrose mental data available agreement was obtained with land D. E. Appleman shows that its essential composi- theory. ^ion is (FerMn,Ca) 3 (PO4) 2. A close structural rela­ J. J. Hemley (1962) has continued his investigations tion was found between this monoclinic mineral and the of the systems Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and K2O-A12O3- jorthorhombic minerals lithiophyllite, LiMnPO4, hetero- SiO2-H2O at elevated temperatures and pressures, with site, (Fe,Mn)PO4, and lithiophosphate, Li3PO4. consideration being given to extrapolation of results of Malcolm Ross and H. T. Evans, Jr., (1962) have con­ lower temperatures to provide information important tinued their investigation of the detailed crystal struc­ to chemical weathering of rocks. ture of the members of the metatorbernite group, in­ Results of investigations of the system K2O-A12O3- cluding K(UO2AsO4 )-3H2O (abernathyite), NH4 SiO2-H2O-SO8 by Hemley and A. J. Gude have yielded i(UO2AsO4).3H2O, K(H3O)(UO2AsO4) 2.6H2O, and stability relations for the phases muscovite, alunite, and Cu(UO2PO4 ) 2 -8H2O (metatorbernite). kaolinite at temperatures of 100°C to 400°C. These Malcolm Ross has completed a critical and compre- data are consistent with the occurrence of the assem­ ihensive review of the crystal chemistry of all known blage alunite-kaolinite found in many acid-sulfate hot beryllium minerals, in a study directed toward the es­ springs. tablishment of ideas that may be useful in the search P. B. Hostetler (1962) has completed a study on the for beryllium. He found that beryllium, like silicon, thermodynamic stability and surface energy of brucite always occurs in tetrahedral coordination with oxygen, in water at 25°C. Hostetler and R. M. Garrels (1962) with the Be-O bond length about 1.64 A. Beryllium have completed a study on the mechanism of the trans­ will proxy for silicon, but only under certain favorable portation of uranium and vanadium in low-temperature conditions of charge balance in the crystal structure. aqueous solutions and the deposition of minerals of these elements from such solutions in sandstone-type {Experimental geochemistry deposits. Research was continued on the system NaAlSi3O8- R. O. Fournier and J. J. Rowe 63 have determined the LiAlSiO4-SiO2-H2O by D. B. Stewart. The rarity of solubility of cristobalite in liquid water to tempera­ petalite (LiAlSi4Oi0) reflects its very limited field of tures up to 250°C. At 25°C the solubility is 27 ppm Stability; many of the intergrowths of spodumene and at 250°C it is 730 ppm. (LiAlSi2O6) and quartz reported from lithium peg- Extensive studies on various geochemical aspects of faiatites have the same composition as petalite and have the origin and mechanism of ore deposition have con­ pecrystallized from petalite during slow cooling of peg- tinued. P. Toulmin, 3d, and P. B. Barton, Jr., (1962) jnatite. In zoned pegmatites, feldspar-petalite assem­ have obtained data through the use of the electrum blages may be the high temperature-low pressure chem­ tarnish method that permits derivation of an equation ical equivalent of the more abundant feldspar- relating the fugacity of sulfur, the temperature, and the Spodumene-quartz assemblages. mole fraction of FeS dissolved in pyrrhotite. Barton Stewart has discovered that at least 25 weight percent and others (1962) have examined the conceptual prob­ LiAlSiO4 can occur stably in solid solution in quartz. lems attendant upon applying experimental data At 2 kilobars the solid solution can coexist with siliceous obtained on sulfide minerals under equilibrium condi­ /?-spodumene solid solutions or petalite, and is stable tions to actual mineral assemblages; Bethke and others from at least 650°C to 830°C. Quartz from lithium- (1962) have considered the results of detailed exam­ fich pegmatites does not contain significant amounts of ination of ore-mineral suites from fissure veins to cor­ Uthium or aluminum, thus it is probable that the quartz relate the laboratory results. (Crystallized at low temperatures, or recrys,tallized at J. S. Wahlberg and J. H. Baker are studying the faw temperatures from any solid solution initially adsorption of strontium on clay materials. They have present. -x found that for the adsorption of strontium from a cal­ The point where albite, quartz, silicate frielt, and gas cium solution, the exchange can be described by the Coexist in the system NaAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O has been mass-action equation. However, for the adsorption of redetermined by Stewart to be 735 ±5° C at 2 kilobars H2O pressure, and the ratio of solid components in the 68 Fournier, R. O., and Rowe, J. J., 1962, The solubility of cristobalite along the three-phase curve, gas plus liquid plus cristobalite: Am. Min­ Baelt is NaAlSi8O8 : SiO2=62: 38. eralogist (In press). A88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS strontium from a sodium-plus-calcium solution, the relationships have been summarized in graphical form exchange is more exactly described by the electric dou­ byJ.D.Hem(1962a). ble-layer theory. FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY In studies by Wayne Hall and Irving Friedman, Studies of igneous rocks analyses of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, R. E. Wilcox (1961) has concluded from a study of chloride, sulfate, boron, and relative deuterium content volcanic rocks of the Aleutian Islands that albite in have been made of fluid inclusions from ore and gangue spilitic and keratbphyric rock suites is attributed minerals from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district mainly to albitization after emplacement rather than and the Upper Mississippi Valley district. Changes to primary crystallization from soda-rich magma. This in composition seem to reflect changes in the nature and conclusion is based on the fact that the coexisting composition of the ore-depositing solution. pyroxenes are not sodic types as might be expected from E. H. Roseboom has completed measurement of the crystallization of soda-rich magma, but instead are cell edges of the natural and synthetic diarsenides of common augite, typical of normal labradorite-bearing Co and Fe(safflorite-loellingite). The mutual solu­ basalt. bilities of PbS and PbTe, and the solubility of CdS T. P. Thayer and C. E. Brown have found evidence in galena, were investigated by Philip Bethke. Brian of at least two generations of flow layering in gabbro Skinner and Roseboom have synthesized hauerite and peridotite in the John Day district, Oregon. The (MnS2 ) by hydrothermal methods. This is a key com­ layering is characterized by parallel foliation and linea- pound in the systems Zn-Mn-S and Fe-Mn-S. tion and by contrasts in mineral composition that are The problem of the thermodynamic characterization not found in stratiform complexes, and it cuts across of a random mixed-layer clay mineral has been con­ major rock boundaries without deviation. Layering in sidered* by E-anZen.64 Zen (1962) has continued his relict folds cut by the dominant foliation and lineation studies of the system CaSO4-NaCl-H2O at low tempera­ shows similar mineralogic variations. All of the layer­ tures and 1 atmosphere. ing now found is believed, therefore, to have been A. H. Truesdell (1962b) has investigated the chemi­ formed by flowage which destroyed all traces of any cal alteration of natural glasses through their behavior primary layering due to crystal settling. as membrane electrodes. Studies of metamorphic rocks Chemistry of natural water Comparative studies of unmetamorphosed rock se­ A provisional equilibrium constant of 10'82-0 was ob­ quences and their metamorphic equivalents by A. E. J. tained by W. L. Polzer for the reaction Engel and Celeste Engel show that both metamorphic differentiation and mafic metasomatism are ubiquitous and quantitatively important processes in rocks recon­ kaolinite =2 A1+3 (aq) +2H4SiO4(aq) + 60H stituted above the epidote-amphibolite facies. In general, these metamorphic terranes contain many more silicic acid lenses and layers of granitic and amphibolitic (basaltic) for the system kaolinite-water in the laboratory at room composition than their unmetamorphosed analogs. temperature and under 1 atmosphere pressure of carbon That much of the granite is of metasomatic, meta­ dioxide. morphic, and anatectic origin, that is, the result of The solubility of kaolinite is apparently increased by incipient melting and granitization of pre-existing using finely ground (passing 100 mesh) material. Dis­ rock types in these terranes, is demonstrable and widely turbance of the surfaces of the kaolinite produced by recognized. In contrast, amphibolitization of equally grinding is probably responsible for this effect. diverse rock types is not generally recognized although Concentrations of manganese common in natural it is complementary to, and as common a process as, water generally can be attributed to Mn+2 ionic species granitization. Field and laboratory studies by the complexed to some extent with HCCV1 and SO4-2. Engels of rocks from many parts of the world show Small amounts of these forms are stable in aerated that most thinner amphibolite interlayers and mafic water below about pH 8.0. At high pH or with strong granulites have formed from less mafic sedimentary oxidation, Mn+3 and Mn+4 oxides are formed. The rate and igneous parent rocks by metamorphic differentia­ of oxidation is increased by raising the pH and de­ tion and mafic metasomatism. creased by raising HCCV1 and SO4'2 activities. These Field, petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical studies by R. G. Coleman, R. C. Erd, and D. E. Lee show that three different types of Franciscan glauco- 84 Zen, B-an, 1962, Problem of the thermodynamic status of the mixed- layer minerals : Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta (In press). phane-bearing schists occur in the Cazadero area, Cali- GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND PETROLOGY A89 fornia. These three types, although not defined as As part of his study of the Moab 1-degree by 2-degree s|ubf acies within the glaucophane schist f acies, do reflect quadrangle, Colorado and Utah, P. L. Williams has ^, range of progressive metamorphic conditions, and been istudying alteration of the Entrada Sandstone. ijhey appear to have developed by isochemical metamor- He finds that red, pink, and orange are the "original" i)hism from the same original rock types (mostly basalt colors, whereas white, yellow, and brown colors result dnd graywacke). They also have discovered that much from epigenetic processes. Samples of unaltered rock f the confusion that has attended the Franciscan are much richer in heavy minerals than samples of glaucophane schist problem to date results from the altered rock. In suites of heavy minerals from unal­ fact that the higher grade schists do not occur in place tered rock, detrital grains of magnetite-hematite and sis mappable units, but owe their anomalous position ilmenite make up more than half the "heavies," whereas Geodesy and Geophysics, W. H. sulfate facies in the lower 360 feet. GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND PETROLOGY A91

| Preliminary results of laboratory studies by B. B. the lakes in the Devils Lake chain in North Dakota, the Hanshaw of the behavior of compacted clays as semi- percentage of equivalents per million of individual ions permeable or osmotic membranes indicated that they does not vary significantly. Water entering the lake ire capable of affecting the chemistry of subsurface chain is of the calcium carbonate type. In a down­ waters and the fluid pressure. Ultrafiltration or salt stream direction, a change from calcium-magnesium to iltering occurs when a saline solution is forced through sodium-potassium predominance, and from bicarbon­ compacted clay. Hanshaw suggests that where a pres­ ate-carbonate to sulfate predominance was observed. sure differential exists across a body of shale, this proc­ In the last lake of the chain, precipitation of sodium ess may be effective in increasing the salinity on the sulfate causes an increase in the proportion of mag­ Aigh-pressure side of the shale. The ability of shale nesium but little or no increase in calcium, and there 1 ;o act as an osmotic membrane could also be a factor in is an increase in chloride plus fluoride and nitrate. the occurrence of anomalously low fluid pressures in Water from nonthennal springs rising in granitic parts of some of the sedimentary basins of western con­ terrane of the Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada, terminous United States and Canada. is dominantly bicarbonate and has mixed cation con­ Origin of minerals in natural water tents. Breakdown of plagioclase and orthoclase feld­ Decrease in sulfate content of ground waters with spars provides early contents predominantly of sodium increasing distance down-gradient from areas of hydro- and potassium. With additional contact with the thermally altered rock in Truckee Meadows, Nev., has rocks, calcium and magnesium increase, presumably as jseen observed by Philip Cohen (Art. 114). The change the PCO2 of the water diminishes through reaction is referred to mixture of the sulfate waters from the with the minerals, and secondary carbonate minerals, ftltered-rock area with dilute water applied for irriga­ more readily soluble, are attacked. Silica is abun­ tion on the Meadows. The sulfate in water near the dantly available throughout the course traveled by the feleached-rock zones is derived from the products of the waters. J. H. Feth, C. E. Roberson, and W. L. Polzer, ^Iteration, rather than from gypsum contained in the reporting the above, note that the chloride content is pluvial materials. characteristically less than 1 ppm, and in half the sam­ ples it is less than the mean chloride content of snows A. K Leonard and P. E. Ward (Art. 52) have shown that the water of salt springs in the Arkansas and Ked earlier sampled and analyzed. Possibly anion sorption may remove small quantities of chloride from the circu­ piver basins of western Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas lating waters.

Organic pollutants in water The higher beryllium concentrations are in a belt The synthetic detergent alkylbenzenesulfonate trending southwest from central Montana into north­ (ABS) is removed from solution by adsorption on sur­ eastern Nevada and a belt in western New Mexico and faces of quartz grains. C. H. Wayman (Art. 117) central Colorado. Some rocks of high beryllium con­ found that the amount adsorbed on the quartz is less tent have been found in the Big Bend region of Texas. than equivalent to a monomolecular layer of ABS when Heavy metals in shales the surface area of the quartz is greater than 50 cm2 D. F. Davidson and H. W. Lakin (Art. 85) now have per g and the concentration of ABS is less than 100 mg analytical data for the heavy-metal contents of marine- per liter. shale units from 15 geologic formations of the western Iron and manganese in water and plants conterminous United States. Data for six geologic When aquatic plants form a dense cover over a water formations were previously reported (Davidson and surface, they may prevent oxygen from going into solu­ Lakin, 1961). Some samples contain as much as 1.5 tion in the water by excluding air. E. T. Oborn and percent zinc, 5 percent vanadium, 1 to 2 percent nickel, J. D. Hem (1962) reported that redox potential de­ and 0.7 percent selenium. These metal contents are creased and iron content of water increased during the comparable to those of shale units considered "ore" in growing season in tanks where water-stargrass, parrot- other parts of the world. feather, and associated floating vegetation were present. Of particular interest is the occurrence of approxi­ Aquatic vegetation was found by Oborn to have a mately 5 ppm of tellurium in a sample of the so-called high manganese content, compared to corresponding vanadiferous shale in the Phosphoria Formation of parts of land plants. Wyoming. This is apparently the first time tellurium has been recognized in marine shales. SYNTHESIS OP GEOCHEMICAL DATA Abundance of scandium in volcanic rocks Good progress was made on the revision of Clarke's Using Rittman's classification to determine the clan, "Data of Geochemistry." The revised edition will be V. C. Fryklund, Jr., and Michael Fleischer suggest the published separately in 36 chapters as each is ready. following scandium abundance figures: basalts, 38 ppm; Six chapters are now in press. andesites, 34 ppm; dacites, 21 ppm; rhyodacites, 14 During the past fiscal year a unit in the Geological ppm; quartz latites, 11 ppm; and rhyelites, 5 ppm. Survey was established to collate and synthesize the Using Poldervaart's suggested ratio of rock types,67 vast geochemical and geobotanical data being gathered they suggested a content of 30 ppm scandium in the by the Survey. D. F. Davidson is studying the feasi­ earth's crust. bility of coding and retrieving geologic and geochemi­ cal data by machine. Work has consisted of establish­ Rare earths in apatites ing a workable code and a format of punch cards for Z. S. Altschuler has studied marine-apatite mineral sample description and storage of data for rocks, min­ separates from Florida and Morocco phosphorites, erals, soils, waters, and plants. including composite samples representing extensive de­ Philip Bethke compiled a list of 200 best-available posits. Total rare earths ranged from 0.04 to 0.1 per­ unit-cell dimensions for sulfide, sulfosalt, and related cent. The marine apatites from these platform minerals. Where precise determinations have been phosphorites are characterized by the dominance of reported by several laboratories, the agreement in re­ lanthanum in contrast to igneous and pegmatitic ported values is usually very good. Bethke and apatite, which generally contain Ce>Nd>La. Barbara Hammond have also determined precise cell Thorium and uranium in some alkalic rocks from Virginia and dimensions for the following compounds: HgSe, HgTe, Texas CdSe, CdTe, ZnTe, PbTe, PtS, and NiS2. Results of studies of the distribution of thorium and uranium in suites of alkalic rocks from Virginia and DISTRIBUTION OF MINOR ELEMENTS Texas by David Gottfried, Roosevelt Moore, and Alice Beryllium in silicic volcanic rocks Caemmerer (Art. 27) support the view of Phair ^ that R. R. Coats, P. R. Barnett, and N. M. Conklin have those products of crystal f ractionation notably enriched found that the beryllium content of glassy silicic vol­ in these minor elements are distinguished by an ex­ canic rocks in the western conterminous United States tremely low content of CaO. These studies provide a ranges from 0 to 20 ppm. The median value is about 97 Poldervaart, Arie, 1955, Chemistry of the earth's crust, in Crust of 3.6 ppm, slightly less than the value found by other the earth: Geol. Soc. America. Spec. Paper 62. p. 155-169. 88 Phair, George, 1952, Radioactive Tertiary porphyries in the Central investigators for granitic rocks. There is a positive City district, Colorado, and their bearing upon pitchblende deposition: U.S. Geol. Survey TBI-247, 53 p., issued by U.S. Atomic Energy Comm., correlation of beryllium with fluorine in these rocks. Tech. Inf. Service Ext., Oak Ridge, Tenn. ISOTOPE AND NUCLEAR STUDIES A93 chemical guide for possibly delineating areas of alkalic The sources of organic pollution in streams are being igneous rocks that would be significantly enriched in investigated by the C14 laboratory in cooperation with lihorium and uranium. the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The method is similar to that used to detect the source | ISOTOPE AND NUCLEAR STUDIES of air pollution in smog studies. Samples of the organic I Isotope and nuclear investigations provide new modes pollutants are collected by passing thousands of gal­ j>f attack on many geologic programs. Radioactivity- lons of the stream water through charcoal filters. The fating techniques provide a measure of geologic time. trapped material is removed by suitable solvents, and peuterium analyses of natural waters and of water then its C14 activity is measured by the normal process. extracted from minerals and rocks permit new insight If the source of pollution is industrial waste, the sample i nto hydrologic and petrologic problems. Lead isotopes has a very low C14 content. If the pollutant is from provide data useful in interpreting the history of rocks, sewage, the activity is high, very close to that of present- metamorphic and ore-deposition processes, and the evo- day carbon. The method has been tested in several 'ution of the crust of the earth. Solid-state studies streams and one lake, and the results bear out antici­ afford new approaches to mineralogy and to the study pated pollution estimates. of phenomena such as luminescence and thermolumines- To test the validity of C14 ages from snail shells, a 'jence. Current results of some studies are summarized tracer study using C14 labeled CaCO3 was made by Meyer Rubin, U.S. Geological Survey, and R. C. Likens GEOCHRONOLOGY and E. G. Berry, National Institutes of Health. The i Investigations in radioactivity dating are being con­ labeled CaCO3 was dusted on the food and added to the tinued with objectives of improving the basic tech- water in which the snails lived. The radioactivity of tiiques, extending their application to cover all of the new growth of the shell was measured, and it was geologic time, and finding geologic explanations for found that up to 12 percent uptake of inorganic carbon Apparently anomalous results. C14 age determinations is possible. This would yield an uncertainty of approx­ brovide a large amount of useful data for a variety of imately 1,000 years in C14 ages from snails. ptudies back to approximately 40,000 years B.P. (Be­ Protactinium-thorium dating fore Present). The dating of deep-sea cores by the Studies in the dating of deep-sea cores have been con­ protactinium-thorium method now permits extension tinued in cooperation with the Marine Laboratory of £>f age determinations back to approximately 200,000 the University of Miami. Results obtained by J. N. jyears B.P., gradually closing the gap with the K-Ar, Rosholt, Jr., C. Emiliani, J. Geiss, F. F. Koczy, and [Rb-Sr, and U-Pb methods that range back to the P. J. Wangersky in the Pa231/Th230 dating and O18/O16 oldest Precambrian. temperature analysis of core A 254-Beata Ridge C are Carbon-14 age determinations in good agreement with earlier results 69 for other j A. T. Fernald (Art. 11) has used radiocarbon dates Caribbean cores. to limit the time of deposition of a widespread volcanic Attempts to date European stalagmites and Key ash deposit in eastern Alaska to between 1,750 and 1,520 Largo limestones by the Pa231/U, Th230/U method were [years B.P. made by Rosholt in collaboration with P. Antal of the A report by W. G. Pierce (1961) describes perma- Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami. Re­ [frost and thaw depressions in a peat deposit in the sults are in poor agreement with the ages estimated Beartooth Mountains, Wyo. The age of the top of the from stratigraphic relations. [peat according to a C14 age determination is 7,500 ±500 Dating of uranium accumulation and migration 3rears B.P. A C14 age determination of a sample 11 feet The method of dating the time of migration of ura­ ilower stratigraphically has been reported by Meyer nium in sandstone deposits developed by J. N. Rosholt, ;Rubin as 8,600 ±300 years B.P., thus indicating a rate Jr.,70 has been extended to the study of uranium migra­ tof peat accumulation of about 1 foot per 100 years. tion in sandstones above, at, and below the water table Radiocarbon dates (12,700 to 12,030 years B.P.) for (Rosholt, 1961). A detailed study of the time of ura­ buried peat at North Branch, Minn., indicate that the nium migration in deposits of the Hulett Creek area, ^Vfankato Stade preceded the Two Creeks Interstade Wyoming, by C. S. Robinson and Rosholt (1961) indi- father than followed it. The study of the pollen in «» Rosholt, J. N., Jr., Emiliani, C., Geiss, J., Koczy, F. F., and Wanger­ |the peat, the areal geology, and the relation of the sky, P. J., 1961, Absolute dating of deep-sea cores by the Pa^/Th230 dates to those from the classical Midwest sections ap­ method: Jour. Geology, v. 69, no. 2, p. 162-185. 70 Rosholt, J. N., Jr., 1961, Late Pleistocene and Recent accumulation pear in an article by M. Fries, H. E. Wright, Jr., and of uranium in ground water saturated sandstone deposits: Econ. Ge­ M. Rubin (1961). ology, v. 56, no. 2, p. 423-430. A94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS cates that the first uranium deposition occurred more Lead-alpha ages on zircon are commonly in good than 250,000 years ago for the deposits now at or above agreement with K-Ar or Rb-Sr age determinations on the water table. These deposits were oxidized, leached, micas or feldspars from the same rock ; however, some and locally enriched 60,000 to 80,000 years ago. For sharply discordant ages are found. Lead-alpha ages the deposits below the water table the calculated ages for zircon are much greater than K-Ar ages for biotite indicate that the uranium accumulation probably did in some rocks from the Leadville area, Colorado. R. C. not begin before 180,000 years ago and has continued Pearson, Ogden Tweto, T. W. Stern, and H. H. Thomas to the present. (Art. 8T) conclude . that the zircons in porphyry dike Potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium dating rocks of that area probably were derived from older R. C. Pearson and Ogden Tweto (Art. 87) are using rocks. K-Ar age determinations to limit the time of faulting DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM STUDIES in the Leadville area, Colorado. Many faults can be Deuterium in natural waters Experimental data in a collaborative investigation by dated geologically by their relations to Laramide por­ phyries. The latter have been dated by the K-Ar Irving Friedman, of the Geological Survey, and Lester method. Machta and Ralph Soller, of the U.S. Weather Bureau, show that deuterium and tritium in raindrops exchange Isotopic age studies of plutons in the central Sierra Nevada are being continued by R. W. Kistler and P. C. rapidly with atmospheric moisture. Rain samples, Bateman. K-Ar and Rb-Sr determinations range from therefore, may not always be representative of the cloud 60 to 100 million years for IT individual plutons. system, but more nearly of the lower 1,000 feet or less Biotite from a phase of the Mountain City pluton of atmosphere. in northern Nevada gives an apparent age of 81 ±5 Samples of stratospheric water collected by airplane m.y. by the K-Ar method, and zircon from the same and balloon flights by the U.S. Air Force and Weather rock is dated by the lead-alpha method at TO ±20 m.y. Bureau show a deuterium concentration that is too high This batholith has been correlated by earlier workers for water derived by normal meteorological processes. with the Idaho batholith for which Larsen and The possibility that this stratospheric water forms by Schmidt 71 reported an average lead-alpha age of 108 oxidation of atmospheric hydrogen gas is being m.y. Studies of the Mountain City batholith are being investigated. Deuterium analyses of individual raindrops collected continued by R. R. Coats. Rb-Sr dating of K-feldspars and of whole rock sam­ by A. H. Woodcock of Woods Hole Oceanographic ples from the Minnesota River valley in Minnesota Institute show a relation between drop size and deute­ indicates an original age of 2.5 to 2.6 billion years for rium concentration, the small drops being enriched in the Montevideo Granite Gneiss of Lund.72 The K-Ar deuterium as compared to the larger drops. This de­ pendence of deuterium on drop size is in accordance and Rb-Sr ages of 1.6 to 1.8 b.y. reported by Goldich and others 73 for mica samples from the gneiss are meta- with theory and experimental findings on the rate of isotopic equilibrium of water drops with their morphic ages. The Montevideo Granite Gneiss was intruded by small granite plutons. Rb-Sr ages on feld­ environment. Deuterium analyses of two samples of Nile River spar and on whole rock samples from one of these late water collected at Khartoum and at Cairo during high granitic intrusives north of Granite Falls, Minn., are in good agreement with the previous K-Ar and Rb-Sr stage at both sites showed that less than 5 percent evap­ oration occurred in the 1,900 miles travel between the ages of 1.65 b.y. on biotite. 2 cities. Lead-alpha age measurements One application of deuterium research in hydrology New lead-alpha ages on zircon from rocks collected is the estimation of the rate of evaporation in saline in North and South Carolina are discussed by W. C. lakes. The following equation describes the process: Overstreet, T. W. Stern, Charles Annell, and Harold Westley in Article 88 of this volume. The new results are in good agreement with data presented earlier by where Ri= ratio deuterium to water, inflow; Overstreet and others (1961). Qi = rate of inflow to lake ; R0 ratio deuterium to water outflow; 71 Larsen, E. E., Jr., and Schmidt, R. G., 1958, A reconnaissance of the Idaho batholith and comparison with the southern California batho- $0 = rate of outflow; ,11th : U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1070-A. Rv= ratio deuterium to water in evaporate; and n Lund, E. H., 1956, Igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Minnesota River Valley: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 67, no. 11, pi. 2-3, p. 1482, Qv=rate of evaporation. 1484-1485. This reduces to : 73 Goldich, S. S., Nier, A. O., Baadsgaard, H., Hoffman, J. H., and Krieger, H. W., 1961, The Precambrian geology and geochronology of Minnesota: Minnesota Geol. Survey Bull. 41. IID ISOTOPE AND NUCLEAR STUDIES A95

Where RL = ratio in lake" if mixing is complete, when The water and deuterium in the phenocrysts of glassy the lake has no outlet and losses to the ground are neg­ silicic volcanic rocks from the Jemez Mountains, N. ligible. Values for a were found to fall within the Mex., were studied by Friedman in cooperation with fange 0.90 to 0.94 for several lakes. Application of the R. L. Smith. The water content of biotite ranges from deuterium-balance equation to Lake Tahoe indicated 4.5 "to 0.9 percent by weight, and that of hornblende, that only 38 percent of the inflow remained to escape from 1.5 to 0.3 percent water. The relative deuterium as outflow. This conclusion is also supported by the salt content varies inversely with the water content. These balance for the lake. The hydrology of a series of lakes data suggest a relation between water-vapor pressure in central Washington which occupy the abandoned in the melt and the total water and deuterium content gorge of the Columbia River below Dry Falls was ana­ of the biotite and hornblende. Light hydrogen is lost lyzed by the salt content and AD/H (deuterium to preferentially during cooling and crystallization of hydrogen) ratio of the waters. It was concluded that some lavas, causing the formation of oxybiotite and Deep Lake and Falls Lake are entirely fed by ground oxyhornblende and concentrating deuterium in the re­ water, Alkali Lake which has a high deuterium con­ maining hydroxyl in the minerals. tent and relatively low salinity appears to be fed by Biotites, hornblendes, and chlorites were separated Surface flow. Lake Lenore and Soap Lake appear to be from a suite of rocks from the southern California at least 95 percent ground water. batholith and the relative deuterium content of their Deuterium analyses of ocean waters collected at three structural water determined. No relation was found equatorial Atlantic stations were completed. Several between the silica content of the rock and the water distinct ocean-water masses characterized by their D/H content of the minerals. The relative deuterium con­ fatio and salinity can be identified at each station. centration was found to increase as the silica content of Twenty-five samples of surface waters of the Pacific the host rock decreased. Deuterium extracted from Ocean were analyzed for deuterium. These samples, biotites and hornblendes of mafic inclusions found in together with others previously analyzed, show that the Bonsall Tonalite revealed that the water had not there is less evaporation from the Pacific Ocean than completely exchanged isotopically with the water of the from similar latitudes in the Atlantic. enclosing tonalite. A group of samples of water and ice were analyzed Tritium in fallout for D/H to determine the isotopic fractionation that Tritium isotopic research conducted by L. L. Thatch- Occurs during the freezing of fresh water under a er and coworkers has involved documentation of new Variety of natural conditions. The fractionations tritium fallout resulting from the nuclear weapons test found were less than the theoretical and less than had series of the Soviet Union in the fall of 1961. The pre­ feeen found for freezing of sea water. vious test series was in the fall of 1958 so that the new Atmospheric hydrogen before explosion of a hydro­ tests provide a 3-year interval marker on the tritium gen-bomb and atmospheric methane after the explosion time scale. This precisely known spacing of tritium were analyzed by Hans Suess. The results show that atmospheric pulses with a quiescent period in between atmospheric hydrogen before the explosion had a sim­ should be very useful in current and future ground- ilar deuterium content to samples after the explosion, water-movement studies. The variation of average Whereas the tritium content was somewhat lower be­ tritium concentration in precipitation, progressing in­ fore the explosion. Atmospheric methane also has a land from the coast, should be of great importance in high tritium content. the analysis of marine-moisture distribution over the A series of water samples obtained by drying small continent of North America. Samples of cores from the preliminary test drilling at E. H. Walker reports that water with a high content the Guadalupe and LaJolla sites of the Mohole pro­ of tritium resulting from nuclear tests (1954 and later) ject showed a depletion in deuterium relative to present. has moved a few miles into the basalt aquifer of the Ocean water, and that large variations in deuterium oc- western Snake River Plain in Idaho from main sources <&ur from sample to sample. of rechage such as streams and large irrigated tracts. Deuterium analyses by Irving Friedman and Orn The average velocity of ground-water movement Grardarsson of over 150 water samples collected in Ice­ through the aquifer is estimated to be about 1 mile a land at different seasons of the year from surface year. The water is stratified, and minor recharge from waters, rain, and boreholes in hot-spring areas indicate precipitation in the central parts of the plain has also that the source water of adjacent boreholes can be quite raised the tritium content of the upper layers. different, and that the recharge area may be many tens Tritium tracer studies, Lake McMillan, New Mexico Of miles away. Source areas for some of the thermal A hydrologic tracer study using artificially injected waters may possibly be identified by deuterium data. tritium was begun at Lake McMillan in New Mexico in A96 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF KESULTS April 1961. Objectives of the project were threefold: H-bomb explosion of 1954, which indicates relatively estimation of the amount of leakage through solution rapid water movement in the limestone. holes in the lake bottom, measurement of the travel- A study of temperature fluctuations in ground water time of leakage water from the lake to the suspected of the Schenectady area, New York, was carried out by outlet in a springs area, and estimation of the geometry John Winslow, who interpreted the variations as indi­ of the ground-water reservoir associated with the lake. cation of infiltration from the Mohawk River (Art. The lake was dosed with 150 curies of tritiated water Ill). The river water shows annual variations through supplied by the Atomic Energy Commission. A criss­ a range of 45 °F, and the ground water shows a cross pattern of dispensing from a slowly moving boat decreasing annual temperature range as a function of was used to get relatively uniform distribution of the distance from the river. This evidence of infiltration tritium and avoid the possibility of concentrated areas. was later confirmed by tritium measurements, which Through the following 2 weeks more than 100 samples indicated that the ground water contained a high pro­ were taken at various depths and surface locations in portion of recent water. Recharge from the Mohawk the lake to follow the rate of mixing of the isotope. River appears to be the only possible explanation for The tracer was followed through the hydrologic the high tritium values in the ground water. system consisting of Lake McMillan, the Pecos River entering and issuing from the lake, the Southern Canal LEAD ISOTOPES issuing from Lake Avalon, and associated springs and B. R. Doe in cooperation with S. R. Hart, of the wells. The tritium tracer in the lake decreased from Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie In­ 2,000 T.U. (1 T.U. is equivalent to 1 tritium atom in 10M stitution of Washington, has studied the effect of contact atoms of protium) to 1,000 T.U. in 1 month and then metamorphism by the Eldora Quartz Monzonite stock decreased to 100 T.U. in the following 6 weeks. There on the isotopic composition of lead in potassium was an accompanying rise of tritium in the Pecos south feldspars of the Idaho Springs Formation near Boulder, of McMillan and in the Southern Canal. In June and Colo. It was shown that lead entered the feldspars of July the tritium peak passed through Twin Boil the contact zone to about 250 feet from the intrusion. springs. Although it apparently did not appear in the The intrusion is about 8,000 feet across. In addition, other springs, the tritium rise in the Pecos seems to be it was conclusively shown that not all the lead added associated with some underground channel that con­ to the feldspars could have come from the stock. The ducted the tracer into the river in the springs area. source of lead was probably from rock immediately The tritium levels appeared to have reached equilib­ surrounding the potassium feldspar. rium by the following year, indicating that the tracer In collaboration with G. R. Tilton, of the Geophysical had passed completely through the system. Hydrologic Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Doe analysis of the data is now in progress. has studied the isotopic constitution of lead in potassium Tritium tracer studies in ground water feldspars from charnokite from Shenandoah National Paul Jones and L. L. Thatcher have successfully used Park, Va., and from the Appalachian Province approxi­ tritium tracing techniques to analyze the ground-water mately 100 miles northeast, near Baltimore. In potas­ movement pattern in the National Reactor Test Site sium feldspar from the charnokite which was subjected area in Idaho. The pattern indicates the areas subject to regional metamorphism about a billion years ago, to potential contamination by hazardous radioisotopes the lead-isotope constitution is fairly uniform and yields from underground disposal of the reactor wastes. Precambrian model lead ages. Near Baltimore, where A study of ground-water movement in the area severe metamorphism occurred 300-450 m.y. ago in around Bellevue, Ohio, involves (a) the practical con­ addition to the billion-year event, the isotopic composi­ sideration of ground-water contamination by a sewage- tion of lead in the feldspars ranges considerably, and disposal system that enters a limestone aquifer and (b) the model lead ages generally are younger than in rocks the theoretical consideration of ground-water move­ at Shenandoah National Park. These results suggest ment rates in limestone. By means of tritium-fallout that lead was added to the feldspars near Baltimore measurements it appears possible to estimate the time during the later metamorphism. of movement from the Bellevue area to surrounding Regional variations in the abundance ratios of lead agricultural districts and thereby estimate the magni­ isotopes from galena deposits of the Eastern United tude of sewage movement. Measurements at selected States are being investigated by A. V. Heyl and M. R. wells gave 95 T.U. from a depth of 90 feet and 9.4 T.U. Brock in collaboration with J. J. Warr and Maryse from a depth of 185 feet. Both measurements reveal Delevaux. Data from the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa dis­ that at least part of the pumpage from these wells con­ trict show large ranges for the isotope ratios of lead. sists of water that fell as precipitation after the large The preliminary results suggest systematic variations HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC STUDIES A97 with a radial distribution from the center of the dis­ that "glassy" ice can be made by normal "slow" freezing trict outward. methods. Further work in this direction is planned i for hydrous minerals. j SOLID-STATE STUDIES Luminescence and thermoluminescence studies HYDRAULIC AND HYDBOLOGIC STUDIES Using a fast electronic system, P. Martinez and Increasing demands for water for industrial, agri­ F. Senftle have completed a study on the decay time cultural, and domestic uses have stimulated research of alpha-particle pulses in cesium iodide. Three modes in the problems of supply and movement of water, both 0f decay have been observed in thallium-activated on the surface and underground. Kesults of much of (besium iodide and two in the pure material. Low-tem­ this research are reported in earlier sections of this chap­ perature thermal de-excitation studies have also been ter under the appropriate regional headings. The fol­ linade using alpha particles, X-rays, and ultra-violet lowing section presents findings of more general light. The thermal de-excitation curves are different application. Depending on whether the cesium iodide is activated with alpha particles or X-ray excitation. Spectral OPEN-CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS measurements of the emitted light are also being made. [t is hoped that the combination of these several Distribution of velocity techniques will yield data which will aid in the inter­ By laboratory study H. J. Tracy and C. M. Lester pretation of the basic luminescence mechanisms. defined a central region of flow in a rectangular flume in which the traverse velocity gradient is zero and the Magneto-acoustic studies vertical velocity distribution is proportional to the log [ It is well known that the attenuation of ultrasonic of the distance from the channel bed. Within this ^vaves in a metal is considerably enhanced if the speci- zone of two dimensional flow, the "universal" constant itnen is in a transverse magnetic field. By adjusting in the Karman-Prandtl velocity equation varies with the ihe field strength and the wavelength, a resonance con- aspect ratio of the channel if the usual assumption is $ition of maximum attenuation can be achieved from made that the bed shear is equal to the product of the which the Fermi surface can be determined. A study specific weight, depth, and slope of the fluid. xygen is chemically absorbed on the ice surface below material dispersion tests in a large laboratory flume and & temperature of 150°K and that this was the cause of in a reach of a natural channel in Nebraska. Tenta­ jthe increase in diamagnetism observed earlier. Special tively, it has been concluded that the distribution of Equipment designed to exclude oxygen from the system particles dispersed from a plane source is a composite Was constructed, and new magnetic measurements of individual distributions and that each individual Showed that ice has a diamagnetism of (-0.683±0.001) distribution, which is for a narrow size range, can be X 156 emu per g from 77° K to 235° K. described with the statistical function called the gamma A cell for fast freezing has been devised to make distribution. In addition, the discharge of bed-mate­ (X-ray pattern studies down to 77°K. With the use of rial particles can be computed from measured distribu­ Ithis technique it has been demonstrated that small tions of tracer particles, provided the tracer particles amounts of organic substances such as alcohol retard have the same transport characteristics as the bed mate­ the rate of crystallization of the ice to such an extent rial and are dispersed from a plane source. Because of A98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS the relation between dispersion and transport, the pros­ Flow in the Rio Grande may be classed as lower re­ pects of determining dispersion distributions from gime flow over a dune bed configuration and upper known or independently computed transport rates are regime flow over a plane bed, with a transition zone promising and depend on the extent to which param­ between where the bed configuration is unpredictable. eters in the gamma distribution can be predicted. C. F. Nordin, Jr., found that the transition from lower Solution of unsteady-flow problems to upper flow regime may be abrupt at individual cross S. E. Kantz (Art. 46) developed a coaxial correlation sections for the Rio Grande near Bernalillo, N. Mex., method to describe the momentary discharge of tide- but the transition in terms of average flow conditions affected streams. Discharges of the Sacramento Kiver through a sufficiently long reach is gradual. The tran­ at Sacramento, Calif., computed by this method com­ sition is effected by lateral nonuniformity of velocity pare satisfactorily with the measured flow. and depth at a cross section and by nonuniformity longitudinally through the reach. Measurement of water discharge and sediment transport Various transport theories have been studied using A control structure for the measurement of the water both flume and field data. Current analyses made by discharge and sediment transport in the Kio Grande D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild Conveyance Channel near Bernardo, N. Mex., was de­ indicate that several of the theories yield good results signed on the basis of a model study by E. V. Richardson within the lower flow regime, but they require rather and D. D. Harris (Art. 175). The stage-discharge re­ drastic modifications to extend their usefulness to the lation for the structure is unaffected by the sediment upper flow regime. In general, best results have been discharge or changes in bed configuration of the canal. achieved with a modification of the Einstein bed-load The structure should be suitable for installation on function for sediment transport. Using this procedure other sand-bed streams to improve water and sediment a transport theory has evolved which yields good results discharge records. for both laboratory and field conditions. The use of radioisotopes to measure water discharge C. F. Nordin, Jr., and G. R. Dempster find that both by the dilution method was evaluated in laboratory tests vertical-velocity and suspended-sediment distribution by B. J. Frederick and others (Art. 176). Discharge are influenced by bed configuration for several reaches through a pipe was measured by the dilution method, of the Rio Grande. Vertical-velocity distribution is and volumetrically. The tests indicate that an accu­ more uniform for flow over a dune bed than for flow racy of 1 percent can be attained by relative counting over a plane bed, while suspended-sediment distribution of the isotope concentrations in a standard volume. is more uniform in flow over a plane than in flow over Resistance to flow and sediment transport in alluvial channels a dune bed. Flume studies of sand-bed channels, by D. B. Simons, H. J. Koloseus and J. Davidian have shown that uni­ E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild, show that both form open-channel flow is unstable at Froude numbers physical size and fall velocity of bed material are im­ greater than about 1.6. The instability is character­ portant variables in the study of resistance to flow and ized by roll waves on the water surface, and by an in­ sediment transport. Physical size is related to grain crease in energy loss as compared to flow at lower roughness, and fall velocity is related to form roughness Froude numbers. The increase in energy loss has been and sediment transport. The relative roughness de­ defined as a function of the Froude number for flow pends on the type of form roughness. Ripple ampli­ over cubical roughness elements. tude is independent of depth, and the relative roughness SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY decreases as depth increases. Dune amplitude tends to increase with depth but relative roughness does not Surface-water hydrology is the study of the occur­ change. Where the bed roughness is due to ripples rence and variability of streamflow in relation to physio­ and (or) dunes, if depth is corrected for the separation graphic, geologic, and meteorologic factors. If the zones downstream of the ripples and dunes, a much basic relations governing the occurrence and variability more precise resistance to flow relation can be estab­ of streamflow can be defined, the runoff from ungaged lished. Gradation of bed material has a definite effect areas can be predicted from physical and meteorologic upon both resistance to flow and sediment transport. factors alone, and the changes in runoff regimen related A bed material composed of a large range in sand sizes to changes in physical conditions can 'be forecast. has a smaller resistance to flow and a higher transport Distribution and characteristics of streamflow rate than a bed material that has the same median dia­ Fluctuations of streamflow depend on the variations meter but only a small range in sizes. The study fur­ of precipitation and on geologic and topographic fea­ ther indicates why the gradation of bed material of tures that tend to delay runoff. In some basins, for sand-bed streams is relatively constant. example, the opportunity for infiltration and storage HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC STUDIES A99 lof water in the ground is so great that the effects of that have five or more years of flood record. The parts variations in precipitation do not appear as variations of the country discussed^ in these reports correspond to !in streamflow for several months. One kof the problems the drainage-basin subdivisions of the United States |in defining streamflow characteristics is to separate used by the Geological Survey. Jbasin effects from the effects of variations in precipi- Flood-inundation mapping ftation so that short records can be used to estimate long- Flood-inundation maps showing the limits of past Iterm expectancy. inundation, flood profiles of principal streams, stage- ; Characteristics of streamflow are commonly affected frequency relations, and descriptive text have been pub­ by works of man that regulate or divert water after it lished for the following urban areas: Springfield, reaches a stream channel. In some basins even the Newark, Fremont, Barberton, and Canton, Ohio; Har- [amount of runoff generated over an area is affected by risburg, Pa.; and Boulder, Colo. (Jenkins, C. T., 1961). [changes in land use, such as urbanization. In other (See "List of Publications" under entry "U.S. Geologi­ (basins withdrawal of ground water affects the amount cal Survey" for listing of Hydrologic Investigations K>f flow that reaches stream channels. The flow of Atlases for specific cities.) |Kahaluu Stream, Oahu, Hawaii, for example, is shown Floods in the Southeastern States by G. T. Hirashima (Art 108) to have been decreased 26 percent by the construction of Haiku tunnel 2i/£ Disastrous floods occurred in the Southeastern States during February-March 1961, when large streams pro­ miles away. In a similar study, S. E. Eantz (1961a) and (1962) 74 shows that although one spring in Santa duced rare record-breaking peaks and prolonged inun­ [Barbara County, Calif., ceased to flow after the con- dation, according to H. H. Barnes, Jr., and W. P. istruction of the Tecolote tunnel, the flow of other Somers.75 J. D. Shell 76 reported record-breaking floods springs and streams in the area was not noticeably and extensive damage centered in Mississippi during affected. December 1961. In some areas the most critical characteristic with Floods in Nevada regard to water supply is the amount of water that can Unseasonally warm rains falling for several days on i be recovered either as streamflow or by ground-water low-altitude (4,500-7,000 feet) snow resulted in record- discharge. For San Nicolas Island, Calif., for example, breaking floods in northern Nevada during the period Walter Hofmann and W. C. Peterson determined from February 9-17, 1962, according to E. D. Lamke. Pro­ I a study of precipitation and water losses that the visional data show that a series of peaks occurred on ! amount of water that could be recovered annually the main stem of the Humboldt Eiver and a number of ranges from 0.8 inch in the northeastern part of the its tributaries. The peak (6,610 cfs) at the Palisade ^sland to 2.1 inches along the southern coast. gaging station on the Humboldt Kiver exceeded by 360 G. E. Harbeck, Jr., concluded from studies of thermal cfs the previous high recorded during the 55-year period loading of the Holston Eiver in Tennessee that a sub­ of record. An unmeasured flood in 1910, however, may stantial amount of heat was conducted from the water have produced a higher peak discharge. into the stream bottom. In considering the interchange An even greater peak discharge (10,400 cfs) was of energy by conduction between water surface and recorded at the gaging station at Devil's Gate on the atmosphere in thermally loaded streams he concluded North Fork of the Humboldt Kiver. This peak ex­ that the Bowen ratio concept is invalid for large air- ceeded the previous peak of 2,450 cfs recorded during water temperature differences and that a revision of a 27-year period for this station. the theory developed for thermal loading of streams Severe property damage in the town of Battle Moun­ appears desirable. tain resulted from a flood of the usually-dry lower Eeese {Magnitude and frequency of floods Eiver. During the time of the peak discharge of nearly Nationwide reports by the Geological Survey on 5,000 cfs, several square miles of lowland were inun­ magnitude and frequency of floods provide a basis for dated. An unmeasured flood of approximately this estimating the magnitude of floods of selected fre­ same magnitude occurred in 1910. quency, usually up to 50 years, at any site, gaged or not Floods in Alaska , gaged. The reports contain descriptions and lists of Streams in southeastern Alaska had an unusual num­ peak stages and discharges for all gaging stations that ber of flood peaks during 1961, according to E. E. are not materially affected by storage or diversions, and Marsh. Eecord-breaking floods occurred on some

18 Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Somers, W. P., 1961, Floods of February- » Rantz, S. B., 1962, Flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote March 1961 in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 452. Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey 70 Shell, J. D., 1962, Floods of December 1961 in Mississippi and ad­ Water-Supply Paper 1619-R (In press). joining states: U.S. Oeol. Survey Circ. 465. A100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS streams in the Juneau area in August and in the Ketchi- the mean is a function of the intradependence of the ob­ kan area in October. No floods of any great magnitude servations ; the greater this dependence, the lower is the were recorded in the central east-to-west belt across information content. In the extreme case, however, as southeastern Alaska during either of these storm the intradependence approaches unity, its upper limit, periods. the intradependence can be put to effective use. This Peak flow resulting from the annual breakout of ice- situation arises when the outflow from a given system is dammed Lake George in south-central Alaska nearly a function of the inflows to the system over long periods equaled that of the record flood of 1958, although the of time. In such a case, relatively few observations can volume of water in storage in the lake prior to the break­ establish the mean. out was only about 80 percent of that stored in 1958. For the second successive year the breakout was caused MECHANICS OF FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA by lake water overtopping the ice dams rather than by In connection with radioactive-waste disposal, W. N. seeping through them. Palmquist, Jr., and A. I. Johnson (Art. 119) studied, by Low flows and flow duration means of a hydraulic model, the pattern of downward Investigations by L. V. Page show that the average flow of liquid through the vadose zone beneath a simu­ yields at low flow of streams in Louisiana range from lated disposal pit. Their tests, which apply chiefly 0.4 cfs per square mile in the eastern and west-central to arid areas, show that the amount of lateral spread of parts to zero in some other parts of the State. the liquid is largely dependent on the number and thick­ Recent studies of low-flow characteristics of streams ness of horizontally stratified layers with different per­ in the Mississippi Embayment in Mississippi and Ala­ meability. bama by H. G. Golden and J. F. Patterson show that the A. Nelson Sayre and W. O. Smith (Art. 118) have relatively high base flow of streams in the Fall Line demonstrated by experiment that the concept of pellicu- Hills, which cut into the sand and gravel of the Cre­ lar water masses retained on the surfaces of individual taceous System, is sustained by discharge of ground spheres after draining, as considered by some hydrol- water from the Tuscaloosa Group in the interstream ogists, is not valid. Photographs of an arrangement areas. The highly permeable terrace deposits along the of spheres, which was saturated and then drained by Black Warrior River contribute to the high base flows gravity, show no visible moisture except in the area of streams in that area. In the extreme northern part where individual spheres are in contact. of the Central Plateau some of the tributaries to the J. M. Cahill and H. E. Skibitzke have used un- Tallahatchie River show median annual 7-day low flows cemented sand models to forecast ground-water move­ exceeding 1.00 cfs per square mile, the highest index of ment in specific ground-water reservoirs, under any low-flow yield in the study area. proposed water development or waste-disposal prac­ tices. The sand model is dimensionally proportioned STATISTICAL! METHODS to the prototype system. Fluid is introduced and re­ Use of correlation for augmenting autocorrelated streamflow moved at rates scaled to represent rate of flow in the information prototype. Colored inks or dyes are used to trace the N. C. Matalas, of the Geological Survey, and J. R. fluid movement in selected parts of the flow system; and Rosenblatt, of the National Bureau of Standards, have color time-lapse photography records the sequence of investigated the use of regression analysis for improv­ events displayed in the model. ing the estimate of the mean for the dependent variable At the request of the Scientific Adviser to the Secre­ under the assumption that the dependent and the inde­ tary of the Interior, for the White House-Interior pendent variables are nonrandom. The reliability of Panel on the water logging and salinity problem of the mean based on observations and regression estimates West Pakistan, a theoretical study of ground-water relative to the mean based on observation varies directly movement in the Punjab Region of the Indus Basin of with the crosscorrelation and indirectly with the auto­ Pakistan was started by H. E. Skibitzke, R. H. Brown, correlation of the variables. Large values of cross- and J. A. daCosta. They constructed an electrical correlation can offset the loss of reliability due to large analog model of a representative section of the aquifer values of autocorrelation. in which measurements of electrical properties are made Information content of the mean to represent hydraulic properties of the ground-water N. C. Matalas and W. B. Langbein have studied the system as follows: electrical conductance represents information content of the mean for various types of transmissibility of the aquifer, capacitance represents hydrologic series by adopting a random series as the the storage coefficient of the aquifer, voltage represents standard of information. The information content of hydraulic pressure, and amperage represents flow of HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC STUDIES A101 water. Various solutions to the field problems are being Soil-moisture contents and soil temperatures ob­ jtested with the model. served by A. O. Waananen and C. T. Snyder in Colum­ i J. E. Keed and M. S. Bedinger (1961) have shown bus Salt Marsh, near Coaldale, Nev., show identifiable that for steady-flow conditions in a finite water-table diurnal fluctuations in the 3%-foot-deep unsaturated aquifer, the hydraulic head can be considered the sum zone. Water loss from the playa occurs principally by (of two components of head the boundary component evapotranspiration from the bare soil and vegetation and accretion component. In an aquifer of given hy­ on the fringe of the playa. The diurnal changes in the draulic characteristics, the boundary component is de­ soil-moisture profile and a comparison of the observed termined by the stream stage and areal shape of the changes in soil-moisture content above the water table aquifer; the accretion component of head is determined with pan-evaporation rates suggest that significant by vertical gain or loss of water to the aquifer and by quantities of water moving upward from the water table the areal shape of the aquifer. The effect of changed are discharged by evaporation at the land surface. Stream stages on the water table may be obtained by K. "W. Stallman designed a sensitive bridge for meas­ adding the accretion component of head to a new bound­ uring the resistance of thermistors in the field. It was ary component of head caused by changed stream installed for test purposes at Elk City, Okla., for stages. measuring the vertical distribution of temperature at J. E. Keed and M. S. Bedinger (Art. 35) have re­ shallow depths in a study of the movement of vapor ported that for steady-flow conditions in an extensive and liquid in the unsaturated zone, and vertical com­ lomogeneous aquifer, the head-change distribution pro­ ponents of flow in the upper part of the saturated zone. duced by impoundment of a hydraulically connected Preliminary analysis of temperature profiles by stream, where the head change in the stream is linear, K. W. Stallman and K. M. McCullough near Elk City, is defined by an equation derived from the Fourier Okla., indicates that movement of moisture in the vapor integral. phase may play a predominant role in the distribution In order to obtain information on the underground of water relatively near the water table in the unsat­ [movement of water from the Lake McMillan reservoir, urated zone. Significant dependence of moisture con­ near Carlsbad, N. Mex., the reservoir water was "la­ tent on temperature, and perhaps on barometric pres­ beled" with 150 curies of tritium on April 24, 1961. sure, voids the application of the specific-yield concept The tritium was considered to be well mixed in the in microhydrology. water by about May 4, 1961, when the tritium content, A nuclear soil-moisture meter has been applied by according to samples, was about 2,000 T.U. (1 T.U. is Walter Meyer to observe specific yield in pumping equivalent to 1 tritium atom in 1018 atoms of protium). tests on unconfined aquifers near Garden City, Kans. [From subsequent sampling, tracer tritium was first de­ Early test results indicate that specific yield is variable tected in one of the springs (Twin Boil Spring, one with time during pumping in a relatively thin aquifer of a group of springs called Major Johnson Springs) in having a transmissibility of about 120,000 gallons per July 1961 and continued to show tracer tritium through day per square foot. the summer. Major Johnson Springs are 3 miles down- istream from Lake McMillan. Tracer tritium, however, SALT WATER IN COASTAL AQUIFERS 'was not detected in any of the three intercept wells be­ H. K. Henry (Art. 34) has completed a preliminary tween Major Johnson Springs and Lake McMillan. mathematical analysis of the transitory movements of The tritium content of ground water in the Ogallala the salt-water front in an extensive artesian aquifer. Formation in Lea County, N. Mex., indicates that water The analysis indicates that a movement of the salt­ that collects in some, but not all, of the surface depres­ water front caused by a change in sea level may con­ sions percolates downward to the water table. Tritium tinue for many thousands of years after the sea level analyses also show that recharge occurs in some places has become essentially stable. The significance of this beneath the relatively level land away from the is that in extensive artesian aquifers, such as the Florid- depressions. an aquifer of Florida and adjacent States, the salt wa­ ter may still be moving slowly landward as a result of FLOW IN THE UNSATURATKD ZONK a rise in sea level that occurred in Pleistocene time. An annotated bibliography on specific yield and re­ N. J. Lusczynski (1961b) introduced the concept of lated properties has been prepared by A. I. Johnson, environmental-water head in ground water of variable [D. A. Morris, and K. C. Prill.77 density. He defined the environmental-water head at a given point as the elevation of the water level in a well 77 Johnson, A. I., Morris, D. A., and Prill, R. C., 1960, Specific yield ending at this point and filled with water whose density and related properties an annotated bibliography, Part 1: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 259 p. corresponds at all depths with that of the water in the

661513 O 62 8 A102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS aquifer along a vertical line from the top of the zone of AQUIFER COMPACTION UNDER STRESS saturation to the given point. The concept is used as In the Santa Clara Valley, Calif., aquifer compaction a basis for demonstrating the limitations of the Ghyben- (and corresponding land-surface subsidence) due to Herzberg and Hubbert equations for the position of artesian-pressure decline exceeded 10 feet from 1912 to the interface between salt water and fresh water. The 1960. Computations by J. H. Green (Art. 172) based hydraulic gradient along the vertical is defined by dif­ on laboratory tests of core samples indicate that part ferences in environment-water heads, and that along of the area will subside another 3 to 4 feet eventually, the horizontal by differences in pressure expressed in if the artesian head were to remain at the 1960 level. terms of heads of fresh water. Green has found that compaction reduces the porosity N. J. Lusczynski and W. V. Swarzenski report that of the finer grained beds of the aquifer system, and that in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area of Nassau County, this reduction is greater near the top of the system than N.Y., the salty water at the bottom of a deep artesian near the bottom. Because most of the compaction is aquifer advanced about 2,000 feet between 1952 and inelastic, the coefficient of storage determined from sub­ 1958. Elsewhere in southern Nassau County the salty sidence during the first artesian-pressure decline greatly water advanced more slowly. A seaward flow of salty exceeds that determined from a subsequent decline water in the zone of diffusion probably retards the rate through the same pressure range. of advance. Analysis of precise leveling in the Memphis area, From the results of test drilling, N. M. Perlmutter Tennessee, by G. H. Da vis indicates that there has been and F. A. DeLuca (1961) have found that in glacial- no significant land subsidence due to decline of artesian outwash deposits underlying till beneath Montauk pressure despite lowering of artesian head of as much Point, Long Island, N.Y., the top of the zone of diffu­ as 100 feet before 1955. Subsidence on the order of 150 sion ranged from sea level to about 130 feet below sea mm is indicated by bench marks on a railroad fill cross­ level. The water in the lower part of the zone of dif­ ing the Mississippi bottoms west of Memphis, evidently fusion had a chloride content of as much as 11,300 parts due to settlement of the fill. per million. Because the occurrence of salty water at Analysis of consolidation and rebound tests of these shallow depths creates a danger of encroachment selected cores from unconsolidated water-bearing de­ into existing ground-water supplies, it was suggested posits in the San Joaquin and Santa Clara Valleys, that the average rate of pumping from individual wells Calif., by J. F. Poland, has indicated that porosity of not exceed 35 gallons per minute. the sediments tested increased about 5 percent on the Beneath the' barrier beaches of southern Nassau average from the effective stress at the field-loaded con­ County, N.Y., water having a chloride content of as dition to the unloaded condition. The depths of core much as 16,000 parts per million occurs not only in the holes ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Eebound of sands permeable deposits but also in the clay deposits (Lus­ is less than that of clayey silt and silty clay. czynski and Swarzenski, 1961). At Atlantic Beach Using highly sensitive liquid-level tiltmeters, F. S. and Lido Beach, N.Y., three distinct bodies of salty Eiley has observed that minute land-surface subsidence water alternating with bodies of fresh water were iden­ may begin to develop around a pumped artesian well tified by analyses of water extracted from core samples. immediately after discharge commences, but that the The zones of diffusion are as much as 5 miles wide and rate of development of the "cone of subsidence" lags range from 200 to 300 feet in thickness. The salty appreciably behind the development of the cone of water has penetrated into most of the 180-foot thickness artesian-pressure decline. This suggests that much of of the clay member of the Earitan Formation between the subsidence may be attributable to delayed leakage Atlantic Beach and Lido Beach. The findings indicate of water from the semipervious interbeds which com­ that this salty water is probably moving very slowly pact as the water escapes. In terms of the experi­ downward toward the Lloyd Sand Member, which is mentally determined compressibility of common rocks presently a source of water supply. and minerals, however, the observed subsidence seems anomalously small, particularly if attributed to the G. W. Leve indicates that salt-water encroachment, entire thickness tapped by the well. as a result of heavy pumping in the vicinity of Fer- nandina and Jacksonville, Fla., is by lateral movement LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES of water from mineralized zones within the major Study of a small calcite-depositing stream in Cali­ fresh-water aquifer rather than from mineralized zones fornia by Ivan Barnes and K. V. Slack showed that: lying beneath the fresh-water aquifer as previously (1) dissolved-oxygen concentration and discharge suggested. varied inversely with air temperature; (2) the point at GROUND-WATER OCCURRENCE IN LIMESTONE TERRANES A103

which the stream disappeared into the alluvium fluc­ changes were mostly in the bottom half of the profile tuated 40 meters during one 24-hour period in May, but because of moisture withdrawals by the roots; changes the dissolved-solids content showed that less than 10 near the surface were relatively small. percent of the water was lost by direct evaporation; The top layer of ground water in the alluvium under­ (3) although photosynthesis by sessile algae and moss lying the Bio Grande valley in Valencia County, N. resulted in a net production of more than 3.3 g 02 per Mex., has a high dissolved-solids content, according to m2 per day during controlled experiments, the principal F. B. Titus, Jr. The maximum specific conductance of controls on dissolved-oxygen concentration were temp­ water in this top 10-foot layer of high concentration is erature and shallow, turbulent flow; (4) calcite precip­ 4,080 micromhos, whereas water below that layer has itation increased downstream and reduced the habitats a conductance of only 600 to 900 micromhos. The high for invertebrate animals; and (5) spectrographic concentration near the surface is attributed to the re­ analysis of RivuLaria,, a calcite-encrusted bluegreen alga, moval of water by evapotranspiration, leaving behind detected Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, B, Ba, Cu, Li, and Sr. most of the dissolved solids. Devils Lake in North Dakota is shallow and has a K. A. Young and C. H. Carpenter have estimated that relatively large surface area. H. T. Mitten, C. H. about 100,000 acre-feet of water is consumed annually Scott, and P. G. Rosene found that the temperature by evapotranspiration from areas of phreatophyte changes little either horizontally or vertically in the growth in the central Sevier Valley in Utah, of which lake when it is not frozen. During the summer, a a substantial part could be salvaged if the water table maximum difference of 5.5° F. was observed in about were lowered by pumping from wells. 15 feet of water on a calm day. Most of the tempera­ Evaporation from wet, salt-encrusted barren lands ture change occurred between the surface and mid- along the east shore of Great Salt Lake was only about depth. During windy weather, however, the water in 1 percent of pan evaporation. This was determined by ; the lake rapidly becomes mixed, and there is only slight J. H. Feth and K. J. Brown (Art. 40), in cooperation thermal stratification; a maximum difference of less with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, by measuring the than 1° F was observed 'between surface water and rate of accumulation of salt crust. This crust formed bottom water. by evaporation of water from the brine with 93,000 ppm EVAPOTRANSPIRATION STUDIES dissolved solids that moves upward, under artesian pres­ sure, through the mud a few thousandths of a foot per T. E. A. van Hylckama has been measuring the day. Even so, the total discharge of water by leakage amount of water used by saltcedar (Toman® pentan- from the area (60,000 acres of mud flats) during the dra) in six large evapotranspirometer tanks in Arizona. year was about 6,000 acre-feet of water. I Outside the tanks, where the water table was 10 feet below the surface, no increase in branch length or de­ GROUND-WATER OCCURRENCE IN LIMESTONE velopment of new fronds was observed following a TEBBANES prolonged drought; but during the same period, Studies in the Niagara Falls, N.Y., area by Richard branches grew as much as 3 inches per week and new H. Johnston (Art. 110) have indicated that ground fronds formed regularly on saltcedars within the tanks, water occurs principally in seven zones of open bed­ where the water table was high. Likewise, in an area ding joints in the Lockport Dolomite. The open bed­ occasionally flooded by the Pecos Biver, E. R. Cox ding joints are developed in very thin-bedded units i found that saltcedar is unable to take water directly overlain by massive beds. These zones are much more from the water table if the depth to water exceeds permeable than the remainder of the formation and, about 13 feet. in effect, constitute seven separate and distinct artesian Wide differences in the consumptive use of ground aquifers. water by two species of phreatophytes, greasewood and Fresh water has been found to depths of more than willow, grown in evapotranspirometers in Nevada were 3,000 feet in limestone aquifers of the Arbuckle Group noted by T. W. Robinson. The differences in evapo- in the Arbuckle Mountain region of Oklahoma in a transpiration rates appear to result from differences in study by D. L. Hart, Jr. This condition is somewhat transpiration rates per unit of leaf surface and dif­ local in nature, being known only under about seven ferences in total leaf surface per unit of ground area. townships. The depth of fresh water in adjacent areas In the 5-foot zone between the water table and the is normally only about 600 feet or less. It is believed surface of these same tanks, diurnal variations in soil that the abnormal depths of fresh water results from moisture amounting to about 1 percent of water by the relatively high permeability of the limestone and volume were measured by A. O. Waananen. These heavy recharge, which allows fresh water to circulate A104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS to greater depths to flush the mineralized water from technology have greatly increased problems dealing the aquifer or to dilute it. with water. Many of these, such as the following, are Largely on the basis of a field study in the Lebanon related to engineering: floods, erosion, pollution, evapo­ Valley in Pennsylvania, but checked with published ration suppression, artificial recharge of aquifers, and data, Harold Meisler has formulated a new theoretical radioactive-waste disposal. Some examples of research approach to limestone hydrology. It is a concept of related to such problems are presented in this section. dynamic equilibrium in which processes of solution, clay filling and collapse of solution openings, and lower­ CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS ing of the land surface are in a steady state of balance. Urban geology Certain basic assumptions are required, but under a A map by J. Schlocker (1962) showing bedrock con­ wide range of natural conditions where these may not tours and the depth to bedrock in selected borings be completely fulfilled the steady-state system appears within the San Francisco North quadrangle has been to be maintained. The vertical distribution of second­ released for public inspection. arily developed porosity in a steady-state system is Continuing studies by D. R. Mullineaux in coopera­ believed to have the following characteristics: (a) po­ tion with the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle rosity is a function of depth below the land surface have disclosed the presence of several ancient landslides and does not vary with time; (b) the slope of the curve along the route of a major sewage-disposal system. As of porosity versus depth at any depth is proportional a result, a longer tunnel will be driven, avoiding the to the time rate of change of porosity (solution rate slides, rather than the previously planned combination minus plugging rate) of a volume of rock at that of short tunnel and trenches. depth the constant of proportionality being the reci­ Detailed geologic mapping in the southern part of procal of the rate of lowering of the land surface. the Malibu Beach and Point Dume quadrangles, Cali­ Using tritium for determining the age of ground fornia, done by J. E. Schoellhamer and R. F. Yerkes in water in the Roswell basin, New Mexico, James W. cooperation with the County of Los Angeles, has shown Hood has found that in all 37 samples analysed the that the area is traversed by a steeply dipping strike- water entered the ground-water reservoir in the 30- slip fault, flanked by older low-angle thrust faults. year period preceding 1959. Most samples had entered These faults make up an east-trending zone about 1 the aquifer between 1954 and 1959. This graphically mile wide that parallels the Pacific coast along the demonstrates the rapidity of circulation of water in the south flank of the central Santa Monica Mountains. cavernous limestone beds which are the principal Numerous landslides in sedimentary and igneous rocks aquifers of the area. These data also suggest that the chiefly of Miocene age have been recognized along this specific yield of the San Andres Limestone is low and zone. The delineation of these on geologic maps (Scho­ the system would be subject to decreasing yields during ellhamer and Yerkes, 1961) is proving valuable in the prolonged periods of drought. planning for land development and use in this rapidly Water was found in 1960 in limestone of late Paleo­ expanding urban area. zoic age at the margin of the Snake River Plain south­ At the request of the Federal Housing Authority, east of Twin Falls, Idaho. E. G. Crosthwaite reports M. G. Bonilla and G. O. Gates investigated earthquake that several wells tapping the limestone yield l,500_to hazards to structures in the marshlands on the south­ 3,000 gpm. Preliminary data suggest that the supply west side of San Francisco Bay. In common with other is limited. marshlands around the bay, the area will be subject to GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS ground motion of large amplitude and long duration IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING during future strong earthquakes that originate on the Various problems related to engineering are receiv­ San Andreas or Hayward faults. The studies indicate ing attention from personnel of the Geological Survey. that further research is needed on the possible effects of Important among these are problems in the selection of earthquakes on San Francisco Bay sediments. Specific sites for and the construction of buildings, highways, problems include whether failure by lateral spreading dams, and tunnels. Investigations are being conducted can be induced by seismic forces acting on bay deposits concerning the feasibility of underground storage of containing thin beds of sand or silt; whether subsidence fluids. The resumption of underground nuclear testing will occur by compaction or flow of sand beds; whether has involved the efforts of geologists and hydrologists the sensitivity of the bay mud has been increased locally in the many aspects of test-site selection and evaluation as the result of leaking by fresh-water aquifers and, if of the tests. The expanding population and modern so, how the mud will react under seismic stress. GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING A105 pighway geology in Alaska mapping, width of area to be mapped, and the type of Possible routes suitable for the construction of a road features to be observed in order to predict accurately on from the vicinity of Talkeetna in the Susitna Valley, to a statistical basis the geologic conditions at depth of a McGrath were investigated by F. K. Weber (1961). proposed underground opening. JThe road would go over the Alaska Kange not far from Underground air storage Mount McKinley through rugged mountain terrain Site selection and construction of a pilot underground With narrow passes subject to landslides and avalanches, high-pressure air-storage chamber for the Pluto nu­ ftnd would cross many tumultuous mountain rivers. In clear reactor at the Nevada Test Site has been aided by the lower country there are poorly drained areas and field and laboratory studies of the Geological Survey. $ome sections subject to the destructive effects of peren- These studies have shown that the rocks are dacite jiially frozen ground and to intense seasonal frost porphyry that has been highly jointed and fractured. action. Weathering and hydrothermal alteration have been Harold D. Roberts tunnel, Colorado most active along these fractures and have created local As a result of the engineering-geology investigations variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of the Harold D. Koberts tunnel, Colorado, several geo­ of the rock. Joints are locally sealed by calcite, iron logic factors of regional importance have been deter­ oxides, and clay, but some of the fractures are open. mined. E. E. Wahlstrom has concluded from structural The clay is montmorillonite and fills fractures that malyses of the geology of the western part of the tunnel range in size from minute cracks to regional joints. i;hat the Williams Eange thrust fault, a major struc­ The site selected for the pilot chamber was near that tural element on the west side of the Front Range, is a test hole at which the rocks tested were stronger and gravity fault. From an analysis of the geology of the were least variable in strength. The rocks are as highly eastern part of the tunnel, which is in Precambrian fractured at the selected site as elsewhere. Structural rocks, L. A. Warner has established that the metasedi- analysis and engineering laboratory tests on the rocks tnents were subjected to two major periods of Precam­ have influenced the design of the chamber and the min­ brian deformation, which is in agreement with the ing methods. The design has been altered to compen­ findings of other workers in the Front Range. Surface sate for the highly jointed and variable physical nature Snapping along the line of the tunnel by C. S. Robinson of the rock, and it has been suggested that all vertical has shown that the emplacement at depth of the Ter­ walls be supported during mining to compensate for tiary Montezuma stock was in part controlled by a pre- squeezing that may result from the high swelling pxisting shear zone, probably of Precambrian age. capacity of the clays and the blocky and seamy proper­ s L. A. Warner has used such geologic features as rock ties of the rock. Itype, foliation, and the attitude and density of joints Subsidence and faults to derive a rock-competency factor that can In the San Joaquin Valley in California, subsidence be directly related to the rate of progress and the has accelerated or expanded in response to increase in [amount of support required in tunnel excavation. E. E. ground-water withdrawals and decline of artesian head Wahlstrom has compiled, for some of the western part caused by 3 years of subnormal precipitation and run­ of the tunnel, the overbreak during tunneling opera­ off. Releveling by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey tions as related to the rock type and structural features. early in 1962 shows that in the Arvin-Maricopa area This information indicates how drilling patterns may south of Bakersfield subsidence since 1959 has affected by modified to reduce the amount of overbreak, and about 400 square miles or about twice as large an area consequently the amount of cement for lining a tunnel. as was subsiding from 1957 to 1959. The maximum Preliminary results of laboratory swell-pressure tests rate is 0.5 foot per year. In the Tulare-Wasco area, [on fault gouge from the tunnel indicate that there is a north of Bakersfield, at least 800 square miles of land is sdirect relation between the swell pressure and the subsiding at rates up to 0.7 foot per year. B. E. Lof- amount of steel required for support, and that probably gren has found that 300 square miles of irrigated land [the swell pressure is related to the type of rock that the that had been relatively stable for several years prior [faults cut. Thus, predictions as to the probable pres­ to 1959 is again subsiding at rates of as much as 0.1 foot sures perhaps may be made on the basis of surface geo­ per year. logic mapping. Subsidence is reported in several areas of intensive One of the most significant of the engineering-geology pumping of ground water in Arizona. In the Eloy results to date is a preliminary comparison of the sur­ area, southeast of Phoenix, releveling by the Coast and face and underground geology. From this it has been Geodetic Survey indicates maximum subsidence of possible to determine the appropriate scale of surface about 5 feet from 1952 to 1960,1 mile south of Eloy. A106 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

ENGINEERING PROBLEMS BELATED TO BOCK of about 57°. Most of the erosion is the result of rilling FAILURE by rainwash in the summer and the sloughing off of Two maps showing the structure, lithology, and top­ water-saturated material in early spring as the frozen ography of the Sunnyside No. 1 coal mine area, Carbon layer melts. Wave erosion occurs only during high- County, Utah, have been prepared by F. W. Osterwald tide storms, which generally are barely capable of wash­ (1962a) as part of continuing research on the geologic ing away the talus that accumulates at the toe of the factors that influence coal-mine bumps. Underground cliff between storms. mapping in the Sunnyside No. 1 mine indicates that Intertidal erosion of a hard gabbro diorite at Nahant, some observable geologic features in the mine may be re­ Mass., has been measured by C. A. Kaye for a period of lated directly or indirectly to bumps, and that other nearly 4 years. Here the erosional rate is variable, features may be used to infer stress distribution around depending on inclination of surface and frequency of workings that will aid in design of roof-support meas­ storm waves. A maximum erosional rate of 0.15 inches ures (Osterwald, 1962b). per year and a minimum rate of 0.01 inches per year Detailed study of bump areas and roof caves in the were recorded. Most of this erosion is the result of Sunnyside district revealed a correlation of roof, rib, pebble grinding. and floor failures with lithology. Numerous shear A reconnaissance study of the coasts of Georgia and fractures that curve into ribs and increase in dip down­ northern Florida made by C. A. Kaye for the U.S. ward are formed where coal moves into workings by Study Commission, Southeast River Basin, showed that slipping along a roof of shale or thin-bedded siltstone. the coast could be subdivided into erosional and dep- Ribs are bulged and buckled where coal adheres to sand­ ositional units. Criteria were recognized for identify­ stone or coarse-grained siltstone in roofs and floors. ing stable shores, mobile shores, shores of net retreat, Thin-bedded rocks in floors and roofs are bent into and shores of net advance. Relatively stable shores, anticlines and synclines respectively. Roofs contain­ such as that of the long barrier beach of western Flor­ ing thick sandstone channels may cave, failing along ida, are characterized by large dune fields or high fore- shear fractures that decrease in dip downward because dunes. Shores that have undergone a net retreat dur­ of high lateral compressive stress. ing the present sea-level stand, such as those in the vicinity of Panama City and along several of the sea Roofs of thin-bedded siltstone and shale may fail islands of the Georgia coast, are cliffed into higher along curved fractures similar to those formed during Pleistocene terraces. A shore of steady advance is the bumps. Siltstone or sandstone roofs containing sand almost waveless marsh shore of northwest Florida. grains that are separated by silt or clay shear easily, Highly mobile shores, such as those along most of the causing rib failures similar to those at places where the coast of Georgia, characterized by alternating intervals coal moves laterally beneath the roof. Correlation of of erosion and deposition but representing a net shore the different types of rib, roof, and floor failure with lithology may enable engineers to take advantage of advance, can be recognized by the series of old beach ridges in the coastal belt. The study also brought out such geologic features in design of roof supports and the importance of large sand-circulation cells fronting mine layouts ahead of mining. each of the sea islands of Georgia as factors controlling EBOSION erosion and deposition. Urban growth and sediment discharge GEOLOGIC STUDIES FOB DEFENSE AND PEACEFUL A study by F. J. Keller (Art. 113) on the effects of USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY urban growth on sediment discharge in the Northwest The underground testing and experimentation of nu­ Branch of the Anacostia River, Md., has shown that clear devices and the generation of power by nuclear the suspended-sediment concentrations are as much as reactors releases radioactive products to the geologic six times higher and persist for longer durations in and hydrologic environments. To safeguard the pub­ water draining from urban-growth lands than in water lic welfare, the distribution, movement, and concentra­ draining from rural lands. tion of these products must be determined and the Coastal erosion potential danger evaluated. Foremost in such a study C. A. Kaye reports that a steep sea cliff on a drumlin is the definition of the environment of underground test island (Long Island) in Boston harbor, has been re­ and reactor sites. Since 1955 the Geological Survey ceding at an average rate of 0.3 feet per year during the has provided geologic and hydrologic data and evalua­ course of 3i/£ years of measurements. The cliff is cut in tions of these data for the Atomic Energy Commission compact oxidized till of early Wisconsin (lowan?) age testing facility at the Nevada Test Site and at sites of and stands 45 feet high at the maximum, with a slope the Plowshare experiments in other parts of the United GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING A107 States. During 1961, this phase of its work was inten­ Mapping and stratigraphic studies of the Cambrian sified, in part because of the resumption of nuclear test­ rocks have resulted in correlating a part of the section ing by the United States *nd in part by an increased with the Carrara Formation (Barnes and others, Art. 'rate of preparation for tests of various peaceful appli­ 127) and in recognizing the Johnnie Formation east of cations of nuclear explosions and the application of nu- Yucca Flat. iclear energy to space programs. Regional gravity data have defined the configuration of thie buried Paleozoic bedrock surface in the major IGeology and hydrology related to underground nudear tests, Nevada Test Site valleys at the Nevada Test Site and surrounding region. Within the test site, maximum depth to bedrock under Detailed geologic mapping of the entire Nevada Test Yucca Valley is 4,700 feet, under Frenchman Valley it iSite, needed for all purposes from site selection to an is 4,500 feet, and in Jackass Flats it is 3,000 feet. The understanding of the ultimate capability of the test site depth to bedrock in valleys adjacent to the test site [for testing purposes, continued at an accelerated rate. ranges from 3,000 to more than 4,000 feet but generally 3Vtaps of three T^-minute quadrangles and of two 15- from 3,000 to 3,500 feet. For the valleys within the minute quadrangles were released during the year Nevada Test Site, gravity data have aided in the defi­ (Barnes, Houser, and Poole, 1961; Orkild, 1961; Orkild nition of through-going faults that have displaced the [and Pomeroy, 1961; Hinrichs and Gibbons, 1962). Paleozoic rocks. Most of these faults have normal ! Geologic mapping at the Nevada Test Site and re- displacements and trend northeast. ^onnaissance of some of the surrounding area shows Parts of the Oak Spring Group, much of which is a that the Oak Spring geologic unit comprises at least desirable medium for underground tests, have been 6 lithogenetic units and more than 30 mappable litho- found by W. J. Dempsey to have strong remanent mag­ logic units. Because of diversity in composition, mode netization. Large negative magnetic anomalies are of deposition, and source areas of these units, the Oak doubtless caused by some member with reverse rem­ Spring has been raised to the rank of group (F. G. anent magnetism. A sampling program now underway Poole and F. A. McKeown, Art. 80), parts of which should give more information on the magnetic proper­ have been subdivided into the Indian Wash Formation ties of these rocks and lead to better understanding of and the overlying Piapi Canyon Formation. The subsurface relations. group, with an aggregate thickness in excess of 10,000 Except for one test in salt in New Mexico (Project feet, consists of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, andesitic GNOME, described below) and one test in granite at flows and flow breccias, simple and compound cooling the Nevada Test Site, all underground nuclear tests by units of multiple flows of rhyolitic nonwelded and the Atomic Energy Commission have been at the iwelded tuff, and associated ash-fall tuffs. It also in­ Nevada Test Site in tuff and alluvium. cludes complexly intercalated rhyolite lava flows and The bulk physical and chemical nature of the enclos­ intrusives, basalt flows, tuffaceous caldera alluvial fill, ing rocks necessarily forms a basis for prediction and and relatively thin simple cooling units of nonwelded evaluation of the geologic effects of underground and welded tuffs. At least three source areas for the nuclear explosions. Geologic studies in Yucca Valley volcanics of the Oak Spring Group seem to be indi­ have enabled the preparation of structure and isopach cated : the Timber Mountain area west of the Nevada maps of the alluvium, the principal testing medium in Test Site, where evidence suggests a collapsed caldera; this area. Laboratory studies correlated in part with an area west of Frenchman Flat, near Cane Spring; interpretation of geophysical logs were completed to and the Kawitch Valley region, now largely buried aid in defining the in-situ properties of the medium. beneath valley fill, north of the test site. New paleon- Such data have proved useful in evaluating the capa­ tologic and geomorphologic evidence indicates that the bility of continued underground-testing programs for Oak Spring Group ranges in age from Eocene to Plio­ the whole of Yucca Valley. Similar geological and cene or younger. laboratory studies were conducted for the test sites in Significant post-Tertiary faults, recognized as the granite (Houser, 1961; Houser, Davis, and Emerick, result of recent mapping, are tens of miles long and have 1961; and Allingham and Zietz, 1962) and tuff (Ha­ several thousands of feet of left lateral movement. zel wood, 1961; Emerick and Dickey, 1962; and Emerick These trend north to northeast and appear to terminate and Bunker, 1962). south of the test site in a zone that may be a north­ Hydrologic investigations at the Nevada Test Site western extension of the Las Vegas shear zone. Recent have been enlarged in scope to obtain a more thorough mapping has also shown that thrust faults are more understanding of regional ground-water flow so that the common than previously known, and may be an impor­ possibility of contamination of off-site water supplies tant controlling factor in ground-water movement. by underground nuclear explosions can be evaluated A108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RE'SUI/DS adequately. Early studies emphasized the movement Peaceful uses and detection of nuclear explosions of water in the alluvium, which has a maximum known In addition to investigations of sites for underground thickness of 1,870 feet, and in the underlying tuff of tests and reactor development at the Nevada Test Site, the Oak Spring Group. Most of the tuff is underlain the Geological Survey is involved in a variety of pro­ by limestones and dolomites of Paleozoic age; the grams elsewhere that are aimed either at peaceful appli­ hydraulic head is lower in the Paleozoic rocks than in cations of nuclear explosions (the PLOWSHARE the tuff, which indicates a downward movement of program) or at detection of nuclear explosions (the water from the tuff. S. L. Schoff and I. J. Winograd VELA program). (1962) have shown that at some places the Paleozoic One unexpected byproduct of underground tests at rocks are more permeable than the tuff and that water the Nevada Test Site is the observation that moderately may travel laterally through these carbonate rocks. low yield contained explosions in alluvium result in During 1962, emphasis was on deep-test drilling in large surface depressions, or sinks. The feasibility of the Paleozoic rocks; the objective was to test enough developing harbors by creation of such sinks, or of pre- sites so that the general features of the hydrologic sys­ consolidating alluvium by contained nuclear explosions tem could be determined without an excessive number in advance of construction, is suggested by F. N. Houser of test wells and an unnecessary amount of detail. and E. B. Eckel (Art. 66). I. J. Winograd (1962a, b) points out that ground Project GNOME water in the alluvium and tuff is semiperched with Project GNOME, the first experiment designed to respect to water in the underlying and locally more explore peaceful uses of nuclear explosions, was a 5-KT permeable Paleozoic carbonate strata. Three inter- nuclear device, detonated in salt beds of the Permian montane basins at the Nevada Test Site Yucca, Salado Formation at a site selected by the Geological Frenchman, and Jackass Flats appear to be hydrau- Survey near Carlsbad, N. Mex. The Survey provided lically connected through intensely jointed and faulted many of the basic geologic and geophysical data zones in the carbonate rocks. Evidence of this connec­ required to define the preshot physical and geologic tion is the nearly identical altitudes of piezometric characteristics of the salt and other rocks affected by surfaces, the permeability of Paleozoic rocks, and data the explosion, as well as preshot and postshot informa­ from adjacent areas. Winograd suggests that water tion regarding ground-water conditions. from these basins may discharge eventually in Ash Detailed geologic mapping and lithologic descriptions Meadows, 25 to 30 miles southwest of the site, or in of drill cores enabled engineers to predict conditions Death Valley, 40 to 45 miles farther southwest. that would be encountered in construction of the 1,200- J. E. Moore (1961) compiled logs of water wells at the foot shaft and the 1,100-foot drift. Survey geologists Nevada Test Site which had not been published. These who were logging, sampling, and photographing the logs and related hydrologic data on 18 wells drilled rocks in the shaft and mapping the drift provided on- prior to 1960 will supplement future interpretative the-spot advice to the engineers on geologic and hydro- logic problems during mining and construction. reports. Four hydrologic test holes were monitored at dis­ Reactor development tances of 2,000 feet southwest, 3,150 feet west, 4,950 Static tests of certain nuclear reactors that are under feet west, and 11,000 feet southwest of ground zero. development for use in the space program call for stor­ These wells had already provided information on the age of large quantities of air under high pressures. subsurface hydrologic characteristics of the water over­ This requirement has led to a novel application of geol­ lying the Salado salt. At the time of the explosion ogy to engineering investigation of the feasibility of the water level in the nearest well rose 3.97 feet almost air storage below ground, either in excavated and lined immediately, and in the next nearest well it rose 2.20 cavities or in naturally or artifically permeable rocks. feet. The rise in the two more distant wells is not Detailed geologic mapping and vertical-resistivity known because the automatic gages were rendered inop­ erable by the ground shock. Within 12 hours the water profiling techniques established the suitability of a site levels had subsided to preshot levels. These and other for a planned experiment, reducing the cost and time data indicate that no appreciable water is leaking from needed for more definitive exploratory methods. or into the aquifer at the GNOME site. Moreover, Moreover, in-situ and laboratory analyses of the rocks radioactivity measurements made in water wells and have provided the basic parameters on which the design other holes 3 weeks after the explosion indicate no for an air chamber has been based. increase in radioactivity in the aquifers. Results of GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING A109

he Survey's studies for Project GNOME are reported of Fallen, Churchill County, Nev.; it has received ap­ y J. B. Cooper and others (1962a). proval by the Atomic Energy Commission and was pub­ Project CHARIOT licly announced late in 1961 (Twenhofel, Moore, and j Project CHARIOT is a proposed experiment to cre- Black, 1961). The Geological Survey has planned and Me an excavation on the coast of northwestern Alaska recommended a program for further exploratory drill­ by means of nuclear explosions. Recent Geological ing and appraisal of the site. [Survey investigations have been directed toward refin- Project GROUNDHOG ^ng geologic, hydrologic, oceanographic, and geophysi- The Geological Survey was asked by the Defense |cal data obtained in prior years (see, for example, Ka- Atomic Support Agency, Department of Defense, to bhadoorian, 1961 a, b), and toward possible effects of advise on the selection of sites in the conterminous tfallout. Western United States that would be suitable for chem­ Distribution coefficients for carrier-free cesium, stron- ical explosions underground in a variety of geologic ^ium, and iodine were determined on 17 samples of soil environments. Sites were needed in limestone, sand­ and rock from the CHARIOT site by J. H. Baker and stone, granite, volcanic tuff, and salt, as well as in two W. A. Beetem. High-percentage uptake of these ions active earthquake areas. Following field and literature was measured, with strontium adsorption found to be study by L. M. Gard, the Geological Survey recom­ related to the concentration of calcium and magnesium mended sites for each of these geological environments. and iodine adsorption related to the amount of organic Project DRIBBLE matter. No direct relation between cesium uptake and Project DRIBBLE is a planned series of nuclear kind of soil or rock was noted. tests in manmade cavities in salt, to determine the effect Appraisal of the possibility of fissi,on products en­ of decoupling on the detectability of underground ex­ tering streams and other natural waters is an impor­ plosions. The Tatum salt dome in Lamar County, tant consideration in determining the feasibility of the Miss., has been selected for the site and has been the CHARIOT experiment. The probable concentration subject of intensive hydrologic, geologic, and geophysi­ iof radioactive nuclides that would enter nearby waters cal study by the Geological Survey on behalf of the tender a variety of assumed conditions was studied by Atomic Energy Commission. Whereas most previous A. M. Piper. He estimates that, according to season studies of salt domes have been confined to the rocks (and fallout pattern, part of the dissolved fission prod- above them (for petroleum or sulfur resources), or to iucts would become fixed on earth materials and vege­ those around the domes at great depths (for petroleum tation. The unfixed fission products would remain in resources), Project DRIBBLE is yielding detailed |solution in the surface waters. Their concentration knowledge of the shape and character of the salt in in these waters would be greatest if fallout took place the upper part of the dome itself. The salt consists of jon saturated tundra just before freezeup and least with nearly vertical beds of clear halite, alternating with i fallout on dry tundra followed by heavy precipitation. cloudy beds of anhydrite-bearing salt. The 600-foot- Project SHOAL thick caprock consists of an upper 150-foot zone of The Atomic Energy Commission requested the Geo­ cavernous limestone and a lower 450-foot zone of mas­ logical Survey to advise in the selection of a suitable sive anhydrite. Hydrologic studies show that the site for Project SHOAL, a proposed underground nu­ aquifers around and above the dome are capable of pro­ clear detonation in either granitic rock or volcanic tuff ducing prolific water supplies if needed to leach a and in an active earthquake area. The primary objec­ cavern in the salt. tive of the proposed Shoal experiment is to compare Geophysical studies of the rocks in southern Missis­ the seismic energy propagated from an underground sippi show that alternating zones with high and low ,nuclear explosion with that generated from a natural seismic velocity are present in the upper Tertiary rocks; learthquake. the underlying Cretaceous rocks are chiefly high ve­ Earthquake records since 1945 were compiled by locity. These results show that the dome is of such W. S. Twenhofel, R. A. Black, and D. F. Balsinger size, shape, and structure as to be suitable for moder­ (1961) for all active seismic areas in the conterminous ately intense nuclear tests. United States, and the geology and hydrology of the more seismic areas were further evaluated to determine ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC DATA their suitability for the experiment. Promising sites Analysis of the large amount of raw data collected were inspected and evaluated in the field. during hydrologic studies permits predictions of both The site recommended for Project SHOAL is the high- and low-water flow conditions and may enable [northern Sand Spring Range, about 30 miles southeast forecasting the effects of such activities as water-reser- A110 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS voir development, irrigation, and urbanization. The In the Cameron Run basin of northern Virginia, a findings reported below concern a few specific applica­ flood inundation study by D. G. Anderson has led to tions of such analyses; other are reported elsewhere in the delineation of areas that will be inundated by floods this chapter under various hydrologic-studies headings. having recurrence intervals of between 10 and 100 years. Estimating long-term runoff from short-term records Effects of suburban development on flood flows have W. S. Eisenlohr, Jr., has developed a procedure for been evaluated, so that the areas delineated represent estimating the runoff for a base period of many years conditions expected to exist when the basin has been from a short-term record, provided that sufficient completely developed. gaging-station records are available to define a regional Ground water cumulative distribution of total runoff for the base C. F. Keech and J. B. Hyland have observed that the period (Art. 173). A table of regional cumulative water table continues to rise in the loess-plain region yearly runoff in percent of the total runoff for the base west of Kearney, Nebr. This region has been irrigated period furnishes factors for computing base-period with water diverted from the Platte River since 1938, runoff from a short-term record. and seepage losses have caused the water table to rise Extending streamflow data by using precipitation records as much as 100 feet in some areas. In contrast to this R. O. R. Martin has found, from a study of 3 pairs condition, in the loess-plain region east of Kearney of concurrent 30-year streamflow records, that the and south of the Platte River, where irrigation is almost standard error of estimate of monthly streamflow can wholly by ground water, the water table has persistently be significantly reduced by including precipitation declined since heavy pumping began about 1955. difference as a parameter in the regression between Recent studies in the Green Bay area, Wisconsin, concurrent monthly streamflows at pairs of stations. by D. B. Rnowles, have shown that the coefficients of The optimum length of record for definition of the transmissibility and storage of the sandstone aquifer, regression was found to be 15 years. determined from a 3-year period of water-level re­ covery, agree very closely with those obtained from Floods aquifer performance tests of a few days' duration. Research in the hydrology of floods involves the F. C. Koopman, J. H. Irwin, and E. D. Jenkms (Art. study of factors responsible for the variability of flood 44) used a rubber inflatable straddle-packer assembly occurrence and the relative importance of such factors. to isolate and test pump each of 5 sandstone and silt- Such studies generally have been based on field data. stone aquifers in an 8-inch diameter, 1,014-foot test hole The limitations of uncontrolled field data, however, near Las Animas, Colo. have led to current studies of synthetic flood hydrology I. J. Winograd (Art. 104) analyzed the potentio- by electronic-analog methods. metric surfaces and the permeabilities of the rock units M. A. Benson 78 has defined relations between flood beneath three intermontane basins at the Nevada Test peaks of various recurrence intervals and watershed Site. The data suggest that the three basins are hy- and climatic characteristics, in a humid region. Sim­ draulically connected through intensely jointed and ilar studies relating to a semiarid region have also faulted zones in the Paleozoic carbonate rocks that flank recently been completed by Benson. and underlie the basins. At Yucca Flat the data indi­ In Michigan, S. W. Wiitala (1961) has studied the cate that ground water moves downward through the effect of urbanization on runoff by use of records of Cenozoic aquifers into the more permeable Paleozoic two adjacent small drainage areas, one urbanized, the carbonate rocks and then laterally out of the Valley. other not. Indications are that in the urbanized water­ The piezometric surface of brine in sandstone of shed the lag time has been reduced to about one-third the Delaware Mountain Group near Carlsbad, N. Mex., of the natural value and the peak discharge has been is anomalously low in places. However, according to increased by two to three times, though no change can E. R. Cox, reported water levels may not represent be detected in the total runoff. F. F. LeFever reports static conditions because the sandstone has low perme­ somewhat similar results for two streams in Nebraska. ability. Urbanization in the basin of East Meadow Brook in Nassau County on Long Island, N.Y., is shown by Interrelations of surface water and ground water R. M. Sawyer (1962a) to have more than doubled the Effluent streams in southwestern Suffolk County, amount of direct runoff so that it now averages about Long Island, N. Y., flow on highly permeable Pleistocene 17 percent of the total runoff. outwash deposits; their low flows are well sustained by ground-water discharge. E. J. Pluhowski and I. H. 78 Benson, M. A., 1962, Factors influencing the occurrence of floods in Kantrowitz have found that about 70 percent of the a humid region of diverse terrain: U.S. Geol. Surrey Water-Supply Paper 158O-B. (In press) outflow from the ground-water reservoir appears in GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING Alll the streams and is discharged directly to tidewater, Kiver and the well fields. Variation of ground-water line remaining discharge of ground water is in marshes temperature with depth has revealed a wide difference Hear the shore or as submarine outflow. in permeability between different beds within the The relatively high rate of stream-flow accretion aquifer. along the middle reach of Champlin Creek in south- The quantity of water available by induced infiltra­ yestern Suffolk County, Long Island, N.Y., is at­ tion of river water to a well field commonly is limited tributed to lateral rather than upward ground-water by layers of material of low permeability within the movement according to a study by E. J. Pluhowski and aquifer. S. E. Norris and A. M. Spieker (Art. 41) show I. H. Kantrowitz (Art. 38). Upward movement of that the lag and dampening of the annual water-tem­ water is restricted to a thin zone whose boundaries are perature wave may be used as an indicator of the pres­ controlled by aquifer permeability and the difference ence of beds of low permeability. in hydrostatic head between the aquifer and stream. Analysis by M. J. Mundorff of ground-water levels, Water levels in a network of piezometers in the bed reservoir stage, and ground-water inflow to American of Mullica River, Wharton Tract, N.J., were used by Falls Reservoir, Idaho, indicates a direct relation be­ S. W. Lang and E. C. Rhodehamel (Art. 36) to deter­ tween water levels and inflow to the reservoir, but gives mine areas of upward seepage of ground water to the little or no indication of seepage losses. That seepage triver. Marked differences in head between the 1-foot losses are small is also suggested by geologic evidence and 2-foot level beneath the streambed indicate im­ obtained from many well logs, and measurements of portant areas of upward movement of ground water. spring discharge downstream from the reservoir. Ground-water levels, climatological data, and dry- According to E. R. Cox, lowering the water level in weather stream flow of Pond Creek, Okla., have been the alluvium under the flood plain of the Rio Grande correlated by W. E. Clark. The correlation charts may south of Williamsburg, N. Mex., by spur drains or by be used to forecast dry-weather flow of Pond Creek for straightening and deepening the channel of the river several months. These correlations can also be used will not affect water levels and artesian heads of thermal to compute the reduction in streamflow for any day due water in the Magdalena Group of Pennsylvanian and to evapotranspiration from the bottom lands, the rate Permian age and overlying alluvium in and near the of evapotranspiration of ground water from the bottom town of Truth or Consequences. These two aquifers lands for any day, the approximate magnitude of are separated by a ridge of relatively impermeable change in bank storage for any day, and the average Precambrian rocks. Lowering the water level in the rate of recharge to the Hush Springs Sandstone. Also, shallow aquifer near the river would lower the head in a method is outlined for determining the effect on nonthermal artesian aquifers; but the lowering of head iStreamflow of any large withdrawals of ground water due to lowering water levels near the river probably in the basin. The techniques and concepts can be ap­ would be small compared with the expected lowering plied to a variety of basins by changing the techniques of head in the artesian aquifers due to continued pump­ ito suit the individual basin. ing of water from the artesian system. In studies of movement of perched ground water in An equation for estimating the changes in ground- the alluvium in Mortandad Canyon near Los Alamos, water level resulting from impoundment of a stream is N. Mex., J. H. Abrahams, Jr., E. H. Baltz, and W. D. given by J. E. Reed and M. S. Bedinger (Art. 35). The Purtymun (Art. 37) found that snowmelt water filter­ equation applies to steady-state conditions in a semi- ing downward in sand beneath the stream accretes to infinite aquifer. - the front of a ground-water mound, causing the front Ground-water levels in the Kirwin, Kans., area, have to advance faster than the ground-water body as a risen as the result of construction of the Kirwin Reser­ whole. Such complexities should not be overlooked in investigations of the rate of water movement, in the voir in 1955. According to M. S. Bedinger and H. H. use of tracers, and in studies of chemical quality of Tanaka, water levels in 1961 were as much as 40 feet ground water. above those of 1945-46. Water-level changes caused by Ground-water temperatures along the flood plain of impoundment of the river are attributed to the change the Mohawk Kiver in the vicinity of the adjacent well in boundary component of head resulting from a rise fields of the city of Schenectady and the town of Rot­ in stage of the surface-water boundary of the aquifer, terdam, N.Y., have been used by J. D. Winslow (Art. the change in accretion component of head resulting Ill) to demonstrate that the river recharges the sand from a change in the geometric shape of the aquifer, and gravel aquifer underlying the flood plain, and to and the change in accretion component resulting from delineate the principal flow paths between the Mohawk an increase in transmissibility of the aquifer. A112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS According to studies by Philip Cohen (1961a), gains three different hydrogeological environments. These and losses of streamflow of the Humboldt Kiver in studies included recharge through wells and recharge Northern Nevada coincide with changes of ground through spreading basins and natural depressions water in storage in the deposits underlying and border­ called sinkholes. ing the flood plain of the river. Seasonal increase of Spreading basins ground water in storage and subsequent evapotrans- Studies by D. H. Boggess and D. R. Rima (1961) piration are estimated to have accounted for about made at Newark, Del., show that little or no recharge to 10,000 acre-feet of the average annual decrease in the principal aquifer would result from spreading streamflow in the Winnemucca section of the Humboldt water in shallow excavations owing to the presence of River. a zone of low permeability about 15 feet below the sur­ Low flows face. The sands and gravels above the zone of low Frequency curves of annual values of the lowest mean permeability, however, could be used for temporary discharge of streams for periods of various lengths are storage of a large volume of storm runoff. easily prepared from data processed by a high-speed Sinkholes digital computer. C. H. Hardison and J. K. Crippen Studies by W. S. Motts and R. L. Cushman made (Art. 45) use these frequency curves to estimate the in the Roswell Basin of southeastern New Mexico show number of days the flow of a stream remains less than that sinkholes in the basin recharge area could be used a given discharge. for artificial recharge. The floors of some sinkholes The frequency of low flows at various points on the are highly permeable and have the capacity to put more Eed River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota, water underground than enters the sinkholes naturally. has been determined by H. M. Erskine. Frequency The floors of other sinkholes are relatively imperme­ interpretations are made for the present schedule of able, but recharge wells drilled through the impermea­ regulation and for a projected schedule. ble material would permit drainage into the aquifer. Time of travel of water Recharge wells B. J. Frederick and P. H. Carrigan, Jr., found that Data obtained by A. A. Garrett (Art. 107) from a under steady-flow conditions on the Clinch River near recent series of recharge tests in a well in basalt at Oak Ridge, Tenn., the peak concentration of gold-198 Walla Walla, Wash., show that well clogging by dis­ radiotracer traveled about 10 percent faster than the solved air may be minimized or eliminated if injection mean velocity in the reach. R. G. Godfrey obtained is restricted to short periods and the well is pumped similar results for steady-flow conditions on smaller between injection periods. streams and found that the center of gravity of the concentration traveled at the same speed as the mean GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS velocity of the water in the stream. In the Clinch IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC HEALTH River study, the maximum level of radioactivity was The growth of population, urbanization, and indus­ reduced about 500 times in the first 3.7 miles of travel trialization, and the increasing use of radioactive ma­ but was reduced less than 10-fold in the remaining 13 terials have created problems involving public health miles of the study reach. and safety. The Geological Survey has been active in EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION research concerning various aspects of some of these problems. Reported in this section are some recent Results of field tests made in Texas by G. E. Koberg findings in the fields of radioactive-waste disposal, dis­ and others using monomolecular films to suppress evap­ tribution of elements as related to health, mine drain­ oration from small stock-water reservoirs were disap­ age, and pollution of water. pointing. Laboratory research produced dispersions of alkanols that were reasonably satisfactory insofar as STUDIES RELATED TO DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE dispersing and spreading were concerned. The use of WASTES a monomolecular film to suppress evaporation from Studies related to disposal of radioactive wastes con­ stock ponds probably will not be economically feasible, tinued during the year on behalf of the Atomic Energy because of the large amount of replenishment material needed to provide good film coverage. Commission. Included were investigations of mecha­ nisms of ion-exchange and chemical transport and con­ ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OP AQUIPERS centration, compilation of geologic information on The Geological Survey investigated the feasibility sedimentary basins, gamma-ray logging, and physical of artificially recharging underground reservoirs in properties of rocks and minerals. GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC HEALTH A113

Laboratory investigations that can replace Mg in interlayer positions is apparently Dorothy Carroll made a preliminary study of the limited by the relation between the charge deficiency of mineralogy, grain-size distribution, and ion-exchange the vermiculite and the concentration of K to Mg and capacity of sea-floor sediments in cores from near the Ca in sea water. Vermiculite only partially reverts to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, and the coasts of biotite in sea water. Massachusetts and New Jersey. Samples from the cores W. A. Schneider, H. Hughes, and E. C. Robertson were found to be mostly silty clays containing detrital found that each of two natural-salt samples tested mica and chlorite. Some samples contained sufficient showed a drop in thermal conductivity from 0.021 to mica for separation and X-ray examination. Cores sup­ 0.008 cal per cm sec deg C as a function of temperature plied by the AEC from off the New Jersey coast were from O°C to 300°C. The salt samples were from the found to be mostly Globigerina oozes, but the lower part floor of the Carey salt mine, Hutchinson, Kans., where of a core collected about 250 miles from the coast in tests are being conducted by the Atomic Energy Com­ 2,000 fathoms of water was largely a red mud. More mission and Oak Ridge National Laboratories to de­ clay was found to exist 2 to 3 feet below the surface of termine the thermal behavior of radioactive wastes on the sea floor than at the surface, and the clay minerals the walls of chambers in salt beds. The salt is in the were better crystallized. Chlorite in the samples was Wellington Formation of Permian Age. Values of the largely detrital, but there might also have been some reciprocal of conductivity (the thermal resistivity) for that was authigenic. Small amounts of heavy minerals the 2 samples fall on a straight line expressed by the included blue-green amphibole, garnet, epidote and equation l/5T==0.277T +4:3, where K is thermal conduc- zoisite, and a little andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite; tvity and T is temperature in °C. This relation is opaque minerals were magnetite and pyrite. Zircon and predicted by theory in statistical mechanics and shows rutile were very scarce and there was some tourmaline. that phonon conduction is the principal mechanism of Organic carbon was not abundant in the more southern heat flow for natural salt in the temperature range cores. The ion-exchange capacity of these sediments 0°C to 300°C. ranged from 3 to 30 meq (milliequivalents) per 100 g Geologic and hydrologic field studies with the highly micaceous samples averaging 10-11 Current thoughts on the storage of radioactive wastes meq per 100 g for the northern samples, and 3 to 11 underground and on management of radioactive wastes meq per 100 g for the more southern samples. in a basalt terrane were reviewed by R. L. Nace (1961a, In continuing studies of glauconite mineralogy, b). H. E. LeGrand (1962b) reviewed various geo- Dorothy Carroll examined by X-ray diffraction using hydrologic factors in waste management and sum­ Fe-K a radiation about 25 samples of glauconite rang­ marized the Geological Survey's function in this field ing in age from Cambrian to Recent. The glauconites (LeGrand, 1962d). ranged from micas that have a crystallinity very similar An imminent problem in waste management is the to that of Fithian illite, to mixtures of mica and chlorite, selection of sites for waste disposal; this consists of and mica-chlorite-montmorillonite, and chlorite (cham- not only the designation of a site but also the estab­ osite ?). A sample of clean pellet-form glauconite from lishment of criteria to be used in evaluating areas Dunkirk, Md., was subjected to a pressure of 3,000 psi (Peckham and Belter, 1962). R. M. Richardson (1962) for 1 month by E. C. Robertson. This glauconite was described two conditions which impair the suitability :unchanged in appearance, and X-ray patterns obtained of sites in the northeastern United States for disposal before and after treatment were identical. Some operations: the effect of the humid climate and the iglauconite, is, therefore, very stable under heavy lack of detailed information on the sorptive capacity pressure. of earth materials. H. E. LeGrand (1962d) stated Dorothy Carroll also found evidence in experiments that parts of northeastern North Carolina and south­ eastern Virginia appear favorable for confinement of with Fithian illite that some of the previously reported wastes by deep-well disposal. He also recognized, how­ results of titration of the H-form with NaOH are in­ ever, that confinement is a relative term and that es­ fluenced by decomposition of the mineral. The super­ sentially complete confinement from the standpoint of natant solution contains appreciable amounts of K2O conventional hydrology might involve unacceptable and SiO2, and smaller amounts of A12O3. The titration leakage from the waste standpoint. curves for illite differ from those of vermiculite, sug­ In summarizing the geology of the Appalachian gesting mineralogical control of exchange mechanisms, Basin, G. W. Colton concludes that structural features iln other experiments she found that reaction of sea could be expected to be dominant factors in disposal of water with vermiculite showed that the amounts of K liquid radioactive wastes underground in this area. In A114 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS the eastern parts of the basin, faults are common and cfs. For several days prior to the test the concentration well-developed axial-plane cleavage occurs in many and load of release from Whiteoak Creek had decreased areas in the older formations. Porosity is low in these very gradually and a series of similar power releases formations as a result of metamorphic processes al­ had been made. though, locally, highly porous areas may be found Preliminary geologic studies of the Williston, Powder where joints and other fractures have developed. Eiver, and Anadarko Basins have been made by C. A. Great thicknesses of Cambrian and Ordovician lime­ Sandberg, Helen Beikman, and Marjorie MacLachlan, stones and dolomites are found in the lower part of the respectively, in evaluation of the possibilities of subsur­ basin. These are followed in ascending order by thick face disposal of radioactive wastes. Sandberg con­ Ordovician clastic noncarbonate sediments which may cludes that in the Williston Basin (N. Dak., S. Dak., and offer much greater promise locally for waste disposal Mont.), the Winnepeg Formation should be considered because they are more permeable in some areas where as a deep-horizon possibility, Permian and Jurassic salt extensively fractured. In most areas these noncar­ beds as moderate-depth possibilities, and the Newcastle bonate rocks are of no commercial value in the sub­ Sandstone as a moderate- to shallow-depth possibility. surface. Silurian and younger rocks contain coal or Beikman concludes that in the Powder Eiver Basin oil, gas, and other economic deposits that would re­ (Wyo.), numerous sandstone beds, particularly the quire careful consideration if disposal of radioactive Newcastle Sandstone, should be considered as natural- wastes in these formations should be proposed. Also, reservoir possibilities. For storage of liquid wastes in many of these formations have been extensively drilled artificially fractured shale or of fused or sintered waste in all but the deepest part of the basin. Three rock in mined cavities, several Cretaceous shale beds, particu­ sequences may deserve more careful consideration: the larly the Mowry Shale, should be considered. Mac­ early Silurian "Clinton" sands, evaporites of the Salina Lachlan concludes that sandstone beds of Late Pennsyl­ Group, and the sandstones, shales, and mudrocks of vanian age, and salt beds common to five formations of the Blbomsburg Eedbeds. late Early Permian age appear to be the most suitable Throughout most of their extent in the Appalachian zones in the Anadarko Basin (Okla., Tex., Kans., and Basin, the rocks of the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Colo.). Units of Mississippian age and older lie at ex­ and Permian Systems generally are not believed suitable cessive depths in the trough, and detailed information for waste disposal. Commonly they crop out or are on lithologic relations is not available. close to the surface. Only in some areas, where the Detailed field investigations of waste-disposal coal-bearing Pennsylvanian System is preserved, does hydrology are in progress at the Idaho Chemical the Mississippian System occur at depth. In most of Processing Plant and the Materials Testing Eeactor the areas where this is the case, the Mississippian rocks facilities, National Eeactor Testing Station, Idaho, by have been densely drilled for oil and gas. P. H. Jones and Eugene Shuter (Art. 106). Modified Statistical studies of relative dilution in the Clinch oil-well testing techniques and geophysical tests in River near Oak Eidge, Tenn., were begun by P. H. Car- drill holes have been used effectively in the appraisal rigan to determine ultimately the capacity of the river of the capacity of basalt aquifers and associated sedi­ to dilute radioactive releases from Whiteoak Creek. ments to receive and attenuate radioactive waste (Jones, The daily-dilution factor, the ratio of discharges of 1962a). The aquifers, accessible to waste, have been Clinch Eiver near Scarboro, Tenn., to those of Whiteoak identified and correlated for distances greater than a Creek at Whiteoak Dam near Oak Eidge, Tenn., for the mile. Their ability to transmit water and the hydrau­ period 1950-60 ranged from 5.1 to 4,330; the mean was lic head and quality of water in the aquifers have been about 450. The daily minimum-dilution factor for a determined. recurrence interval of 10 years was 5.6; the monthly The relation between the physical properties of the minimum was 68. The mean monthly dilution factor volcanic Bandelier Tuff in the Los Alamos area, New has been less than 450 for 5 months of a year. Mexico, and the movement of water through the tuff The effect of variation of flow in Clinch Eiver due to with regard to the disposal of radioactive wastes have power releases from Norris Eeservoir on the dispersion been studied by J. H. Abrahams, Jr. The porosity of of radioactive releases from Whiteoak Creek near Oak the tuff is high, but the coefficient of permeability is Eidge, Tenn., also has been investigated by P. H. Carri- relatively low because of the fine-grained texture. gan. At a point 15.3 miles downstream from the point Cyclic layers containing sublayers of varying porosity of release to the river the average concentration of exist throughout the upper member of the tuff and are radioactivity varied less than 10 percent in a 24-hour traceable laterally across much of the Los Alamos area. period while the discharge ranged from 1,700 to 7,700 These cyclic layers retard the vertical movement of GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC HEALTH A115 water through the zone of aeration, which is about A study has been made by Helen Cannon of the 1,000 feet thick. Secondary porosity developed along absorption of vanadium by plants because vanadium interconnected joints, however, allows rapid movement has been shown to be important in human and animal of water containing wastes through these nonporous nutrition. The absorption of vanadium by plants and i zones in the tuff. the tolerance of plants to large amounts of vanadium Geophysical investigations in the soil were found to differ markedly in different A series of gamma-ray logs was obtained by C. M. species. The greatest tolerance was found in selenium- Bunker in drill holes in and adjacent to a drainage field absorbing legumes, and the greatest concentration of at Jackass Flats, Nevada Test Site, during the past 3 vanadium occurred in the roots. The average content lyears. The logs were obtained at various time intervals of vanadium in plant ash is about 20 ppm; herbaceous iduring which a radioactive tracer and radioactive plants on the Colorado Plateau contained an average of waste from a reactor rocket were released through tile about 170 ppm. Collections from areas containing va- into the field. Although the amount of radioactive nac^ium deposits and from experimental garden plots material used was insufficient for a complete study of showed that the vanadium content is abnormally low in the distribution and rate of flow through the alluvium plants rooted in calciferous rocks and abnormally high surrounding the tile, the data show that the fluid-borne in those growing on seleniferous ground. radioisotopes were retained within a horizontal distance In support of public health studies, water samples of 4 feet from the tile. The logs show no significant from southern Wisconsin were analyzed for their vertical movement of the radioisotopes. Vertical move­ minor-element content. Preliminary data supplied by ment may be prevented by cemented zones which essen­ H. T. Schacklette indicated that the iodine content of tially parallel the original ground surface. water from Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of the Equipment for making continuous measurements of Driftless Area of Wisconsin averages 0.009 ppm, and radioactivity of lake and ocean sediments along pre­ that water from the glacial drift averages 0.001 ppm. determined traverses was field tested by Carl Bunker The strontium content of water from Ordovician and in Lake Superior. Although this was a preliminary drift-covered areas is generally less than 0.02 ppm; investigation, the results indicate that measurements of water from Cambrian and Precambrian terranes ranges this type are feasible. Similar measurements might be from 0.03 to 0.08 ppm. used to determine natural radioactivity of proposed ANTHRACITE MINE DRAINAGE [waste-disposal areas and to monitor the areas after waste is deposited. Hydrologic studies by W. T. Stuart and geologic studies by T. M. Kehn and J. F. Eobertson show that DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS AS BELATED TO improvements in surface drainage result in a reduction HEALTH of the amount of water recharging the anthracite mines in Pennsylvania, thereby decreasing the pumping re­ The Geological Survey is making available to the quired and reducing the volume of acid and mineralized public, geological data that may be useful in the field of water being discharged into the surface streams. public health. In addition to maintaining liaison be­ Fifteen projects completed under Public Law 162, 84th tween health agencies and the Geological Survey, Sam Congress, were designed to reduce inflow into the mines Eosenblum is reducing radiometric data of the AEMS by restoring natural drainage. This was accomplished (aerial radiological measurement surveys) to contour by backfilling strip-mine areas, and by lining stream maps. channels to prevent seepage losses. Airborne radioactivity surveys were made in parts Owing to restoration of natural runoff, an estimated of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Puerto Rico during the 400 million gallons of water annually per square mile, past year as the Geological Survey continued the or 760 gpm, is being diverted from the mines of the AEMS program on behalf of the Atomic Energy Com­ Northern and Southern anthracite fields. Channel mission. This brings the total traverse miles flown seepage loss of as high as 280 million gallons annually between July 1958 and January 1962 up to 174,000, sur­ has been checked in one area by lining the stream veying about 186,000 square miles in 23 areas in the channel. United States and Puerto Eico. The surveys were made in the vicinity of nuclear facilities primarily to estab­ CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER lish a datum of background radioactivity for evalu­ POLLUTION ating the effect on health in these areas. Further dis­ In 1958 the development of the Greensburg oil field cussions of specific AEMS surveys may be found in in Kentucky introduced a large amount of brine into the the section "Eegional Geology and Hydrology." Green Eiver. Chloride loads of the Green Eiver at A116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Munfordville were computed based on daily chloride by interrupting the gas flow through the system and ob­ analyses and streamflow records. The double-mass serving the decrease in foam height as a function of curve technique of Searcy and Hardison 79 was far su­ time. perior to the use of chloride concentrations in showing A study of the source of organic pollution in streams the degradation and improvement in brine pollution of is discussed on page A93. the river. Brine pollution cf the Green Eiver reached ANALYTICAL AND OTHER LABORATORY TECHNIQUES a maximum in the summer of 1959. Since then, water quality of the river has improved each year. Many factual data from the analytical laboratories of In a study of foaming characteristics of synthetic- the Geological Survey have a direct bearing on a par­ detergent solutions, C. H. Wayman, J. B. Eobertson, ticular geologic or hydrologic project, so many findings and H. G. Page (Art. ITS) report that stable foams are from the laboratories have been reported earlier in this formed with as little as 2 to 3 ppm of anionic and non- chapter under other headings. A very important part ionic surfactants. Foam stability is enhanced by bac­ of the work in these laboratories, however, involves re­ teria and low temperature and varies with pH. search in development and testing of new or modified The behavior of anionic alkylbenzenesulfonate analytical methods. Some of these methods are re­ (ABS), one of the chief components in commercial de­ ported below together with some new developments in tergent formulations, toward soil minerals is of interest mineralogic and petrographic techniques. in pollution studies. Theoretically, ABS is adsorbed ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY as a monomolecular layer at the surface of sand grains. From studies with sized fractions of 20-30 mesh Ottawa Methods of systematic silicate-rock analysis sand, C. H. Wayman (Art. 11Y) suggests that ABS L. C. Peck is preparing a manual that will present adsorption on sand surfaces greater than 50 cm2 per g complete directions for the systematic analysis of sili­ probably takes place at less than a monolayer for dilute cate minerals and will include the description of special solutions containing as much as 100 mg ABS per liter. equipment developed and used in the laboratory. In such dilute solutions of ABS, experimental adsorp­ Determination of rhenium tion is equivalent to 50 percent of a monolayer of F. S. Grimaldi and F. O. Simon developed an im­ coverage. proved method for the determination of rhenium based As a part of a study being made on the behavior of on the rhenium-catalyzed reaction between stannous detergents and other pollutants in soil-water environ­ chloride and sodium tellurate. The method is applicable ments, H. G. Page, C. H. Wayman, and J. B. Eobertson to the determination of a few tenths of a part per mil­ have compared three commonly used methods of count­ lion or more of rhenium in a few milligrams aliquot ing bacteria. They report (Art. 99) that the photom­ of mineralized rocks, mixtures of sulfides, rock-forming eter method gives highly accurate and reproducible minerals, and molybdenite concentrates. The practical- estimates within a few minutes as compared to about 48 quantity limit of detection is 2XlO~10g of rhenium. hours by the gas-generation (MPN) and plate-count Eocks or molybdenite concentrates are decomposed with methods. a flux consisting of a mixture of CaO, CaCl2, and MgO. For studies of surface-active agents in natural water The MgO acts as a combustion aid, the CaCl2 decom­ supplies, C. H. Wayman, J. B. Eobertson, and H. G. poses silicates, and the CaO converts molybdenum to Page (Art. 98) have designed a simple apparatus to insoluble CaMoO4. On leaching the melt, all the con­ measure foaming characteristics of aqueous solutions. stituents of the sample are rendered insoluble except The unit consists of a chromatographic column (5.8 cm for a small amount of molybdenum and calcium that outside diameter by 30 cm length and graduated to 0.5 pass into the filtrate. Eesidual molybdenum is removed cm) connected to a lower tube (1.0 cm outside diameter by extraction with 8-quinolinol in chloroform. A de­ by 18.5 cm length) by a 55/35 tube-socket ground-glass contamination factor of molybdenum from rhenium of point; a coarse-porosity fritted disc is sealed to the at least 107 is obtained. The determination is com­ upper end of the lower tube. pleted spectrophotometrically by measuring the ab- The apparatus can be operated by releasing air or sorbance of the tellurium sol formed by the reduction nitrogen at a constant flow rate into a solution contain­ of tellurate by stannous chloride under the catalytic in­ ing a surface-active agent in the chromatographic fluence of rhenium. column and observing the height of foam formation as Minor elements in the Pierre Shale a function of time. Foam stability can be determined A study of the analytical precision of chemical meth­ ods for determining selected minor elements in the 79 Searcy, J. K., and Hardison, C. H., 1960, Doubles-mass curves: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1541-B, p. 31-65. Pierre Shale was reported by L. F. Eader and F. S. ANALYTICAL AND OTHER LABORATORY TECHNIQUES A117 (jrrimaldi (1961). Detailed procedures for determining was developed. An addition technique was coupled with titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, the use of magnesium as a releasing agent to overcome riickel, copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, selenium, molybde- the depression of calcium emission caused by silica and ilum, tungsten, uranium, carbonate carbon, total carbon, sulfate. a|nd organic matter are described. The precision of the Determination of lead in sphalerite analytical methods was established from replicate de- C. A. Kinser adapted the dithizone method to the t^rminations made on different days by one chemist, determination of trace amounts of lead in sphalerite. rbplicate determinations by one chemist on paired hid- His procedure is capable of detecting as little as 5 ppm djen splits, and crosscheck determinations on 10 selected lead in 25- to 50-mg samples. Further extension of the s&mples by different chemists, laboratories, and meth­ sensitivity is being studied, as is the application of the ods. Graphic comparisons were made of determinations procedure to the determination of lead in various sili­ by different chemists to indicate either the agreement or cate minerals. tjhe bias of results. Apparatus for ferrous iron determination The beryllium-morin system An instrument to aid in the routine determination of Mary Fletcher has found three beryllium-morin com­ ferrous iron was designed and built by L. Shapiro and plexes in aqueous solution. The beryllium-morin ratio F. Eosenbaum (Art. 100). It consists of a motor- was determined for each of the three complexes; equilib- driven wheel which rotates slowly over an electric num constants were calculated for two of them and a strip-heater. Twenty samples, in platinum crucibles tentative value for the third. The absorption spectra containing HF-H2SO4, are seated in holes along the for morin and its beryllium complexes are so nearly periphery of the wheel and move slowly over the heater. alike that fluorimetric measurements had to be relied A sample is available to be titrated every 3 minutes, o|n entirely for the resolution of the system. after having been boiled for 10 to 12 minutes. Fluorescence studies Alkali metals in micas A theoretical study was completed by Mary Fletcher D. N. Eimal, International Cooperation Administra­ which evaluates fluorimetry with a vertical-axis trans- tion doctoral student from Nepal, working with the nkission fluorimeter and compares it with spectropho- assistance of J. Dinnin, determined flame photometri­ tometry for the study of multicomponent mixtures. cally the lithium, rubidium, cesium, potassium, and This study shows how for some systems the general sodium content of 50 micas from New Mexico. equation for fluorescence previously derived by Milkey a|id Fletcher 80 can be transformed into a much simpler Silica in tektites and glasses A method for determining the silica content of tek­ expression analogous to and amendable to the same tites and similar glasses by the direct volatilization of njianipulations as its counterpart for the total absorb- ahce of multicomponent mixtures. With this equation silica as SiF4 with HF was developed by M. K. Carron and Frank Cuttitta (Art. 30). The resulting fluorides o)ae can readily select experimental conditions for a in the residue are converted to nitrates which in turn fltuorimetric analytical method giving maximum sensi­ are decomposed with formaldehyde. The residue is tivity and reliability with minimum complications from ignited to constant weight at 750°C±15°C. A correc­ diverse ions. tion for the FeO content of the glass must be applied Determination of boron in waters containing fluorine to the silica result. J. J. Eowe (Art. 48) showed that fluorine is vola­ Selective solution of fluorite tilized during the sulfuric acid evaporation step and E. E. Stevens and others (Art. 96) found that fluorite does not interfere in the dianthrimide spectrophotomet- can be removed from powdered samples by boiling in r|c procedure for determining boron. Sulfuric acid so­ a 50 percent w/v solution of A1C13 -6H2O. The for­ lutions of the samples are evaporated overnight in an mation of an aluminum complex with fluoride results ojven at 90 °C. Tests made with up to 1 mg of fluorine in the solution of fluorite without attack on silicate min­ showed no interference with as little as 0.004 mg boron. erals. The procedure is being used on samples from Flame photometric determination of calcium in thermal waters Alaska that contain phenacite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and The radiation interferences of silica antl sulfate on tourmaline to obtain better X-ray patterns for identify­ tljie flame-photometric determination of calcium in ther- ing and confirming the beryllium minerals. ityal waters was investigated by J. J. Kowe. A flame- Standard samples pjiotometric method, without any chemical separations, J. I. Dinnin found that by measuring the titanium peroxide color at pH 2.0, rather than in 10 to 20 percent 80 Milkey, R. G., and Fletcher, M. H., 1957, Fluorimetric study of the fluorine-morin system: Am. Chem. Soc. Jour., v. 79, p. 5425-5435. acid, the vanadium interference in this determination

661513 O 62 A118 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF BBSULTS can be greatly reduced. This method, as well as a dure of great value in reconnaissance studies. A 10-mg Tiron-EDTA procedure, was used to determine 0.01 powdered sample buffered with graphite and sometimes to 0.05 percent Ti in five samples of ferrochrome which silica is burned iii a d-c arc. Concentrations were esti­ are to be used as fluorescent X-ray standards in connec­ mated from comparisons with reference spectra. Ex­ tion with commercial-specification analysis of domestic perience in applying this method to many samples ferrochrome. The values checked well with results ob­ indicated the feasibility of extending the reporting tained spectrographically by H. Bastron. The chemical precision to six steps per order of magnitude; that is, methods were also used to obtain a value of 0.014 per­ 0.7 percent, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.07, 0.05, etc. To cent Ti in the National Bureau of Standards Standard prevent this change from making the procedure exces­ Ferrochrome 64b for which no previous Ti value was sively complex, especially the problem of standards, the available. number of elements routinely reported was reduced to Extracting water from cores for chloride analysis 51. Three additional elements are reported if re­ quested, and 15 others if certain "indicator" elements During an investigation of salt-water encroachment are found to be present. in southern Nassau County, Long Island, N.Y., a filter press was used to obtain water from drill-core sections The need for expanded analytical services of the type (Lusczynski, 1961a). It was found suitable not only described above raises the question of the applicability for extracting water from sand and silt, but also from of direct-reading instrumentation for recording spectra. clay. The interstitial water was extracted from the There would be a large saving in time and labor for core, and the filtrate was subsequently analyzed for such analyses if the photographic part of the proce­ chloride by titration in the field within minutes after dure were eliminated. Considerations of the spectral the core was brought to the land surface. lines to be used and the degree of spectral complexity that can be handled by direct-reading instruments cur­ SPECTBOSCOPY rently manufactured has indicated this approach to be feasible. An instrument to determine 22 elements Spectrochemical analysis of small samples with a single exposure is being installed in the Denver A method of spectroscopic analysis of very small laboratory. The instrument capabilities later may be samples (1 mg or less) that has been extremely useful expanded to determine an additional 22 elements. for mineralogical and chemical studies has been re­ Fourteen standards containing 26 elements to be used ported by C. L. Waring and Helen Worthing (1961). for direct-reading work have been prepared. Visual estimates of othe concentrations of 68 elements are made from comparisons of the photographic records Quantitative spectrographic analysis for selected minor ele­ of the spectra of the samples with reference spectra ments in Pierre Shale made with known standards. A simple device built The availability of a large number of similar samples into the plate holder of the spectrograph permitted on which much analytical work, chemical as well as limiting the exposure of the long wavelength region to spectroscopic, will have been done, gave P. R. Barnett the early part of the arcing period, during the time the (1961) an excellent opportunity to make a detailed alkali elements are in the vapor. Overexposure of that study of the precision of the conventional d-c arc proce­ region thus is avoided and the simultaneous determina­ dure for 10 minor elements as applied to shales. He tion of all elements implemented. determined from 80 samples the following values for the precision of a single determination (in terms of the Semiquantitative speetrochemical analysis of rocks, minerals, coefficient of variation of a single determination): and ores boron, 10 percent; barium, 11; cobalt, 7; chromium, 9; A report by A. T. Myers and others 81 brought up to gallium, 20; nickel, 7; scandium, 10; strontium, 13; 1961 details of the procedure for the Semiquantitative titanium, 6; and zirconium, 10 percent. Eight of these spectrographic determination of minor elements in elements in 10 samples were also determined by a second geologic materials. The method provides for the spectographic laboratory. The precision between lab­ simultaneous determination of 68 elements by a visual- oratories was as follows: boron, 10 percent; barium, 12; comparison procedure in which concentrations were cobalt, 16; chromium, 11; gallium, 16; scandium, 12; estimated to ^ of an order of magnitude, that is, 0.7 strontium, 10; and titanium, 10. Comparisons were percent, 0.3, 0.10, 0.07, etc. The speed of the analysis also available with values obtained by chemical meth­ and the method of reporting results made this proce- ods yielding the following coefficients of variation be­ tween determinations by chemical and by spectographic a Myers, A. T., Havens, R. G., and Dunton, P. J., 1961, A spectro- methods: barium, 34 percent; cobalt, 12; chromium, 10; chemical method for the Semiquantitative analysis of rocks, minerals, and ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-1, p. 207-229. nickel, 7; and titanium, 10 percent. ANALYTICAL AND OTHER LABORATORY TECHNIQUES A119

Direct-reading spectrochemical-methods development Art. 32) 100 mg of the powdered sample is mixed and In a continuing program at the Washington, D.C., pelletized with 900 mg of H3BO3 ; the fusion was un­ laboratory, A. W. Helz and others have been studying necessary to obtain results in excellent agreement with fexcitation conditions favorable for high precision as chemical values. Standards were prepared for this ap­ well as capable of extension to lower concentrations. plication with a matrix similar to that of the material The lithium tetraborate fusion pellet method was found analyzed. to give poor precision with chromite ores. It may be The X-ray fluorescence method is well suited for Significant that after fusion these materials produced rapid and automated analysis. For this purpose a new a devitrified product rather than a clear glass. Very instrument has been obtained to record nine elements even burning was obtained in the d-c arc with electrode simultaneously. The first application of this X-ray charges consisting of 1 part sample, 0.5 parts MnO2, spectrometer was the analysis of a sample of sidero- and 6 parts C. This work was conducted with direct- phyllite from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results com­ reading observations of Fe, Cr, Si, Al, and Mn lines. pared with those of chemical values previously obtained In order to diminish self-reversal of the spectral lines, are given below, in percent. tests were made with the stallwood jet and a jet de- X-ray fluorescence Chemical Signed to use both air and argon-oxygen mixtures. SiO2 .______33.4 33.38 High d-c arc precision relative to a time of burning A12O3-.______17.6 18.18 Schedule was obtained but not relative to a manganese Fe2

Instrument design and application RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN TOPOGRAPHIC The acoustic velocity meter 83 using ultrasonic waves SURVEYS AND MAPPING for continuous recording of the mean integrated All major phases in the preparation of topographic Velocity on a horizontal line within a stream is now quadrangle maps benefited by research and develop­ being investigated on the basis of a cycled-pulse tech- ment during 1962. To provide guidance for this re­ nique. The difference in transit time of upstream and search effort and to evaluate procedures, standards, and downstream pulses (function of water velocity) can be instruments, the Geological Survey carries on an accu­ Recorded at discrete intervals on punched tape for final racy-testing program. In this program a representa­ analysis by computer. tive 10 percent of the quadrangles is tested by special G. F. Smoot, using miniature strain gages developed surveys for both position and elevation accuracy. The by Battelle Memorial Institute, has designed equipment tests are designed to give results that can be subjected io measure turbulence-induced pressure fluctuations in to statistical analysis. The evaluated test findings are flowing water. The sensing probe consists of a 0.5- an important aid in selecting optimum methods for new inch-diameter sphere with 0.001-inch X 0.25-inch dia- mapping, in designing research in operations, and in )hragms mounted on each of the 3 axes. Strain gages formulating standard procedures. attached to the inside of each diaphragm thus respond Long-range research has been devoted to improving 1 *> the three components of turbulence. the basic information content of topographic maps by The magnetic-switch contact chamber, designed by the addition of photoimagery and to producing map G. F. Smoot and S. E. Kickly, replaces the regular con­ supplements or map substitutes based on orthophotog- tact chamber of the standard Price current meter and raphy in various forms. Allows the use of a small battery-operated counter. A The highlights of research accomplishments in topo­ small magnet, mounted on the vertical shaft of the graphic surveys and mapping are summarized below. meter, is rotated beneath a sealed "Glaswitch," causing FIELD SURVEYS two contact closures per revolution of the meter rotor. E. G. Barron and G. F. Smoot have improved the de­ Portable surveying tower sign of a vertical-vane-type meter (previously worked Lightweight, portable towers for control surveys have on by A. H. Frazier and others) to produce a satisfac­ been designed by J. L. Buckmaster and others. The tory meter for use in measuring the velocity of water tubular aluminum towers are triangular in cross sec­ flowing under ice cover. The four vertical vanes of tion and can be built from 14 to 74 feet high in 6-foot the rotor are less affected by vertical movement of the increments. Each foot of height of the tower weighs taeter or vertical components in the flow, and the smaller approximately 5 pounds. A unit consists of an outer $ize allows the meter to be inserted through a 5-inch tower to support the observer, and an independent in­ hole drilled in the ice. The meter is also equipped with ner tower to support the instrument. The towers can the magnetic-switch contact chamber described above. be transported assembled as a trailer, by truck, or by helicopter. Equipment for the measurement of water level in small-diameter wells was designed and evaluated by The tower itself serves as the trailer when it is transported trailer-fashion, and the wheels attached to Eugene Shuter and A. I. Johnson (1961). Two models the outer tower remain in place when the tower is were determined to be satisfactory for additional field testing prior to advocating widespread field use. erected. A 2-man team can' erect an assembled 50-foot tower in approximately 2 hours by means of a small H. H. Stevens, Jr., and B. C. Colby have developed hand winch and a boom. For long moves it can be and tested an intermittent pumping sampler that auto­ completely disassembled and transported by pickup matically pumps samples from a stream at preset time truck. The tower meets the requirements of a wide intervals. Although the primary objective was the de­ range of surveying operations using theodolites, signal termination of suspended-sediment concentration in a lights, and electronic distance-measuring instruments. Stream, the samples could be retained for other pur­ In recent experiments assembled 36- and 50-foot poses. In addition to the retention of individual towers have been mounted on pickup trucks. These Samples for subsequent analysis, a camera was used to truck-mounted towers, with outriggers and a winch, can photograph periodically the volume of sediment that be erected by one man in less than 15 minutes, saving settled out of a pumped sample in a given period, or the considerable field time in selecting station sites. accumulated weight of sediment was recorded. Airborne control system «* Wires, H. O., 1961, Development of an nltrasonic method for measur­ ing stream velocities: Art. 27, in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Preliminary field tests have been completed success­ p. B58-B60. fully by J. L. Buckmaster and others on a new system A124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS of establishing horizontal and vertical mapping control speed to protect the equipment and maintain accuracy. in which positions are established by coordinated angle Average daily traverses range from 30 to 50 miles. Ac­ and distance determinations from several known con­ curacies within 1 to 2 feet of elevation are readily at­ trol stations to a helicopter hovering above the desired tainable with proper planning and control. station. Standards for pendulum alidades In operation, the helicopter serves both as an aerial The planetable alidade with a spirit-level bubble has platform over the station for which a position will be been superseded by an alidade using a pendulum level determined and an elevated target for measuring hori­ datum. Two methods of reference to a level datum zontal and vertical angles. The helicopter is equipped have been developed. The first was the Geological with a high-intensity rotating beacon, to serve as an Survey's liquid-damped pendulum-alidade conversion aiming point; a height indicator, to enable the pilot unit, and the second was a commercial development, in to maintain a specified height above the ground; and cooperation with the Survey, of an air-damped self- a hoversight, an optical viewing device, to enable the indexing alidade. The selfindexing alidade has been pilot to position the helicopter directly over the station. adopted as the new standard alidade of the Survey, and Distances to the helicopter from two or more ground more than 300 are now in use. The sensitivity of the stations of known position are determined by an elec­ level device, improved optics in the telescope, and tronic distance measuring instrument, and vertical and magnified optical reading of the arc contribute to an horizontal angles are measured by theodolites. indicated reproducibility of about 15 seconds of arc. Distances have been determined accurate to 1 part in The reproducibility of the spirit-level alidade is about 20,000 with reasonable consistency for hover heights up 30 seconds of arc. to 200 feet, but the accuracy of elevation determinations Field tests in 1961 planned by C. S. Maltby indicated has not yet been established. that, with the proper precautions, lengths of inclined Target design for photoidentification of control sights and the maximum angle of inclination may be in­ Data to improve the design of targets used for photo- creased over the limits imposed with the old standard identification of ground control were obtained from alidade. tests carried out in 1960 and 1961 by David Landen (Art. 58) and others. Targets of various sizes, pat­ PHOTOGKAMMETRIC SURVEYS terns, and materials were laid out in a test area, then Aerial-camera calibration photographed at various flight heights with a standard Aerial photography used in the compilation of topo­ mapping camera. In addition, supplemental black-and- graphic maps is procured from private contractors in white and color photographs were obtained with a accordance with the Geological Survey specifications. short-focal-length 35-millimeter camera. The target To ascertain whether the aerial cameras will perform photographs were evaluated by observation in a satisfactorily in the Survey's photogrammetric system, stereomodel to determine the best configurations, mini­ it is necessary that each camera be checked on a camera mum sizes, and most suitable materials. calibrator designed by E. K. Bean and R. E. Ask. Elevation meter The calibrator consists of an arrangement of 49 opti­ Two new elevation meters for determining supple­ cal collimators whose axes converge upwards towards mental control elevations for topographic mapping were a central point. The camera to be tested is mounted on acquired in 1061. The meters, which were built by the calibrator so the lens is at the point of convergence. the Sperry-Sun Well Surveying Co., based on specifica­ An image of each collimator target is formed in the tions developed jointly with J. L. Speert (Art. 59) and camera focal plane and recorded on film. The angular others, are transistorized, electromechanical vehicle- positions of the collimators permit a pair of diaposi- borne devices for measuring differences of elevation tives made from film exposed on the camera calibrator along a traversed route. Instantaneous slope is meas­ to be oriented in a plotting instrument. Stereoscopic ured continuously by a sensitive electronic pendulum, measurements can be made on nine points in the model while distance traveled is measured by a calibrated fifth area to detect such defects in the photogrammetric sys­ wheel in contact with the ground. The product of slope tem as lack of flatness of the camera-magazine platen, distance and the sine of the inclination angle is in­ failure of the film-flattening system, and distortion in tegrated continuously by a built-in electronic computer the camera, printer, or plotter lenses. Modification of to yield the elevation differences. the calibrator to permit testing of cameras equipped In normal operations over good roads, the elevation with super-wide-angle lenses is nearly complete. This meter may be driven at speeds up to 25 miles an hour. modification consists of extending the angular field On soft or rough roads it is necessary to reduce the from 90° to 120°. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS AND MAPPING A125 JBuper-wide-angle photogrammetric system tions to evaluate the relative merits of the altitude or Super-wide-angle aerial cameras with angular cover- azimuth methods. ige of 120° present challenging possibilities for econ- Contrast control for diapositives smy in photogrammetric mapping. To investigate the J. G. Lewis has compared projected stereoimage char­ Applications of a super-wide-angle photogrammetric acteristics produced with both undodged diapositives ^ystem to its operations, the Geological Survey has pur- and diapositives prepared with two systems of dodg­ bhased from Wild Heerbrugg Instruments, Inc., two ing electronic feedback and infrared quenching. Both JRC-9 cameras equipped with Super-Aviogon lenses. dodging systems improved interpretability, but the in­ Procurement of super-wide-angle projectors has been frared-quenching system proved to be slightly better. initiated. Provisional standards for flight design to It was concluded that an automatic dodging system obtain super-wide-angle photography have been formu­ should be an integral part of the diapositive printers lated, and a limited amount of orthophotography has used by the Survey. been made from super-wide-angle photography in an- jicipation of possible future applications. Additional Analytical aerotriangulation : research and operational tests on super-wide-angle Several analytical-aerotriangulation systems are un­ equipment are scheduled for 1963. der development whereby high-speed electronic com­ Half-base convergent photography puters solve mathematical equations in establishing con­ Half-base convergent photography is a modification trol points for map compilation. The photocoordinates of 20° twin-low-oblique convergent photography in of image points are observed on a precise comparator, which the base-height ratio is set at 0.62 instead of the and these coordinates, along with other pertinent data, standard ratio of 1.23. Edmund Swasey has made a comprise the input for computing the horizontal posi­ i study of the feasibility, limitations, and advantages tions and elevations of the control points. A test of the "direct geodetic restraint" method of analytical aero­ of this type of photography and has found that the half- oase stereoscopic model used with the EK-55 plotter triangulation, using actual photographic and ground- is superior in illumination and resolution to the stand­ control data, is reported by R. C. Eller and M. L. Mc- ard vertical or convergent model. An increase in the Kenzie (Art. 56) to demonstrate the potential of this density of tree crown cover which can be tolerated has method to perform acceptable aerotriangulation for use been demonstrated; for example, a 50-percent timber in topographic mapping. crown cover creates difficulties in contour placement Visual fatigue in photogrammetric operations with standard convergent photography, whereas 75 A pilot study of the visual problems of 10 selected percent can be tolerated with the half-base photography. stereocompilers was conducted in the Rocky Mountain Astronomic positions in Antarctica Area office in 1958-59 under the direction of Wendell During 1961 D. R. Lee and others evaluated the azi- E. Bryan, O.D., Denver, Colo. The study reported jnuth method of geographic-position determination as by Dwyer 85 showed that visual refractive corrections proposed by Ney 84 in order to improve astronomic-ob- and improved ambient illumination conditions resulted fcerving techniques. The method appeared applicable in generally improved operator efficiency and was to the determination of astronomic positions in Ant­ reflected in higher production rates. A second project arctica where previous positions based on altitude meas­ involving 60 Rocky Mountain Area stereocompilers is urements of the sun were influenced by the effects of un­ in progress, again under the direction of Bryan. certain variable refraction. Orthophotography A series of daylight stellar observations made in the Since the first orthophotographs (uniform-scale Washington area indicated that this method would yield photographs) were produced in 1953, there has been fesults at least comparable with those attainable by gradual improvement in their accuracy and image qual­ ^Ititude measurements on the stars, and superior to those ity, and substantial improvement in instruments and attainable by round-the-clock altitude measurements techniques for their production. The model U-60 On the sun. During the 1961-62 season, astronomic ob­ orthophotoscope (Art. 57) was designed by R. K. Bean servations based on both azimuth and vertical-angle and others to be compatible with automatic photogram- tneasurements were made at eight Antarctic stations. metric-mapping systems. By the addition of synchro- In addition to providing data on the effect of vertical motors, profile data from each scan may be used, either tefraction, it may be possible to use the separate solu- simultaneously or subsequently, to operate image-resti-

84 Ney, C. H., 1954, Geographical positions from stellar azimuths : Am. 85 Dwyer, R. F., Jr., 1960, Visual factors in stereoscopic plotting: Geophys. Union Trans., v. 35, no. 3, p. 391-397. Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 26, no. 4, p. 557 564. A126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS tution or model-carving equipment, and to extract of a line print and it may be reproduced by lithography hypsometric information in digital or analog form. without screening. When the original is an ortho- During 1962, a group headed by J. G. Lewis has been photograph, the edge-isolated print shows buildings, developing additional uses for orthophotography. The roads, woodland, and other features by line images in three principal areas of potential use are: (1) appraisal true position. Patterns useful to geologists and photo- of the position accuracy of maps before revision, (2) interpreters are often more easily identified than on a a means of adding map features during revision or new continuous-tone print. mapping, and (3) a form of map substitute. Studies Airbrush shading for ice features are in progress on scribing orthophotographs and on Interest and activity in Antarctic mapping have super-wide-angle orthophotographs. resulted in the development of improved representation Instrument development of various kinds of ice features by adapting the air­ Among the improvements in instrumentation during brush techniques of relief shading. Among the ice fea­ 1962 are the completion of the model T-61 orthophoto- tures depicted by shading, or a combination of shading scope, the model E EK-55 projector, and a universal and line symbols, are valley glaciers, wall-sided glaciers, support assembly for stereoplotters. channel glaciers, ice shorelines, meltwater lakes, ice The model T-61 orthophotoscope is a less complex cliffs, icebergs, ice shelves, hinge-line depressions, unit than the U-60 (Art. 57) model, and consequently sastrugi, and crevasses. A group of the symbols and less expensive to manufacture. The prototype instru­ treatments developed by C. E. Grossman and others are ment will undergo operational testing during 1962. used on current Antarctic mapping. These were sub­ The latest design in the ER-55 projector family, mitted to the Working Group on Geodesy and Cartogra­ model E, is the product of cooperative efforts of engi­ phy of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, neers of Bausch & Lomb, Inc., and the Geological Sur­ by C. D. Whitmore, Chief Topographic Engineer. vey. The major changes in the model E are: (1) Brown channel symbolization for desert terrain addition of a thennostatic switch to prevent overheat­ In an effort to incorporate some of the graphic detail ing; (2) a cast-aluminum reflector to replace the coated- of aerial photographs into topographic maps, a proce­ plastic type; (3) a redesigned lens-canting mechanism dure has been developed by R. E. Altenhof en and others to provide more positive action; and (4) improvements for representing dry desert channels by a brown sand in the diapositive plateholder. pattern. These channels are not adequately represented The universal support assembly is a basic structure by contours in flat or gently sloping terrain, nor is it that will accommodate various types of stereoplotting appropriate to show them by the blue drainage sym­ projectors that have projection distances ranging from bols. With the proposed procedure they can be traced 400 to 760 mm. Unique design features are structural from aerial photographs and depicted by a brown dot rigidity, free support of a flat granite slab, and a uni­ pattern, preserving the arid appearance of the topogra­ versal pantograph mount. The electrical control sys­ phy. The procedure will be applied, for the most part, tem, suited to both ER-55 and Kelsh-type projectors, on maps of arid and semiarid regions of the West. also provides automatic light-balance control. Map content and presentation CARTOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES For the past 2 years a group headed by J. B. Row­ Edge isolation land has been reviewing and revising the standards for With practical procedures available for the produc­ selecting, classifying, and symbolizing features on topo­ tion of orthophotographs, development effort is being graphic quadrangle maps. The objectives are to (1) directed toward the use of enhanced photographic improve the value of quadrangle maps by adding detail imagery as a map substitute or as a replacement for that is beneficial to map users, and (2) revise map treat­ graphic symbols for certain types of map features. A ment and symbolization to conform to modern compila­ promising photolaboratory technique leading toward tion and cartographic techniques. These studies are these objectives has been developed by A. B. Clarke based on a recent extensive survey of map uses, and on (Art. 166). In this procedure, called edge isolation, about 10 years of experience in map production under a film positive or print may be produced that has the present standards. extremely opaque image edges, with other tonal gradu­ Revised standards resulting from this project have ations suppressed. The edge-isolated print is made by been issued for the mapping of buildings and populated a semiautomatic two-step process, using the infrared places, fencelines, powerlines, and other linear features, quenching action of a photographic contact printer. industrial plant areas, mines and related features, geo­ The resulting product has many of the characteristics graphic names, and boundaries. Studies are being RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS AND MAPPING A127 !made on revised standards for mapping roads, rail­ Eugene Zang. The model is built up of plastic sheets, roads, public-land subdivisions, hydrographic features, interleaved with map sections cut out along successive relief features, and woodland. In general, revised contour lines. The product is a more faithful rendition standards increase useful map content by the addition than the usual relief model, can be prepared without of permanent features of interest, and increase map special skills or equipment, and gives a remarkable accuracy by more precise and realistic symbols. illusion of reality, particularly when shaded-relief maps Relief models are used. A model of the Ries Crater in Germany was A simple but effective procedure for constructing re­ constructed by this method for exhibit at the Geneva lief models from contour maps has been devised by Conference for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. A128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICES MAIN CENTERS U.S. Geological Survey, Main Office, General Services Building, 18th and F Streets, N.W., Washington 25, D.C., Republic 7-1820. U.S. Geological Survey, Rocky Mountain Center, Federal Center, Denver 25, Colorado, Belmont 3-3611. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coast Center, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California, Davenport 5-6761.

PUBLIC INQUIRIES OFFICES Official in charge and Location telephone number Address Alaska, Anchorage Margaret I. Erwin (Broadway 2-8791) 503 Cordova Building. California, Los Angeles Lucy E. Birdsall (Richmond 9-4711, ext. 1031 Bartlett Building, 215 West 7th Street. 1255) California, San Francisco Jean V. Molleskog (Yukon 6-3111, ext. 232 Appraisers Building. 481) Colorado, Denver Lorene C. Young (Keystone 4-4151, ext. 468 New Custom House. 379) Utah, Salt Lake City Maurine Clifford (Davis 8-2911, ext. 428) 437 Federal Building. Texas, Dallas Mary E. Reid (Riverside 8-5611, ext. 3230) Room 602 Thomas Building, 1314 Wood Street. Washington, Spokane Eva M. Raymond (Temple 8-2084, ext. 30) South 157 Howard Street.

GEOLOGIC DIVISION FIELD OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUEBTO RICO [Temporary offices not included] Location Geologist in charge and telephone number Address Alaska, College Florence L. Weber (3263) P.O. Box 4004; Brooks Memorial Building. California, Los Angeles John T. McGill (Granite 3-0971, ext. 9881) Geology Building, University of California. Hawaii, Hawaii National Park James G. Moore Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Hawaii, Honolulu Charles G. Johnson District Building 96, Fort Armstrong. Kansas, Lawrence William D. Johnson, Jr. (Viking 3-2700) % State Geological Survey, Lindley Hall, University of Kansas. Kentucky, Lexington Paul W. Richards (4-2473) 496 Southland Drive. Maryland, Beltsville Sam H. Patterson (Tower 9-6430, ext. 470) U.S. Geological Survey Building, Depart­ ment of Agriculture Research Center. Massachusetts, Boston Lincoln R. Page (Kenmore 6-1444) 270 Dartmouth Street, Room 1. Mississippi, Jackson Esther R. Applin (Fleetwood 5-3223) 1202y2 North State Street. New Mexico, Albuquerque Charles B. Read (Chapel 7-0811, ext. 483) P.O. Box 4083, Station A; Geology Building, University of New Mexico. Ohio, Columbus James M. Schopf (Axminister 4-1810) Orton Hall, Ohio State University, 155 South Oval Drive. Ohio, New Philadelphia James F. Pepper (4-2353) P.O. Box 272; Muskingum Watershed Con­ servancy Building, 1319 Third Street, N.W. Pennsylvania, Mt. Carmel Jacques F. Robertson (339-4390) P.O. Box 366; 56 West 2d Street. Puerto Rico, Roosevelt Watson H. Monroe (San Juan 6-5340) P.O. Box 803. Tennessee, Knoxville Robert A. Laurence (2-7787) 11 Post Office Building. Utah, Salt Lake City Lowell S. Hilpert (Empire 4-2552) 231 East 4th Street, South. Washington, Spokane Albert E. Weissenborn (Temple 8-2084) South 157 Howard Street. Wisconsin, Madison Carl E. Dutton (Alpine 5-3311, ext. 2128) 213 Science Hall, University of Wisconsin. Wyoming, Laramie William R. Keefer (Franklin 5-4495) Geology Hall, University of Wyoming. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICES A129

SELECTED LIST OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION FIELD OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO [Temporary offices not included ; list current as of February 3, 1962] Official in charge* and Location telephone number Address Alabama, University William J. Powell (g) and Lamar E. Carroon P.O. Box V; Building 6, Smith Woods, Uni­ (s), (Plaza 2-8104) versity of Alabama. Alaska, Anchorage Roger M. Waller (g), (Broadway 2-8333) Room 501, Cordova Building, 555 Cordova Street. Alaska, Juneau Ralph E. Marsh (s), (Juniper 6-2815, ext. P.O. Box 2659; Room 111, 311 Fifth Street 61) Jilaska, Palmer Robert G. Schupp (q), (Pioneer 5-3450) P.O. Box 36, Wright Building. Arizona, Phoenix Herbert E. Skibitzke (g), (261-3456) Room 4018, Federal Building, 230 North 1st Avenue. Arizona, Tucson P. Eldon Dennis (g) and Douglas D. Lewis P.O. Box 4070; Geology Building, Univer­ (s), (Main 3-7731, ext. 291 and 294) sity of Arizona. Arizona, Yuma Charles C. McDonald (g), (Sunset 3-7841) P.O. Box 1488; 16 West 2nd Street Arkansas, Little Bock Richard T. Sniegocki (g), (Franklin 2-4361, Room 2307, Federal Building. ext. 270) John H. Bubble (q), (Franklin 2-4361, ext. Room 2007, Federal Building. 219) Ivan D. Yost (s), (Franklin 2-4361, ext. Room 2301, Federal Building. 246) California, Sacramento Fred Kunkel (g), (449-2563) and Eugene Room 8024, Federal Building, 650 Capitol Brown (q), (449-3174) Avenue. ^Connecticut, Hartford John Horton (s), (Jackson 7-3281, ext. 257) P.O. Box 715; Room 203, Federal Building. Connecticut, Middletown John A. Baker (g), (Diamond 6-6986) Room 204, Post Office Building. Delaware, Dover Philip P. Fannebecker (s), (Redfield 4-2506) P.O. Box 707, 604 Fairview Avenue. Delaware, Newark Donald R. Rima (g), (Endicott 8-1197) P.O. Box 24; 92 East Main Street Florida, Ocala Kenneth A. MacKichan (q) and Archibald Room 244, Federal Building. O. Patterson (s), (Marion 2-6513) Florida, Tallahassee Clyde S. Conover (g), (223-1693, 223-2636) P.O. Drawer 110, Gunter Building (corner of Tennessee and Woodward Streets). Georgia, Atlanta Harlan B. Counts (g), (Murray 8-5996) Room 416, 19 Hunter Street, South West. Albert N. Cameron (s), (Trinity 6-^3311, ext. Room 609, 805 Peachtree Street Building. i 5218) Hawaii, Honolulu Dan A. Davis (g), (58-831, ext. 260, 261) Room 332, First Insurance Building, 1100 Ward Avenue. Howard S. Leak (s), (58-831, ext. 251) Room 330, First Insurance Building, 1100 Ward Avenue. Idaho, Boise Wayne I. Travis (s), (344-4031) Room 215, 914 Jefferson Street. Maurice J. Mundorff (g), (342-5441) Room 205, 914 Jefferson Street. Illinois, Champaign William D. Mitchell (s), (Fleetwood 6-5221) 605 South Neil Street. Indiana, Indianapolis Malcolm D. Hale (s), (Melrose 8-5541) and Room 407, 611 North Park Avenue. Claude M. Roberts (g), (Melrose 2-1457) Iowa, Iowa City Vernal R. Bennion (s), (337-9345) 508 HydrauUc Laboratory. Walter L. Steinhilber (g), (338-1173) Geology Annex-State University of Iowa. Kansas, Lawrence Vinton C. Fishel (g), (Lawrence 2700, ext. c/o University of Kansas. 559) Kansas, Topeka Edward J. Kennedy (s), (Central 3-0521) P.O. Box 856; Room 403, Federal Building. Kentucky, Louisville Robert V. Cushman (g) and Floyd F. Schra- Room 310, Center Building, 522 West Jeffer­ der (s), (Juniper 4-1361, ext. 8235 and son Street. 8236) (Louisiana, Baton Rouge Fay N. Hansen (s), (924-4215) Room 215, Prudential Building, 6554 Florida Boulevard. Stanley F. Kapustka (q), (924-4215) Room 201, Prudential Building, 6554 Florida Boulevard. Rex R. Meyer (g), (Dickens 3-2873) P.O. Box 8516 ; University Station, Room 43, Atkinson Hall, Louisiana State Univer­ sity. *The small letter in parentheses following each official's name signifies his branch affiliation in the Water Resources Division as follows: g Ground Water Branch; q Quality of Water Branch; s Surface Water Branch; h General Hy­ drology Branch. A130 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 19«2 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

SELECTED LIST OF WATER BESOUBCES DIVISION FIELD OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUEBTO RICO Continued Official in charge* and Location telephone number Address Maine, Augusta Gordon S. Hayes (s) and Glenn C. Prescott Yickery Hill Building, Court Street. (g), (Mayfair 3-4511, ext. 250 and 350) Maryland, Baltimore Edmond G. Otton (g), (Belmont 5-0771) Room 103, Latrobe Hall, The Johns Hopkins University. Maryland, College Park Leslie W. Lenfest (s), (Warfield 7-6348) P.O. Box 37; Room 106, Engineering Class­ room Building, University of Maryland. Maryland, Rockville John W. Wark (q), (Poplar 2-2885) Room 3, Abbey Building, 3 North Perry Street. Massachusetts, Boston Richard G. Petersen (g), (Capitol 3-2725) Room 847, Oliver Building, 141 Milk Street Charles E. Knox (s), (Capitol 3-2726) Room 845, Oliver Building, 141 Milk Street. Michigan, Lansing Arlington D. Ash (s), (Ivanhoe 9-2431) and Room 407, Capitol Savings and Loan Build­ Morris Deutsch (g), (Ivanhoe 9-7913) ing. Minnesota, St. Paul Leon R. Sawyer (s), (Capitol 2-8011, ext Room 1610, New Post Office Building. 265) Richmond F. Brown (g) (Capitol 2-8011, Room 1002, New Post Office Building. ext 260) Mississippi, Jackson Joe W. Lang (g), (Fleetwood 5-2724) and P.O. Box 2052; Room 300, U.S. Post Office William H. Robinson (s), Fleetwood Building. 2-2718) Missouri, Holla Harry C. Bolon (s), (Emerson 4-1599) P.O. Box 138; 900 Pine Street. Missouri, St. Louis James W. Geurin (q) and Harry D. Wilson Room 728, U.S. Courthouse and Customs (g), (Main 1-8100 Sta 2361) House, 1114 Market Street. Montana, Billings Frank A, Swenson (g), (Alpine 9-2412) P.O. Box 1818; Rooms 201, 202, 212, 1 North 7th Street West. Montana, Helena Frank Stermitz (s), (442-4890) P.O. Box 1696; Room 409, Federal Building. Nebraska, Lincoln Don M. Culbertson (q), Charles F. Keech Room 132, Nebraska Hall, 901 North 17th (g), and Floyd F. Lefever (s), (Hemlock Street. 5-3273, ext. 346, 323, and 328) Nevada, Carson City Edwin E. Harris (s) and Glenn T. Malm- P.O. Box B; 809 North Plaza Street. berg (g), (Granite 2-1583) New Jersey, Trenton John E. McCall (s), (Export 4-5301, ext. P.O. Box 967; Room 433, Federal Building. 214) Alien Sinnott (g), (Export 4-5301, ext. 213) P.O. Box 1238; Room 432, Federal Building. New Mexico, Albuquerque William E. Hale (g) and Jay M. Stow (q), P.O. Box 4217; Geology Building, University (Chapel 7-0311, ext. 2248 and 2249) of New Mexico. New Mexico, Santa Fe Wilbur L. Heckler (s), (Yucca 2-1921) P.O. Box 277; Room 224, Federal Court­ house. New York, Albany Ralph C. Heath (g), Donald F. Dougherty P.O. Box 948; Rooms 342, 343, 348, Federal (s), Felix H. Pauszek (q), (Hobart Building. 3-5581) North Carolina, Raleigh Granville A. Billingsley (q) and Philip M. P.O. Box 2857; 4th Floor, Federal Building. Brown (g), (828-4345) ; Edward B. Rice (s), (834-6427) North Dakota, Bismarck Harlan M. Erskine (s), (Capitol3-3525) P.O. Box 750; Room 7, 202% 3rd Street. North Dakota, Grand Forks Edward Bradley (g), (774-7221) Box LL, University Station. Ohio, Columbus John J. Molloy (s), (Axminister 1-1602) 1509 Hess Street. George W. Whetstone (q), (Belmont 2822 East Main Street. 1-7553) Stanley E. Norris (g), (Capital 1-6411, ext. Room 554, U.S. Post Office Building, 85 281) Marconi Boulevard. Oklahoma, Oklahoma City Alvin R. Leonard (g), (Central 6-2311, ext. Room 4011, Federal Building, 200 Northwest 412) 4th Street. Richard P. Orth (q), (Orange 7-5022) P.O. Box 4355; 2800 South Eastern. Alexander A. Fischback, Jr. (s), (Central Room 4301, Federal Building, 1101 North 6-2311, ext. 257) Broadway. *The small letter in parentheses following each official's name signifies his branch affiliation in the Water Resources Division as follows: g Ground Water Branch; q Quality of Water Branch; s Surface Water Branch; h General Hy­ drology Branch. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICES A131

SELECTED LIST OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION FIELD OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO Continued Official in charge* and Location telephone number Address Oregon, Portland Kenneth N. Phillips (s), Bruce L. Fox- P.O. Box 3418; Federal Building, Depart­ worthy (g), and Leslie B. Laird (q), ment of Interior, 1002 N.E. Holladay (Belmont 4-3361, ext. 239, 236, and 241) Street Pennsylvania, Harrisburg Joseph E. Barclay (g), (Cedar 8-4925) 100 North Cameron Street. Robert E. Steacy (s), (Cedar 8-5151, ext. P.O. Box 421; 1224 Mulberry Street. 2724) Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Norman H. Beamer (q), (Market 7-6000, Room 1302, U.S. Custom House, 2nd and ext 274) 'Chestnut Streets. Puerto Rico, San Juan DeanB. Bogart (s), (723-3989) 1209 Fernandez Juncos Avenue, Santurce. Rhode Island, Providence William B. Alien (g), (Dexter 1-9312) Room 401-2, Federal Building, U.S. Post Office. South Carolina, Columbia Albert E. Johnson (s), (Alpine 2-2449) Room 210, Creason Building, 1247 Sumter Street. George E. Siple (g), (Alpine 3-7478) P.O. Box 5314; 627 Bull Street. South Dakota, Huron John E. Powell (g), (Elgyn 2-3756) P.O. Box 1412; Room 231, Federal Building. South Dakota, Pierre John E. Wagar (s), (Capital 4-7856) P.O. Box 216; Room 207, Federal Building. Tennessee, Chattanooga Joseph S. Oragwall, Jr. (s), (Amherst Room 823, Edney Building. 6-2725) Tennessee, Memphis EUiott M. Gushing (g), (Fairfax 3-4841) Memphis General Depot, U.S. Army. Tennessee, Nashville Joe L. Poole (g), (Cypress 8-2849) 90 White Bridge Road. Texas, Austin Charles H. Hembree (q), Alien G. Winslow Vaughn Building, 807 Brazos Street. (g), and Trigg Twichell (s), (Greenwood 6-6411) Utah, Salt Lake City Russell H. Langford (q), (Davis 2-3711) P.O. Box 2657; Building 504, Fort Douglas. Ted Arnow (g), (Davis 8-2911, ext. 436) Room 125, Empire Building, 231 East 4th South. Milton T. Wilson (s), (Davis 8-2911, ext. Room 130, Empire Building, 231 East 4th 434) South. Virginia, Charlottesville James W. GambreU (s), (293-2127) P.O. Box 3327; University Station Natural Resources Building, McCormick Road. Washington, Tacoma Arthur A. Garrett (g), (Greenfleld 4-4261) 3020 South 38th Street. Fred M. Veatch (s), (Fulton 3-1491) Room 207 Federal Building. West Virginia, Charleston Warwick L. Doll (s), (343-6181, ext. 311) 3303 New Federal Office Building, 500 Quar- rier Street East. West Virginia, Morgantown Gerald Meyer (g), (Linden 2-8103) University of West Virginia, 405 Mineral In­ dustries Building. Wisconsin, Madison Charles R. Holt Jr. (g), (Alpine 5-3311), Room 175 Science Hall, University of Wis­ ext 2329) consin. Kenneth B. Young (s), (Alpine 6-4411, ext. Room 699, State Office Building. 494) Wyoming, Gasper George L. Haynes, Jr. (s), (234-6339) P.O. Box 442; 150 South Jackson. Wyoming, Cheyenne Ellis D. Gordon (g) and Leon A. Wiard (s), P.O. Box 177; Frangos Building, 2121 Carey (634-2731, ext. 37 and 23) Avenue. Wyoming, Worland Thomas F. Hanly (q), (Fireside 7-2181) 1214 Big Horn Avenue. *The small letter in parentheses following each official's name signifies his branch affiliation in the Water Resources Division as follows: g Ground Water Branch; q Quality of Water Branch; s Surface Water Branch; h General Hy­ drology Branch. A132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF REiSULTS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICES IN OTHER, COUNTRIES GEOLOGIC DIVISION [List current as of September 1, 1962] Location Geologist in charge Mailing address Bolivia, La Paz Charles M. Tschanz U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, c/o American Embassy, La Paz, Bolivia. Brazil, Bio de Janeiro Alfred J. Bodenlos U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, c/o American Embassy, APO 676, New York, New York. Chile, Santiago William D. Carter U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy, Santiago, Chile. Germany, Heidelburg Jerald M. Goldberg U.S. Geological Survey Team Representative (Europe), Engineer Intelligence Center, APO 408, New York, New York. Indonesia, Bandung Robert F. Johnson U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, c/o American Embassy, Djakarta, Indonesia. Mexico, Mexico, D. F. Charles T. Pierson U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, c/o American Embassy, Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Pakistan, Quetta John A. Reinemund U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, c/o American Embassy, APO 271, New York, New York. Philippines, Manila Joseph F. Harrington U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy, APO 928, San Francisco, California. Thailand, Bangkok Louis S. Gardner U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy, APO 146, Box B, San Francisco, California.

WATER RESOURCES DIVISION [List current as of September 1, 1962] Location Official in charge Mailing address Afghanistan, Kabul Robert H. Brlgham U.S. Geological Survey, Lashkar Gah, c/o American Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan. Belgium, Mol Eugene S. Simpson U.S. Geological Survey, Waste-Disposal Service Center, Mol-Donk. Brazil, Bio de Janeiro Dagfin J. Cederstrom U.S. Geological Survey, APO 676, c/o Postmaster, New York, New York. Chile, Santiago William W. Doyel U.S. Geological Survey, c/o American Embassy, Chile, Department of State Mail Room, Washington 25, D.C. Iran, Tehran Alvin F. Pendleton U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, c/o American Embassy, APO 205, New York, New York. Libya, Benghazi James R. Jones U.S. Geological Survey, USOM, APO 231 (Box B), New York, New York. Nepal, Katmandu Daniel E. Havelka U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, APO 143, San Francisco, California. Pakistan, Lahore Maurice J. Mundorff U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, APO 271, New York, New York. Sudan, Khartoum Harry G. Rodis U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, Sudan, c/o American Embassy, Department of State Mail Room, Washington 25, D.C. Tunisia, Tunis Lee C. Dutcher U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, Tunisia, c/o American Embassy, Department of State Mail Room, Washington 25, D.C. Turkey, Ankara Leonard J. Snell U.S. Geological Survey, c/o US AID Mission, APO 254, New York, New York. United Arab Republic, Cairo Raymond W. Sundstrom U.S. Geological Survey, US AID Mission, Cairo, c/o Department of State Mail Room, Washington 25, D.C. COOPERATING AGENCIES A133

COOPERATING AGENCIES FEDERAL AGENCIES Agency for International Development Department of Justice Agricultural Research Service Department of State Air Force: District of Columbia, Government of Cambridge Research Center Federal Housing Administration Technical Application Center Federal Power Commission Army: Forest Service Corps of Engineers Atomic Energy Commission: Maritime Administration Division of Biology and Medicine National Park Service Division of Isotope Development Navy: Division of Reactor Development Bureau of Yards and Docks Military Application Division Office of Naval Research Raw Materials Division Ordnance Test Station Research Division Pacific Missile Range Special Projects Division National Aeronautical and Space Administration Bonneville Power Administration National Science Foundation Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Minerals Exploration Bureau of Land Management Outdoor Recreation Committee Bureau of Mines Public Health Service Bureau of Public Roads Soil Conservation Service Bureau of Reclamation Tennessee Valley Authority Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Coast Guard U.S. Study Commissions Southeast River Basins Department of Defense: Veterans Administration Advanced Research Projects Agency Weather Bureau STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL AGENCIES Alabama: Arkansas Continued Geological Survey of Alabama University of Arkansas: Alabama Highway Department Agricultural Experiment Station Department of Conservation Engineering Experiment Station Water Improvement Commission California: Calhoun County Board of Revenue California Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mobile County Mines Tuscaloosa County Board of Revenue State Department of Fish and Game City of Huntsville State Department of Water Resources City of Russellville Water Board Alameda County Water District Alaska: Calaveras County Water District Alaska Department of Natural Resources County of Los Angeles Department of County Engineers Alaska Department of Health Montecito County Water District Arizona: Monterey County Flood Control and Water Conservation State Land Department District Regents of the University of Arizona North Marin County Water District Superior Court, County of Apache, Arizona Orange County Flood Control District Maricopa County Flood Control District San Benito County Maricopa County Municipal Water Conservation District Santa Barbara County Water Agency No. 1 Santa Clara County Flood Control and Water Conserva­ City of Flagstaff tion District City of Tucson Santa Cruz County Flood and Water Conservation District Navajo Tribal Council City of Arcata Buckeye Irrigation Company City of San Diego Gila Valley Irrigation District San Francisco Water Department Salt River Valley Water Users Association San Luis Obispo Flood Control and Water Conservation San Carlos Irrigation and Drainage District District Arkansas: Santa Barbara Water Department Arkansas Game and Fish Commission East Bay Municipal Utility District Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission Georgetown Divide Public Utility District Arkansas State Highway Commission Hetch Hetchy Water Supply

661513 O 62- -10 A134 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL AGENCIES Continued California Continued Hawaii: Imperial Irrigation District State Department of Land and Natural Resources Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Honolulu, City and County of Palo Verde Irrigation District Idaho: San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation District Idaho Department of Highways Santa Maria Valley Water Conservation District Idaho Department of Reclamation Ventura River Municipal Water District Illinois: Colorado: State Department of Public Works and Buildings: Department of Natural Resources Division of Highways Office of State Engineer, Division of Water Resources Division of Waterways Colorado State Metal Mining Fund Board State Department of Registration and Education Colorado Water Conservation Board Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Cook County Department of Highways Fountain Head Drainage District Board of County Commissioners, Boulder County Colorado Springs Department of Public Utilities Northwest Illinois Metropolitan Planning Commission Denver Board of Water Commissioners Indiana: Arkansas River Compact Administration State Department of Conservation Division of Water Re­ Colorado River Water Conservation District sources Rio Grande Compact Commission State Highway Commission Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District Iowa: Connecticut: Iowa Geological Survey Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey Iowa State Conservation Commission State Highway Department Iowa Natural Resources Council State Water Resources Commission Iowa State Highway Commission Greater Hartford Flood Commission Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research Hartford Department of Public Works Iowa State University Agricultural Experiment Station New Britain Board of Water Commissioners Linn County Board of Supervisors Engineering Department City of Torrington City of Fort Dodge Department of Utilities Delaware: Kansas: Delaware Geological Survey State Geological Survey of Kansas, University of Kansas State Highway Department State Board of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources District of Columbia: State Board of Health District of Columbia Department of Sanitary Engineering State Highway Commission Florida: State Water Resources Board Florida Geological Survey City of Wichita: State Board of Parks and Historic Memorials Water Supply and Sewage Treatment Division State Road Department of Florida Metropolitan Area Planning Department Broward County Board of County Commissioners Kentucky: Collier County Board of County Commissioners Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky Dade County Board of County Commissioners Louisiana: Hillsborough County Board of County Commissioners Orange County Board of County Commissioners State Geological Survey State Department of Conservation Pinellas County Board of County Commissioners State Department of Highways Polk County Board of County Commissioners State Department of Public Works City of Fort Lauderdale Sabine River Compact Commission City of Jacksonville, Office of the City Engineer City of Jacksonville, City Commission Maine: City of Miami Department of Water and Sewerage Maine Public Utilities Commission City of Miami Beach Maryland: City of Naples State Department of Geology, Mines, and Water Resources City of Pensacola Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission City of Perry Commissioners of Charles County City of Pompano Beach City of Baltimore City of Tallahassee Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District Massachusetts: Trustees of Internal Improvement Fund State Department of Public Works: Georgia: Division of Waterways State Division of Conservation, Department of Mines, Min­ Division of Highways ing and Geology Massachusetts Water Resources Commission State Highway Department Boston Metropolitan District Commission COOPERATING AGENCIES A135 STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL AGENCIES Continued Michigan.: New York Continued Department of Conservation, Geological Survey Division Board of Hudson River-Black River Regulating District State Highway Department County of Dutchess Dutchess County Board of Super­ State Water Resource Commission visors .esota: County of Nassau Department of Public Works State Department of Conservation, Division of Waters Onondaga County Public Works Commission State of Minnesota Department of Highways Onondaga County Water Authority Board of County Commissioners of Hennepin County Rockland County Board of Supervisors Department of Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Suffolk County Board of Supervisors Mississippi: County of Suffolk Suffolk County Water Authority Mississippi Board of Water Commissioners County of Westchester Department of Public Works Mississippi State Highway Department City of Albany Department of Water and Water Supply ; Jackson County, Mississippi, Port Authority City of Auburn Water Department City of Corinth City of Jamestown Board of Public Utilities i City of Jackson New York City Board of Water Supply Mississippi Industrial and Technological Research New York City Department of Water Supply; Gas and Commission Electricity Missouri: Village of Nyack Board of Water Commissioners Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources Schenectady Water Department Missouri State Highway Commission Brighton Sewer District #2 Curators of the University of Missouri Oswegatchie-Cranberry Reservoir Commission Montana: North Carolina: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology North Carolina Department of Conservation and Develop­ State Engineer ment State Fish and Game Commission State Department of Water Resources State Highway Commission State Highway Commission State Water Conservation Board Martin County Board of County Commissioners City of Asheville Nebraska: City of Burlington Department of Water Resources City of Carey Department of Roads City of Charlotte University of Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division City of Durham Nebraska Mid-State Reclamation District City of Greensboro Sanitary District Number One of Lancaster County City of Waynesville [Nevada: North Dakota: Nevada Bureau of Mines, University of Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources North Dakota Geological Survey Department of Highways State Highway Department State Water Conservation Commission New Hampshire: New Hampshire Water Resources Board Ohio: Ohio Department of Health New Jersey: Ohio Department of Highways Department of Agriculture State Department of Conservation and Economic Develop­ Ohio Department of Natural Resources: ment Division of Geological Survey Department of Health Division of Water Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey City of Columbus Department of Public Service North Jersey District Water Supply Commission Miami Conservancy District Passaic Valley Water Commission Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission New Mexico: Oklahoma: State Engineer and School of Mines Oklahoma State Department of Health State Highway Department Oklahoma Water Resources Board New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Oklahoma City Water Department Interstate Stream Commission Oregon: Pecos River Commission Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Pecos Valley Artesian Conservation District State Engineer Rio Grande Compact Commission State Highway Department New York: Board of Higher Education State Conservation Department Oregon State Colleg* Department of Fish and Game Man­ State Department of Commerce agement ! State Department of Health Oregon State Sanitary Authority State Department of Public Works Oregon Water Resources Department New York Water Resources Commission County Court of Douglas County A136 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS O'F RESULTS

STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL AGENCIES Continued Oregon Continued Utah Continued County Court of Josephine County Salt Lake County County Court of Lane County Bear River Compact Commission County Court of Morrow County Vermont: City of Dallas State Water Resources Board City of Dalles City Virginia: City of Eugene Water and Electric Board City of McMinnville Water and Light Department Department of Highways City of Portland County of Chesterfield County of Fairfax City of Toledo City of Alexandria Coos Bay North Bend Water Board Talent Irrigation District City of Charlottesville City of Newport News Department of Public Utilities Pennsylvania: City of Norfolk Division of Water Supply Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Department of Internal Affairs City of Roanoke State Department of Agriculture City of Staunton State Department of Forests and Waters Washington: State Department of Health State Department of Conservation : City of Bethlehem Division of Mines and Geology City of Harrlsburg Division of Water Resources City of Philadelphia State Department of Fisheries Conestoga Valley Association, Inc. State Department of Game Rhode Island: State Department of Highways State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations State Pollution Control Commission Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle State Department of Public Works Division of Harbors City of Seattle and Rivers City of Tacoma South Carolina: West Virginia: State Development Board State Conservation Commission State Highway Department State Geological and Economic Survey State Public Service Authority State Road Commission State Water Pollution Control Authority State Water Resources Commission City of Spartanburg Public Works Department Clarksburg Water Board South Dakota: Wisconsin: State Geological Survey Wisconsin Conservation Department South Dakota Department of Highways Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Univer­ South Dakota Water Resources Commission sity of Wisconsin Tennessee: State Highway Commission Tennessee Department of Conservation and Commerce: Public Service Commission of Wisconsin Division of Geology State Committee on Water Pollution Division of Water Resources Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District Tennessee Game and Fish Commission Tennessee Department of Highways and Public Works Wyoming: Tennessee Department of Public Health Stream Pollution Geological Survey of Wyoming Control State Engineer's Office City of Chattanooga Wyoming Highway Department Memphis Board of Light, Gas, and Water Commissioners, Wyoming Natural Resource Board Water Division City of Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities Texas: Commonwealth: Texas Department of Agriculture Puerto Rico: Texas A & M Research Foundation Aqueduct and Sewer Authority Texas Water Commission Department of Public Works Pecos River Commission Economic Development Administration Rio Grande Compact Commission Industrial Development Company Sabine River Compact Administration Water Resources Authority City of Dallas Unincorporated Territories: Utah: American Samoa: Utah State Engineer Government of American Samoa Utah Water and Power Board Guam: State Department of Fish and Game Government of Guam State Road Commission of Utah Virgin Islands of the United States : University of Utah Government of the Virgin Islands GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS A137

INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS | Investigations in progress in the Geologic and Water Projects that include a significant amount of geologic Resources Divisions during the fiscal year 1962 are mapping are indicated by asterisks. One asterisk (*) listed below, together with the names and headquarters indicates mapping at a scale of a mile to the inch or \>f the individuals in charge of each. The list includes larger, and two asterisks (**) indicate mapping at a $ome projects that have been completed except for scale smaller than a mile to the inch. publication of final results, and a few that have been The projects are classified by State or similar unit temporarily recessed. Headquarters for major offices and are repeated as necessary to show work in more are indicated by the initials (W) for Washington, D.C., than one State. However, projects that deal with areas (D) Denver, Colo., and (M) for Menlo Park, Calif. involving four or more States are listed only under the Headquarters in other cities are indicated by name; see heading "Large Regions of the United States." list of offices on preceding pages for addresses. For Topical investigations, such as commodity studies projects in the Water Resources Division, a lowercase and studies of geologic and hydrologic processes and ietter before the city initial or name indicates the unit methods, are listed under the single most appropriate mder which the project is administered: g, Branch of topical heading, even though the work may deal with jrround Water; s, Branch of Surf ace Water; q, Branch more than one subject. Topical investigations that )f Quality of Water; h, Branch of General Hydrology; involve specific areas are also listed under regional md w, Water Resources Division. headings.

REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS Large regions of the United States: Large regions of the United States Continued Geologic map of the United States Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology, western interior P. B. King (M) United States Gravity map of the United States W. A. Cobban (D) H. B. Joesting (W) Jurassic stratigraphic paleontology of North America Paleotectonic map folio Permian System B. W. Imlay (W) E. D. McKee (D) Midcontinent Devonian investigations Paleotectonic map folio Mississippian System E. B. Landis (D) L. 0. Craig (D) Silurian and Devonian stratigraphic paleontology of the Paleotectonic map folio Pennsylvanian System Great Basin and Pacific coast E. D. McKee (D) C. W. Merriam (W) Bibliography of North American geology Ordovician stratigraphic paleontology of the Great Basin M. Cooper (W) and Bocky Mountains Subsurface-data center B. J. Boss, Jr. (D) L. C. Craig (D) Thermal pollution of streams Correlation of airborne radioactivity data and areal geology G. E. Harbeck (h. D) J. A. Pitkin (W) Changes below dams (river channels) Cross-country aeromagnetic profiles M. G. Wolman (h, Baltimore) E. B. King (W) Hydrology of the public domain Synthesis of geologic data on Atlantic Coastal Plain and H.V. Peterson (h, M) Continental Shelf Fluvial denudation in the United States J. E. Johnston (W) A. W. Gambell, Jr. (q, Arlington, Va.) Geology of the Piedmont region of the Southeastern States General studies of erosion and sedimentation (monazite) G. G. Parker (h, D) W. C. Overstreet (W) Igneous rocks of Southeastern United States Effect of mechanical treatment on arid land in the Western C. Milton (W) United States Geology of the Appalachian Basin with reference to disposal F. A. Branson (h, D) of high-level radioactive wastes Chemical characteristics of larger public water supplies in G. W. Colton (W) the United States Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Northeastern United C. N. Durfor (q, W) States Geohydrology of the Mississippi Embayment P. Popenoe (W) W. J. Wellborne (q, Fayetteville, Ark.) Middle and Late Tertiary history of parts of the Northern Collection of basic records on chemical quality and sedi­ Bocky Mountains and Great Plains ment of surface waters of the United States N. M. Denson (D) S. K. Love (q, W) Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Pacific coast Variance in water quality and environment D. L. Jones (M) A. W. Gambell, Jr. (q, Arlington, Va.) A138 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Large regions of the United States Continued Alabama Continued Reconnaissance of fluvial sediment in the Potomac River Autauga County (ground water) basin J. C. Scott (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) J. W. Wark (q, Rockville, Md.) Bullock County (ground water) Water-supply exploration on the public domain (Western J. C. Scott (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) States) Calhoun County (ground water) N.J.E3ng(g,D) J. C. Warman (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Summary of the ground-water situation in the United Cherokee County (ground water) States L. V. Causey (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) C. L. McGuinness (g, W) Calhoun County surface-water resources Geochemistry of water in carbonate rocks J. B. Harkins (s,Tuscaloosa, Ala.) W. Back (g, W) Geologic and hydrologic profiles in Clarke County Geology and hydrology of the Central and Northeastern L. D. Toulmin (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) States as related to the management of radioactive Colbert County (ground water) materials H. B. Harris (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) W. C. Basmnssen (g, Newark, Del.) Escambia County (ground water) Mississippi Embayment hydrology J. W. Cagle (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) E. M. dishing (g, Memphis, Tenn.) Etowah County (ground water) Geology and hydrology of Great Plains States as related to L. V. Causey (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) the management of radioactive materials Franklin County (ground water) W. C. Basmussen (g, Newark, Del.) B. B. Peace (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Geology and hydrology of the Western States as related to Hale County (ground water) the management of radioactive materials Q. F. Paulson (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) R. W. Maclay (g, St. Paul, Minn.) Lauderdale County (ground water) Alabama: H. B. Harris (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Coal resources Limestone County (ground water) W. C. Culbertson (D) W. M. McMaster (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians Lawrence County (ground water) B, P. Sheldon (D) W. F. Harris (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent states Marshall County (ground water) L. a Conant (Tripoli, Libya) T. H. Sanford (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Mesozoic rocks of Florida and the eastern Gulf coast Morgan County (ground water) E. B, Applin (Jackson, Miss.) C. L. Dodson (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) *Warrior quadrangle, (coal) Pickens County (ground water) W. C. Culbertson (D) J. G. Newton (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Geomorphology of Bussell Gave Bussell County (ground water) J. T. Hack (W) J. C. Scott (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Subsurface geologic study of Alabama St. Clair County (ground water) W. J. Powell (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) L. V. Causey (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Limestone-terrane hydrology Tuscaloosa County (ground water) F. A. Swenson (g, D) Q. F. Paulson (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Artesian water in Tertiary limestones in Florida, southern Athens and vicinity (ground water) Georgia, and adjacent parts of Alabama and South W. M. McMaster (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Carolina Elkmont quadrangle, Limestone County (geology) " V. T. Stringfleld (w, W) W. M. McMaster (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Precipitation records Huntsville and Madison County (ground water) L. K. Carroon (s, Tnacaloosa, Ala.) T. H. Sanford (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Stream profiles (surface water) Bussellville and vicinity (ground water) L. B. Peirce (s, Tnacaloosa, Ala.) B. B. Peace (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Reconnaissance of chemical quality of Alabama streams Salem quadrangle, Limestone County (geology) B. N. Cherry (q, Ocala, Fla.) W. M. McMaster (g. Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Flood gaging Sylacauga area (ground water) L. E. Carroon (s, Tnscaloosa, Ala.) G. W. Swindel (g, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Local floods Alaska: L. B. Peirce (s, Tnscaloosa, Ala.) Temperatures of lake waters General geology: L. EL Carroon (s, Tnscaloosa, Ala.) Index of literature on Alaskan geology Unit graphs and infiltration rates (surface water) E. H. Cobb(M) L. B. Peirce (s, Tnscaloosa, Ala.) Geologic map Bridge-site studies (water) G. O. Gates (M) L. B. Peirce (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Tectonic map Geologic and hydrologic profile along the Chattahoochee G. Gryc (W) River Glacial map L. D. Tonlmin (g, Tnscaloosa, Ala.) D. M. Hopkins (M) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A139

Alaska Continued Alaska Continued General geology Continued Mineral resources Continued Landformmap *Klukwan iron district H. W. Coulter (W) E. C. Bobertson (W) Physiographic diyisions Quicksilver deposits, southwestern Alaska C. Wahrhaftig (M) E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) Bock-types map Southern Brooks Range (copper, precious metals) L. A. Vehle (W) W. P. Brosge" (M) Engineering soils map Nome C-l and D-l quadrangles (gold) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) C. L. Hummel (Bangkok, Thailand) Climatic map Tofty placer district (gold, tin) A. T. Feraald (W) D. M. Hopkins (M) Vegetation map Seward Peninsula tin investigations L. A. Spetxman (W) P. L. Killeen (W) Compilation of geologic maps, 1:2oO,000 quadrangles Lost Biver mining district (tin and beryllium) W. H. Gondon (M) C. L. Sainsbury (M) Mesozoic stratigraphy Heceta-Tnxekan area (high-calcium limestone) W. W. Patton and A. Grantz (M) G.D.Eberlein(M) Cenozoic mollusks Gulf of Alaska Tertiary province (petroleum) F. S. MacNeil (M) G. Plafker (M) "Central and northern Alaska Cenozoic Northern Alaska petroleum investigations D. M. Hopkins (M) G. Gryc (W) Aleutian Trench Trinity Island Iniskin-Tnxedni region G. W. Moore (M) B. L. Detterman (M) 'Eastern Aleutian Islands *Nelchina area (petroleum) R. E. Wilcox (D) A. Grantz (M) 'Western Aleutian Islands Lower Tukon-Koyukuk area (petroleum) B. E. Wilcox (D) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) *Bnckland and Huslia Bivers area, west-central Alaska Beluga-Yentna area (coal) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) F. F. Barnes (M) *Charley River quadrangle Matanuska coal field E. E. Brabb (M) F. F. Barnes (M) *Delong Mountains and Point Hope quadrangles Matanuska stratigraphic studies (coal) I. L. Tailleur (M) A. Grantz (M) Fairbanks quadrangle Nenana coal investigations F. B. Weber (College, Alaska) C. Wahrhaftig (M) Petrology and volcanism, Katmai National Monument Engineering geology and permafrost: G. H. Cttrtis (M) Surflcial and engineering geology studies and construction Diamna quadrangle materials sources B. L. Detterman (M) T. L. Pew£ (College, Alaska) " Livengood quadrangle Origin and stratigraphy of ground ice in central Alaska B. Taber (M) T. L. Pew6 (College, Alaska) Mount Michelson area Surflcial geology of the Anchorage-Matanuska Glacier E. G. Sable (Elizabethtown, Ky.) area (construction-site planning) Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Nelchina area T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) H. B. Bergqnist (W) Surflcial geology of the Barter Island-Mi. Chamberlin area Shungnak-Hnghes area C. B. Lewis (W) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) Surflcial geology of the Bristol Bay area (construction-site Windy-Curry area planning) B. Kachadoorian (M) H. B. Schmoll (W) Southern Wrangeil Mountains Nuclear test-site evaluation, Chariot E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) G. D. Eberlein (M) Lower Yukon-Norton Sound region Surflcial geology of the lower Chitina Valley (construction- J. M. Hoare (M) site planning) Mineral resources: L. A. Yehle (W) Metallogenic provinces Surflcial geology of the northeastern Copper Biver (con­ C. L. Sainsbury (M) struction-site planning) Geochemical prospecting techniques O. J. Ferrians, Jr. (Glennallen, Alaska) B. M. Chapman (D) Surflcial geology of the southeastern Copper Biver (con­ Begional geology and mineral resources, southeastern struction-site planning) Alaska D.B.Nichols(W) R.A.Loney (M) Snrficial geology of the southwestern Copper Biver basin Uranium-thorium reconnaissance (construction-site planning) E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) J. B. Williams (W) A140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF REiSULTS

Alaska Continued Arizona: Engineering geology and permafrost Continued General geology: * Surficial geology of the eastern Denali Highway (construc­ Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations tion-site planning) E. M. Shoemaker (M) D. R. Nichols (W) Terrestrial impact structures, Meteor Crater * Surficial geology of the Johnson River district (construc­ E. M. Shoemaker (M) tion-site planning) Devonian rocks and paleogeography of central Arizona H. L. Foster (W) C. Teichert (D) **Surficial geology of the Kenai lowland (construction-site Devonian rocks of northwestern Arizona planning) C. Teichert (D) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) Stratigraphy of the Redwall limestone **Kobuk River valley (construction-site planning) E. D. McKee (D) A. T. Fernald (W) History of Supai-Hermit formations *Mt. Hayes D-3 and D-4 quadrangles (construction-site E. D. McKee (D) planning) *Cibecue-Grasshopper area T. L. Pew6 (College, Alaska) T. L. Finnell (D) * Surficial geology of the Seward-Portage Railroad (construc­ * Southern Cochise County tion-site planning) P. T. Hayes (D) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) *Elgin quadrangle Surficial geology of the Stiese Highway area (construction- R. B. Raup (D) site planning) W. E. Davies (W) "Upper Gila River basin, Arizona-New Mexico *Surficial geology of the Upper Tanana River (construction- R. B. Morrison (D) site planning) *Heber quadrangle A. T. Fernald (W) E. J. McKay (D) Surficial geology of the Taylor Highway area (construction- *Holy Joe Peak quadrangle site planning) M. H. Krieger (M) H. L. Foster (W) *Mount Wrightson quadrangle * Surficial geology of the Valdez-Tiekel belt (construction- H. Drewes (D) site planning *Show Low quadrangle H. W. Coulter (W) E. J. McKay (D) Surficial geology of Yukon Flats area (construction-site Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies planning) H. R. Joesting (W) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) Safford Valley geophysical studies **Engineering geology of Yukon-Koyukuk lowland G. E. Andreason (W) F. R. Weber (College, Alaska) Mineral resources: Geophysical studies: Geochemical halos of mineral deposits Aeromagnetic surveys L. C. Huff (D) D. F. Barnes (M) *McFadden Peak and Blue House Mountain quadrangles Regional gravity surveys (asbestos) D. F. Barnes (M) A. F. Shride (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chariot site R. G. Bates (W) ""Christmas quadrangle (copper, iron) Water resources: C. R. Willden (M) General inventory of ground water *Bradshaw Mountains (copper) R. M. Waller (g, Anchorage, Alaska) C. A. Anderson (W) Relationship of permafrost to ground water *Globe-Miami area (copper) J. R. Williams (g, Anchorage, Alaska) D. W. Peterson (M) Water-supply investigations for U.S. Air Force *Klondyke quadrangle (copper) A. J. Feulner (g, Anchorage, Alaska) F. S. Simons (D) Anchorage area (ground water) *Contact-metamorphic deposits of the Little Dragoons area D. J. Cederstrom (g, W) (copper) Water utilization at Anchorage J. R. Cooper (D) R. M. Waller (g, Anchorage, Alaska) *Mammoth and Benson quadrangles (copper) Project Chariot (ground water) S. C. Creasey (M) R. M. Waller (g, Anchorage, Alaska) *Prescott-Paulden area (copper) Chugiak area (ground water) M. H. Kreiger (M) R. M. Waller (g, Anchorage, Alaska) *Twin Buttes area (copper) Cordova area (ground water) J. R. Cooper (D) R. M. Waller (g, Anchorage, Alaska) *Lochiel and Nogales quadrangles (lead, zinc, copper) Fairbanks area (ground water) F. S. Simons (D) D. J. Cederstrom (g, W) *Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona and Homer area (ground water) Utah R. M. Waller (g, Anchorage, Alaska) R. B. O'Sullivan (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A141

Arizona Continued Arizona Continued Mineral resources Continued Water resources Continued """Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uran­ Fort Huachuca (ground water) ium, vanadium) H. G. Page (g, Tucson, Ariz.) D. G. Wyant (D) Luke Air Force Base (ground water) Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, J. M. Cahill (g, Tucson, Ariz.) vanadium) Navajo Indian Reservation (ground water) L. C. Craig (D) M. E. Cooley (g, Tucson, Ariz.) Lithologic studies, Colorado Plateau Papago Indian Reservation (ground water) R. A. Cadigan (D) L.A. Heindl (g, W) Clay studies, Colorado Plateau Rainbow Valley Waterman Wash (ground water) L. G. Schultz (D) F. R. Twenter (g, Tucson, Ariz.) Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau Deep aquifers in the Salt River valley (uranium, copper) D. G. Metzger (g, Tucson, Ariz.) J. H. Stewart (M) San Simon basin (ground water) San Rafael Group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau N. D. White (g, Tucson, Ariz.) (uranium) Verde Valley (ground water) J. C. Wright (W) D. G. Metzger (g, Tucson, Ariz.) Studies of uranium deposits Willcox basin (ground water) H. C. Granger (D) S. G. Brown (g, Tucson, Ariz.) *Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium) Arkansas: J. D. Strobell (D) Aeromagnetic interpretation, Wichita Mountains system Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks and A. Griscom (W) ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium, Aeromagnetic prospecting for bauxite vanadium, copper) A. Jesperson (W) A. T. Miesch (D) Barite deposits Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasis D. A. Brobst (D) on the Colorado Plateau * Arkansas Basin (coal) R. P. Fischer (D) B. R. Haley (D) Uranium deposits of the Dripping Spring Quartzite of *Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas) southeastern Arizona T. A. Hendricks (D) H. C. Granger (D) *Northern Arkansas oil and gas investigations Water resources: E. E. Glick (D) The geohydrologic environment as related to water utiliza­ Magnet Cove niobium investigations tion in arid lands L. V. Blade (Paducah, Ky.) E. S. Davidson (g, Tucson, Ariz.) Artificial recharge of aquifers Lower Colorado River Basin hydrology R. T. Sniegocki (g, Little Rock, Ark.) C. C. McDonald (g, Yuma, Ariz.) Evapotranspiration theory and measurement Flood investigations R. C. Christensen (s, Fort Smith, Ark.) O. E. Leppanen (h, Phoenix, Ariz.) Use of water by saltcedar in evapotranspirometer compared Low-flow frequency studies with energy budget and mass transfer computation J. L. Patterson (s, Fort Smith, Ark.) (Buckeye) Arkansas River valley (ground water) T. E. A. Van Hylckama (h, Phoenix, Ariz.) M. S. Bedinger (g, Little Rock, Ark.) Effect of removing riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash Arkansas River valley reconnaissance (ground water) (water) R. M. Cordova (g, Little Rock, Ark.) J. E. Bowie (s, Tucson Ariz.) Bradley, Calhoun, and Ouachita Counties (ground water) Piping, an erosional phenomenon in certain silty soils of D. R. Albin (g, Lifole Rock, Ark.) arid and semi-arid regions Crittenden County (ground water) G. G. Parker, R. C. Miller, and I. S. McQueen (h, D) R. O. Plebuch (g, Little Rock, Ark.) Flood investigations, Maricopa County Artificial recharge, Grand Prairie region (ground water) J. E. Bowie (s, Tucson, Ariz.) R. T. Sniegocki (g, Little Rock Ark.) Sycamore Creek basin (water) Pea Ridge Military Park (ground water) A. Wilson (s, Tucson, Ariz.) R. O. Plebuch (g, Little Rock, Ark.) Study of channel flood-plain aggradation of Tusayan Ouachita Mountains (ground water) Washes R. M. Cordova (g, Little Rock, Ark.) R. F. Hadley (h, D) Ground water along U.S. Highway 70 from Pulaski County Central Apache County (ground water) to Crittenden County J. P. Akers (g, Tucson, Ariz.) H. N. Halberg (g, Little Rock, Ark.) Northwestern Pinal County- (ground water) Reconnaissance study of quality of water in Smackover W. F. Hardt (g, Tucson, Ariz.) Big Sandy valley (ground water) Creek W. Kam (g, Tucson, Ariz.) J. P. Reer (q, Fayetteville, Ark.) Flagstaff area (ground water) Surface-water resources of the White River basin, 1948-59 J. P. Akers (g, Tucson, Ariz.) J. W. Hubble (q, Fayetteville, Ark.) A142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

California: California Continued General geology: Mineral resources Continued Genozoic Foraminifera of California Chromite deposits of northern California P. J. Smith (M) F. G. Wells (W) Foraminifera of the Lodo Formation *Panamint Butte quadrangle, including special geochemical M. C. Israelsky (M) studies (lead-silver) *San Andreas fault W. B. Hall (W) L. F. Noble (Valyermo, Calif.) *New York Butte quadrangle (lead-zinc) Glacial geology of the west-central Sierra Nevada region W. C. Smith (M) F. M. Fryxell (Rock Island, 111.) Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, Oregon- * South-central Mojave Desert California T. W. Dibblee, Jr. (M) P. B. Hotz (M) *California Coast Range ultramaflc rocks * Eastern Los Angeles basin (petroleum) E. H. Bailey (M) J. B. Schoellhamer (W) Glaucophane schist terranes within the Franciscan For­ *Mt Diablo area (quicksilver, copper, gold, silver) mation B. H. Pampeyan (M) R. G. Coleman (M) *Bishop tungsten district *Ash Meadows quadrangle, California and Nevada P. C. Bateman (M) C. S. Denny (W) *Geologic study of the Sierra Nevada batholith (tungsten, *Big Maria Mountains quadrangle gold, base metals) W. B. Hamilton (D) P. C. Bateman (M) *Blanco Mountain quadrangle *Bastern Sierra tungsten area: Devil's Postpile quadrangle C. A. Nelson (Los Angeles, Calif.) (tungsten, base metals) *Petrology of the Burney area N. K. Huber (M) G. A. MacDonald (Honolulu, Hawaii) Western oxidized-zinc deposits *Condrey Mountain quadrangle A. V. Heyl (W) P. B. Hotz (M) Engineering geology: Geology and paleontology of the Cuyama Valley area *Surficial geology of the Beverly Hills, Venice, and Topanga G. Vedder (M) quadrangles, Los Angeles (urban geology) *Death Valley J. T. McGill (Los Angeles, Calif.) C. B. Hunt (Baltimore, Md.) *Malibu Beach quadrangle (urban geology) *Funeral Peak quadrangle R. F. Yerkes (M) H. D. Drewes (D) "Oakland Bast quadrangle (urban geology) *Independence quadrangle D. H. Radbruch (M) D. C. Ross (M) *Point Dume quadrangle (urban geology) *Merced Peak quadrangle J. B. Schoellhamer (W) D. L. Peck (M) *San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco North quadrangle *Mt. Pinchot quadrangle (urban geology) J. G. Moore (M) J. Schlocker (M) *Northwest Sacramento Valley (petroleum) *San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco South quadrangle R. D. Brown, Jr. (M) (urban geology) *Salinas Valley M. G. Bonilla (M) D. L. Durham (M) * San Mateo quadrangle (urban geology) *San Nicolas Island G. O. Gates (M) J. G. Vedder (M) Geophysical studies: *Shuteye Peak area Rocks and structures of the Los Angeles basin, and their N. K. Huber (M) gravitational effects Structural geology of the Sierra foothills mineral belt T. H. McCulloh (Riverside, Calif.) (copper, zinc, gold, chromite) L. D. Clark (M) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Los Angeles *Weaverville, French Gulch, and Hayfork quadrangles, K. G. Brooks (W) southern Klamath Mountains Sacramento Valley and Coast Range geophysical studies W. P. Irwin (M) G.D.Bath (M) Mineral resources: Geophysical studies, San Francisco Bay area G. D. Bath (M) Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, Oregon, and Nevada (boron) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, San Francisco W. C. Smith (M) J. A. Pitkin (W) *Furnace Creek area (boron) Sierra Nevada geophysical studies J. F. McAllister (M) H. W. Oliver (M) *Western Mojave Desert (boron) Water resources: T. W. Dibblee, Jr. (M) Lower Colorado River Basin hydrology *Geology and origin of the saline deposits of Searles Lake C. C. McDonald (g, Yuma, Ariz.) (boron) Agricultural Research Service soil-moisture study G. I. Smith (M) R. B. Bvenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A143

I California Continued California Continued Water resources Continued Water resources Continued Springs of California San Francisco Bay barriers (ground water) Robert Brennan (q, Sacramento, Calif.) G. M. Hogenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Water-loss and water-gain studies in California San Nicholas Island (ground water) W. C. Peterson (s,M) R. W. Page (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Floods from small areas in California Santa Barbara County (ground water) L. B. Young (s, M) R. B. Bvenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Natural water loss, southern California Reservoir evaporation, San Diego County W. Hofmann (s, M) W. Hofmann (s, M) North Pacific coast area (surface water) Santa Maria Valley (ground water) W. Hofmann (s,M) R. E. Bvenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Occurrence and distribution of minor elements in fresh and Sierra Ordnance Depot (ground water) saline waters of California G. S. Hilton (g, Sacramento, Calif.) W. D. Silvey (q, Sacramento, Calif.) South coast basins (ground water) Solute composition and minor-element distribution in R. E. Evenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) lacustrine closed basins A study of some effects of diversion works on the Trinity B. F. Jones (q, W) River Solute-solid relations in lacustrine closed basins of the al­ George Porterfield (q, Sacramento) kali-carbonate type Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Training Center (ground B.F.Jones (q,W) water) Clastic sedimentation in a bolson environment H. B. Dyer (g, Sacramento, Calif.) L. K. Lustig (q, Boston, Mass.) Cache Creek sediment investigation Colorado: George Porterfield (q, Sacramento, Calif.) General geology: Stony Gorge Reservoir sedimentation survey Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, northwestern Colorado and C. A. Dunnam (q, Sacramento, Calif.) northeastern Utah Snowmelt hydrology of a Sierra Nevada stream A.D. Zapp (D) W. Hofmann (s, M) Tuffs of the Green River Formation Flood inundation, Lower Bel River R. L. Griggs (D) W. Hofmann (s, M) Investigation of Jurassic stratigraphy, south-central Wyo­ Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base (ground water) ming and northwestern Colorado J. S. Bader (g, Sacramento, Calif.) G. N. Pipiringos (D) Death Valley National Monument (ground water) Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy, Front Range F. Kunkel (g, Sacramento, Calif.) E. K. Maughn (D) Bdwards Air Force Base (ground water) Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Pierre Shale, Front W. R. Moyle (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Range area, Colorado and Wyoming Inyokern Naval Ordnance Test Station (ground water) W. A. Cobban and G. R. Scott (D) F. Kunkel (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Lithologic studies, Colorado Plateau Lower Mojave area, west part (ground water) R. A. Cadigan (D) G. M. Hogenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Clay studies, Colorado Plateau Dale Lake area (ground water) L. G. Schultz (D) G. M. Hogenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Ducor-Famoso area (ground water) "Berthoud Pass quadrangle G. & Hilton (g, Sacramento, Calif.) P. K. Theobald (D) Furnace Creek and Pinto Basin (ground water) "Bottle Pass quadrangle G. M. Hogenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) R. B. Taylor (D) Kaweah-Tule area (ground water) Petrology and geochemistry of the Boulder Creek batholith, M. G. Croft (g, Sacramento, Calif.) Colorado Front Range Kern River fan (ground water) G. Phair (W) R. H. Dale (g, Sacramento, Calif.) "Boulder quadrangle Livermore Valley investigation (Alameda Creek basin) R. F. Wilson and C. T. Wrucke (D) (water resources) "Cameron Mountain quadrangle R. T. Riser (q, Sacramento, Calif.) M. G. Dings (D) Lompoc Plain (ground water) "Central City quadrangle R. B. Bvenson (g, Santa Barbara, Calif.) P. K. Sims (Minneapolis, Minn.) Oak Mountain Air Force Facility (ground water) "Eldorado Springs quadrangle G. A. Miller (g, Sacramento, Calif.) J. D. Wells (D) Point Arguello (ground water) "Empire quadrangle R. B. Evenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) W. A. Braddock (D) Point Mugu area (ground water) "Glenwood Springs quadrangle R. W. Page (g, Sacramento, Calif.) N. W. Bass (D) San Antonio Valley (ground water) *Precambrian rocks in Idaho Springs area R. B. Bvenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) R. H. Moench (D) A144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Colorado Continued Colorado Continued General geology Continued Mineral resources Continued Petrology an

Colorado Continued Connecticut: Engineering geology and geophysical studies Continued General geology: Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Rocky Flats * Stratigraphy and structure of Taconic rocks J. A. MacKallor (W) E-an Zen (W) Water resources: *Ansonia, Mount Carmel, and Southington quadrangles; bed­ Occurrence and development of ground water in Colorado rock geologic mapping J. A. McConaghy (g, D) C. E. Fritts (D) Characteristics of municipal water supplies in Colorado *Ashley Falls and Bashbish Falls quadrangles, Massa­ E. A. Moulder (g, D) chusetts and Connecticut, and Egremont quad­ Use of plant species or communities as indicators of soil- rangle, Massachusetts; surficial geologic mapping moisture availability J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) F. A. Branson (h, D) *Ashaway quadrangle, Rhode Island and Connecticut; bed­ Study of the mechanics of hillslope erosion rock geologic mapping S. A. Schumm (h, D) T. G. Feininger (Boston, Mass.) Effects of sediment characteristics on fluvial morphology *Ashaway and Watch Hills quadrangles, Connecticut and hydraulics Rhode Island; surficial geologic mapping S. A. Schumm (h, D) J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.) Effects of grazing exclusion in Badger Wash area *Bristol and New Britain quadrangles, bedrock geologic G. C. Lusby (h, D) mapping Bent County (ground water) H. E. Simpson (D) J. H. Irwin (g, D) *Broad Brook and Manchester quadrangles Ogallala Formation, eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties R. B. Colton (D) (ground water) *Columbia, Fitchville, Marlboro, and Willimantic quad­ A. J. Boettcher (g, D) rangles ; bedrock geologic mapping Huerfano County (ground water) G. L. Snyder (D) T. G. McLaughlin (g, D) *Durham quadrangle Kit Carson County (ground water) H. E. Simpson (D) G. H. Chase (g, D) *Hampton, Plainfield, and Scotland quadrangles; bedrock Otero County and part of Crowley County (ground water) geologic mapping W. G. Weist (g, D) H. R. Dixon (Boston, Mass.) Prowers County (ground water) *Meriden quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping P. T. Voegel (g, D) P. M. Hanshaw (Boston, Mass.) Pueblo and Fremont Counties (ground water) *Montville, Mystic, New London, Niantic, and Uncasville H. E. McGovern (g, D) quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping Washington County (ground water) R. Goldsmith (Boston, Mass.) H. E. McGovern (g, D) *Mystic, New London, and Niantic quadrangles; surficial Yuma County (ground water) geologic mapping W. G. Weist (g, D) R. Goldsmith (D) Hydrology of Arkansas River basin Canon City to State *New Hartford quadrangle line R. W. Schnabel (D) C. T. Jenkins (g, D) *Southwick quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connecticut Arkansas River basin (surface water) R. W. Schnabel (D) C. T. Jenkins (s, D) * Springfield South quadrangle, Massachusetts and Con­ necticut Big Sandy valley below Limon (ground water) J. H. Hartshorn and C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.) D. L. Coffin (g, D) *Tariffville and Windsor Locks quadrangles; bedrock geo­ Cache La Poudre valley (ground water) logic mapping L. A. Hershey (g, D) R. W. Schnabel (D) Denver Basin (ground water) *Thompson quadrangle, Connecticut and Rhode Island G. H. Chase (g, D) P. M. Hanshaw and H. R. Dixon (Boston, Mass.) Fountain and Jimmy Camp Valleys (ground water) *Voluntown quadrangle, Rhode Island and Connecticut E. D. Jenkins (g, D) T. G. Feiniger (Boston, Mass.) Fluvial sedimentation and runoff in Kiowa Creek *Watch Hill quadrangle, Connecticut-Rhode Island; bedrock J. C. Mundorff (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) geologic mapping Investigation of trap efficiencies of K-79 Reservoir, Kiowa G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio) Creek basin *West Springfield quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connec­ J. C. Mundorff (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) ticut North and Middle Parks (ground water) R. B. Colton (D) and J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) P. T. Voegel (g, D) Hartford North quadrangle Rocky Mountain Arsenal (ground water) R. V. Cushman (g, Middletown, Conn.) M. C. Van Lewen (g, D) Recognition of late glacial substages in New England and Ute Mountain-Ute Indian Reservation (ground water) New York J. H. Irwin (g. D) J. E. Upson (g, Mineola, N.Y.) A146 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Connecticut Continued Florida Continued Water resources: Northeastern Broward County (ground water) North-central Connecticut (ground water) G. R. Tarver (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) R. V. Cushman (g, Middletown, Conn.) Collier County (ground water) Bristol-Plainville-Southington area (ground water) H. J. McCoy (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) A. M. LaSala, Jr. (g, Middletown, Conn.) Dade County (ground water) Fannington-Granby area (ground water) H. Klein (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) A. D. Randall (g, Middletown, Conn.) Salt-water encroachment studies in Dade County Water resources of Connecticut Part 1, Quinebaug River H. Klein (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) basin Area B, Dade County (ground water) Chester E. Thomas, Jr. (q. Albany, N.Y.) C. B. Sherwood (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Water resources, Quinebaug River basin Duval, Nassau, and Baker Counties (ground water) A. D. Randall (g, Albany, N.Y.) Tarver, G. (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Lower Quinnipiac and Mill River lowlands (ground water) Glades and Hendry Counties (ground water) A. M. LaSala, Jr. (g, Middletown, Conn.) W. F. Lichtler (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) TarinMlle quadrangle (surficial geology) Orange County (water resources) A. D. Randall (g, Middletown, Conn.) W. F. Lichter (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Watch Hill quadrangle (ground water) Polk County (ground water) K. B. Johnson (g, Providence, R.I.) H. G. Stewart (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Waterbury-Bristol area (ground water) St. Johns, Flagler, and Putnam Counties (ground water) B. V. Cushman (g, Middletown, Conn.) D. W. Brown (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Delaware: Enconflna Creek basin area (water resources) Water-table and engineering mapping R. H. Musgrove (s, Ocala, Fla.) D. H. Boggess (g, Newark Del.) Salinity in the Miami River Chemical quality Natural waters of Delaware S. D. Leach (s, Ocala, Fla.) P. W.* Anderson (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) Water resources of Myakfca River basin Salinity conditions of lower Delaware River basin K. A. MacKichan (q, Ocala, Fla.) D. McCartney (q, Philadephia, Pa.) Salt-water encroachment in the Lewes-Rehoboth area Snake Creek Canal salinity study D. B. Rima (g, Newark, Del.) F. A. Kohout (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) New Castle County (ground water) Snapper Creek, Snake Creek, and Levee 30 studies (ground D. R. Rima (g, Newark, Del.) water) Newark area (ground water) C. B. Sherwood (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) D. B. Bima (g, Newark, Del.) Water resources of the Tampa Bay area Bed Clay Valley (ground water) K. A. MacKichan (q, Ocala, Fla.) D. H. Boggess (g, Newark, Del.) Georgia: Florida: Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf Coast R. P. Sheldon (D) E. R. Applin (Jackson, Miss.) Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf coast Subsurface Paleozoic rocks of Florida E. R. Applin (Jackson, Miss.) J. M. Berdan (W) Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent States *Land-pebble phosphate deposits L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya) J. B. Cathcart (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Georgia Nuclear Phosphate deposits of northern Florida Aircraft Laboratory G. H. Espenshade (W) J. A. MacKallor (W) Bridge-site studies (surface water) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River R. W. Pride (s, Ocala, Fla.) Plant, Georgia and South Carolina Artesian water in Tertiary limestones in Florida, southern R. G. Schmidt (W) Georgia, and adjacent parts of Alabama and Artesian water in Tertiary limestones in Florida, southern South Carolina Georgia, and adjacent parts of Alabama and South V. T. Stringfield (w, W) Carolina Physical characteristics of selected Florida lakes V. T. Stringfield (w, W) W. E. Kenner (s, Ocala, Fla.) Mechanics of diffusion, fresh and salt water River-systems studies H. H. Cooper (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) A. N. Cameron (s, Atlanta, Ga.) Special studies, surface water Relation of geology to low flow R. W. Pride (s, Ocala, Fla.) O. J. Cosner (s, Atlanta, Ga.) Alachua, Bradford, Clay, and Union Counties (water Low-flow studies resources) R. F. Carter (s, Atlanta, Ga.) W. E. Clark (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Areal flood studies Alachua, Bradford, Clay, and Union Counties (surface C. M. Bunch (s, Atlanta, Ga.) water) Flood gaging B. W. Pride (s, Ocala, Fla.) C. M. Bunch (s, Atlanta, Ga.) Central Broward County (ground water) Bridge-site investigations (surface water) H. Klein (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) C. M. Bunch (s, Atlanta, Ga.) REGIONAL rNVBSTI<3ATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A147 j Georgia Continued Idaho Continued Stratigraphy of the Trent marl and related units General geology Continued P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) *Leadore and Patterson quadrangles Solution subsidence of a limestone terrane in southwest E. T. Ruppel (D) Georgia **Mackay quadrangle S. M. Herrick (g, Atlanta, Ga.) C. P. Ross (D) Paleozoic rock area, Bartow County *Morrisson Lake quadrangle, Montana and Idaho M. G. Croft (g, Atlanta, Ga.) E. T. Cressman (Lexington, Ky.) Paleozoic rock area, Chattooga County (ground water) *Metamorphism of the Orofino area C. W. Cressler (g, Atlanta Ga.) A. Hietanen-Makela (M) Floyd County (ground water) *Owyhee and Mt City quadrangles, Nevada-Idaho H. B. Counts (g, Atlanta, Ga.) R.R. Coats (M) Lee and Sumter Counties (ground water) *Riggins quadrangle V. Owen (g, Atlanta, Ga.) W. B. Hamilton (D) Mitchell County (ground water) **Regional geology and structure of the central Snake River V. Owen (g, Atlanta, Ga.) plain Seminole, Decatur, and Grady Counties (ground water) H. A. Powers (D) V. Owen (g, Atlanta, Ga.) * Snake River valley, American Falls region Paleozoic rock area, Walker County (ground water) D. E.Trimble (D) C. W. Cressler (g, Atlanta, Ga.) * Snake River valley, western region 'Salt-water encroachment in the Brunswick area H. A. Powers (D) R. L. Wait (g, Atlanta, Ga.) Petrology of volcanic rocks, Snake River valley Georgia Nuclear Laboratory area (ground water) H. A. Powers (D) J*. W. Stewart (g, Atlanta, Ga.) **Geologic mapping of the Spokane-Wallace region, Washing­ Maconarea (ground water) ton-Idaho H. E. LeGrand (w, W) A. B. Griggs (M) Salt-water encroachment in the Savannah area *Yellow Pine quadrangle H. B. Counts (g, Atlanta, Ga.) B. F. Leonard (D) Hawaii: Mineral resources: Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of Hawai­ *Greenacres quadrangle, Washington-Idaho (high-alumina ian volcanology clays) D. H. Richter (Hawaii) P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.) High-alumina weathered basalt on Kauai, Hawaii *Blackbird Mountain area (cobalt) S. H. Patterson (W) J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) Hydrologic studies *Coeud d'Alene mining district (lead, zinc, silver) G. T. Hiroshima (s, Honolulu, Hawaii) S. W. Hobbs (W) Effects of land and water use on ground water *Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana-Idaho F. N. Visher (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) R. L. Parker (D) Flood gaging, Oahu *Aspen Range-Dry Ridge area (phosphate) E. Pearson (s, Honolulu, Hawaii) V. E. McKelvey (W) Central and southern Oahu (ground water) *Soda Springs quadrangle, including studies of the Bannock F. N. Visher (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) thrust zone (phosphate) Mokuleia-Waialua area, Oahu (ground water) F. C. Armstrong (Spokane, Wash.) I D. A. Da vis (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) *Radioactive placer deposits of central Idaho | Waianae district, Oahu (ground water) D. L. Schmidt (D) F. N. Visher (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) *Mt Spokane quadrangle, Washington and Idaho (uranium) Windward Oahu (ground water) A. E. Wiessenborn (Spokane, Wash.) K. J. Takasaki (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) Geophysical studies: Idaho: Pacific Northwest geophysical studies General geology: W. E. Davis (M) **South-central Idaho Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, National Reactor C. P.Ross (D) Testing Station *Bancroxt quadrangle R. G. Bates (W) S. S. Oriel (D) Water resources: *Geochemistry and metamorphism of the Belt Series, Clark Flood investigations Fork and Packsaddle Mountain quadrangles, Idaho S. O. Decker (s, Boise, Idaho) and Montana Aberdeen-Springfield area (ground water) J. E. Harrison (D) H. G. Sisco (g, Boise, Idaho) *Big Creek quadrangle American Falls (ground water) B. F. Leonard (D) M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) *Doublesprings quadrangle Artesian City area (ground water) W. J.Mapel (D) E. G. Corsthwaite (g, Boise, Idaho) * Jarbidge area, Nevada and Idaho Challis area (ground water) R. R. Coats (M) M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) A148 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Idaho Continued Indiana Continued Water resources Continued Northwestern Indiana (ground water) Little Lost River basin (water resources) J. S. Rosenshein (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) Southeastern Indiana (ground water) Michaud Flats (ground water) J. S. Rosenshein (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) E. G. Crosthwaite (g, Boise, Idaho) West-central Indiana (ground water) Mud Lake Basin (ground water) F. A. Watkins (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) P. R. Stevens (g, Boise, Idaho) Adams County (ground water) Geology, hydrology, and waste disposal at the National F. A. Watkins (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) Reactor Testing Station Clay, Greene, Owen, Sullivan, and Vigo Counties (ground R.L. Nace (w, W) water) Hydrology of subsurface waste disposal, National Reactor F. A. Watkins (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) Testing Station Fountain, Montgomery, Parke, Putnam, and Vermillion P. H. Jones, (g, Boise, Idaho) Counties (ground water) Research on hydrology, National Reactor Testing Station F. A. Watkins (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) E. H. Walker (g, Boise, Idaho) Bunker Hill Air Force Base (ground water) Unsaturated flow, National Reactor Testing Station F. A. Watkins (g, Indianapolis, Ind.) P. H. Jones (g, Boise, Idaho) Iowa: Teton Basin (ground water) Coal resources of Iowa M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) E. R. Landis (D) Salmon Falls Creek area (ground water) * Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque E. G. Crosthwaite (g, Boise, Idaho) J. W. Whitlow (W) Sand Point area (ground water) * Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district E. H. Walker (g, Boise, Idaho) J. W. Whitlow (W) Spokane River valley (ground water) Central Iowa aeromagnetic survey M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) J. R. Henderson (W) Feasibility of artificial recharge of the Snake Plain aquifer *Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) (urban geology) Tipper Star Valley (ground water) R. D. Miller (D) M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) Low-flow frequency studies Lower Teton Basin (ground water) H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) E. G. Crosthwaite (g, Boise, Idaho) Channel-geometry studies (surface water) Upper Weiser basin (ground water) H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) Flood profiles and flood frequency studies Illinois: H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago Floods from small areas G. M. Flint, Jr. (W) H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) Geologic development of the Ohio River valley The Mississippian aquifer of Iowa L. L. Ray (W) W. L. Steinhilber (g, Iowa City, Iowa) * Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque Cerro Gordo County (ground water) J. W. Whitlow (W) W. L. Steinhilber (g, Iowa City, Iowa) *Wiseonsin zinc-lead mining district Linn County (ground water) J. W. Whitlow (W) R. E. Hansen (g, Iowa City, Iowa) Low-flow frequency analyses Kansas: W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign, 111.) Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma, Low-flow partial-record investigation Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate) D. W. Ellis (s, Champaign, 111.) W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan) Floods from small areas Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign. 111.) E. T. McKnight (W) Bridge-site studies (surface water) Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sedgwick Basin (oil and gas) W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign. 111.) W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) Northeastern Illinois inundation mapping *Shawnee County (oil and gas) W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign. 111.) W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) * Wilson County (oil and gas) Indiana: H. C. Wagner (M) Geologic development of the Ohio River valley Flood investigations L. L. Ray (W) L. W. Furness (s, Topeka, Kans.) *Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle. Kentucky Effects of sediment characteristics on fluvial morphology and Indiana hydraulics L. L. Ray (W) S. A. Schumm (h, D) Lake mapping and stabilization (surface water) Northwestern Kansas (ground water) D. C. Perkins (s, Indianapolis, Ind.) S. W. Fader (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Low-flow characteristics Southwestern Kansas (ground water) R. E. Hoggatt (s, Indianapolis, Ind.) S. W. Fader (g, Lawrence, Kans.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A149

Kansas Continued Kentucky Continued Brown County (ground water) *Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Kentucky, C. K. Bayne (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Tennessee, and Virginia Cowley County (ground water) L. D. Harris (W) C. K. Bayne (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Geophysical studies in Kentucky Decatur County (ground water) J. S. Watkins (W) J. M. McNellis (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge National Ells worth County (ground water) Laboratory area W. Ives (g, Lawrence, Kans.) R. G. Bates (W) Finney, Kearny, and Hamilton Counties (ground water) Public and industrial water supplies of Kentucky S. W. Fader (g, Lawrence, Kans.) H. T. Hopkins (g, Louisville, Ky.) Grant and Stanton Counties (ground water) Geochemistry of natural waters of Kentucky S. W. Fader (g, Lawrence, Kansas) G. E. Hendrickson (g, Louisville, Ky.) Johnson County (ground water) Hydrology of large springs in Kentucky H. G. O'Connor (g, Lawrence, Kans.) T. W. Lambert (g, Louisville, Ky.) Linn County (ground water) Flood-frequency study W. J. Seevers (g, Lawrence, Kans.) J. A. McCabe (s, Louisville, Ky.) Miami County (ground water) Bridge-site studies (surface water) D. M. Miller (g, Lawrence, Kans.) C. H. Hannum (s, Louisville, Ky.) Neosho County (ground water) Low-flow frequency and flow duration W. J. Jungman (g, Lawrence, Kans.) J .A. McCabe (s, Louisville, Ky.) Montgomery County (ground water) Drainage-area compilation H. G. O'Connor (g, Lawrence, Kans.) H. C. Beaber (s, Louisville, Ky.) Pratt County (ground water) Rainfall-runoff relations C. W. Lane (g, Lawrence, Kans.) J. A. McCabe (s, Louisville, Ky.) Rush County (ground water) Study of the hydrologic and related effects of strip mining t J. McNellis (g, Lawrence, Kans.) in Beaver Creek watershed Sedgwick County (ground water) J. J. Musser (q, Columbus, Ohio) C. W. Lane (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Alluvial terraces of the Ohio River (ground water) Trego County (ground water) W. E. Price (g, Louisville, Ky.) W. G. Hodson (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Jackson Purchase area (ground water) Wallace County (ground water) L. M. MacCary (g, Louisville, Ky.) W. G. Hodson (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Louisville area (ground water) i Fluvial sediment in the Arkansas River basin E. A. Bell (g, Louisville, Ky.) James C. Mundorff (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Mammoth Cave area (water resources) Sedimentation in the Little Arkansas River basin G. E. Hendrickson (g, Louisville, Ky.) J. C. Mundorff (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Louisiana: i Fluvial sediment in the Lower Kansas River basin Flood investigations J. C. Mundorff (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) Chemical quality of water in the South Fork Ninnescah AVater-supply characteristics of Louisiana streams River basin L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) A. M. Diaz (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Public water supplies in Louisiana Chemical quality of surface waters and sedimentation in J. L. Snider (g, Baton Rouge, La.) the Saline River drainage basin Compilation of quality of surface water records in P. R. Jordan (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Louisiana Chemical quality of water in the Walnut River basin S. F. Kapustka (q, Baton Rouge, La.) Robert F. Leonard (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Southeastern Louisiana (ground water) Emergency water supplies in the Wichita area M. D. Winner (g, Baton Rouge, La.) C. W. Lane (g, Lawrence, Kans.) Southwestern Louisiana (ground water) A. H. Harder (g, Baton Rouge, La.) Kentucky: Bossier-Caddo Parishes (water resources) * Geologic mapping in Kentucky L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) P. W. Richards (Lexington, Ky.) Bossier and Caddo Parishes (ground water) Geologic development of the Ohio River valley H. C. May (g, Baton Rouge, La.) L. L. Ray (W) East and West Feliciana Parishes (ground water) *Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, Ken­ C. O. Morgan (g, Baton Rouge, La.) tucky-Indiana Natehitoches Parish (ground water) L. L. Ray (W) R. Newcome (g, Baton Rouge, La.) Clay deposits of the Olive Hill bed of eastern Kentucky Rapides Parish (ground water) J. W. Hosterman (W) R. Newcome (g, Baton Rouge, La.) *Eastern Kentucky coal investigations Rapides Parish (water resources) K. J. Englund (W) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) Fluorspar deposits of northwestern Kentucky Red River Parish (ground water) R. D. Trace (Princeton, Ky.) R. Newcome (g, Baton Rouge, La.)

661513 O 62 11 A150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Louisiana Continued Maryland Continued Sabine Parish (ground water) Mass movement and surface runoff in an upland wooded R. Newcome (g, Baton Rouge, La.) hillslope Vernon Parish (ground water) L. B. Leopold (w, W) J. E. Rogers (g, Baton Rouge, La.) Scour of river beds during high flow Baton Rouge area (ground water) L. B. Leopold (w, W) C. O. Morgan (g,. Baton Rouge, La.) Allegany and Washington Counties (ground water) Baton Rouge-New Orleans valley area (ground water) T. H. Slaughter (g, Baltimore, Md.) G. T. Cardwell (g, Baton Rouge, La.) Anne Arundel County (ground water) Trap efficiency of reservoir on Bayou Dupont watershed F. K. Mack (g, Baltimore, Md.) S. F. Kapustka (q, Baton Rouge, La.) Charles County (ground water) Ouachita River basin (quality of surface waters) T. H. Slaughter (g, Baltimore, Md.) D. E. Everette (q, Baton Rouge, La.) Northern and western Montgomery County (ground water) Reconnaissance study, quality of water, vicinity of Monroe, P. M. Johnston (g, Baltimore, Md.) La. Prince Georges County (ground water) S. F. Kapustka (q, Baton Rouge, La.) F. K. Mack (g, Baltimore, Md.) Tallulah area (ground water) Fort George G. Meade (ground water) A. N. Turcan, Jr. (g, Baton Rouge, La.) E. G. Otton (g, Baltimore, Md.) Maine: Potomac River basin (ground water) *Regional Paleozoic stratigraphy P.M. Johnston (g, W) R. B. Neuman (W) Sharpsburg area (ground water) Aeromagnetic surveys E. G. Otton (g, Baltimore, Md.) J. W. Allingham (W) Massachusetts: Gravity studies, northern Maine Geophysical studies in Massachusetts M. F. Kane (W) R. W. Bromery (W) * Southeastern Aroostook County (manganese) Research and application of geology and seismology to L. Pavlides (W) public works planning *Attean quadrangle C. R. Tuttle and R. N. Oldale (Boston, Mass.) A. L. Albee (Pasadena, Calif.) Sea-cliff erosion studies *Bedrock geology of the Danforth, Forest, and Vanceboo C. A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.) quadrangles Central Cape Cod, subsurface studies D. M. Larrabee (W) R. N. Oldale, C. R. Tuttle, and C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.) * Greenville quadrangle * Stratigraphy and structure of Taconic rocks G. H. Espenshade (W) E-an Zen (W) *Electromagnetic and geologic mapping in Island Falls quad­ *Ashley Falls and Bashbish Falls quadrangles, Massachusetts rangle and Connecticut, and Egremont quadrangle, Mas­ F. C. Frischknecht (D) sachusetts ; surficial geologic mapping *Kennebago Lake quadrangle J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) E. L. Boudette (W) *Assawompsett Pond quadrangle * Phillips quadrangle C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.) R. H. Moench (D) *Athol quadrangle * Geophysical and geologic mapping in the Stratton quad­ D. F. Eschman (Ann Arbor, Mich.) rangle *Ayer quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping A. Griscom (W) R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.) *The Forks quadrangle *Bellerica, Lowell, Tyngsboro, and Westford quadrangles F. C. Canney and E. V. Post (D) R. H. Jahns (University Park. Pa.) Coastal area of southwestern Maine (ground water) *Blue Hills quadrangle G. C. Prescott (g, Augusta, Maine) N. E. Chute (Syracuse, N.Y.) Maryland: * Clinton and Shrewsbury quadrangles; bedrock geologic Clay deposits mapping M. M. Knechtel (W) R. F. Novotny (Boston, Mass.) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Vir­ * Concord quadrangle ginia and Maryland N. P. Cuppels and C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.) S. K. Neuschel (W) *Duxbury and Scituate quadrangles *Allegany County (coal) N. E. Chute (Syracuse, N.Y.) W. de Witt, Jr. (W) * Georgetown quadrangle *Beltsville quadrangle (urban geology) N. P. Cuppels (Boston, Mass.) C. F. Withington (W) *Greenfield quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping Geophysical studies, Montgomery County R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.) A. Griscom (W) *Lawrence, Reading, South Groveland, and Wilmington Engineering geology, Washington metropolitan area quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping H. W. Coulter (W) R. O. Castle (Los Angeles, Calif.) Low-flow analyses Norwood quadrangle L. W. Lenfest (s, College Park, Md.) N. E. Chute (Syracuse, N.Y.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A151

I|Iassachusetts Continued Michiga n C ontinued I *Plainfield quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping Jordan River National Fish Hatchery (ground water) i P. H. Osberg (Orono, Maine) R. F. Brown (g, St. Paul, Minn.) * Reading and Salem quadrangles; surficial geologic mapping Artificial recharge at Kalamazoo R. N. Oldale (Boston, Mass.) J. E. Reed (g, Lansing, Mich.) *Rowe and Heath quadrangles, Massachusetts and Vermont Marquette Iron Range (water resources) A. H. Chidester (D) and J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) S. W. Wiitala (s, Lansing, Mich.) * Salem quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping Menominee County (gound water) P. Toulmin, III (W) K. E. Vanlier (g, Lansing, Mich.) *Southwick quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connecticut Minnesota: R. W. Schnabel (D) Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region * Springfield South quadrangle, Masschusetts and Connecticut G. D. Bath (M) J. H. Hartshorn and C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Elk River *Taunton quadrangle J. A. Pitkin (W) J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) *Cuyuna North Range (iron) *West Springfield quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connecticut R. G. Schmidt (W) R. B. Colton (D) and J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) Flood-frequency analysis Low-flow characteristics C. H. Prior (s, St. Paul, Minn.) G. K. Wood (s, Boston, Mass.) Small-area flood gaging Southeastern Massachusetts (ground water) C. H. Prior (s, St. Paul, Minn.) O. M. Hackett (g, Boston, Mass.) Clay County (ground water) Western Massachusetts (ground water) R. F. Brown (g, St. Paul, Minn.) O. M. Hackett (g, Boston, Mass.) Kittson, Marshall, and Roseau Counties (ground water) Assabet River basin (ground water), G. R. Schiner (g, St. Paul, Minn.) R. G. Peterson (g, Boston, Mass.) Nobles County and part of Jackson County (ground water) Brockton-Pembroke area (ground water) R. F. Norvitch (g, St. Paul, Minn.) R. G. Peterson (g, Boston, Mass.) Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities in the Ipswich River drainage basin (ground water) Mesabi Range area J. A. Baker (g, Boston, Mass.) R. D. Cotter (g, St. Paul, Minn.) Lowell area (ground water) Surficial geology of Mesabi Vermilion Iron Range O. M. Hackett (g, Boston, Mass.) R. D. Cotter (g, St. Paul, Minn.) Lower Merrimack valley (ground water) Bedrock topography of the eastern Mesabi Range area, St. J. A. Baker (g, Boston, Mass.) Louis County Wilmington-Reading area (ground water) E. L. Oakes (g, St. Paul, Minn.) O. M. Hackett (g, Boston, Mass.) Bedrock topography of the western Mesabi Range, Itasca Parker and Rowley River drainage basins (ground water) County J. A. Baker (g, Boston, Mass.) E. L. Oakes (g, St. Paul, Minn.) Southern Plymouth County (ground water) Aurora area (ground water) J. M. Weigle (g, Boston, Mass.) R. W. Maclay (g, St. Paul, Minn.) Michigan: Duluth Air Force Base (ground water) Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region J. E. Rogers (g, St. Paul, Minn.) G. D. Bath (M) Grand Rapids area (ground water) *Lake Algonquin drainage E. L. Oakes (g, St. Paul, Minn.) J. T. Hack (W) Hibbing area (ground water) *Michigan copper district R. F. Norvitch (g, St. Paul, Minn.) W. S. White (W) Mountain Iron-Virginia area (ground water) * Southern Dickinson County (iron) R. D. Cotter (g, St. Paul, Minn.) R. W. Bayley (M) Nett Lake area (ground water) *Eastern Iron County (iron) R. F. Norvitch (g, St. Paul, Minn.) K. L. Wier (D) Redwood Falls area (ground water) *Iron River-^Crystal Falls district (iron) G. R. Schiner (g, St. Paul, Minn.) H. L. James (Minneapolis, Minn.) Twin Cities area (ground water) * East Marquette district (iron) R. F. Brown (g, St. Paul, Minn.) J. E. Gair (D) *Negaunee and Palmer quadrangles, (iron) Mississippi: J. E. Gair (D) Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf coast Alger County (ground water) E. R. Applin (Jackson, Miss.) K. S. Vanlier (g, Lansing, Mich.) Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent States Battle Creek area (ground water) L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya) M. Deutsch (g, Lansing, Mich.) Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods North Branch Clinton River basin (surface water) F. S. MacNeil (M) S. W. Wiitala (s, Lansing, Mich.) Geologic and hydrologic environment of Tatum salt dome Elsie area (ground water) (test-site evaluation) K. E. Vanlier (g, Lansing, Mich.) W. S. Twenhofel (D) A152 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Mississippi Continued Montana Continued Drainage-area determination General geology Continued J. D. Shell (s, Jackson, Miss.) 'Geochemistry and inetamorphism of the Belt Series, Clark Floods from small basins Fork and Packsaddle Mountain quadrangles, Idaho K. V. Wilson (s, Jackson, Miss.) and Montana Bridge-site studies (surface water) J. E. Harrison (D) K. V. Wilson (s, Jackson, Miss.) *Big Sandy Creek area Low-flow characteristics R. M. Lindvall (D) H. G. Golden (s, Jackson, Miss.) *Quaternary geology of the Browning area and the east slope Salt-water encroachment along the Mississippi Gulf coast of Glacier National Park J. W. Lang (g, Jackson, Miss.) G. M. Richmond (D) Southwestern Mississippi (water resources) *Duck Creek Pass quadrangle B. J. Harvey (g, Jackson, Miss.) W. H. Nelson (Hopkinsville, Ky.) Cretaceous aquifers in Mississippi *Gravelly Range-Madison Range J. W. Lang (g, Jackson, Miss.) Alcorn County (ground water) J. B. Hadley (W) E. H. Boswell (g, Jackson, Miss.) Earthquake investigations, Hebgen Lake Lauderdale County (ground water) J. B. Hadley (W) and I. J. Witkind (D) E. H. Boswell (g, Jackson, Miss.) *Maudlow quadrangle Geohydrologic studies of salt domes with emphasis on B. Skipp (D) Tatum Dome *Morrison Lake quadrangle, Montana and Idaho C. A. Armstrong (g, Jackson, Miss.) E. T. Cressman (Lexington, Ky.) Delta area (ground water) Petrology and chromite resources of the Stillwater ultra- B. E. Wasson (g, Jackson, Miss.) mafic complex Pascagoula River basin (ground water) E. D. Jackson (W) E. J. Harvey (g, Jackson, Miss.) *Sun River Canyon area Water resources of Pascagoula River basin M. R. Mudge (D) E. J. Harvey (g, Jackson, Miss.) * Tepee Creek quadrangle Pearl River basin (ground water) I. J. Witkind (D) B. E. Ellison (g, Jackson, Miss.) *Three Forks quadrangle Missouri: G. D. Robinson (D) Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma, *Toston quadrangle Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate) G. D. Robinson (D) W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan) *Willis quadrangle "Lead deposits of southeastern Missouri W. B. Myers (D) T. H. Kiilsgaard (W) * Petrology of the Wolf Creek area Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas R. G. Schmidt (W) E. T. McKnight (W) Mineral resources: Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Ore deposits of southwestern Montana southeast Missouri H. L. James (Minneapolis, Minn.) J. W. Allingham (W) *Boulder batholith area (base, precious, and radioactive Terrestrial impact structures, Decaturville Dome metals) D.J.Milton (M) M. R. Klepper (W) Sediment transport, Mississippi River at St. Louis, Mo. Manganese deposits of the Philipsburg area (manganese P. R. Jordan (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) and base metals) Flood investigations on small areas W. C. Prinz (W) E. H. Sandhaus (s, Rolla, Mo.) *Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana and Idaho Low-flow characteristics of Missouri streams H. C. Bolon (s, Rolla, Mo.) R. L. Parker (D) *Livingston-Trail Creek area (coal) Montana: A. E. Roberts (D) General geology: Powder River coal fields Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology of northwestern R. P. Bryson (W) Montana Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria Formation in W. A. Cobban (D) southwestern Montana (phosphate, minor ele­ Stratigraphy of the Belt Series C. P. Ross (D) ments) Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre Shale, Mon­ E. R. Cressman (Lexington, Ky.) tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Phosphate deposits of south-central Montana Nebraska R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.) H. A. Tourtelot (D) * Geology of the Winnett-Mosby area (oil and gas) * Alice Dome-Sumatra area W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) H. R. Smith (D) Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, * Petrology of the Bearpaw Mountains North Dakota and South Dakota W. T. Pecora (W) C. A. Sandberg (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A153

5 [on tana Continued Nebraska Continued Engineering geology: Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa * Great Falls area (urban geology) (urban geology) R. W. Lemke (D) R. D. Miller (D) *Wolf Point area (construction-site planning) Peak discharges from small areas R. B. Colton (D) E. W. Beckman (s, Lincoln, Nebr.) *Fort Peck area (construction-site planning) Bridge-site studies (surface water) H. D. Varnes (D) E. W. Beckman (s, Lincoln, Nebr.) Geology of the Williston Basin with reference to the dis­ Investigation of some sedimentation charactersisics of a posal of high-level radioactive wastes sand-bed stream C. A. Sandberg (D) D. M. Culbertson (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Geophysical studies : Evapotranspiration study Geophysical studies, Pacific Northwest O. E. Leppanen (h, Phoenix, Ariz.) W. E. Davis (M) Erosion, sedimentation, and landform development in arid Gravity and magnetic studies, western Montana and semi-arid regions W. T. Kinoshita (M) G. G. Parker, R. C. Miller, and I. S. McQueen (h, D) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Bear- Trap efficiencies of reservoir 1 and 1A, Brownell Creek paw Mountains Subwatershed K. G. Books (W) J. C. Mundorff (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Aeromagnetic and gravity studies of the Boulder batholith Hall County (ground water) W. E. Davis (M) C. F. Keech (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) Water resources: Hamilton County (ground water) Floods from small areas C. F. Keech (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) F. C. Boner (s, Helena, Mont.) York County (ground water) Effects of sediment on the propagation of trout in small C. F. Keech (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) streams Channel patterns and terraces of the Loup Rivers in A. R. Gustafson (q, Worland, Wyo.) Nebraska Study of water application and use on a range water J. C. Brice (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) spreader in northeast Montana Erosion and deposition in Medicine Creek basin, Nebraska F. A. Branson (h, D) J. C. Brice (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Hailstone, Halfbreed, and Lake Mason Wildlife Refuges Quality of water in the Niobrara River basin (ground water) Cloyd H. Scott (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) F. A. Swenson, (g, Billings, Mont.) Ground water near the Platte River south of Chapman Bitterroot Valley, Ravalli County (ground water) C. F. Keech (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) R. G. McMurtrey (g, Billings, Mont.) Cedar River valley in the lower Platte River basin (ground Lower Bighorn River valley (Hardin Unit) (ground water) water) L. J. Hamilton (g, Billings, Mont.) J. B. Hyland (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) Northeastern Blaine County (ground water) Upper Salt Creek drainage basin (ground water) E. A. Zimmerman (g, Billings, Mont.) C. F. Keech (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) Blue Water Springs area (ground water) Nevada: F. A. Swenson (g, Billings, Mont.) General geology: Deer Lodge Valley (ground water) **Clark County R. L. Konizeski (g, Billings, Mont.) C. R. Longwell (M) Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (ground water) **Esmeralda County j D. C. Alverson (g, Billings, Mont.) J. P. Albers (M) Southern part of the Judith Basin (ground water) **Eureka County E. A. Zimmerman (g, Billings, Mont.) R. J. Roberts (M) Milk River bottoms, Fort Belknap area (ground water) **Humboldt County W. B. Hopkins (g, Billings, Mont.) C. R. Willden (M) Missoula Valley (ground water) **Lincoln County R. G. McMurtrey (g, Billings, Mont.) C. M. Tschanz (La Paz, Bolivia) Two Medicine irrigation project (ground water) *Lyon, Douglas, and Ormsby Counties Q. F. Paulson (g, Billings, Mont.) Jfebraska: J. G. Moore (Hilo, Hawaii) i Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre Shale, Mon­ **Northern Nye County tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and F. J. Kleinhampl (M) Nebraska **Southern Nye County H. A. Tourtelot (D) H. R.Cornwall (M) *Lower Republican River **Pershing County R. D. Miller (D) D. B. Tatlock (M) , *Valley County *Ash Meadows quadrangle, California and Nevada 1 R. D. Miller (D) C. S. Denny (W) Central Nebraska basin (oil and gas) *Cortez quadrangle G. E. Prichard (D) J. Gilluly (D) A154 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Nevada Continued Nevada Continued General geology Continued Mineral resources Continued *Eureka quadrangle *Osgood Mountains quadrangle (tungsten, quicksilver) T. B. Nolan (W) P. E. Hotz (M) *Fallon area *Eureka mining district (zinc, lead, silver, gold) R. B. Morrison (D) T. B. Nolan (W) *Frenchie Creek quadrangle Engineering geology and geophysical studies : L. J. P. Muffler (D) Central Nevada geophysical studies *Horse Creek Valley quadrangle D. R. Mabey (M) H. Masursky (D) Gravity investigations, Clark County * Lower Mesozic stratigraphy and paleontology, Humboldt M. F. Kane (W) Range Geophysical studies of Nevada Test Site N. J. Silberling (M) R. M. Hazelwood (D) *Jarbidge area, Nevada and Idaho Aeromagnetic surveys, Nevada Test Site R. R. Coats (M) W. J. Dempsey (W) *Kobeh Valley Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Nevada Test Site C. W. Merriam (W) J. L. Meuschke (W) *Las Vegas-Lake Mead area *Geologic and hydrologic environment, Nevada Test Site C. R. Longwell (M) F. A. McKeown (D) *Mt. Lewis and Crescent Valley quadrangles *Engineering geology of the Nevada Test Site area J. Gilluly (D) V. R. Wilmarth (D) *Pinto Summit and Bellevue Peak quadrangles Post-shot investigations, Nevada Test Site T. B. Nolan (W) V. R. Wilmarth (D) *Railroad mining district, and the Dixie Flats, Pine Valley, Buckboard Mesa basalt studies, Nevada Test Site and Robinson Mountain quadrangles V. R. Wilmarth (D) J. F. Smith, Jr. (D) Rainier Mesa-Climax stock investigations, Nevada Test Site *Schell Creek Range V. R. Wilmarth (D) H. D. Drewes (D) Site evaluation, underground air storage, Nevada Test Site Northern Sonoma Range R. B. Johnson (D) J. Gilluly (D) Yucca Valley and Frenchman Valley engineering geology, *Owyhee and Mt. City quadrangles, Nevada and Idaho Nevada Test Site R. R. Coats (M) F. N. Houser (D) Mineral resources: Water resources: Western oxidized-zinc deposits Flood investigations A. V. Heyl (W) E. E. Harris (s, Carson City, Nevada) Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Utah and Nevada Statewide reconnaissance of ground-water basins R. L. Erickson (D) T. E. Eakin (g, Carson City, Nev.) * Antler Peak quadrangle (base and precious metals) Northwestern basins (ground water) R. J. Roberts (M) W. C. Sinclair (g, Carson City, Nev.) Distribution of beryllium, Mt. Wheller mine area Nevada Test Site (ground water) D. E. Lee (M) S. L. Schoff (g, D) Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, Desert valley (ground water) Oregon, and Nevada (boron) W. C. Sinclair (g, Carson City, Nev.) W. O. Smith (M) Fernley-Wads worth area (ground water) ^Regional geologic setting of the Ely district (copper, lead, W. C. Sinclair (g, Carson City, Nev.) zinc) Fillmore County (ground water) A. L. Brokaw (D) C. F. Keech (g, Lincoln, Nebr.) *Beatty area (fluorite, bentonite, gold, silver) Granite Basin (ground water) H.R.Cornwall (M) W. C. Sinclair, (g, Carson City, Nev.) Iron-ore deposits Hydrology of a portion of the Humboldt River valley R. G. Reeves (Alegro, Brazil) T. W. Robinson (h, M) *Unionville and Buffalo Mountain quadrangles, Humboldt Kings River valley (ground water) Range (iron, tungsten, silver, quicksilver) C. P. Zones (g, Carson City, Nev.) R. E. Wallace (M) Las Vegas basin (ground water) lone quadrangle (lead, quicksilver, tungsten) G. T. Malmberg (g, Carson City, Nev.) C. J. Vitaliano (Bloomington, Ind.) Long Valley (ground water) Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park W. C. Sinclair (g, Carson City, Nev.) City Formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate, Pahmmp Valley (ground water) minor elements) G. T. Malmberg (g, Carson City, Nev.) K. M. Tagg (M) Pine Forest Valley (ground water) *Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range W. C. Sinclair (g, Carson City, Nev.) (tungsten, beryllium) Lower Reese River valley (ground water) D. H. Whitebread (M) O. J. Loeltz (g, Carson City, Nev.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A155

Nevada Continued New Jersey Continued Water resources Continued Salem County (ground water) Sarcobatus Flat, Nye County (ground water) J. C. Rosenau (g, Trenton, N.J.) G. T. Malmberg (g, Carson City, Nev.) Passaic Valley (ground water) Truckee Meadows (ground water) J. Vecchioli (g, Trenton, N.J.) O. J. Loeltz (g, Carson City, Nev.) Phillipsburg area (ground water) New Hampshire: J. R. Randolph (g, Trenton, N.J.) Uranium and thorium in the White Mountain magma series Pine Barrens (ground water) A. P. Butler, Jr. (D) E. C. Rhodehamel (g, Trenton, N.J.) Seacoast region (ground water) Rahway area (ground water) J. M. Weigle (g, Boston, Mass.) H. R. Anderson (g, Trenton, N.J.) Hydrology of small streams Sayreville area (ground water) C. E. Knox (s, Boston, Mass.) C. A. Appel (g, Trenton, N.J.) Lower Merriniack River basin (ground water) Fluvial sedimentation in the Stony Book watershed, Prince- J. M. Weigle (g, Boston, Mass.) ton New Jersey: J. R. George (q, Harrisburg, Pa.) *Lower Delaware River basin, New Jersey and Pennsylvania Wharton Tract (ground water) J. P. Owens (W) E. C. Rhodehamel (g, Trenton, N.J.) *Middle Delaware River basin, New Jersey and Pennsyl­ New Mexico: vania General geology: A. A. Drake, Jr. (W) State geologic map Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and aerial geology, C. H. Dane (W) New York-New Jersey Highlands **Photogeologic mapping A. Jesperson (W) A. B. Olson (W) Flood and base-flow gaging Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vana­ E. G. Miller (s, Trenton, N.J.) dium) Flood-plain inundation studies L. C. Craig (D) R. H. Tice (s, Trenton, N.J.) Lithologic studies, Colorado Plateau Streamflow records analyzed by electronic computer R. A. Cadigan (D) E. G. Miller (s, Trenton, N.J.) Clay studies, Colorado Plateau Flow probability of New Jersey streams L. G. Schultz (D) E. G. Miller (s, Trenton, N.J.) Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations Flood data E. M. Shoemaker (M) J. E. McCall (s, Trenton, N.J.) *Upper Gila River basin, Arizona and New Mexico Flood warning R. B. Morrison (D) J. E. McCall (s, Trenton, N.J.) Guadalupe Mountains Chloride in ground water P. T. Hayes (D) P. R. Seaber (g, Trenton, N.J.) *Manzano Mountains Geochemistry of ground water in the English Formation D. A. Myers (D) P. R. Seaber (g, Trenton, N.J.) * Southern Oscura, northern San Andres Mountains Quality of water, Delaware River, Trenton, New Jersey G. O. Bachman (D) L. T. McCarthy, Jr. (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) *Philmont Ranch quadrangle Trap efficiency of the Baldwin Creek reservoir G. D. Robinson (D) J. R. George (q, Harrisburg, Pa.) *Petrology of the Valles Mountains Raritan River basin (quality of surface water) R. L. Smith (W) J. R. George (q, Harrisburg, Pa.) Mineral resources: Burlington County (ground water) Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Arizona and New F. E. Rush (g, Trenton, N.J.) Mexico Camclen County (ground water) L. C. Huff (D) E. Donsky (g, Trenton, N.J.) Colorado Plateau botanical-prospecting studies Cape May County (ground water) F. J. Kleinhampl (M) H. E. Gill (g, Trenton, N.J.) Botanical research, San Juan County Essex County (ground water) H. L. Cannon (D) J. Vecchioli (g, Trenton, N.J.) *Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil, Gloucester County (ground water) and gas) W. F. Hardt (g, Trenton, N.J.) H. Barnes (D) Mercer County (ground water) *Raton Basin coking coal J. Vecchioli (g, Trenton, N.J.) G. H. Dixon (D) Monmouth County (ground water) *Western Raton coal basin A. Sinnott (g, Trenton, N.J.) C. L. Pillmore (D) Morris County (ground water) *East side San Juan Basin (coal, oil and gas) H. E. Gill (g, Trenton, N.J.) C. H. Dane (W) Ocean County (ground water) Oil and gas fields C. A. Appel (g, Trenton, N.J.) D. C. Duncan (W) A156 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

New Mexico Continued New Mexico Continued Mineral resources Continued Water resources Continued *Franklin Mountains, New Mexico and Texas (petroleum) Effects of sediment characteristics on fluvial morphology R. L. Harbour (D) hydraulics * Silver City region (copper, zinc) S. A. Schumm (h, D) W. R. Jones (D) Piping, an erosional phenomenon in certain silty soils of Potash and other saline deposits of the Carlsbad area arid and semi-arid regions C. L. Jones (M) G. G. Parker, R. C. Miller and I. S. McQueen (h, D) **Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, Study of precipitation runoff and sediment yield in Corn­ vanadium) field Wash D. G. Wyant (D) D. E. Burkham (h, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasis on Scour of river beds during high flow the Colorado Plateau L. B.Leopold (w, W) R. P. Fischer (D) Particle movement and channel scour and fill of an Relative concentrations of chemical elements in different ephemeral arroyo near Santa Fe rocks and ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau L.B.Leopold (w, W) (uranium, vanadium, copper) Maps showing quality of water by counties A. T. Miesch (D) F. D. Trauger (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Regional relation of the uranium deposits of northwestern Grant County (ground water) New Mexico F. D. Trauger (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah) Guadalupe County (ground water) Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau A. Clebsch, Jr. (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) (uranium, copper) Southern Luna County (ground water) J. H. Stewart (M) G. C. Doty (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) San Rafael Group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau Southeastern McKinley County (ground water) (uranium) J. B. Cooper (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) J. C. Wright (W) Quay County (ground water) Ambrosia Lake district (uranium) F. D. Trauger (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) H. C. Granger (D) Northern San Juan County (ground water) *Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona and New Mexico F. D. Trauger (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) (uranium) Eastern Valencia County (ground water) J. D. Strobell (D) F. B. Titus (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) *Grants area (uranium) Canoncito School facility (ground water) R. E. Thaden (Columbia, Ky.) B. W. Maxwell (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in the Grants area Carlsbad area (ground water) A. D. Weeks (W) L. J. Bjorklund (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) *Laguna district (uranium) Gallup area (ground water) R. H. Moench (D) S. W. West (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Alteration in relation to uranium deposits, Laguna district Ground-water studies in conjunction with project Gnome, R. H. Moench (D) Eddy County Engineering geology and geophysical studies : J. B. Cooper (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) *Engineering geology of Gnome Test Site Hondo Valley (ground water) L. M. Gard (D) W. A. Mourant (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) *Nash Draw quadrangle (test-site evaluation) Southern Jicarilla Indian Reservation (ground water) J. D. Vine (M) E. H. Baltz (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies Northern Lea County (ground water) H. R. Joesting (W) H. O. Reeder (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Geophysical studies in the Upper Rio Grande Water supply for Los Alamos G. E. Andreasen (W) R. L. Cushman (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome test site Los Alamos area (ground water) J. A. MacKallor (W) R. L. Cushman (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Water resources: Evaluation of well-field data at Los Alamos Flood-frequency relations R. L. Cushman (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) L. A. Wiard (s, Santa Fe, N. Mex.) Waste-contamination studies at Los Alamos (ground water) Hydrologic almanac of State J. H. Abrahams (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) W. B. Hale (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Movement of water and radioactive materials in the Ban- Use of water by muncipalities delier Tuff, Los Alamos G. A. Dinwiddle (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) J. H. Abrahams (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Recharge studies on the High Plains Tritium as a tracer in the Lake McMillan underground J. S. Havens (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) reservoir Tritium as a tracer in the Ogallala Formation in the High H. O. Reeder (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Plains, Lea County McMillan delta area (ground water) H. O. Reeder (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) E. R. Cox (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A157

New Mexico Continued New York Continued Water resources Continued Chemical quality of Glowegee Creek at AEG reservation Ground-water conditions between Lake McMillan and near West Milton Carlsbad Springs F. H. Pauszek (q, Albany, N.Y.) B. R. Cox (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Chemical and physical quality of water resources in the Mortandad Canyon (ground water) Housatonic River basin R. L. Cushman (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) E. H. Salvas (q, Albany, N.Y.) Feasibility of Queen Lake as a disposal area for brine St. Lawrence River basin (chemical and physical quality E. R. Cox (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) of water resources) Rio Grande basin (surface water) A. L. Mattingly (q, Albany, N.Y.) W. L. Heckler (s, Santa Fe, N. Mex.) Experimental recharge basin (surface water) Rio Grande Valley near Hot Springs (ground water) R. M. Sawyer (s, Albany, N.Y.) E. R. Cox (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Delaware County (ground water) Tritium in ground water in the Roswell Basin J. Soren (g, Albany, N.Y.) J. W. Hood (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Cadmium-chromium contamination in ground water in Ground-water pumpage in the Roswell Basin Nassau County R. M. Mower (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) N. J. Lusczynski (g, Albany, N. Y.) Ground-water recharge in the Roswell Basin Northeast Nassau County (ground water) R. L. Cushman (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) J. Isbister (g, Albany, N.Y.) Sandia and Manzano Mountains area (ground water) Nassau County (ground water) F. B. Titus (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) N. M. Perlmutter (g, Mineola, N.Y.) Three Rivers area (ground water) Salt-water encroachment in southern Nassau County J. W. Hood (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) N. J. Lusczynski (g, Albany, N.Y.) Ground-water structural basins west of Tucumcari Orange and Ulster Counties (ground water) F. D. Trauger (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) R. D. Duryea (g, Albany, N.Y.) Walker Air Force Base (ground water) Queens County (ground water) J. W. Hood (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) N. M. Perlmutter (g, Albany, N.Y.) Northern White Sands Integrated Range (ground water) Schodack terrace, Rensselaer County (ground water) J. E. Weir (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) J. Joyce (g, Albany, N.Y.) New York: Saratoga County (ground water) * Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States R. C. Heath (g, Albany, N.Y.) A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N.J.) Eastern Schenectady County (ground water) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, J. D. Winslow (g, Albany, N.Y.) Adirondacks area Mid-island area, western Suffolk County (ground water) J. R. Balsley (W) N. M. Perlmutter (g, Albany, N.Y.) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Babylon-Islip area, Suffolk County (ground water) New York-New Jersey Highlands I. H. Kantrowitz (g, Albany, N.Y.) A. Jespersen (W) Babylon-Islip area (surface water) *Surflcial geology of Dannermora and Plattsburgh quad­ E. J. Pluhowski (s, Albany, N.Y.) rangles Huntington-Smithton area (ground water) C. S.Denny (W) E. R. Lubke (g, Albany, N.Y.) Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds, New York Jamestown area (ground water) W.deWitt, Jr. (W) R. A. Wilkens (g, Albany, N.Y.) *Glacial geology of the Elmira-Williamsport area, New York Massena-Waddington area (ground water) and Pennsylvania F. W. Trainer (g, Albany, N.Y.) C. S.Denny (W) Montauk Air Force Station (ground water) Metamorphism and origin of mineral deposits, Gouverneur N. M. Perlmutter (g, Albany, N.Y.) area Niagara Frontier (ground water) A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.) R. H. Johnston (g, Albany, N.Y.) *Mooers and Ohio quadrangles Southhold (ground water) D. R. Wiesnet (W) H. C. Crandell (g, Albany, N.Y.) *Richville quadrangle Syracuse area (ground water) H. M. Bannerman (W) J. A. Tannenbaum (g, Albany, N.Y.) * Stratigraphy and structure of Taconic rocks West Milton well field E-an Zen (W) J. D. Winslow (g, Albany, N.Y.) Recognition of late glacial substages in New England and West Milton area (ground water) New York F. K. Mack (g, Albany, N.Y.) J. E. Upson (g, Mineola, N.Y.) North Carolina: Small streams (surface water) Mica deposits of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains O. P. Hunt (s, Albany, N. Y.) F. G. Lesure (W) Flood and low-flow gaging, Rockland County * Investigations of the Volcanic Slate Series G. R. Ayer (s, Albany, N. Y.) A. A. Stromquist (D) Low-flow analysis Concord quadrangle, geophysical studies B. Dunn (s, Albany, N.Y.) R. G. Bates (W) A158 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

North Carolina Continued North Carolina Continued Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennessee Fredericksburg and Richmond National Parks (ground and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) water) R. M. Hernon (D) G. G. Wyrick (g, Raleigh, N.C.) *Grandfather Mountain Hartford-Elizabeth City area (ground water) B. H. Bryant (D) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) *Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina Marion area (ground water) J. B. Hadley (D) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) *Hamme tungsten deposit Martin County (ground water) J. M. Parker, 3d (Raleieh, N.C.) G. G. Wyrick (g, Raleigh, N.C.) *Mount Rogers area, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee Monroe area (ground water) D. W. Rankin (W) E. O. Floyd (g, Raleigh, N.C.) * Central Piedmont Surface-water resources, Neuse River headwaters H. Bell (W) W. E. Forrest (s, Raleigh, N.C.) *Shelby quadrangle (monazite) Murphy area (ground water) W. C. Overstreet (W) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) * Geologic setting of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district Plymouth area (ground water) (mica, feldspar) H. Peek (g. Raleigh, N.C.) D. A. Brobst (D) Raleigh area (ground water) Pegmatites of the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva districts J. O. Kimrey (g, Raleigh, N.C.) F. G. Lesure (Knoxville, Tenn.) Southport area (grourd water) * Swain County copper district P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) G. H. Espenshade (W) Waynesville area (ground water) Utility of public water supplies P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) K. F. Harris (q, Raleigh, N.C.) North Dakota: Salt-water intrusion in coastal streams Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre Shale, Mon­ J. C. Chemerys (q, Raleigh, N.C.) tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Chemical and physical quality characteristics of public Nebraska water supplies H. A. Tourtelot (D) K. F. Harris (q, Raleigh, N.C.) Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, Stream-channel characteristics North Dakota and South Dakota W. E. Forrest (s, Raleigh, N.C.) C. A. Sandberg (D) Stream sanitation and water supply Geology of the Williston Basin with reference to the dis­ G. C. Goddard (s, Raleigh, N.C.) posal of high-level radioactive wastes Flood gaging C. A. Sandberg (D) H. G. Hinson (s, Raleigh, N.C.) Peak discharges from small areas Flood-frequency studies O. A. Crosby (s, Bismarck, N. Dak.) W. E. Forrest (s, Raleigh, N.C.) Low-flow frequency, Red River of the North Interpretation of data (surface water) H. M. Erskine (s, Bismarck, N. Dak.) G. C. Goddard (s, Raleigh, N.C.) Hydrology of prairie potholes Stratigraphy of the Trent Marl and related units W. S. Eisenlohr (h, D) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) Special streamflow measurements of the Souris River at Diagenesis and hydrologic history of the Tertiary limestone Minot of North Carolina E. Bradley (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) H. E. LeGrand (w, W) Barnes County (ground water) Northwestern North Carolina (ground water) Q. F. Paulson (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) Burleigh County (ground water) Asheville area (ground water) Jack Kume (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) Glacial valleys in Divide, Williams, and McKenzie Counties Blue Ridge Parkway construction sites (ground water) (ground water) J. O. Kimrey (g, Raleigh, N.C.) E. Bradley (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) Cape Hatteras National Park (ground water) Kidder County (ground water) G. W. Lutz (g, Raleigh, N.C.) E. Bradley (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) Stutsman County (ground water) Cape Hatteras National Park (quality of ground water) C. J. Huxel (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) K. F. Harris (q, Raleigh, N.C.) Traill County (ground water) City of Gary (ground water) H. M. Jensen (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) Bowbells area (ground water) Chowan County (ground water) H. M. Jensen (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) Cheyenne and Standing Rock Indian Reservations (ground Craven County (ground water) water) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) J. E. Powell (g, Huron, S. Dak.) Durham area (ground water) Devils Lake area (ground water) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) P. D. Akin (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A159

North Dakota Continued Oklahoma Continued I Chemical quality of surface waters, Devils Lake area Aeromagnetic interpretation, Wichita Mountains system P. G. Rosene (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) A. Griscom (W) Chemical quality of surface waters and sedimentation in Land-use evaluation the Heart River drainage basin F. W. Kennon (h, Oklahoma City, Okla.) M. A. Maderak (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Thickness of the fresh ground-water zone Heimdal Valley, Wells, Eddy, and Foster Counties (ground D. L. Hart (g, Norman, Okla.) water) Municipal and industrial water supplies E. Bradley (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) A. R. Leonard (g, Norman, Okla.) Lakota area (ground water) Low-flow frequency analysis E. Bradley (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) W. F. Busch (s, Harrisburg, Pa.) Reynolds area (ground water) Ground water in the Arbuckle Limestone in the northeast­ H. M. Jensen (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) ern Arbuckle Mountains Strasburg-Linton area (ground water) I. W. Marine (g, Norman, Okla.) P. Randich (g, Grand Forks, N. Dak.) Beaver County (ground water) Ohio: I. W. Marine (g, Norman, Okla.) Seismic survey for buried valleys Garber Sandstone in Cleveland and Wellington Counties R. M. Hazlewood (D) (ground water) Geology and coal resources of Belmont County A. R. Leonard (g, Norman, Okla.) H. L. Berryhill, Jr. (D) Woodward County (ground water) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Columbus B. L. Stacy (g, Norman, Okla.) R. G. Bates (W) Water-quality conservation in the Arkansas and Red River Low flow and storage requirements basins W. P. Cross (s, Columbus, Ohio) P. E. Ward (g, Norman, Okla.) Glacial mapping in Ohio Upper Arkansas River basin (quality of surface waters) G. W. White (g, Columbus, Ohio) R. P. Orth (q, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Northeastern Ohio (ground water) Arkansas and Verdigris River valleys (ground water) J. L. Rau (g, Columbus, Ohio) H. H. Tanaka (g, Norman, Okla.) Mapping of buried valleys Quality of water in the Arkansas River at the Arkansas- S. E. Norris (g, Columbus, Ohio) Oklahome State line Fairfield County (ground water) J. J. Murphy (q, Oklahoma City, Okla.) G. D. Dove (g, Columbus, Ohio) Little River basin (quality of surface water) Geauga County (ground water) G. Bednar (q, Oklahoma City, Okla.) J. Baker (g, Columbus, Ohio) Water quality reconnaissance of Verdigris River basin 1 Portage County (ground water) above Caney River J. D. Winslow (g, Columbus, Ohio) R. P. Orth (q, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Canton area (ground water) Washita River basin (quality of surface water) I J. D. Winslow (g, Columbus, Ohio) J. J. Murphy (q, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Dayton area (ground water) Beaver Creek basin (surface water) S. E. Norris (g, Columbus, Ohio) L. L. Laine (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Hamilton-Middletown area (ground water) Clinton-Sherman Air Force Base (ground water) S. E. Norris (g, Columbus, Ohio) A. R. Leonard (g, Norman, Okla.) Miami River basin (ground water) Cottonwood Creek basin (surface water) A. M. Spieker (g, Columbus, Ohio) L. L. Laine (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Venice area (ground water) Elk Creek basin (surface water) A. M. Spieker (g, Columbus, Ohio) A. O. Westfall (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Oklahoma: Otter Creek basin (surface water) Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma, A. O. Westfall (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate) Otter and Elk Creek basins (ground water) W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan) J. R. Hollowell (g, Norman, Okla.) Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas Ground water in the Rush Springs Sandstone E. T. McKnight (W) H. H. Tanaka (g, Norman, Okla.) Permian stratigraphy of northern Texas and southern Oregon: Oklahoma Oregon State geologic map E. J. McKay (D) G. W. Walker (M) Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas) Cenozoic mollusks W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) ^ E. J. Moore (M) Geology of the Anadarko Basin with reference to disposal Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, of high-level radioactive wastes Oregon, and Nevada (boron) M. MacLachlan (D) W. C. Smith (M) McAlester Basin (oil and gas) *Canyon City 2-degree quadrangle S. E. Frezon (D) T. P. Thayer (W) *Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas) *John Day area (chromite) T. A. Hendricks (D) T. P. Thayer (W) A160 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Oregon Continued Pennsylvania Continued Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, Ore­ * Southern anthracite field gon and California G. H. Wood, Jr. (W) P. E. Hotz (M) *Western Middle anthracite field *Monument quadrangle H. H. Arndt (W) R. E. Wilcox (D) Washington County (coal) *Newport Embayment H. Berryhill, Jr. (D) P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M) Selected studies of uranium deposits *Ochoco Reservation, Lookout Mountain, Eagle Rock, and H. Klemic (Bowling Green, Ky.) Post quadrangles (quicksilver) *Leighton quadrangle (uranium) A. C. Waters (Baltimore, Md.) H. Klemic (Bowling Green, Ky.) *Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban *Glacial geology of the Elmira-Williamsport area, New York geology) and Pennsylvania D. E. Trimble (D) C. S. Denny (W) *Quartzburg district (cobalt) *Lower Delaware River basin, New Jersey and Pennsylvania J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) J. P. Owens (W) Pacific Northwest geophysical studies *Middle Delaware River basin, New Jersey and Pennsylvania W. E. Davis (M) A. A. Drake, Jr. (W) Aeromagnetic and gravity studies in west-central Oregon *"Investigations of the Lower Cambrian of the Philadelphia R. W. Bromery (W) district Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford area J. H. Wallace (W) R. G. Schmidt (W) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, An appraisal of water quality and water-quality problems Triassic area of certain streams in Oregon R. W. Bromery (W) R. J. Madison (q, Portland, Oreg.) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys Lower Columbia River Basin (quality of surface water) R. W. Johnson (Knoxville, Tenn.) J. F. Santos (q, Portland, Oreg.) Mining hydrology Suspended sediment production of forested watersheds W. T. Stuart (g, W) R. C. Williams (q, Portland, Oreg.) Chemical quality of water, Statewide Columbia River Basalt hydrology D. McCartney (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) R. C. Newcomb (g, Portland, Oreg.) Chemical quality of water, Allegheny River basin Artificial recharge of basalt aquifers at the Dalles D. McCartney (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) B. L. Foxworthy (g, Portland, Oreg.) Hydrology and sedimentation of Bixler Run watershed Eola and Amity Hills (ground water) J. R. George (q, Harrisburg, Pa.) D. Price (g, Portland, Oreg.) Sedimentation in the Conestoga Creek watershed Florence area (ground water) J. R. George (q, Harrisburg, Pa.) E. R. Hampton (g, Portland, Oreg.) Hydrology and sedimentation of Corey Creek and Elk Fort Rock basin (ground water) Run watersheds E. R. Hampton (g, Portland, Oreg.) J. R. George (q, Harrisburg, Pa.) French Prairie (ground water) Chemical characteristics of Delaware River water D. Price (g, Portland, Oreg.) D. McCartney (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) East Portland area (ground water) Quality of water, Delaware River, Trenton, New Jersey B. L. Foxworthy (g, Portland, Oreg.) L. T. McCarthy, Jr. (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) West Portland area (ground water) Salinity of the Delaware Estuary S. G. Brown (g, Portland, Oreg.) W. B. Keighton (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) Raft River basin water records (ground water) Dissolved-solids transported by the Delaware River M. J. Mundorff (g,.Portland, Oreg.) W. B. Keighton (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) Artificial recharge of basalt acquifers at Salem Heights Quality of water, Lehigh River basin B. L. Foxworthy (g, Portland, Oreg.) W. B. Keighton (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) Tumalo District, Deschutes County (ground water) Potomac River basin (ground water) B. L. Foxworthy (g, Portland, Oreg.) P. M. Johnston (g, W) Northern Willamette valley east of Pudding River (ground V Chemical quality of Schuylkill River basin water) M. J. McGonigle (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) E. R. Hampton (g, Portland, Oreg.) Chemical character of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg Pennsylvania: *Devonian stratigraphy of Pennsylvania P. W. Anderson (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) G. W. Colton (W) Chemical quality, West Branch Susquehanna River *Bituminous coal resources E. F. McCarren (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) E. D. Patterson (W) Chemical quality, West Branch Susquehanna River near *Geology in the vicinity of anthracite-mine drainage projects Curwensville (a reconnaissance study) J. F. Robertson (Mt. Carmel, Pa.) E. F. McCarren (q, Philadelphia, Pa.) *Flood control, Anthracite region Brunswick Formation (ground water) M. J. Bergin (Mt. Carmel, Pa.) S. M. Longwill (g, Harrisburg, Pa.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A161

Pennsylvania Continued South Carolina Continued I Hydrology of limestones in the Lebanon Valley Flood-frequency studies | H. Meisler (g, Harrisburg, Pa.) F. H. Wagener (s, Columbia, S.C.) Martinsburg Shale (ground water) Drainage-area determinations L. D. Carswell (g, Harrisburg, Pa.) W. M. Bloxham (s, Columbia, S.C.) | Mercer and Neshannock quadrangles (ground water) Flood-plain aquifers 1 C. W. Poth (g, Harrisburg, Pa.) G. E. Siple (g, Columbia, S.C.) New Oxford Formation (ground water) Artesian water in Tertiary limestones in Florida, southern P. R. Wood (g, Harrisburg, Pa.) Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and South Red Clay Valley (ground water) Carolina D. H. Boggess (g, Newark, Del.) V. T. Stringfield (w, W) Khode Island: Stratigraphy of the Trent Marl and related units *Ashaway quadrangle, Rhode Island and Connecticut; bed­ P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N.C.) rock geologic mapping Northeastern coastal plain (ground water) T. G. Feininger (Boston, Mass.) G. E. Siple (g, Columbia, S.C.) *Ashaway and Watch Hills quadrangles, Connecticut and Salt-water intrusion in the Lower Edisto River basin Rhode Island; surficial geologic mapping G. A. Billingsley (q, Raleigh, N.C.) J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.) Santee River basin flood study i 'Carolina and Quonochontaug quadrangle; surficial geologic A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) mapping Savannah River AEC plant (ground water) J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.) N. C. Koch (g, Columbia, S.C.) *Chepachet, Crompton, and Tiverton quadrangles; bedrock South Dakota: geologic mapping Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre Shale, Mon­ A. W. Quinn (Providence, R.I.) tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and "Conventry Center, Kingston, Newport, and Prudence Island Nebraska quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping H. A. Tourtelot (D) G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio) Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, 'Thompson quadrangle, Connecticut and Rhode Island North Dakota, and South Dakota P. M. Hanshaw and H. R. Dickson (Boston, Mass.) C. A. Sandberg (D) *Voluntown quadrangle, Rhode Island and Connecticut Geology of the Williston Basin with reference to the dis­ T. G. Feininger (Boston, Mass.) posal of high-level radioactive wastes *Watch Hill quadrangle, Connecticut and Rhode Island; C. A. Sandberg (D) bedrock geologic mapping Landslide studies in the Fort Randall Reservoir area j G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio) H. D. Varnes (D) | *Wickford quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping 'Southern Black Hills (pegmatite minerals) I R. B. Williams (Lawrence, Kans.) J. J. Norton (W) Temperature of selected surface waters Pegmatites of the Custer district F. H. Pauszek (q, Albany, N.Y.) J. A. Redden. (Blacksburg, Va.) Stream-temperature records * Structure and metamorphism, Hill City quadrangle (pegma­ C. E. Knox (s, Boston, Mass.) tite minerals) Ashaway quadrangle (ground water) J. C. Ratt<§ (D) K. E. Johnson (g, Providence, R.I.) 'Southern Black Hills (uranium) i Chepachet quadrangle (ground water) G. B. Gott (D) K. E. Johnson (g, Providence, R.I.) Regional gravity studies in uranium geology, Black Hills Oneco quadrangle (ground water) area K. E. Johnson (g, Providence, R.I.) R. M. Hazlewood (D) Upper Pawcatuck basin (ground water) "Harding County, and adjacent areas (uraniferous lignite) W. B. Alien (g, Providence, R.I.) G. N. Pipiringos (D) Potowomut-Wickford area (ground water) W. B. Alien (g, Providence, R.I.) Peak discharges from small areas Watch Hill quadrangle (ground water) R. E. West (s, Pierre, S. Dak.) K. E. Johnson (g, Providence, R.I.) Low-flow data collection J. E. Wagar (s, Pierre, S. Dak.) South Carolina: j Crystalline rocks Hydrology of prairie potholes W. C. Overstreet (W) W. S. Eisenlohr (h, D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River Studies of artesian wells and selected shallow aquifers Plant, Georgia and South Carolina C. F. Dyer (g, Huron, S. Dak.) R. G. Schmidt (W) Hydrology of glacial drift in selected drainage basins in Analyses of streamflow charactersitics easternJSouth Dakota A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) M. J. Ellis (g, Huron, S.Dak.) Compilation of streamfiow records Dakota Sandstone (ground water) A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) C. F. Dyer (g, Huron, S. Dak.) Low-flow gaging Minor constituents in the Belle Fourche River A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) L. R. Petri (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) A162 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

South Dakota Continued Tennessee Continued Chemical quality of surface waters and sedimentation in Highland Rim Plateau (ground water) the Grand River drainage basin M. V. Marcher (g, Nashville, Tenn.) P. R. Jordan (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Madison County (ground water) Quality of water in the Niobrara River basin D. J. Nyman (g, Nashville, Tenn.) Cloyd H. Scott (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) Memphis area (ground water) Beadle County (ground water) P. C. Sun (g, Nashville, Tenn.) L.W. Howells (g, Huron S. Dak.) Texas: Cheyenne and Standing Rock Indian Reservations (ground Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Fort Worth water) J. A. Pitkin (W) J. E. Powell (g, Huron, S. Dakr) Permian stratigraphy of northern Texas and southern Flandreau area (ground water) Oklahoma J. E. Powell (g, Huron, S. Dak.) E. J. McKay (D) Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (ground water) Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas) M. J. Ellis (g, Huron, S. Dak.) W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) Sanborn County (ground water) * Texas coastal-plain geophysical and geological studies L. W. Howells (g, Huron, S. Dak.) D. H. Eargle (Austin, Tex.) Shadehill Reservoir area (ground water) Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in Karnes and J. E. Powell (g, Huron, S. Dak.) Duval Counties Tennessee: A. D. Weeks (W) Central eastern Tennessee geophysical studies *Del Rio area R. W. Johnson (Knoxville, Tenn.) V. L. Freeman (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge National * Franklin Mountains, New Mexico and Texas (petroleum) Laboratory R. L. Harbour (D) R. G. Bates (W) *Sierre Blanca area Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee and J. F. Smith, Jr. (D) Virginia zinc deposits * Sierra Diablo region H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) P. B. King (M) Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians Terrestrial impact structures, Sierre Madera R. P. Sheldon (D) B. M. Shoemaker (M) Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Ten­ *Wayland quadrangle (oil and gas investigations) nessee, and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) D. A. Myers (D) R. M. Hernon( D) Flood-frequency studies *East Tennessee zinc studies W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) A. L. Brokaw (D) Low-flow investigations Ivydell, Pioneer, Jellico West, and Ketchen quadrangles W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) (coal) Drainage-area determinations K. J. Englund (W) P. H. Holland (s, Austin, Tex.) *Geology of the southern Appalachin folded belt, Kentucky, Special flood and hydrologic investigations Tennessee, and Virginia W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) L. D. Harris ( W) Special hydrologic studies * Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina W. B. Mills (s, Austin, Tex.) J. B. Hadley (D) Reconnaissance sediment investigations *Knoxville and vicinity (urban geology) L. S. Hughes (q, Austin, Tex.) J. M. Cattermole (Columbia, Ky.) Chemical composition of surface waters *Mount Rogers area, Virginia, North Carolina, and Ten­ L. S.Hughes (q, Austin, Tex.) nessee Reconnaissance study of the chemical quality of streams D. W. Rankin (W) L. S. Hughes (q, Austin, Tex.) Bridge-site studies (surface water) Chemical quality oif surface waters of the Brazos River I. J. Hickenlooper (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) basin Flood-frequency analysis L. S. Hughes (q, Austin, Tex.) W. J. Randolph (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) Hydrologic investigations, small watersheds, Trinity, Low-flow studies Brazos, Colorado, and San Antonio Rivers basins J. S. Cragwall, Jr. (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) Flood profiles, Chattanooga Creek Hydrologic effect of small reservoirs, Honey Creek A. M. F. Johnson (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) F. W. Kennon (h, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Large springs of eastern Tennessee Sedimentation in the uppei Trinity River basin P. C. Sun (g, Nashville, Tenn.) C. H. Hembree (q, Austin, Tex.) Western Tennessee (ground water) Escondido Creek Trap efficiency study G. K. Moore (g, Nashville, Tenn.) C. H. Hembree (q, Austin, Tex.) Dover area (ground water) Sources of salinity in the upper Brazos River basin M. V. Marcher (g, Nashville, Tenn.) R. C. Baker (g, Austin, Tex.) Germantown-Collierville area (ground water) High Plains north of the Canadian River (ground water) P. C. Sun (g, Nashville, Tenn.) W. H. Alexander (g, Austin, Tex.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A163

Texas Continued Utah Continued Carson and adjoining counties (ground water) Mineral resources Continued G. McAdoo (g, Austin, Tex.) "Marysvale district (alunite) El Paso area (ground water) R. L. Parker (D) M. B. Davis (g, Austin, Tex.) San Francisco Mountains (base metals, tungsten) Galveston area (ground water) D. M. Lemmon (M) R. B. Anders (g, Austin, Tex.) "Cedar Mountain quadrangle, Iron County (coal) Haskell and Knox Counties (ground water) P. Averitt (D) W. Ogilbee (g, Austin, Tex.) Hurricane fault, southwestern Utah (coal) Hardin County ground water) P. Averitt (D) B. T. Baker, Jr. (g, Austin, Tex). "Southern Kolob Terrace coal field Houston district (ground water) W. B. Cashion (D) R. B. Anders (g, Austin, Tex.) "Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona and Northern Jim Wells County and adjacent areas (ground Utah water) R. B. O'Sullivan (D) C. C. Mason (g, Austin, Tex.) "Regional geologic setting of the Bingham Canyon district Refugio County (ground water) (copper) C. C. Mason (g, Austin, Tex.) R. J. Roberts (M) Upper and lower Rio Grande basins, Brazos, Red, and Gulf "Thomas and Dugway Ranges (fluorspar, beryllium) Coast basins (ground water) M. H. Staatz (D) L. A. Wood (g, Austin, Tex.) Alta quadrangle (lead, silver, phosphate rock) Middle Rio Grande basin, Colorado, Trinity, and Sabine M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M) River basins (ground water) "East Tintic lead-zinc district, including geochemical studies R. C. Peckham (g, Austin, Tex.) H. T, Morris (M) San Antonio area (ground water) "Uinta Basin oil shale S. Garza (g, Austin, Tex.) W. B. Cashion (D) Utah: Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park General geology: City Formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate, Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, northwestern Colorado and minor elements) northeastern Utah K. M. Tagg (M) A. D. Zapp (D) "Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range, Tuffs of the Green River Formation Nevada and Utah (tungsten, beryllium) R. L. Griggs (D) D. H. Whitebread (M) Northern Bonneville Basin Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasis J. S. Williams (Provo, Utah) on the Colorado Plateau "Confusion Range R. P. Fischer (D) R. K. Hose (M) Relative concentrations of chemical elements in different Lehi quadrangle rocks and ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M) (uranium, vanadium, copper) "Little Cottonwood area A. T. Miesch (D) G. M. Richmond (D) ""Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, "Park City area vanadium) M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M) D. G. Wyant (D) "Promontory Point Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau R. B. Morrison (D) (uranium, copper) "Strawberry Valley and Wasatch Mountains J. H. Stewart (M) A. A. Baker (W) San Rafael Group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau "Utah Valley, south half (uranium) H. J. Bissell (Provo, Utah) J. C.Wright (W) Engineering geology and geophysical studies: Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (Uranium, "Geologic factors related to coal-mine bumps vanadium) F. W. Osterwald (D) L. C. Craig (D) "Upper Green River valley (construction-site planning) Lithologic studies, Colorado Plateau W. R. Hansen (D) R. A. Cadigan (D) "Surficial geology of the Oak City area Clay studies, Colorado Plateau D. J. Varnes (D) L. G. Schultz (D) Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies Abajo Mountains (uranium, vanadium) H. R. Joesting (W) I. J. Witkind (D) Mineral resources: "Circle Cliffs area (uranium) L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah) E. S. Davidson (Tucson, Ariz.) Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Utah and Nevada Deer Flat area, White Canyon district (uranium, copper) R. L. Erickson (D) T. L. Finnell (D) Colorado Plateau botanical-prospecting studies Elk Ridge area (uranium) F. J. Kleinhampl (M) R. Q. Lewis (Columbia, Ky.) A164 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Utah Continued Virginia: Mineral resouces Continued *Potomac Basin studies, Virginia and West Virginia *La Sal area, Utah and Colorado (uranium, vanadium) J. T. Hack (W) W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) *Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Kentucky, *Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colorado (uranium, vana­ Tennessee, and Virginia dium, copper) L. D. Harris (W) G. W. Weir (Berea, Ky.) *Mount Rogers area, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennes­ *Moab-Interriver area, east-central Utah (uranium) see E. N. Hinrichs (D) D. W. Rankin (W) * Orange Cliffs area (uranium) Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee and F. A. McKeown (D) Virginia zinc deposits *Sage Plain area (uranium, vanadium) H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) L. C. Huff (D) Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennes­ Uranium ore controls of the San Rafael Swell see, and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) C. C. Hawley (D) R. M. Hernon (D) * White Canyon area (uranium, copper) *Big Stone Gap district (coal, oil, and gas) R. E. Thaden (Columbia, Ky.) R. L. Miller (W) Western oxidized-zinc deposits Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Vir­ A. V. Heyl (W) ginia and Maryland Water resources: S. K. Neuschel (W) Flood gaging *Herndon quadrangle (construction-site planning) V. K. Berwick (s, Salt Lake City, Utah) R. E. Eggleton (D) Study of the mechanics of hillslope erosion Engineering geology, Washington metropolitan area S. A. Schumm (h, D) H. W. Coulter (W) Piping, an erosional phenomenon in certain silty soils of Flood investigations arid and semi-arid regions C. W. Lingham (s, Charlottesville, Va.) G. G. Parker, R. C. Miller and I. S. McQueen (h, D) The hydraulic geometry of a small tidal estuary Pumping districts of southern Utah (ground water) L. B. Leopold (w, W) G. W. Sandberg (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) Hydrologic and hydraulic studies Dissolved-mineral contributions to Great Salt Lake C. W. Lingham (s, Charlottesville, Va.) R. H. Langford (q, Salt Lake City, Utah) Flood hydrology, Fairfax County and Alexandria City Dinosaur National Monument (ground water) D. G. Anderson (s, Charlottesville, Va.) R. E. Smith (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) Potomac River basin (ground water) Jordan Valley (ground water) P. M. Johnson (g, W) I. W. Marine (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) Washington: Pavant Valley (ground water) Pacific Northwest geophysical studies R .W. Mower (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) W. E. Davis (M) Price area (ground water) Geophysical studies, northwestern Washington H. D. Goode (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) W. T. Kinoshita (M) Sevier Desert (ground water) Gravity survey of western Washington R. W. Mower (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) D. J. Stuart (D) Central Sevier Valley (ground water) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford R. A. Young (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) R. G. Schmidt (W) Upper Servier Valley (ground water) Eastern Washington clay studies R. A. Young (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) J. W. Hosterman (W) East Shore area (ground water) *Bald Knob quadrangle R. E. Smith (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) M. H. Staatz (D) Tooele Valley (ground water) *Bodie Mountain quadrangle J. S. Gates (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) R. C. Pearson (D) Uinta Basin (ground water) *Chewelah area (magnesite) H. D. Goode (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) I. Campbell (San Francisco, Calif.) Northern Utah Valley (ground water) * Glacier Peak quadrangle S. Subitzky (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) D. F. Crowder (M) Weber Basin (ground water) *Grays Harbor basin (oil and gas) J. H. Feth (g, Salt Lake City, Utah) H. D. Gower (M) Evaluation of sediment barrier on Sheep Creek, Paria River *Greenacres quadrangle, Washington and Idaho (high- basin, near Tropic alumina clays) G. C. Lusby (h,D) P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.) Vermont: *Holden and Lucerne quadrangles, northern Cascade Moun­ *Rowe and Heath quadrangles, Massachusetts and Vermont tains (copper) A. H. Chidester (D) and J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, F. W. Cater (D) Mass.) *Hunters quadrangle (magnesite, tungsten, base metals, *Talc and asbestos deposits of north-central Vermont barite) W. M. Cady (D) A, B. Campbell (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A165

1 Washington Continued West Virginia: Maple Valley, Hobart and Cumberland quadrangles, King *Potomac Basin studies, Virginia and West Virginia County (coal) J. T. Hack (W) J. D. Vine (M) General hydrology *Metaline lead-zinc district W. L. Doll (s, Charleston, W. Va.) M. G. Dings (D) Potomac River basin (ground water) *Mt. Spokane quadrangle, Washington and Idaho (uranium) P. M. Johnston (g, W) A. E. Weissenborn (Spokane, Wash.) Ohio County (ground water) *Eastern Olympic Peninsula G. Meyer (g, Morgantown, W. Va.) W. M. Cady (D) Lower Kanawha River valley (ground water) *Northern Olympic Peninsula B. M. Wilmoth (g, Morgantown, W. Va.) R. D. Brown, Jr. (M) Teays Valley (ground water) *Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington E. C. Rhodehamel (g, Morgantown, W. Va.) D. E. Trimble (D) Wisconsin: *Puget Sound Basin (urban geology) Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region D. R. Crandell (D) G.D.Bath (M) * Republic quadrangle * Florence County (iron) R. L. Parker (D) C. E. Dutton (Madison, Wis.) Engineering geologic studies of Seattle Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, D. R. Mullineaux (D) Florence County **Geologic mapping of the Spokane-Wallace region, Washing­ E.R.King (W) ton and Idaho * Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district A. B. Griggs (M) J. W. Whitlow (W) *Stevens County lead-zinc district * Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque R. G. Yates (M) J.W. Whitlow (W) *Turtle Lake quadrangle, (uranium) Geochemical survey of the Drif tless Area G.E. Becraft (D) H. T. Shacklette (D) *Wilmont Creek quadrangle Low-flow frequency analyses' G.E. Becraft (D) K. B. Young (s, Madison, Wise.) Glacialogical research Regional flood frequency M. F. Meier (h, Tacoma, Wash.) D. W. Ericson (s, Madison, Wis.) Geomorphology of glacier streams Northwestern Wisconsin (ground water) R. K. Fahnestock (h, Fort Collins, Colo.) R. W. Ryling (g, Madison, Wis.) Cedar River basin (surface water) Dane County (ground water) F. M. Veatch (s, Tacoma, Wash.) D. R. Cline (g, Madison, Wis.) Chelalis River basin (surface water) Green Bay area (ground water) E. G. Bailey (s, Tacoma, Wash.) D. B.Knowles (g, Madison, Wis.) Columbia River Basalt, hydrology Milwaukee area (ground water) R. C. Newcomb (g, Portland, Oreg.) R. W. Ryling (g, Madison, Wis.) Artificial recharge of basalt aquifers, Walla Walla Little Plover River basin (ground water) A. A. Garrett (g, Tacoma, Wash.) D. B. Knowles (g, Madison, Wis.) Relationship of ground-water storage and streamflow, Co­ Portage County (ground water) lumbia River basin C. L. R. Holt (g, Madison, Wis.) A. A. Garrett (g, Tacoma, Wash.) Rock County (ground water) E. F. LeRoux (g, Madison, Wis.) Columbia Basin Irrigation Project (ground water) Waupaca County (ground water) J. W. Bingham (g, Tacoma, Wash.) C. F. Berkstresser (g, Madison, Wis.) Lower Columbia River basin (quality of surface water) Waushara County (ground water) J. F. Santos (q, Portland, Oreg.) W. K. Summers (g, Madison, Wis.) Hydrology of Lower Flett Creek basin Wyoming: F. M. Veatch (s, Tacoma, Wash.) General geology and engineering geology: Grant, Adams, and Franklin Counties (ground water) Geology and paleolimnology of the Green River Formation M. J. Grolier (g, Tacoma, Wash.) W. H. Bradley (W) Southwest King County (ground water) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River Formation K. L. Walters (g, Tacoma, Wash.) C. Milton (W) Central Pierce County (ground water) Tuffs of the Green River Formation K. L. Walters (g, Tacoma, Wash.) R. L. Griggs (D) Thurston County (ground water) Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy E. F. Wallace (g, Tacoma, Wash.) A. D. Zapp Whitman County (ground water) Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre Shale, Mon­ K. L. Walters (g, Tacoma, Wash.) tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Whitman National Monument (ground water) Nebraska J. W. Bingham (g, Tacoma, Wash.) H. A, Tourtelot (D)

661513 O 62 A166 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Wyoming Continued Wyoming Continued General geology and engineering geology Continued Mineral resources Continued Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Pierre Shale, Front Uranium and phosphate in the Green River Formation Range area, Colorado and Wyoming W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) W. A. Cobban and G. R. Scott (D) *Baggs area, Wyoiring and Colorado (uranium) *Regional stratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara Group, G. E. Prichard (D) Black Hills *Crooks Gap area, Fremont County (uranium) W. J. Mapel (D) J. G. Stephens (D) Investigation of Jurassic stratigraphy, south-central Wyo­ *Gas Hills district (uranium) ming and northwestern Colorado H. D. Zeller (D) G. N. Pipiringos (D) *Hiland-Clarkson Hills area (uranium) Permian stratigraphy E. I. Rich (M) E. K. Maughan (D) *Pumnkin Bnttes area, Powder River Basin (uranium) Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy, Front Range W. N. Sharp (D) E. K. Maughan (D) * Southern Powder River Basin (uranium) Chemical composition of thermal waters in Yellowstone W.N. Sharp (D) Park *Red Desert area (uranium in coal) G. W. Morey (W) G. N. Pipiringos (D) *Big Piney area *Shirley Basin area (uranium) S. S. Oriel (D) E. N. Harshman (D) *Clark Fork area * Storm Hill quadrangle (uranium) W. G. Pierce (M) G. A. Izett (D) *Cokeville quadrangle Strawberry Hill quadrangle (uranium) W. W. Rubey (Los Angeles, Calif.) R. E. Da vis (D) *Fort Hill quadrangle Regional gravity studies in uranium geology, Black Hills S. S. Oriel (D) area *Fossil basin, southwest Wyoming R. M. Hazlewood (D) J. I. Tracey, Jr. (W) Water resources: *Geology of Grand Teton National Park Flood gaging J. D. Love (Laramie, Wyo.) J. R. Carter (s, Cheyenne, Wyo.) *Upper Green River valley (construction-site planning) Bridge-site studies W. R. Hansen (D) J. R. Carter (s, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Geology of the Powder River Basin with reference to the Effects of exposure on slope morphology disposal of high-level radioactive wastes R. F. Hadley (h, D) H. Beikman (D) Scour of river beds during high flow Geology of the Williston Basin with reference to the dis­ L. B.Leopold (w, W) posal of high-level radioactive wastes Mining hydrology C. A. Sandberg (D) W. T. Stuart (g,W) *Quaternary geology of the Wind River Mountains Sedimentation and chemical quality of surface waters in G.M.Richmond (D) the Bighorn River basin, Wyoming and Montana Mineral resources: T. F. Hanly (q, Worland, Wyo.) * Atlantic City district (iron, gold) Chemical quality of ground water in Johnson County R. W. Bayley (M) T. R. Cummings (q, Worland, Wyo.) *Beaver Divide area (oil and gas) Quality of water in the Niobrara River basin F. B. Van Houten (Princeton, N.J.) Cloyd H. Scott (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) *Crowheart Butte area (oil and gas) Chemical quality of ground water in Sheridan County J. F. Murphy (D) _ T. R. Cummings (q, Worland, Wyo.) * Shotgun Butte (oil and gas) ^ Sedimentation and chemical quality of surface waters in W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) the Wind River Basin *Whalen-Wheatland area (oil and gas) T. F. Hanly (q, Worland, Wyo.) L. W. McGrew (Laramie, Wyo.) Cheyenne area (ground water) Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, E. D. Gordon (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) North Dakota, and South Dakota Northern and western Crook County (ground water) C. A. Sandberg (D) H. A. Whitcomb (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Regional geology of the Wind River Basin (oil and gas) Devils Tower National Monument (ground water) W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) E. D. Gordon (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) *Green River Formation, Sweetwater County (oil shale, Glendo area, hydrologic studies E. P. Weeks (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) W. C. Culbertson (D) Grand Teton National Park (ground water) Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western E. D. Gordon (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Wyoming (phosphate, minor elements) Northern Johnson County (ground water) R. P. Sheldon (D) R. A. McCullough (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Titaniferous black sands in Upper Cretaceous rocks Lyman-Mountain View area (ground water) R. S. Houston (Laramie, Wyo.) C. J. Robinove (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A167

Wyoming Continued Western Pacific Islands Continued Water resources Continued Southern Okinawa (ground water) ! Niobrara County (ground water) D. A. Davis (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) ; H. A. Whitcoinb (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) "Pagan Island Sheridan County (ground water) G. Corwin (W) M. E. Lowry (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) "Palau Islands Upper Star Valley (ground water) G. Corwin (W) M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) Tinian Wheatland Flats area (ground water) D. B. Doan (W) E. P. Weeks (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Truk Bridge Bay, Tellowstone National Park (ground water) J. T. Stark (Recife, Brazil) E. D. Gordon (g, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Yap and Caroline Islands Puerto Rico and Caribbean area: C. G. Johnson (Honolulu, Hawaii) *Geology and mineral resources of Puerto Rico Pacific Islands vegetation W. H. Monroe (San Juan, Puerto Rico) F. R. Fosberg (W) Carbonate sediments, Bahama Banks Antarctica: P. E. Cloud (Minneapolis, Minn.) ""Reconnaissance geology of western Antarctica Recent Foraminifera, Central America E. L. Boudette (W) P. J. Smith (M) Horlick Mountains Geophysical studies in Puerto Rico A. B. Ford (W) A. Griscom (W) Reconnaissance geology along the Eights and Walgreen Aerial radiological monitoring surveys Coasts J. A. Pitkin (W) A. A. Drake, Jr. (W) Puerto Rico (surface water) Geologic and hydrologic investigations in other nations: D. B. Bogart (s, San Juan, Puerto Rico) Afganistan ground-water investigatory programming Flood-inundation mapping P. E. Dennis (w, Kabul, Afganistan) D. B. Bogart (s, San Juan, Puerto Rico) Afganistan surface-water resources of Helmand River Lower Tallaboa Valley, Puerto Rico (ground water) basin I. G. Grossman (g, San Juan, Puerto Rico) R. H. Brigham (w, Lashkar Gah, Afganistan) Use of water by industry Belgium radiohydrology J. W. Crooks (q, San Juan, Puerto Rico) E. S. Simpson (w, Mons, Belgium) Jobosarea (water resources) Bolivia mineral resources and geologic mapping (advising N. E. McClymonds (g, San Juan, Puerto Rico) and training) Humacaoarea (flood-inundation mapping) C. M. Tschanz (LaPaz, Bolivia) M. A. L6pez (s, San Juan, Puerto Rico) "Brazil iron and manganese resources, Minas Gerais Guayanilla area (water resources) J. V. N. Dorr II (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) J. W. Crooks (q, San Juan, Puerto Rico) "Brazil base-metal resources Bayam6n area (flood-inundation mapping) A. J. Bodenlos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) M. A. L6pez (s, San Juan, Puerto Rico) Brazil geological education Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (ground water) A. J. Bodenlos (Rio de Janerio, Brazil) H. Sutcliffe (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) Brazil education in ground-water geology and hydrology St. Croix, Virgin Islands (water resources) D. J. Cederstrom (w, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) G. E. Hendrickson (g, Christiansted, Virgin Islands of "Chile mineral resources and national geologic mapping the U.S.) W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) Western Pacific Islands: Chile ground-water investigations and hydrogeologic Cenozoic mollusks, western Pacific Islands mapping H. S. Ladd (W) R. J. Dingman (w, Santiago, Chile) Cenozoic smaller Foraminifera, Pacific Ocean and islands " "Greenland, eastern surficial geology (construction-site M. R. Todd (W) planning) Cenozoic gastropods and pelecypods, Pacific islands W. E. Da vies (W) F. S. MacNeil (M) Indonesia American Samoa (ground water) R. F. Johnson K. J. Takasaki (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) Iran nationwide river-basin surveys *Bikini and nearby atolls A. F. Pendleton (w, Teheran, Iran) H. S. Ladd (W) " "Libya industrial minerals and national geologic map *Guam G. H. Goudarzi (Tripoli, Libya) J. I. Tracey, Jr. (W) Libya nationwide ground-water investigation and pilot Guam (ground water) development D. A. Da vis (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) J. R. Jones (w, Benghazi, Libya) *Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands Mexico training in regional geologic mapping H. L. Foster (W) C. T. Pierson (Mexico, D.F., Mexico) *"Okinawa Nepal nationwide surface-water reconnaissance G. Corwin (W) F. M. Veatch (w, Katmandu, Nepal) A168 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Geologic and hydrologic investigations in other nations Con. Extraterrestrial studies Lunar geology tektites, and meteor­ Pakistan mineral-resources development (advisory and ites Continued training) Terrane study of the moon J. A. Reinemund (Quetta, Pakistan) C. R. Warren (W) Pakistan hydrologic investigations related to waterlogging Photogeology of the moon lunar photometry and salinity control W. A. Fischer (W) D. W. Greenman (w, Lahore, Pakistan) Lunar physical properties, measuring techniques **Philippines iron, chromite and nonmetallic mineral re­ sources E. M. Shoemaker (M) J. F. Harrington (Manila, P.I.) X-ray fluorescence equipment for lunar studies ** Saudi Arabia national geologic map L Adler (W) G. F. Brown (Jidda, Saudi Arabia) Terrestrial impact structures Decaturville Dome, Mo. Sudan ground-water investigations Kordofan Province D. J. Milton (M) H. G. Rodis (w, Khartoum, Sudan) Terrestrial impact structures Meteor Crater, Ariz. Thailand economic geology and mineral industry expan­ E. M. Shoemaker (M) sion (advisory) Terrestrial impact structures Sierra Madera, Tex. L. S. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand) Tunisia ground-water investigations and hydrogeologic E. M. Shoemaker (M) mapping Shock-phase studies H. E. Thomas (w, Tunis, Tunisia) D. J. Milton (M) Turkey Geological education, University of Istanbul Experimental hypervelocity impact studies (training) H. J.Moore (M) Q. D. Singewald (Istanbul, Turkey) Impact metamorpWsm Turkey nationwide surface-water investigations E. C. T. Chao (W) L. J. Snell (w, Ankara, Turkey) United Arab Republic (Egypt) ground-water investigation Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations and pilot development in the Kharga Oasis E. M. Shoemaker (M) H. A. Waite (w, Cairo, Egypt) Age determination of tektites Extraterrestrial studies Lunar geology, tektites, and meteor­ P. Signer (Minneapolis, Minn.) ites: Chemistry of tektites Photogeology of the moon stratigraphy and structure of F. Cuttita (W) the Kepler region R. J. Hackman (W) Mineralogy and petrology of meteorites and tektites Photogeology of the moon stratigraphy and structure of E. C. T. Chao (W) the Letronne and Riphaeus Mountains regions Thermoluminescence and mass physical properties C. H. Marshall (M) C. H. Roach (D) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A169

TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Heavy metals: Heavy metals Continued District studies: District studies Continued Ferrous and ferro-alloy metals: *Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana and Idaho *Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States R. L. Parker (D) A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N.J.) Magnet Cove niobium investigations, Arkansas Clinton iron ores of the southern Appalachians L. V. Blade (Paducah, Ky.) R. P. Sheldon (D) Base and precious metals: * Southern Dickinson County, Michigan (iron) "Swain County copper district, North Carolina R. W. Bay ley (M) G. H. Espenshade (W) * Florence County, Wisconsin (iron) Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Ten­ C. E. Dutton (Madison, Wis.) nessee, and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) *East Marquette district, Michigan (iron) R. M. Hernon (D) J. E. Gair (D) *Michigan copper district *Eastern Iron County, Michigan (iron) W. S. White (W) K. L. Wier (D) Copper deposits in sandstone *Iron River-Crystal Falls district, Michigan (iron) C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) H. L. James (Minneapolis, Minn.) *Bradshaw Mountains, Arizona (copper) *Negaunee and Palmer quadrangles, Michigan (iron) C. A. Anderson (W) J. E. Gair (D) *Klondyke quadrangle, Arizona (copper) *Cuyuna North Range, Minnesota (iron) F. S. Simons (D) R. G. Schmidt (W) " Christmas quadrangle, Arizona (copper, iron) Deposits of Nevada (iron) C. R. Willden (M) R. G. Reeves (Alegro, Brazil) Contact-metamorphic deposits of the Little Dragoons area, * Atlantic City district, Wyoming (ir6n, gold) Arizona (copper) R. W. Bayley (M) J. R. Cooper (D) *Unionville and Buffalo Mountain quadrangles, Humboldt * Globe-Miami area, Arizona (copper) Range, Nevada (iron, tungsten, silver, quicksilver) D. W. Peterson (M) R. E. Wallace (M) *Mammoth and Benson quadrangles, Arizona (copper) Ore deposits of southwestern Montana (iron) S. C. Creasey (M) H. L. James (Minneapolis, Minn.) *Prescott-Paulden area, Arizona (copper) **Klukwan iron district, Alaska M. H. Krieger (M) E. C. Robertson (W) *Twin Buttes area, Arizona (copper) *Southeastern Aroostook County, Maine (manganese) J. R. Cooper (D) L. Pavlides (W) " Regional geologic setting of the Bingham Canyon district, Philipsburg area, Montana (manganese and base metals) Utah (copper) W. C. Prinz (W) R. J. Roberts (M) John Day area, Oregon (chromite) " Regional geologic setting of the Ely district, Nevada T. P. Thayer (W) (copper, lead, zinc) Northern California (chromite) A. L. Brokaw (D) F. G. Wells (W) Structural geology of the Sierra foothills mineral belt, Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, California (copper, zinc, gold, chromite) Oregon-California L. D. Clark (M) P. E. Hotz (M) " Holden and Lucerne quadrangles, Northern Cascade *Hamme tungsten deposit, North-Carolina Mountains, Washington (copper) J. M. Parker, 3d (Raleigh, N.C.) F. W. Cater (D) *Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range, **Southern Brooks Range, Alaska (copper, precious metals) Nevada and Utah (tungsten and beryllium) W. P. Brosg<§ (M) D. H. Whitebread (M) " Volcanic and e'conomic geology of the Creede caldera, *Osgood Mountains quadrangle, Nevada (tungsten, quick­ Colorado (base and precious metals, fluorspar) silver) T. A. Steven (D) P. E. Hotz (M) *Lochiel and Nogales quadrangles, Arizona (lead, zinc, *Bishop tungsten district, California copper) P. C. Bateman (M) F. S. Simons (D) *Eastern Sierra tungsten area, California: Devil's Post- " Silver City region, New Mexico (copper, zinc) pile (tungsten, base metals) W. R. Jones (D) N. K. Huber (M) *San Francisco Mountains, Utah (base metals, tungsten) *Geologic study of the Sierra Nevada batholith, California D. M. Lemmon (M) (tungsten, gold, base metals) *East Tintic lead-zinc district, Utah, including geochem- P. C. Bateman (M) ical studies *Blackbird Mountain area, Idaho (cobalt) H. T. Morris (M) J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) *Minturn quadrangle, Colorado (zinc, silver, copper, lead, *Quartzburg district, Oregon (cobalt) gold) J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) T. S. Lovering (D) A170 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPiSIS OF RESULTS

Heavy metals Continued Heavy metals Continued District studies Continued Commodity and topical studies: *Rico district, Colorado (lead, zinc, silver) Mineral-resource information and research B. T. McKnight (W) H. Kirkemo (W) *Tenmile Range, including the Kokomo mining district, Mineral exploration, Northwestern United States Colorado (base and precious metals) D. R. MacLaren (Spokane, Wash.) A. H. Koschmann (D) U.S. Mineral Resource maps *Bureka mining district, Nevada (zinc, lead, silver, gold) W. L. Newman (W) T. B. Nolan Resource study and appraisal of base and precious metals *Boulder batholith area, Montana (base, precious, and A. R. Kinkel, Jr. (W) radioactive metals) Resource study and appraisal of ferrous and ferro-alloy M. R. Klepper (W) metals *Antler Peak quadrangle, Nevada (base and precious metals) T. P. Thayer (W) R. J Roberts (M) Origin of the Mississippi Valley type ore deposits *Bast Tennessee zinc studies A. V. Heyl (W) lA. L. Brokaw (D) Alaskan metallogenic provinces Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee and C. L. Sainsbury (M) Virginia zinc deposits Resources and geochemistry of rare-earth elements H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) J. W. Adams (D) *Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district Refractory-metals resources J. W. Whitlow (W) V. C. Frylund, Jr. (W) * Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque, Western oxidized-zinc deposits Iowa A. V. Heyl (W) J. W. Whitlow (W) Statistical techniques in the analysis of drilling data *Southeastern Missouri (lead) H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) T. H. Kiilsgaard (W) Massive sulfide deposits Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas A. R. Kinkel, Jr. (W) B. T. McKnight (W) Molybdenum-rhenium resource studies *Alta quadrangle, Utah (lead, silver, phosphate rock) R. U. King (D) M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M) Tantalum-niobium resources of the United States *Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho (lead, zinc, silver) R. L. Parker (D) S.W.Hobbs (Wj *San Juan mining area, Colorado, including detailed study lone quadrangle, Nevada (lead, quicksilver, tungsten) of the Silverton Caldera (lead. zinc, silver, gold, C. J. Vitaliano (Bloomington, Ind.) copper) *New York Butte quadrangle, California (lead-zinc) R. G. Luedke (W) W. C. Smith (M) *Holy Cross quadrangle, Colorado, and the Colorado min­ *Panamint Butte quadrangle, California, including special eral belt (lead, zinc, silver, copper, gold) geochemical studies (lead-silver) O. Tweto (D) W.B.Hall (W) *Central City-Georgetown area, Colorado including studies *Metaline lead-zinc district, Washington of the Precambrian history of the Front Range M. G. Dings (D) (base, precious, and radioactive metals) *Stevens County, Washington, lead-zinc district P. K. Sims (Minneapolis, Minn.) R. G. Yates (M) Light metals and industrial minerals: *Mt. Diablo area, California (quicksilver, copper, gold, Resource study and appraisal, light metals and industrial silver) minerals E. H. Pampeyan (M) J. J. Norton (W) Quicksilver deposits, southwestern Alaska Titaniferous black sands in Upper Cretaceous rocks, E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) Wyoming *Ochoco Reservation, Lookout Mountain, Eagle Rock, and R. S. Houston (Laramie, Wyo.) Post quadrangles, Oregon (quicksilver) *Marysvale district, Utah (alunite) A. C. Waters (Baltimore, Md.) R. L. Parker (D) *Nome C-l and D-l quadrangles, Alaska (gold) *McFadden Peak and Blue House Mountain quadrangles, C. L. Hummel (Bangkok, Thailand) Arizona (asbestos) *Tofty placer district, Alaska (gold, tin) A. F. Shride (D) D. M. Hopkins (M) *Talc and asbestos deposits of north-central Vermont **Regional geology and mineral resources, southeastern W. M. Cady (D) Alaska Barite deposits of Arkansas R. A. Loney (M) D. A. Brobst (D) Seward Peninsula, Alaska (tin) Bauxite deposits of the Southeastern States P. L. Killeen (W) E. F. Overstreet (W) *Lost River mining district, Alaska (tin, berylium) Eastern Washington clay studies C. L. Sainsbury (M) J. W. Hosterman (W) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A171

Light metals and industrial metals Continued Light metals and industrial metals Continued *Greenacres quadrangle, Washington and Idaho (high- Phosphate deposits of northern Florida alumina clays) G. H. Espenshade (W) P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.) * Florida land-pebble phosphate deposits High-alumina weathered basalt on Kauai, Hawaii J. B. Cathcart (D) S. H. Patterson (W) Geochemistry and petrology of westhern phosphate Clay deposits of Maryland deposits M. M. Knechtel (W) R. A. Gulbrandsen (M) Clay deposits of the Olive Hill bed of eastern Kentucky *Aspen Range-Dry Ridge area, Idaho (phosphate) J. W. Hosterman (W) V. E. McKelvey (W) Clay studies, Colorado Plateau *Soda Springs quadrangle, Idaho, including studies of the L. G. Schultz (D) Bannock thrust zone (phosphate) *Lake George district, Colorado (beryllium) F. C. Armstrong (Spokane, Wash.) C. C. Hawley (D) Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western Beryllium in volcanic rocks, Western United States Wyoming (phosphate, minor elements) D. R. Shawe (D) R. P. Sheldon (D) Fluorspar deposits of northwestern Kentucky Phosphate deposits of south-central Montana R. D. Trace (Princeton, Ky.) R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.) *Poncha Springs and Bonanza quadrangles, Colorado Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria Formation (fluorspar) in southwestern Montana (phosphate, minor R. E. VanAlstine (W) elements) *Thomas and Dugway Ranges, Utah (fluorspar-beryllium) E. R. Cressman (Lexington, Ky.) M. H. Staatz (D) Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park *Beatty area, Nevada (fluorite, bentonite, gold, silver) City Formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate, H. R. Cornwall (M) minor elements) * Western Mojave Desert, California (boron) K. M. Tagg (M) T. W. Dibblee, Jr. (M) Geology of monazite * Furnace Creek area, California (boron) W. C. Overstreet (W) J. F. McAllister (M) Geology of the Piedmont region of the Southeastern Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, States (monazite) Oregon, and Nevada (boron) W. C. Overstreet (W) W. C. Smith (M) *Shelby quadrangle (monazite) *Geology and origin of the saline deposits of Searles Lake, W. C. Overstreet (W) California (boron) Radioactive minerals: G. I. Smith (M) Potash and other saline deposits of the Carlsbad area, District studies: New Mexico Uranium-thorium reconnaissance, Alaska C. L. Jones (M) E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) *Heceta-Tuxekan area, Alaska (high-calcium limestone) Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in Karnes and G. D. Eberlein (M) Duval Counties, Texas *Chewelah area, Washington (magnesite) A. D. Weeks (W) I. Campbell (San Francisco, Calif.) Selected studies of uranium deposits, Pennsylvania *Hunters quadrangle, Washington (magnesite, tungsten, H. Klemic (Bowling Green, Ky.) base metals, barite) *Lehighton quadrangle, Pennsylvania (uranium) A. B. Campbell (D) H. Klemic (Bowling Green, Ky.) Mica deposits of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains Uranium and thorium in the White Mountain magma F. G. Lesure (W) series, New Hampshire Pegmatites of the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva dis­ A. P. Butler, Jr. (D) tricts, North Carolina Uranium-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasis F. G. Lesure (Knoxville, Tenn.) on the Colorado Plateau * Geologic setting of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district, R. P. Fischer (D) North Carolina (mica, feldspar) Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks and D. A. Brobst (D) ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium, * Southern Black Hills, South Dakota (pegmatite vanadium, copper) minerals) A. T. Miesch (D) J. J. Norton (W) *Pegmatites of the Custer district, South Dakota **Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, J. A. Redden (Blacksburg, Va.) vanadium) "Structure and metamorphism, Hill City quadrangle, D. G. Wyant (D) South Dakota (pegmatite minerals) Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado J. C. Ratte (D) Plateau (uranium, copper) Resources and geochemistry of selenium J. H. Stewart (D) D. F. Davidson (D) San Rafael Group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau Phosphate reserves, Southeastern United States (uranium) J. B. Cathcart (D) J. C. Wright (W) A172 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Radioactive minerals Continued Radioactive minerals Continued District studies Continued District studies Continued Studies of uranium deposits in Arizona *Moab-Interriver area, east-central Utah (uranium) H. C. Granger (D) E. N. Hinrichs (D) Uranium deposits of the Dripping Spring Quartzite of *Orange Cliffs area, Utah (uranium) southeastern Arizona F. A. McKeown (D) H. C. Granger (D) *Sage Plain area, Utah (uranium, vanadium) *Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona and New Mexico L. C. Huff (D) (uranium) Uranium ore controls of the San Rafael Swell, Utah J. D. Strobell (D) C. C. Hawley (D) *Maybell-Lay area, Moffat County, Colorado (uranium) *White Canyon area, Utah (uranium, copper) M. J. Bergin (W) R. E. Thaden (Columbia, Ky.) *Bull Canyon district, Colorado (vanadium, uranium) *Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium) C. H. Roach (D) G. E. Prichard (D) Exploration for uranium deposits in the Gypsum Valley *Crooks Gap area, Fremont County, Wyoming (uranium) district, Colorado J. G. Stephens (D) C. F. Withington (W) *Gas Hills district, Wyoming (uranium) *Ralston Buttes, Colorado (uranium) H. D.Zeller (D) D.M.Sheridan (D) *HilandjClarkson Hills area, Wyoming (uranium) *Western San Juan Mountains, Colorado (uranium, va­ E. I. Rich (M) nadium, gold) *Pumpkin Buttes area, Powder River Basin, Wyoming A. L. Bush (W) (uranium) * Slick Rock district, Colorado (uranium, vanadium) W. N. Sharp (D) D. R. Shawe (D) * Southern Powder River Basin, Wyoming (uranium) Uravan district, Colorado (vanadium, uranium) W. N. Sharp (D) R. L. Boardman (W) *Red Desert area, Wyoming (uranium in coal) *Ute Mountains, Colorado (uranium, vanadium) G. N. Pipiringos (D) E. B. Ekren (D) *Shirley basin area, Wyoming (uranium) *Powderhorn area, Gunnison County, Colorado (thorium) E. N. Harshman (D) J. C. Olson (D) Strawberry Hill quadrangle, Wyoming (uranium) *Wet Mountains, Colorado (thorium, base, and precious R. E. Davis (D) metals) * Storm Hill quadrangle, Wyoming (uranium) M R. Brock (D) G. A. Izett (D) Regional relations of the uranium deposits of northwest­ Uranium and phosphate in the Green River Formation, ern New Mexico Wyoming L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah) W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) Ambrosia Lake district, New Mexico (uranium) *"Southern Black Hills, South Dakota (uranium) H. C. Granger (D) G. B. Gott (D) *Grants area, New Mexico (uranium) *Harding County, South Dakota, and adjacent areas R. E. Thaden (Columbia, Ky.) (uraniferous lignite) Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in the Grants G. N. Pipiringos (D) area, New Mexico *"Radioactive placer deposits of central Idaho A. D. Weeks (W) D. L. Schmidt (D) *Laguna district, New Mexico (uranium) *"Turtle Lake quadrangle, Washington (uranium) R. H. Moench (D) G. E. Becraft (D) Alteration in relation to uranium deposits, Laguna dis­ *Mt. Spokane quadrangle, Washington and Idaho trict, New Mexico (uranium > R. H. Moench (D) A. E. Weissenborn (Spokane, Wash.) *Tucumcari-Sabinoso area, New Mexico (uranium) Commodity and topical studies: R. L. Griggs (D) Resource studies and appraisals of radioactive raw ma­ *Abajo Mountains, Utah (uranium, vanadium) terials I. J. Witkind (D) A. P. Butler (D) *"Circle Cliffs area, Utah (uranium) Uranium-bearing veins E. S. Davidson (Tucson, Ariz.) G. W. Walker (D) *Deer Flat area, White Canyon district, Utah (uranium, Uranium in natural waters copper) P. W. Fix (W) T. L. Finnell (D) Processes of formation and redistribution of uranium de­ *Elk Ridge area, Utah (uranium) posits R. Q. Lewis (Columbia, Ky.) K. G. Bell (D) *La Sal area, Utah and Colorado (uranium, vanadium) Uranium and oil in the Chattanooga Shale W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) A. Brown (W) " Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colorado (uranium, vana­ Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age (uranium, dium, copper) phosphate) G. W. Weir (Berea, Ky.) W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A173 Fuels: Fuels Continued District studies: Coal Continued Petroleum and natural gas: *Ivydell, Pioneer, Jellico West, and Ketchen quadrangles, *Big Stone Gap district, Virginia (oil and gas) Tennessee (coal) B. L. Miller (W) K. J. Englund (W) *Northern Arkansas oil and gas investigations, Arkansas *Bastern Kentucky coal investigations E. E. Glick (D) K. J. Bnglund (W) Central Nebraska basin (oil and gas) *Allegany County, Maryland (coal) G. E. Prichard (D) W. deWitt, Jr. (W) Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sedgwick Basin, Kansas *Bituminous coal resources of Pennsylvania (oil and gas) E. D. Patter son (W) W. L. Adkinson (Lawrence, Kans.) Washington County, Pennsylvania (coal) *Shawnee County, Kansas (oil and gas) H. Berryhill, Jr. (D) W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) * Southern Anthracite field, Pennsylvania * Wilson County, Kansas (oil and gas) G. H. Wood, Jr. (W) H. C. Wagner (M) *Western Middle Anthracite field, Pennsylvania McAlester Basin, Oklahoma (oil and gas) H. H. Arndt (W) S. E. Frezon (D) *Geology and coal resources of Belmont County, Ohio Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas) H. L. Berryhill, Jr. (D) W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) *Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas) *Wayland quadrangle, Texas (oil and gas) T. A. Hendricks (D) D. A. Myers (D) " Arkansas Basin coal investigations *Franklin Mountains, New Mexico and Texas (petroleum) B. B. Haley (D) R. L. Harbour (D) Coal resources of Iowa Oil and gas fields, New Mexico E. B. Landis (D) D. C. Duncan (W) " Baton Basin coking coal, New Mexico Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, G. H. Dixon (D) North Dakota, South Dakota " Western Baton coal basin, New Mexico C. A. Sandberg (D) C. L. Pillmore (D) *Geology of the Winnett-Mosby area, Montana (oil and " Bast side San Juan Basin, New Mexico (coal, oil, gas) W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) C. H. Dane (W) *Beaver Divide area, Wyoming (oil and gas) " Animas Biver area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil, F. B. Van Houten (Princeton, N.J.) *Crowheart Butte area, Wyoming (oil and gas) H. Barnes (D) J. F. Murphy (D) " Carbondale coal field, Colorado * Shotgun Butte, Wyoming (oil and gas) J. B. Donnell (D) W. B. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) " Eastern North Park, Colorado (coal, oil, gas) *Whalen-Wheatland area, Wyoming (oil and gas) D. M. Kinney (W) L. W. McGrew (Laramie, Wyo.) " Western North Park, Colorado (coal, oil, gas) Begional geology of the Wind Biver Basin, Wyoming (oil W. J. Hail (D) and gas) " Trinidad coal field, Colorado W. B. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) B. B. Johnson (D) *Fuels potential of the Navajo Beservation, Arizona and Powder Biver coal fields, Montana Utah B. P. Bryson (W) B. B. O'Sullivan (D) " Cedar Mountain quadrangle, Iron County, Utah (coal) *Bastern Los Angeles basin, California (petroleum) P. Averitt (D) J. B. Schoellhamer (M) " Southern Kolob Terrace coal field, Utah *Northwest Sacramento Valley, California (petroleum) W. B. Cashion (D) B. D. Brown, Jr. (M) Hurricane faults, southwestern Utah (coal) *Gulf of Alaska Tertiary province, Alaska (petroleum) P. Averitt (D) G. Plafker (M) **Nelchina area, Alaska (petroleum) *Livingston-Trail Creek area, Montana (coal) A. Grantz (M) A. E. Boberts (D) *Iniskin-Tuxedni region, Alaska (petroleum) " Maple Valley, Hobart, and Cumberland quadrangles, King B. L. Detterman (M) 'County, Washington (coal) """Lower Yukon-Koyukuk area, Alaska (petroleum) J.D. Vine (M) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) *Beluga-Yentna area, Alaska (coal) * ""Northern Alaska petroleum investigations F. F. Barnes (M) G. Gryc (W) * Matanuska coal field, Alaska Coal: F. F. Barnes (M) * Warrior quadrangle, Alabama (coal) Matanuska stratigraphic studies, Alaska (coal) W. C. Culbertson (D) A. Grantz (M) Coal resources of Alabama " Nenana coal investigations, Alaska W. C. Culbertson (D) C. Wahrhaftig (M) A174 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Fuels Continued Water Continued Oil shale: Distribution and characteristics of streamflow Continued **Oil shale investigations in Colorado Beaver Creek basin, Oklahoma (surface water) D. C. Duncan (W) L. L. Laine (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) *Grand-Battlement Mesa oil shale, Colorado Cottonwood Creek basin, Oklahoma (surface water) J. R. Donnell (D) L. L. Laine (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) *Uinta Basin oil shale, Utah Otter Creek basin, Oklahoma (surface water) W. B. Cashion (D) A. O. Westfall (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) *Green River Formation, Sweetwater County, Wyoming Elk Creek basin, Oklahoma (surface water) (oil shale, salines) A. O. Westfall (s, Oklahoma City, Okla.) W. C. Culbertson (D) Puerto Rico (surface water) Resource studies: D. B. Bogart (s, San Juan, Puerto Rico) Fuel-resource studies Stream temperature records, Rhode Island D. C. Duncan (W) C. E. Knox (s, Boston, Mass.) Geology of the continental shelves Compilation of streamflow records, South Carolina J. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio) A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) Energy resources of the United States Hydrologic investigations, small watersheds, Trinity, T. A. Hendricks (D) Brazos, Colorado, and San Antonio River basins, Synthesis of geologic data on the Atlantic Coastal Plain Texas and Continental Shelf W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) J*. E. Johnston (W) Chehalis River basin, Washington (surface water) Geology and geochemistry of humates E. G. Bailey (s, Tacoma, Wash.) V. E. Swanson (D) Cedar River basin, Washington (surface water) Water: F. M. Veatch (s, Tacoma, Wash.) Distribution and characteristics of streamflow: Floods: Small streams, Alabama Flood frequency, nationwide L. E. Carroon (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) T. Dalrymple (s, W) Calhoun County surface-water resources, Alabama Manual on indirect measurements J. R. Harkins (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) T. Dalrymple (s, W) Sycamore Creek basin, Arizona (water resources) Local floods, Alabama A. Wilson (s, Tucson, Ariz.) L. B. Peirce (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) North Pacific Coast area (surface water) Flood gaging, Alamaba W. Hofmann (s, M) L. E. Carroon (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Arkansas River basin, Colorado (surface water) Flood investigations, Maricopa County, Arizona C. T. Jenkins (s, D) J. E. Bowie (s, Tucson, Ariz.) Salinity in the Miami River Flood investigations, Arkansas S. D. Leach (s, Ocala, Fla.) R. C. Christensen (s, Fort Smith, Ark.) Alachua, Bradford, Clay and Union Counties, Florida Floods from small areas in California (surface water) L. E. Young (s, M) R. W. Pride (s, Ocala, Fla.) Flood gaging, Georgia Enconflna Creek basin area, Florida (water resources) C. M. Bunch (s, Atlanta, Ga.) R. H. Musgrove (s, Ocala, Fla.) Flood gaging, Oahu Lake mapping and stabilization, Indiana (surface water) E. Pearson (s, Honolulu, Hawaii) D. C. Perkins (s, Indianapolis, Ind.) Floods from small areas, Illinois Water-supply characteristics of Louisiana streams W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign, 111.) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) Floods from small areas, Iowa Bossier-Caddo Parishes, Louisiana (watef^fesources) H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) Flood investigations, Louisiana Vernon Parish Louisiana (water resources) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) Small-area flood gaging, Minnesota Rapides Parish, Louisiana (water resuorces) C. H. Prior (s, St. Paul, Minn.) L. V. Page (s, Baton Rouge, La.) Floods from small basins, Mississippi North Branch Clinton River basin, Michigan (surface water) K. V. Wilson (s, Jackson, Miss.) S. W. Wiitala (s, Lansing, Mich.) Flood investigations on small areas, Missouri Hydrology of a portion of the Humboldt River valley, E. H. Sandhaus (s, Rolla, Mo.) Nevada Floods from small areas, Montana T.W.Robinson (h, M) F. C. Boner (s, Helena, Mont.) Flood and base-flow gaging, New Jersey Peak discharges from small areas, Nebraska E. G. Miller (s, Trenton, N.J.) E. W. Beckman (s, Lincoln, Nebr.) Rio Grande basin, New Mexico (surface water) Flood data in New Jersey W. L. Heckler (s, Santa Fe, N. Mex.) J. E. McCall (s, Trenton, N.J.) Surface-water resources, Neuse River headwaters, North Carolina Flood gaging, North Carolina W. E. Forrest (s, Raleigh, N.C.) H. G. Hinson (s, Raleigh, N.C.) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A175 Water Continued Paleontology Continued Floods Continued Stratigraphic paleontology Continued Peak discharges from small areas, North Dakota Stratigraphy of the Trent Marl and related units O. A. Crosby (s, Bismarck, N. Dak.) P. M. Brown (g, Raleigh, N. C.) Peak discharges from small areas, South Dakota Mesozoic Stratigraphic paleontology, Pacific coast R. E. West (s, Pierre, S. Dak.) D. L. Jones (M) Flood gaging, Utah Mesozoic Stratigraphic paleontology of northwestern Mon­ V. K. Berwick (s, Salt Lake City, Utah) tana Flood investigations, Virginia W. A. Cobban (D) C. W. Lingham (s, Charlottesville, Va.) Mesozoic gastropods Flood gaging, Wyoming N. F. Sohl (W) J. R. Carter (s, Cheyenne, Wyo.) Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology, western in­ Low flow and flow duration: terior United States Precipitation records, Alabama W. A. Cobban (D) L. E. Carroon (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Low-flow partial-record investigation, Illinois M.R. Todd (W) D. W. Ellis (s, Champaign, 111.) Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Nelchina area, Alaska Low-flow gaging, South Carolina H. R. Bergquist (W) A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) Post Paleozoic larger Foraminifera Low-flow data collection, South Dakota R. C. Douglass (W) J. E. Wagar (s, Pierre, S. Dak.) Jurassic Stratigraphic paleontology of North America Low-flow investigations, Texas R. W. Imlay (W) W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) * Lower Mesozoic stratigraphy and paleontology, Humboldt Water use: Range, Nevada Water management N. J. Silberling (M) C. W. Reck (s, W) Marine Triassic faunas and stratigraphy Water-supply exploration on the public domain (Western N. J. Silberling (M) States) Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Pierre Shale, Front C. T. Snyder (g, M) Range area, Colorado and Wyoming Paleontology: W. A. Cobban and G. R. Scott (D) Upper Paleozoic brachiopods Systematic paleontology: J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W) Ecology of Foraminifera Permian brachiopods M. R. Todd (W) R. E. Grant (W) Vertebrate paleontologic studies Upper Paleozoic bryozoa and corals F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W) H. Duncan (W) Vertebrate paleontologic studies, Western United States Upper Paleozoic cephalopods G. E. Lewis (D) M. Gordon (M) Diatom studies Upper Paleozoic conodonts K. E. Lohman (W) J. W. Huddle (W) Stratigraphic paleontology: Upper Paleozoic corals Cenozoic geology and paleontology, Atlantic and Gulf W. J. Sando (W) Coastal Plains Upper Paleozoic Foraminifera D. Wilson (W) L. G. Henbest (W) Recent Foraminifera, Central America Upper Paleozoic fusuline Foraminifera P. J. Smith (M) R. C. Douglass (W) Cenozoic Foraminifera of California Paleozoic gastropods P. J. Smith (M) E. L. Yochelson (W) Foraminifera of the Lodo Formation, California Ostracodes, Upper Paleozioc and younger M. C. Israelsky (M) I. G. Sohn (W) Cenozoic smaller Foraminifera, Pacific Ocean and islands Fossil wood and general paleobotany M. R. Todd (W) R. A. Scott (D) Cenozoic mollusks, Alaska Cenozoic pollen and spores F. S. MacNeil (M) E. B. Leopold (D) Cenozoic mollusks, Oregon Tertiary paleobotanical studies E. J. Moore (M) J. A. Wolfe (M) Cenozoic mollusks, western Pacific islands Paleozoic and Mesozoic pollen and spores H. S. Ladd (W) R. H. Tschudy (D) Cenozoic nonmarine mollusks Paleozoic paleobotany D. W. Taylor (W) S. H. Mamay (W) Cenozoic gastropods and pelecypods, Pacific islands Upper Paleozoic paleobotany F. S. MacNeil (M) C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Mississippi Coal lithology and paleobotany F. S. MacNeil (M) J. M. Schopf (Columbus, Ohio) A176 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Paleontology Continued Geomorphology and plant ecology Continued Stratigraphic paleontology Continued Interpretation of hydrogeologic factors Subsurface Paleozoic rocks of Florida C. W. Carlston (s, W) J. M. Berdan (W) Source of base flow of streams Lower Paleozoic corals F. A. Kilpatrick (s, Atlanta, Ga.) W. A. Oliver, Jr. (W) River-systems studies, Georgia Lower Paleozoic ostracodes A. N. Cameron (s, Atlanta, Ga.) J. M. Berdan (W) Relation of geology to low flow, Georgia Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian stratigraphy of O. J. Cosner (s, Atlanta, Ga.) Eastern United States Glaciology and glacial geology: J. M. Berdan (W) Glaciological research Silurian and Devonian Stratigraphic paleontology of the M. F. Meier (h, Tacoma, Wash) Great Basin and Pacific coast Geomorphology of glacier streams C. W. Merriam (W) R. K. Fahnestock (h, Fort Collins, Colo.) Ordovician Stratigraphic paleontology of the Great Basin Recognition of late glacial substages in New England and and Rocky Mountains New York J. Ross, Jr. (D) J. E. Upson (g, Mineola, N.Y.) Cambrian faunas and stratigraphy Hydrology of glacial terrane in the Great Lakes area A. R. Palmer (W) R. Schneider (g, W) Geomorphology and plant ecology: Permafrost studies: Basic research in vegetation and hydrology Distribution and general characteristics of permafrost R. S. Sigafoos (h, W) W. E. Davies (W) Landform map of Alaska Relationship of permafrost to the occurrence of ground H. W. Coulter (W) water Vegetation map of Alaska J. R. Williams (g, Anchorage, Alaska) L. A. Spetzman (W) Geophysics: Pacific islands vegetation Theoretical and experimental geophysics: F. R. Fosberg (W) Interrelationships between ion distribution and water Heat flow and thermal properties movement in soils and the associated vegetation A. H. Lachenbruch (M) Heat flow in Appalachian Mountains R. F. Miller (h, D) Plant species or communities as indicators of soil- W. H. Diment (W) Tension fractures and thermal investigation moisture availability A. H. Lachenbruch (M) F. A. Branson (h, D) Effects of exposure on slope morphology Investigation of remanent magnetization of rocks R. R.Doell (M) R. F. Hadley (h, D) Mass movement and surface runoff in an upland wooded Magnetic properties of rocks A. Griscom (W) hill slope Analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies L.B.Leopold (w,W) The hydraulic geometry of a small tidal estuary W. H. Diment (W) L.B.Leopold (w,W) Magnetic model studies Stream profiles, Alabama (surface water) I.Zietz (W) L. B. Peirce (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Polar charts for 3-dimensional magnetic anomalies R. G. Henderson (W) Channel-geometry studies, Iowa (surface water) Research in geophysical-data interpretation using elec­ H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) tronic computers Erosion, sedimentation, and landform development in R. G. Henderson (W) arid and semi-arid regions Propagation of seismic waves in porous media G. G. Parker, R. C. Miller, and I. S. McQueen (h, D) J. A. daCosta (g, Phoenix, Ariz.) Piping, an erosional phenomenon in certain silty soils of Electrical properties of rocks arid and semi-arid regions G. V.Keller (D) G. G. Parker, R. C. Miller and I. S. McQueen (h, D) Development of electrical methods Scour of river beds during high flow C. J. Zablocki (D) L. B.Leopold (w,W) Electrical effects of nuclear explosions Particle movement and channel scour and fill of an G. V. Keller (D) ephemeral arroyo near Santa Fe, New Mexico Geologic behavior of radon L. B. Leopold (w, W) A. B. Tanner (W) Stream-channel characteristics, North Carolina Development of electromagnetic methods W. E. Forrest (s, Raleigh, N.C.) F. C. Frischknecht (D) Solution subsidence of a limestone terrane in southwest Rock behavior at high temperature and pressure Georgia E. C. Robertson (W) S. M. Herrick (g, Atlanta, Ga.) Heat transfer in salt Diagenesis and hydrologic history of the Tertiary lim»- E. C. Robertson (W) stone of North Carolina Thermodynamic properties H. E. LeGrand (w, W) R. A. Robie (W) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A177

Geophysics Continued Geophysics Continued Theoretical and experimental geophysics Continued Regional geophysical studies Continued Phase relations in rocks and experimental systems Regional gravity surveys, Alaska F. Barker (W) D. F. Barnes (M) Evaporite-mineral equilibria Aeromagnetic surveys, Alaska E. Zen (W) D. F. Barnes (M) Elastic and anelastic properties of earth materials Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chariot site, L. Peselnick (W) Alaska Ice strength R. G. Bates (W) D. F. Barnes (M) Geophysical studies, Safford Valley, Arizona Geophysical studies of ultramafic intrusions G. E. Andreason (W) G. A. Thompson (M) Aeromagnetic prospecting for bauxite, Arkansas Infrared and ultraviolet radiation studies A. Jesperson (W) R. M. Moxham (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Los Angeles, Remote sensing California W. A. Fischer (W) K. G. Books (W) Nuclear-irradiation studies Geophysical studies, Sacramento Valley and Coast Range, C. M. Bunker (D) California Regional geophysical studies: G.D.Bath (M) Gravity map of the United States Geophysical studies, San Francisco Bay area, California H. R. Joesting (W) G.D.Bath (M) Geophysical abstracts Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, San Francisco, J. W. Clarke (W) California Cross-country aeromagnetic profiles J. A. Pitkin (W) E. R. King (W) Geophysical studies, Sierra Nevada, California Correlation of airborne radioactivity data and areal H. W. Oliver (M) geology Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Rocky Flats, J. A. Pitkin (W) Colorado Aeromagnetic surveys, Eastern United States J. A. MacKallor (W) R. W. Bromery (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Georgia Nuclear Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Northeastern Aircraft Laboratory United States J. A. MacKallor (W) P. Popenoe (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River Geophysical studies, New England Plant, Georgia and South Carolina M. F. Kane (W) B. G. Schmidt (W) Geophysical studies of the folded Appalachians Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, National Reactor A. Griscom (W) Testing Station, Idaho Aeromagnetic surveys, central United States R.G. Bates (W) J. W. Henderson (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago, Illinois Tectonic patterns, Eastern Central United States G. M. Flint, Jr. (W) I. Zietz (W) Central Iowa aeromagnetic survey Geophysical studies, Lake Superior region J. R. Henderson (W) Geophysical studies, Kentucky G. D. Bath (M) J. S.Watkins (W) Regional gravity studies in uranium geology, Black Hills Aeromagnetic surveys, Maine area J. W. Allingham (W) R. M. Hazel wood (D) Gravity studies, northern Maine Regional geophysical studies, Colorado Plateau M. F. Kane (W) H. R. Joesting (W) *Geophysical and geologic mapping in the Stratton quad­ Geophysical studies, Pacific Southwest rangle, Maine D. R. Mabey (M) A. Griscom (W) Aeromagnetic surveys, Colorado Plateau and southern * Electromagnetic and geologic mapping in the Island Falls Rocky Mountains quadrangle, Maine H. R. Joesting (W) F. C. Frischknecht (D) Aeromagnetic surveys, Pacific Southwest Geophysical studies, Montgomery County, Maryland D. R. Mabey (M) A. Griscom (W) Geophysical studies, Pacific Northwest Geophysical studies, Massachusetts W. E. Da vis (M) R. W. Bromery (W) Aeromagnetic surveys, Pacific Northwest Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Elk River, Min­ W. E. Da vis (M) nesota Geophysical studies, Arctic J. A. Pitkin (W) I. Zietz (W) Aeromagnetic and gravity studies of the Boulder batho- Geophysical studies, Pacific Ocean lith, Montana D. F. Barnes (M) W. E. Davis (M) A178 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Geophysics Continued Geophysics Continued Regional geophysical studies Continued Regional geophysical studies Continued Gravity and magnetic studies, western Montana Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology W. T. Kinoshita (M) near Wausau, Wisconsin Geophysical studies, central Nevada J. W. Allingham (W) D. R. Mabey (M) Major crustal studies : Gravity investigations, Clark County, Nevada Major crustal studies M. F. Kane (W) L. C. Pakiser (D) Geophysical studies, Nevada Test Site Gravity studies of major crustal units R. A. Black (D) D. J. Stuart (D) Aeromagnetic surveys, Nevada Test Site Long seismic profiling W. J. Dempsey (W) W. H. Jackson (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Nevada Test Site Seismic network, Rocky Mountain area J. L. Meuschke (W) J. P. Eaton (D) Geophysical studies, Upper Rio Grande, New Mexico Traveltime data analysis of seismic waves G. E. Andreasen (W) J. C. Healy (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome test site, Geochemistry and mineralogy : New Mexico Experimental geochemistry hydrothermal silicate sys­ J. A. MacKallor (W) tems Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, D. B. Stewart, D. R. Wones, and H. R. Shaw (W), and Adirondacks area, New York J. Hemley and P. Hostetler (D) J1. R. Balsey (W) Compositions of supercritical fluids in the system Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, New York-New Jersey Highlands C. J. Spengler (q, Arlington, Va.) A. Jespersen (W) Experimental geochemistry metallic sulfldes and sul- Geophysical studies, Concord quadrangle, North Carolina fosalt systems R. G. Bates (W) B. J. Skinner, E. H. Roseboom, Jr., P. B. Barton, Jr., Seismic survey for buried valleys in Ohio P. M. Bethke, and P. Toulmin, III (W) R. M. Hazlewood (D) Experimental geochemistry alkali and alkaline earth Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Columbus, Ohio salt systems R. G. Bates (W) E-an Zen (W) Aeromagnetic interpretation, Wichita Mountains system, Thermodynamic properties of minerals Oklahoma and Arkansas R. A. Robie, B. J. Skinner, P. B. Barton, Jr., P. M. A. Griscom (W) Bethke, and P. Toulmin, III (W) Aeromagnetic and gravity studies, west-central Oregon Geologic thermometry R. W. Bromery (W) B. J. Skinner (W) Aerial radiological-monitoring surveys, Pittsburgh, Solubilities of minerals in aqueous fluids Pennsylvania C. A. Kinzer and P. B. Barton, Jr. (W) and J. Hemley R. W. Johnson (Knoxville, Tenn.) and P. Hostetter (D) Geophysical studies, Puerto Rico Solution-mineral equilibria A. Griscom (W) C. L. Christ (W) Aerial radiological-monitoring surveys, Puerto Rico Hydrothermal solubility J. A. Pitkin (W) G. W. Morey (W) Chemical composition of thermal waters in Yellowstone Geophysical studies, central eastern Tennessee R. W. Johnson (Knoxville, Tenn.) Park G. W. Morey (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys Oak Ridge Na­ Environment of ore deposition tional Laboratory, Tennessee P. M. Bethke (W) R. G. Bates (W) Fluid inclusions in minerals * Geophysical and geological studies, Texas coastal plain E. W. Roedder (W) D. H. Eargle (Austin, Tex.) Experimental studies on rock weathering and alteration Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Forth Worth, Tex. J. J. Hemley (D) J. A. Pitkin (W) Sedimentary mineralogy Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, J. C. Hathaway (D) Virginia and Maryland Crystal chemistry S. K. Neuschel (W) H. T: Evans, Jr. (W) Geophysical studies, northeastern Washington Mineralogical studies and description of new minerals W. T. Kinoshita (M) D. E. Appleman (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford, Wash­ Crystal chemistry of borate minerals ington J. R. Clark and C. L. Christ (W) R. G. Schmidt (W) Experimental mineralogy and crystal chemistry phos­ Gravity survey, western Washington phate minerals D. J. Stuart (D) D. E. Appleman (W) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A179

Geochemistry and mineralogy Continued Field geochemistry and petrology Continued Crystal chemistry of phosphate minerals *Geochemistry and metamorphism of the Belt Series; M. E. Mrose (W) Clark Fork and Packsaddle Mountain quadrangles, Experimental mineralogy and crystal chemistry rock- Idaho and Montana forming silicate minerals J. E. Harrison (D) D. E. Appleman (W) *Metamorphism of the Orofino area, Idaho Crystal chemistry of uranium minerals A. Hietanen-Makela (M) H. T. Evans (W) Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre Shale, Petrological services and research Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, C. Milton (W) and Nebraska Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River Forma­ H. A. Tourtelot (D) tion, Wyoming Geology and paleolimnology of the Green River Forma­ C. Milton (W) tion, Wyoming Mineralogic services and research W. H. Bradley (W) A. D. Weeks (W) Stratigraphy and mineralogy of cave deposits Mineralogic services and research W. E. Davies (W) T. Botinelly (D) Sedimentary-petrology laboratory Mineralogical studies and description of new minerals H. A. Tourtelot (D) micas and chlorites Model studies Sfstructures in sediments M. D. Foster (W) E. D. McKee (D) Field geochemistry and petrology : Geochemical distribution of the elements : Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of Geochemical distribution of elements Hawaiian volcanology M. Fleischer (W) D. H. Richter (Hawaii) Geochemical compilation of rock analyses Studies of welded tuff M. Hooker (W) R. L. Smith (W) Chemical composition of sedimentary rocks *Petrology of the Valles Mountains, New Mexico H. A. Tourtelot (D) R. L. Smith (W) Geochemistry of minor elements *Petrology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana G. Phair (W) W. T. Pecora (W) Minor elements in volcanic rocks Petrology and chromite resources of the Stillwater ultra- R. R. Coats (M) mafic complex, Montana Minor elements in coal E. D. Jackson (M) P. Zubovic (W) *Petrology of the Wolf Creek area, Montana Occurrence and distribution of minor elements in fresh R. G. Schmidt (W) and saline waters of California Petrology of volcanic rocks, Snake River Valley, Idaho W. D. Silvey (q, Sacramento, Calif.) H. A. Powers (D) Coding and retrieval of geologic data D. F. Davidson (D) ^Petrology and volcanism, Katmai National Monument, Alaska Synthesis of ore-mineral data G. H. Curtis (M) W. E. Hall (W) *Petrology of the Burney area, California Geochemical sampling and statistical analysis of data G. A. Macdonald (Honolulu, Hawaii) A. T. Miesch (D) Petrology and geochemistry of the Laramide intrusives Distribution of elements in Mount Princeton area, in the Colorado Front Range Colorado G. Phair (W) P. Toulmin (W) Wallrock alteration and its relation to thorium deposition Distribution of beryllium, Mt. Wheeler mine area, Nevada in the Wet Mountains, Colorado D. E. Lee (M) G. Phair (W) Geochemical survey of the Driftless Area, Wisconsin Petrology and geochemistry of the Boulder Creek batho- H. T. Shacklette (D) lith, Colorado Front Range Geochemistry of water: G. Phair (W) Mineral constituents in ground water and their origin Origin and characteristics of thermal and mineral waters J. H. Feth (g, M) D E. White (M) Hydrosolic metals in natural water Investigation of hydrothermal jasperoid J. D. Hem (q, D) T. G. Lovering (D) Spatial distribution of chemical constituents in ground Metamorphism and origin of mineral deposits, Gouv- water, Eastern United States erneur area, New York W. Back (g, W) A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.) Organic substances in water Glaucophane schist terranes within the Franciscan W. L. Lamar (q, M) Formation, California Occurrence and distribution of the rare halogens R. G. Coleman (M) I. Barnes (q, Arlington, Va.) A180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Geochemistry of water Continued Isotope and nuclear studies Continued Occurrence and distribution of strontium in natural water Nuclear irradiation M. W. Skougstad (q, D) C. M. Bunker (D) Geochemistry of ground water in the Englishtown Electronics laboratory Formation W. W. Vaughn (D) P. R. Seaber (g, Trenton, N.J.) Instrument development Fluoride in ground waters of Horry County area, South F. J. Jurceka (D) Carolina Density comparison method for determining oxygen N. Baker (q, Arlington, Va.) isotope ratios Quality of water as controlled by weathering of clay J. H. McCarthy, Jr. (D) minerals Oxygen-isotope geothermometry I. Barnes (q, Arlington, Va.) H. L. James (Minneapolis, Minn.) Compacted clay minerals as semipermeable membranes Geochronology: and their effect on water chemistry Geologic-time scale B. B. Hanshaw (g, W) S. S. Goldich (W) Mineralogy and exchange capacity of fluvial sediments Geochronology: carbon-14 method V. C. Kennedy (q, D) M. Rubin (W) The petrology and chemistry of the San Andres Lime­ Geochronology: lead-alpha ages of rocks stone and their relation to the quality of water in T. W. Stern (W) the Acoma-Laguna area, Valencia County, New Geochronology: lead-uranium ages of mineral deposits Mexico L.R. Stieff (W) H. B. Koester (q, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Geochronology: K/A and Rb/Sr methods Fluvial denudation in the United States. Phase 2. H. H. Thomas and C. Hedge (W), and R. Kistler (M) Variance in water quality and environment Radiogenic daughter products F. H. Rainwater (q, W) J. N. Rosholt (D) Solute composition and minor-element distribution in Hydraulic and hydrologic studies: lacustrine closed basins General hydrology: B. F. Jones (q, W) Hydrology of the public domain (small basins) Solute-solid relations in lacustrine closed basins of the H. V. Peterson (h, M) alkali-carbonate type Textbook on ground-water geology B. F. Jones (q, W) A. N. Sayre (w, W) Isotope and nuclear studies: Problems in quantitative hydrology Stable isotopes of light elements in rocks, minerals and M. I. Rorabaugh (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) waters Analog-model unsteady-state flow I. Friedman (W) H. E. Skibitzke (g, Phoenix, Ariz.) Isotope ratios in rocks and minerals Statistical inferences I. Friedman (W) N. C.Matalas (s, W) Radioactive nuclides in minerals Effects of heterogeneity F. E. Senftle (W) H. E. Skibitzke (g, Phoenix, Arix.) Isotope geology of lead Correlation of monthly streamfiow R. S. Cannon, Jr. (D) R. O. R. Martin (s, W) Isotopes in studies of crustal processes Automatic data processing B. Doe (W) W. L. Isherwood (s, W) Investigations in isotopic hydrology Modification of digital recorders L. L. Thatcher (q, W) W. L. Isherwood (s, W) Tritium in ground water in the Roswell Basin, New Open-channel hydraulics and fluvial sediments: Mexico Theory of multiphase flow applications J. W. Hood (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) R. W. Stallman (g,D) Tritium as a tracer in the Ogallala Formation in the High Sediment transport and channel roughness in natural Plains, Lea County, New Mexico and artificial channels H. O. Reeder (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) T. Maddock, Jr. (h,W) Tritium as a tracer in the Lake McMillan underground Turbulence diffusion reservoir, New Mexico N. Yotsukura (s, W) H. O. Reeder (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Influence of smooth boundaries on shear Occurrence and distribution of radioelements in water H. J. Tracy (s, Atlanta, Ga.) R. C.Scott (q, D) Distribution of shear Removal of radionuclides from water by earth materials J. Davidian (s, W) of the Nevada Test Site Unsteady flow in natural channels W. A. Beetem (q, D) C. Lai (s, W) Magnetic susceptibility of minerals Variation in velocity-head coefficient F. E. Senftle (W) H,Hulsing (s, M) Measurement of magnetic properties of rocks Verification of hydraulic techniques A. N. Thorpe (W) J. S. Cragwall, Jr. (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A181

Hydraulic and hydrologic studies Continued Hydraulic and hydrologic studies Continued Open-channel hydraulics and fluvial sediments Continued Surface-water hydrology Continued Eflfects of sediment characteristics on fluvial morphology Hydrologic studies, Hawaii hydraulics G. T. Hirashima (s, Honolulu, Hawaii) S. A. Schumm (h, D) Hydrology of small streams, New Hampshire Changes below dams (river channels) C. E. Knox (s, Boston, Mass.) M. G. Wolman (h, Baltimore, Md.) Analyses of streamflow characteristics, South Carolina Evaluation of sediment barrier on Sheep Creek, Paria A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) River Basin, near Tropic, Utah Special hydrologic studies, Texas G. C.Lusby (h,D) W. B. Mills (s, Austin, Tex.) Roughness in alluvial channels and sediment trans­ Special flood and hydrologic investigations, Texas portation W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) D. B. Simons (q, Fort Collins, Colo.) Hydrologic and hydraulic studies, Virginia Factors affecting sediment transport graphical repre­ C. W. Lingham (s, Charlottesville, Va.) sentation of factors affecting bed-material dis­ Hydrology of lower Flett Creek basin, Washington charge of sand-bed streams F. M. Veatch (s, Tacoma, Wash.) B. R. Colby (q, Lincoln, Nebr.) General hydrology, West Virginia Sediment-transport parameters in sand-bed streams W. L. Doll (s, Charleston, W. Va.) C. F. Nordin, Jr. (q, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Ground-water flow studies: Flow phenomena and sediment transport in streams with Mechanics of fluid flow in porous media high concentrations of fine material A. Ogata (g, Honolulu, Hawaii) C. F. Nordin (q, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Mechanics of aquifers principles of compaction and Techniques for utilization of sediment reconnaissance deformation data J. F. Poland (g, Sacramento, Calif.) H. P. Guy (q, W) Mechanics of diffusion, fresh and salt water Sediment manual H. H. Cooper (g, Tallahassee, Fla.) R. B.Vice (q.A) Treatise on ground-water mechanics Study of precipitation runoff and sediment yield in Corn­ J. G. Ferris (g, W) field Wash, New Mexico Theory of unsaturated flow D. E. Burkham (h, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) H. E. Skibitzke (g, Phoenix, Ariz.) Study of channel flood-plain aggradation, Tusayan Unsaturated flow in porous media Washes, Arizona W. O. Smith (g, W) R. F. Hadley (h, D) Unsaturated flow, National Reactor Testing Station General studies of erosion and sedimentation P. H. Jones (g, Boise, Idaho) G. G. Parker (h, D) Transient flow in saturated porous media Mechanics of hillslope erosion W. O. Smith (g, W) S. A. Schumm (h, D) Specific-yield research Hydrologic effect of vegetation modification, Arizona A. I. Johnson (g, D) R. C. Culler (s, Tucson, Ariz.) Liquid movement in clays Effect of removing riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, H.W.Olsen (g,W) Arizona (water) Mechanics of artesian systems and aquifers J. E. Bowie (s, Tucson, Axiz.) S. W. Lohman (g, D) Surface-water hydrology: Agricultural Research Service soil-moisture study Synthetic hydrology R. E. Evenson (g, Sacramento, Calif.) M. A. Benson (s, W) Directional permeability of marine sandstones River-systems gaging R. R. Bennett (g, W) H. C. Riggs (s,W) Analog models of flood flows Mathematical relationships of directional permeability J. Shen (s, Tucson, Ariz.) and of nonhomogeneity Long-term chronologies of hydrologic events (nationwide) J. A. daCosta (g, Phoenix, Ariz.) W. D. Simons (s, Tacoma, Wash.) Columbia River Basalt hydrology Natural diurnal fluctuations in streams R. C. Newcomb (g, Portland, Oreg.) R. E. Oltman (s, W) Limestone-terrane hydrology Ice in streams F. A. Swenson (g, D) R. W. Carter (s, W) Glacial-terrane hydrology Hydrologic effect of urbanization R. Schneider (g, W) A. O. Waananen (h, M) Geohydrologic environment as related to water utiliza­ Hydrologic effect of vegetation modification tion in arid lands R. C. Culler (h, Tucson, Ariz.) E. S. Davidson (g, Tucson, Ariz.) Snowmelt hydrology of a Sierra Nevada stream Geohydrologic environmental study W. Hofmann (s, M) J. N. Payne (g, Baton Rouge, La.) Special studies, surface water, Florida Hydrologic and physical properties of soils and rocks R. W. Pride (s, Ocala, Fla.) D. A. Morris (g, D)

661513 O 62- -13 A182 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Hydraulic and hydrologic studies Continued Geology applied to construction and terrain problems Con. Ground-water flow studies Continued *Surficial geology of the Anchorage-Matanuska Glacier Lower Colorado River Basin hydrology area, Alaska (construction-site planning) C. C. McDonald (g, Yuma, Ariz.) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) Artificial recharge, Grand Prairie region, Arkansas Surflcial geology of the Bristol Bay area, Alaska (con­ (ground water) struction-site planning) R. T. Sniegocki (g, Little Rock, Ark.) H. R. Schmoll (W) Artificial recharge of aquifers *Surficial geology of the lower Chitina Valley, Alaska R. T. Sniegocki (g, Little Rock, Ark.) (construction-site planning) Feasibility of artificial recharge of the Snake Plain L. A. Yehle (W) aquifer, Idaho *Surficial geology of the northeastern Copper River basin, M. J. Mundorff (g, Boise, Idaho) Alaska (construction-site planning) Artificial recharge at Kalamazoo, Michigan O. J. Ferrians, Jr. (Glennallen, Alaska) J. E. Reed (g, Lansing, Mich.) * Surflcial geology of the southeastern Copper River basin, Recharge studies on the High Plains, New Mexico Alaska (construction-site planning) J. S. Havens (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) D. R. Nichols (W) Artificial recharge of basalt aquifers at The Dalles, *Surficial geology of the southwestern Copper River basin, Oregon Alaska (construction-site planning) B. L. Foxworthy (g, Portland, Oreg.) J. R. Williams (W) Artificial recharge of basalt aquifers at Salem Heights, *Surficial geology of the eastern Denali Highway, Alaska Oregon (construction-site planning) B. L. Foxworthy (g, Portland, Oreg.) D. R. Nichols (W) Artificial recharge of basalt aquifers, Walla Walla, *Surficial geology of the Johnson River district, Alaska Washington (construction-site planning) A. A. Garrett (g, Tacoma, Wash.) H. L. Foster (W) Limnological problems: *Surficial geology of the Kenai lowland. Alaska (construc­ Temperature of lake waters, Alabama tion-site planning) L. E. Carroon (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) Physical characteristics of selected Florida lakes **Kobuk River valley, Alaska (construction-site planning) W. E. Kenner (s, Ocala, Fla.) A. T. Fernald (W) Hydrology and hydrochemistry of Lake Abert, Oregon *Mt. Hayes D-3 and D-4 quadrangles, Alaska (construc­ K. N. Phillips (s, Portland, Oreg.) tion-site planning) Hydrology of prairie pot holes T. L. P6w<§ (College, Alaska) Wm. S. Eisenlohr (h, D) *Surficial geology of the Seward-Portage Railroad belt, Alaska (construction-site planning) Evapotranspiration: T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) Mechanics of evaporation Surficial geology of the Stiese Highway area, Alaska J. S. Meyers (s, D) (construction-site planning) Evaporation measurement W. E. Davies (W) J. S. Meyers (s, D) * Surficial geology of the Upper Tanana River, Alaska Evapotranspiration theory and measurement (construction-site planning) O. E. Leppanen (h, Phoenix, Ariz.) A. T. Fernald (W) Evapotranspiration study Surficial geology of the Taylor Highway area, Alaska O. E. Leppanen (h, Phoenix, Ariz.) (construction-site planning) Natural water loss, southern California H. L. Foster (W) W. Hofmann (s, M) * Surficial geology of the Valdez-Tiekel belt, Alaska (con­ Reservoir evaporation, San Diego County, California struction-site planning) W. Hofmann (s, M) H. W. Coulter (W) Use of water by saltcedar in evapotranspirometer com­ Surficial geology of the Yukon Flats area, Alaska (con­ pared with energy-budget and mass-transfer struction-site planning) computation T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) T. E. A. Van Hylckama (h, Phoenix, Ariz.) ** Engineering geology of the Yukon-Koyukuk lowland, Study of water application and use on a range water Alaska spreader in northeast Montana F. R. Weber (College, Alaska) F. A. Branson (h, D) *Air Force Academy, Colorado (construction-site planning) Geology applied to construction and terrain problems : D. J. Varnes (D) Engineering soils map of Alaska *Black Canyon of the Gunnison River, Colorado (construc­ T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) tion-site planning) Rock-types map of Alaska W. R. Hansen (D) L. A. Yehle (W) Engineering geology of the Roberts Tunnel, Colorado *Surficial- and engineering-geology studies and construc­ C. S. Robinson (D) tion-materials sources, Alaska *Fort Peck area, Montana (construction-site planning) T. L. Pewe" (College, Alaska) H D. Varnes (D) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A183

Geology applied to construction and terrain problems Con. Engineering problems related to rock failure Continued *Wolf Point area, Montana (construction-site planning) Deformation research i R. B. Colton (D) S.P.Kanizay (D) *Upper Green River Valley, Utah (construction-site Engineering-geology laboratory planning) T. C. Nichols, Jr. (D) W. R. Hansen (D) Mulflow studies *Surflcial geology of the Oak City area, Utah (construc­ D. R. Crandell (D) tion-site planning) Sea-cliff erosion studies D. J. Varnes (D) C. A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.) *Herndon quadrangle, Virginia (construction-site plan­ Mining hydrology ning) W. T. Stuart (g, W) R. E. Eggleton (D) *Geologic factors related to coal-mine bumps, Utah Urban areas: F. W. Osterwald (D) *Surflcial geology of the Beverly Hills, Venice, and Landslide studies in the Fort Randall Reservoir area, Topanga quadrangles, Los Angeles, California South Dakota (urban geology) H. D. Varnes (D) i J. T. McGill (Los Angeles, Calif.) Nuclear test-site studies: *Malibu Beach quadrangle, California (urban geology) Nuclear-explosion effects R. F. Yerkes (M) W. E.Hale (D) *Oakland East quadrangle, California (urban geology) Site-selection studies D. H. Radbruch (M) J. D. Friedman (W) *Point Dume quadrangle, California (urban geology) Test-site evaluation, seismic-improvement studies J. E. Schoellhamer (M) L. M.Gard (D) *San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco South quad­ Geologic studies of active seismic areas rangle, California (urban geology) W. S. Twenhofel (D) M.G. Bonilla (M) *Nuclear test-site evaluation, Chariot, Alaska *San Francisco Bay area; San Francisco North quad­ G. D. Eberlein (M) rangle, Calif ornia (urban geology) *Engineering geology of Gnome Test Site, New Mexico J. Schlocker (M) L. M. Gard (D) *San Mateo quadrangle, California (urban geology) *Nash Draw quadrangle, New Mexico (test-site evalua­ G. O. Gates (M) tion) *Denver metropolitan area, Colorado (urban geology) J. D.Vine (M) R. M.Lindvall (D) Geologic and hydrologic environment of Tatum salt dome, *Golden quadrangle, Colorado (urban geology) Mississippi (test-site evaluation) R. Van Horn (D) W. S. Twenhofel (D) *Morrison quadrangle, Colorado (urban geology) *Engineering geology of the Nevada Test Site area J. H. Smith (D) V. R. Wilmarth (D) *Pueblo and vicinity, Colorado (urban geology) Post-shot investigations, Nevada Test Site G. R. Scott (D) V. R. Wilmarth (D) *Beltsville quadrangle, Maryland (urban geology) Buckboard Mesa basalt studies, Nevada Test Site C. F. Withington (W) V. R. Wilmarth (D) Research and application of geology and seismology to Rainier Mesa-Climax stock investigations, Nevada Test public-works planning, Massachusetts Site C. R. Tuttle and R. N. Oldale (Boston, Mass.) V.R. Wilmarth (D) *Greats Falls area, Montana (urban geology) Yucca Valley and Frenchman Valley engineering geology, R .W. Lemke (D) Nevada Test Site *Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa F. N. Houser (D) (urban geology) Site-evaluation, underground air storage, Nevada Test R. D. Miller (D) Site *Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban R. B. Johnson (D) geology) Analysis of hydrologic data : D. E. Trimble (D) Photointerpretation to aid hydrologic studies *Knoxville and vicinity, Tennessee (urban geology) W. J. Schneider (s, W) J. M. Cattermole (Columbia, Ky.) Electronic-equipment development *Puget Sound Basin, Washington (urban geology) J.E.Eddy (g, W) D. R. Crandell (D) Analog-model unsaturated flow H. E. Skibitzke (g, Phoenix, Ariz.) Engineering geologic studies of Seattle, Washington Land-use evaluation D. R. Mullineaux (D) F. W. Kennon (h, Oklahoma City, Okla.) Engineering geology, Washington, D.C., metropolitan area Effect of mechanical treatment on arid land in the West­ H. W. Coulter (W) ern United States Engineering problems related to rock failure: F. A. Branson (h, D) Geologic factors involved in subsidence Hydrologic effect of small reservoirs, Honey Creek, Texas A. S. Alien (W) F. W. Kennon (h, Oklahoma City, Okla.) A184 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Analysis of hydrologic data Continued Analysis of hydrologic data Continued Effects of grazing exclusion in Badger Wash area, Santee River basin flood study, South Carolina Colorado A. E. Johnson (s, Columbia, S.C.) G. C. Lusby (h, D) Flood-frequency analysis, Tennessee Use of flood-volume data W. J. Randolph (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) G. A. Kirkpatrick (s, W) Bridge-site studies, Tennessee (surface water) Unit graphs and infiltration rates, Alabama (surface I. J. Hickenlooper (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) water) Flood profiles, Chattanooga Creek, Tennessee L. B. Peirce (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) A. M. F. Johnson (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) Bridge-site studies, Alabama (water resources) Drainage-area determinations, Texas L. B. Peirce (s, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) P. H. Holland (s, Austin, Tex.) Flood inundation, Lower Eel River, California Flood-frequency studies, Texas W. Hofmann (s, M) W. H. Goines (s, Austin, Tex.) Bridge-site studies, Florida (surface water) Flood hydrology, Fairfax County and Alexandria City, R. W. Pride (s, Ocala, Fla.) Virginia Areal flood studies, Georgia D. G. Anderson (s, Charlottesville, Va.) C. M. Bunch (s, Atlanta, Ga.) Regional flood frequency, Wisconsin Bridge-site investigations, Georgia (surface water) D. W. Ericson (s, Madison, Wise.) C. M. Bunch (s, Atlanta, Ga.) Bridge-site studies, Wyoming Flood investigations, Idaho J. R. Carter (s, Cheyenne, Wyo.) S. O. Decker (s, Boise, Ida.) Bank-seepage studies Bridge-site studies, Illinois (surface water) E. C. Pogge (s, Iowa City, Iowa) W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign, 111.) Water-loss and water-gain studies in California Northeastern Illinois inundation mapping W. O. Peterson (s, M) W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign, 111.) Marquette Iron Range, Michigan (water resources) Flood profiles and flood-frequency studies, Iowa S. W. Wiitala (s, Lansing, Mich.) H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) Low-flow frequency studies, Arkansas Flood investigations, Kansas J. L. Patterson (s, Fort Smith, Ark.) L. W. Furness (s, Topeka, Kans.) Low-flow studies, Georgia Flood-frequency study, Kentucky R. F. Carter (s, Atlanta, Ga.) J. A. McCabe (s, Louisville, Ky.) Low-flow frequency analyses Bridge-site studies, Kentucky (surface water) W. D. Mitchell (s, Champaign, 111.) C. H. Hannum (s, Louisville, Ky.) Low-flow characteristics, Indiana Drainage-area compilation, Kentucky R. E. Hoggatt (s, Indianapolis, Ind.) H. C. Beaber (s, Louisville, Ky.) Low-flow frequency studies, Iowa Rainfall-runoff relations, Kentucky H. H. Schwob (s, Iowa City, Iowa) J. A. McCabe (s, Louisville, Ky.) Low-flow frequency and flow duration, Kentucky Flood-frequency analysis, Minnesota J. A. McCabe (s, Louisville, Ky.) C. H. Prior (s, St. Paul, Minn.) Low-flow analyses, Maryland Drainage-area determination, Mississippi L. W. Lenfest (s, College Park, Md.) J. D. Shell (s, Jackson, Miss.) Low-flow characteristics, Massachusetts Bridge-site studies, Mississippi (surface water) G. K. Wood (s, Boston, Mass.) K. V. Wilson (s, Jackson, Miss.) Low-flow characteristics, Mississippi Bridge-site studies, Nebraska (surface water) H. G. Golden (s, Jackson, Miss.) E. W. Beckman (s, Lincoln, Nebr.) Low-flow characteristics of Missouri streams Flood investigations, Nevada H. C. Bolon (s, Rolla, Mo.) E. E. Harris (s, Carson City, Nevada) Streamflow records analyzed by electronic computer Flood-plain inundation studies, New Jersey E. G. Miller (s, Trenton, N.J.) R. H. Tice (s, Trenton, N.J.) Interpretation of data, North Carolina (surface water) Flood warning, New Jersey G. C. Goddard (s, Raleigh, N.C.) J. E. McCall (s, Trenton, N.J.) Low-flow and storage requirements, Ohio Flow probability of New Jersey streams W. P. Cross (s, Columbus, Ohio) E. G. Miller (s, Trenton, N.J.) Low-flow frequency, Red River of the North, North Flood-frequency relations, New Mexico Dakota L. A. Wiard (s, Santa Fe, N. Mex.) H. M. Erskine (s, Bismarck, N. Dak.) Flood-frequency studies, North Carolina Low-flow frequency analysis, Pennsylvania W. E. Forrest (s, Raleigh, N.C.) W. F. Busch (s, Harrisburg, Pa.) Flood-inundation mapping, Puerto Rico Low-flow studies, Tennessee D. B. Bogard (s, San Juan, Puerto Rico) J. S. Cragwall, Jr. (s, Chattanooga, Tenn.) Drainage-area determinations, South Carolina Low-flow frequency analyses, Wisconsin W. M. Bloxham (s, Columbia, S.C.) K. B. Young (s, Madison, Wis.) Flood-frequency studies, South Carolina Evaporation suppression F. H. Wagener (s, Columbia, S.C.) G. E. Koberg (s, D) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS, GEOLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS A185

Analysis of hydrologic data Continued Radioactive waste disposal investigations Continued Stream sanitation and water supply, North Carolina Research on hydrology, National Reactor Testing Sta­ I G. C. Goddard (s, Raleigh, N.C.) tion, Idaho Thermal pollution of streams E. H. Walker (g, Boise, Idaho) G. E. Harbeck (h, D) Ground-water studies in conjunction with Project Gnome, Model studies (water) Eddy County, New Mexico E. V. Richardson (s, Fort Collins, Colo.) J. B. Cooper (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Data measurement and instrumentation (water) Movement of water and radioactive materials in the C. R. Damn (s, D) Bandelier Tuff, Los Alamos, New Mexico Instrumentation research (water) J. H. Abrahams (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) E. G. Barren (s, Columbus, Ohio) Waste-contamination studies at Los Alamos (ground Ultrasonic measuring equipment water) W. Hofmann (s, M) J. H. Abrahams (g, Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado (ground water) Automation and processing techniques for water-quality M. C. Van Lewen (g, D) data Nevada Test Site (ground water) G. A. Billingsley (q, Raleigh, N.C.) S. L. Schoff (g, D) A study of methods used in measurement and analysis of Distribution of elements as related to health : sediment loads in streams Distribution of radioactivity B. C. Colby (q, Minneapolis, Minn.) S. Rosenblum (W) Discharge characteristics of weirs and dams Botanical exploration and research C. E. Kindsvater (s, Atlanta, Ga.) H. L. Cannon (D) Radioactive waste disposal investigations: Botanical research, San Juan County, New Mexico Geochemical problems of radioactive-waste disposal H. L. Cannon (D) H. H. Waesche (W) Colorado Plateau botanical-prospecting studies Geology of the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma, with refer­ F. J. Kleinhampl (M) ence to disposal of high-level radioactive wastes Cadmium-chromium contamination in ground water in M. MacLachlan (D) Nassau County, New York Geology of the Appalachian Basin with reference to dis- N. J. Lusczynski (g, Albany, N.Y.) \ posal of high-level radioactive wastes Behavior of detergents and other pollutants in soil-water | G. W. Colton (W) environments Geology of the Powder River basin, Wyoming, with refer­ C. H. Wayman (q, D) ence to the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes Effects of organisms on water quality of streams ! H. Beikman (D) K. V. Slack (q, Arlington, Va.) Geology of the Williston Basin with reference to the dis­ Water-quality conservation in the Arkansas and Red posal of high-level radioactive wastes River basins, Oklahoma C. A. Sandberg (D) P. E. Ward (g, Norman, Okla.) Distribution and concentration of radioactive waste in Mine drainage: *Geology in the vicinity of anthracite-mine drainage proj­ streams by fluvial sediments ects, Pennsylvania D. W. Hubbell (q, Fort Collins, Colo.) J. F. Robertson (Mt. Carmel, Pa.) Exchange phenomena and chemical reactions of radio­ *Flood control, Anthracite region, Pennsylvania active substances M. J. Bergin (Mt. Carmel, Pa.) J. H. Baker (q, D) Geochemical exploration methods: Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Atlantic and Hydrogeochemical prospecting Gulf Coastal Plains as related to disposal of radio­ F. C. Canney (D) active wastes Geochemical prospecting techniques, Alaska H. E. LeGrand (w, W) R. M. Chapman (D) Geology and hydrology of the Central and Northeastern Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Arizona and New States as related to the management of radioactive Mexico materials L. C. Huff (D) W. C. Rasmussen (g, Newark, Del.) Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Utah and Geology and hydrology of the Great Plains States as Nevada related to the management of radioactive materials R. L. Erickson (D) W. C. Rasmussen (g, Newark, Del.) Dispersion pattern of minor elements related to igneous Geology and hydrology of the Western States as related intrusions to the management of radioactive materials W. R. Griffitts (D) R. W. Maclay (g, St. Paul, Minn.) Geochemical-exploration abstracts and information Geology, hydrology, and waste disposal at the National E. L. Markward (D) Reactor Testing Station, Idaho Analytical chemistry: R. L. Nace (w, W) Rock and mineral chemical analysis Hydrology of subsurface waste disposal, National Reactor J. J. Fahey (W) Testing Station, Idaho General rock chemical analysis P. H. Jones (g, Boise, Idaho) L. C. Peck (D) A186 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Analytical chemistry Continued Analytical chemistry Continued Rapid rock chemical analysis Organic geochemistry and infrared analysis L. Shapiro (W) I. A. Breger (W) Analytical methods water chemistry Speetroscopy: M. W. Skougstad (q, D) Research on trace analysis methods X-ray spectroscopy of ore minerals F. N. Ward (D) I. Adler (W) Trace analysis service and research Spectrographic analytical services and research F. N. Ward (t>) A. W. Helz (W) Analytical services and research Spectrographic services and research I.May (W) Analytical services and research A. T. Myers (D) L. F. Rader, Jr. (D) Spectrographic services and research Analytical services and research H. Bastron (M) R. B. Stevens (M) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS A187

STATUS OF SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY THE TOPOGRAPHIC DIVISION

MAPPING ACCOMPLISHMENTS placed by 386 new maps at 1:24,000-scale standards (fig. 6). Objectives of the National Topographic Mapping Program For the extent and location of map coverage see The major function of the Topographic Division is figure 7. the preparation and maintenance of the National Topo­ graphic Map Series covering the United States and out­ Map revision and maintenance lying areas. This map series, comprising several series During 1961, 59,300 square miles of T^-minute map­ of quadrangle maps at different scales, is a fundamental ping was added to the growing backlog of maps requir­ part of the background research required to inventory, ing revision. During fiscal 1962, the backlog was develop, and manage the natural resources of the coun­ diminished by revising 11,300 square miles of mapping, try. Other Division functions are the production of leaving 272,600 square miles of 7^-minute mapping related maps; periodic revision and maintenance of requiring revision at the end of the year (fig. 8). maps and publications; and research to improve map 1:250,000-scale mapping jproducts, engineering techniques, and instrumental Equipment. The 48 conterminous States and Hawaii are 99 per­ cent covered by 1:250,000-scale maps originally pre­ In addition to the maps described below, the Topo­ pared as military editions by the Army Map Service. graphic Division prepares shaded-relief maps, U.S. As these maps are completed, civil editions are pre­ base maps, special maps, and also a few planimetric pared for distribution to the public. The civil editions maps. will be kept up to date by the Topographic Division. Procedures for obtaining copies of the maps and map Maps of Alaska at this scale are being prepared and products of the Survey are given on page A196. published by the Geological Survey. Coverage of the Series and scales 50 States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands of the All topographic surveys, except those in Alaska, are United States by 1:250,000-scale maps and the work being made to standards of accuracy and content re­ in progress are shown on figure 9. quired for map publications at a scale of 1:24,000. Initial publication may be either at a scale of 1: 24,000 State maps or 1: 62,500, depending on the need. If 1: 62,500-scale State maps are published at scales of 1: 500,000 and maps are published initially, the 1: 24,000-scale surveys 1:1,000,000 except for Alaska, which is covered by base in the form of photogrammetric compilation sheets are maps published at scales of 1:1,584,000 and 1:2,500,000, available on open file, and for future publication at that and Hawaii, which is not yet covered by any of these scale. For maps in Alaska the publication scale is maps. 1: 63,360 or "inch-to-the-mile." State maps for 26 States, compiled on modern stand­ ards, have been published in a new series entailing as Coverage of the Nation many as four editions: base, base and highways, base Sixty-three percent of the total area of the 50 States, and highways and contours, and shaded relief on a Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands is covered by topo­ modified base. As shown in figure 10, other con­ graphic surveys at scales of 1:24,000, 1:62,500, and terminous States are covered by an earlier series. 1:63,360 (only in Alaska). These surveys have been published as standard quadrangle maps for 55 percent Urban-area maps of the total area. Topographic surveys for the other Urban-area maps are prepared by combining on one 8 percent are available on open file. or more sheets the 7^-minute quadrangles that cover During fiscal 1962, 468 maps of unmapped areas an urban area. Maps of 53 urban areas have been pub­ equivalent to 1.3 percent of the total area were pub­ lished, including 1 new and 1 revised map that were lished. Another 0.6 percent heretofore covered by 15- completed during fiscal 1962. Work in progress in­ minute maps compiled at obsolete standards was re­ cludes 3 new maps and the revision of 4 others. A188 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

PUBLISHED Albuquerque, N. Mex. Fort Worth, Tex. Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport San Diego, Calif. Atlanta, Ga. Gary, Ind. News, Va. San Juan, P.R. Austin, Tex. Hartford-New Britain, Conn. Oakland-San Francisco, Seattle, Wash. Baton Rouge, La. Honolulu, Hawaii Calif. (2 sheets) Shreveport, La. Bridgeport, Conn. Houston, Tex. Peoria, 111. Spokane, Wash. Buffalo, N.Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Pittsburgh, Pa. Toledo, Ohio Champaign-Urbana, 111. Juneau, Alaska Philadelphia, Pa. (2 sheets) Washington, D.C. Chattanooga, Tenn. Knoxville, Tenn. Portland-Vancouver, Oregon Wilkes-Barre-Pittstown, Pa. Chicago, 111. (3 sheets) Little Rock, Ark. and Washington Wilmington, Del. Cincinnati, Ohio Los Angeles-Long Beach, Rochester, N.Y. Worcester, Mass. Cleveland, Ohio Calif. (3 sheets) Salt Lake City, Utah Youngstown, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Louisville, Ky. Davenport-Rock Island- Madison, Wis. IN PROGRESS Moline, Iowa and Illinois Milwaukee, Wis. Dayton, Ohio Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. New maps Revision Denver, Colo. New Haven, Conn. Amchorage, Alaska Gary, Ind. Detroit, Mich. (2 sheets) New Orleans, La. Boston, Mass. Indianapolis, Ind. Duluth-Superior, Minnesota New York, N.Y. (8 sheets) Wichita, Kans. Louisville, Ky. and Wisconsin Washington, D.C.

i Mapping of the 50 States, Puerto Rico, I and Virgin Islands is included; also, ; mapping prepared in part by other agencies

* Replacement of 15-minute series with 7Js-minute series * * 15-minute series at 7^-minute standards

mmmmmmm x^x^x^xX^ 7^-MINUTE SERIES XXX REPLACEMENT, 7k-MINUTE SERIES

E SERIES (PRE-1947)

x\\\\ 7|-MINUTE SERIES (PRE-1947). N v\.XXX XXX'X X X X %. %. NlX. XX 52 53 54 55 56

FIGURE 6. Progress of 7%- and 15-minute quadrangle mapping. STATUS OF SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY THE TOPOGRAPHIC DIVISION A189

.abe

1

t- «H O cc 5 c3 -4-J 32

t^ co o

JUNE 30, 1962

7^-Minute Mapping

Best quality

El In need of revision

Revision in progress

FIGURE 8. Status of revision of large-scale mapping. STATUS OF SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY T~E TOPOGRAPHIC DIVISION A191 toCO

H

JUNE 30, 1962 Published Maps Modern maps

Planimetric edition only

Useful maps (planimetric edition only)

Mapping In Progress Contour edition

Modern maps State maps are available at scales of 1: 500,000 and 1:1,000,000 except for Alaska Maps of Alaska' are available at scales of 1:1,584,000 and 1:2,500,000

FIGURE 10. Status of State maps. STATUS OF SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY THE TOPOGRAPHIC DIVISION A193

National park maps maps will be modified slightly and published in the , Maps of 43 of the 184 national parks, monuments, IMW series (fig. 11). historic sites, and other areas administrated by the Na­ Two of the maps, Hudson River and San Francisco tional Park Service have been published. These usually Bay, are no longer available as IMW but are covered are made by combining all existing quadrangle maps by AMS maps. Both the IMW and AMS series are into one map sheet, but occasionally surveys are made available for Mt. Shasta, Point Conception, Mississippi covering only the park area. Published maps in this Delta (White Lake-AMS), Hatteras, Chesapeake Bay, series include: and Boston. In addition, the American Geographical Acadia National Park, Maine Hot Springs and Vicinity, Ark. Society published the Sonora, Chihuahua, and Mon­ Bandelier National Monument, Isle Royale National Park, terrey maps, and Canada, the Regina and Montreal N. Mex. Mich. Black Canyon of the Gunnison Lassen Volcanic National maps. Puerto Rico is covered by two maps, each com­ j National Monument, Oolo. Park, Calif. piled and published by the American Geographical Bryce Canyon National Park, Mammoth Cove National Park, Society and the Army Map Service. i Utah Ky. Canyon de Chelly National Mesa Verde National Park, NATIONAL ATLAS | Monument, Ariz. Oolo. Carlsbad Caverns National Mount McKinley National In 1961 the Secretary of the Interior approved a I Park, N. Mex. Park, Alaska recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences Cedar Breaks National Monu­ Mount Rainier National Park, to have the Geological Survey undertake the produc­ ment, Utah Wash. tion of a national atlas. During 1962, arrangements Chicamauga and Chattanooga Olympic National Park and Vi­ | National Military Park, Ga. cinity, Wash. have been completed with the Library of Congress for Colonial National Historical Petrified Forest National Mon­ the loan of Arch C. Gerlach, Chief of the Map Division Park (Yorktown), Pa. ument, Ariz. and Incumbent of the Chair of Geography at the Colorado National Monument, Rocky Mountain National Library of Congress, to serve for at least 2 years as the i Oolo. Park, Oolo. chief of the Geological Survey's atlas project. Work Crater Lake National Park Scotts Bluff National Monu­ ; and Vicinity, Oreg. ment, Nebr. on the new atlas will continue under close coordination (praters of the Moon National Sequoia and King's Canyon with other agencies, professional organizations, and Monument, Idaho National Parks, Calif. authorities on atlases. Duster Battlefield, Mont. Shenandoah National Park, Studies are in progress to determine the most ap­ Devils Tower National Monu­ Va. (2 sheets) ment, Wyo. Shiloh National Military Park, propriate organization, specifications, content, optimum Dinosaur National Monument, Tenn. sources of information, and most effective methods of Utah-Colorado Vanderbilt Mansion National presenting this information. Actual production opera­ Franklin D. Roosevelt Na­ Historic Site, N.Y. tions will be started in fiscal year 1963. tional Historic Site, N.Y. Vicksburg National Military Glacier National Park, Mont. Park, Miss. GEOGRAPHIC NAMES Grand Canyon National Monu­ Wind Cave National Park, S. ment, Ariz. Dak. As part of normal mapping operations, fieldmen and Grand Canyon National Park, Yellowstone National Park, editors investigate the names of places and natural fea­ Ariz. (2 sheets) Wyoming, Montana and Grand Teton National Park, Idaho tures appearing on topographic maps. The name in Wyo. Yosemite National Park, Calif. general use by local residents is accepted when such Great Sand Dunes National Zion National Park (Kolob usage is unanimous and not in conflict with names ap­ i Monument, Colo. Section), Utah pearing on previously published maps and publications. Great Smoky Mountains Na­ Zion National Park (Zion Can­ When a name conflict is discovered, the evidence gath­ tional Park, North Carolina yon Section), Utah and Tennessee (2 sheets) ered during the field investigation, with the name rec­ ommended by the Geological Survey, is referred to the ] Million-scale maps Board on Geographic Names for a decision. The worldwide million-scale series of topographic The Board on Geographic Names, with the Secretary quadrangle maps was originally sponsored by the In­ ternational Geographical Union and designated the In­ of the Interior, is responsible for maintaining uniform ternational Map of the World on the Millionth Scale geographic nomenclature on Federal maps and publica­ (IMW). The conterminous United States will be cov­ tions. Problems concerning names in the United States ered by 53 maps, 17 of which were produced before and its possessions are handled by the Domestic Names 1955. At that time the Army Map Service began mili­ Committee of this board. The Committee consists of tary series at 1:1,000,000 scale. Eventually these AMS one representative each from the Departments of Agri- >I I CD

FIGURE 11. Status of 1:1,000,000-scale topographic maps. STATUS OF SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY THE TOPOGRAPHIC DIVISION A195 culture, Commerce, and Interior, and the Post Office Staff assistance to the Domestic Names Committee Department and the Government Printing Office. has been provided by the Geological Survey since 1958. Names approved by the Board on Geographic Names The assistance includes background research on name are published in decision lists issued three or more times questions and the preparation of decision lists for pub­ each year and distributed to government agencies and lication. Ten decision lists, containing a total of 4,929 the public free upon request. approved names, have been published since 1958. A196 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

HOW TO OBTAIN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS All book publications, maps, and charts published cent discount is allowed; on orders of $60 or more, 40 by the Survey are listed in "Publications of the Geo­ percent discount is allowed. These publications also logical Survey," and in supplements, which keep the may be obtained, on an area basis, by over-the-counter list up to date. New releases are announced each month sale (but not by mail) from the other Geological Sur­ in "New Publications of the Geological Survey." All vey offices mentioned above. Residents of Alaska may of these lists of publications are free upon request to the order Alaska maps from the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 520 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON 25, D.c. They may ILLINOIS ST., FAIRBANKS, ALASKA. Most geologic HiapS be consulted at many public and educational-institution are available flat, or folded in envelopes. libraries, and at the Geological Survey offices named - The various types of maps and map products pre­ below. pared by the Topographic Division are discussed in the Books, maps, charts, and folios that are out of print section beginning on page A187. can no longer be purchased from any official source. Indexes to topographic-map coverage of the various They may be consulted at many libraries, and some States are released periodically and are free on appli­ can be purchased from dealers in second-hand books. cation. The release of revised indexes is announced in the monthly list of new publications of the Geological ORDERING BOOK REPORTS Survey. Each State index shows the areas mapped and Professional papers, bulletins, water-supply papers gives lists of Geological Survey offices from which maps and miscellaneous book publications can be purchased may be purchased and of local agents who sell the from the SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT maps. PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 25, D.C. Prepayment is Advance material available from current topo­ required and may be made by money order or check graphic mapping is indicated on quarterly releases of payable to that office, or in cash exact amount at State index maps. This material, including such items sender's risk. Postage stamps are not accepted. Book as aerial photography, geodetic-control data, and pre­ publications also may be purchased on an over-the- liminary maps in various stages of preparation and counter basis from the following Geological Survey editing, is available for purchase. Information con­ Offices: 468 NEW CUSTOMHOUSE, DENVER, COLO. J 437 FED­ cerning the ordering of these items is given on each ERAL BUILDING, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH; 602 THOMAS State index. Requests for indexes or inquiries concern­ BUILDING, DALLAS, TEX.; 1031 BARTLETT BUILDING, LOS ing availability of advance materials should be di­ ANGELES, CALIF.; 232 APPRAISERS BUILDING, SAN FRAN­ rected tO the MAP INFORMATION OFFICE, U.S. GEOLOGICAL CISCO, CALIF.; SOUTH 157 HOWARD ST., SPOKANE, WASH.; SURVEY, WASHINGTON 25, D.C. and 503 CORDOVA BUILDING, ANCHORAGE, ALASKA. OPEN-FILE REPORTS Circulars may be obtained free on application to the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON 25, D.C. Open-file reports are a nonpermanent form of publication. They include unpublished manuscript ORDERING MAPS AND CHARTS reports, maps, and other material made available for Maps, charts, folios, and hydrologic atlases are sold public consultation and use. Arrangements can gen­ by the Geological Survey. Mail orders for those cover­ erally be made to reproduce them at private expense. ing areas east of the Mississippi Kiver should be ad­ The date and places of availability for consultation by dressed to the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON 25, D.C., the public are given in press releases or other forms of and for areas west of the Mississippi River to the GEO­ public announcement. In general, open-file reports LOGICAL SURVEY, FEDERAL CENTER, DENVER 25, COLO. Re- are placed in one or more of the three Geological Sur­ mittances should be sent by check or money order made vey libraries: ROOM 1033, GENERAL SERVICES BLDG., payable to the Geological Survey or in cash exact WASHINGTON, D.C.; BLDG. 25, FEDERAL CENTER, DENVER, amount at the sender's risk. Postage stamps are not COLO.; and 345 MIDDLEFIELD ROAD, MENLO PARK, CALIF. accepted. Retail prices are quoted in lists of publica­ Other depositories may include one or more of the tions and, for topographic maps, in indexes to topo­ Geological Survey offices listed on page A128 to A132, graphic mapping for individual states. On an order or interested State agencies. Many open-file reports amounting to $10 or more at the retail price, 20 per­ are replaced later by formally printed publications. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH. 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS A197 PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 i Listed below are citations of technical reports not listed in either Professional Papers 400-A or of the Conservation, Geologic^ Topographic, and 424-A. It does not include a few articles that are Water Resources Divisions published or otherwise dated prior to July 1, 1962, but were released after released to the public during the fiscal year 1962. that date. The list also includes some publications that were

Abrahams, J. H., Jr., Baltz, E. H., Jr., and Purtymun, W. D., Albers, J. P., 1961, Gold deposits in the French Gulch-Deadwood 1962, Movement of perched ground water in alluvium near district, Shasta and Trinity Counties, California: Art. 147 Los Alamos, New Mexico: Art. 37 in U. S. Geol. Survey in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C1-C4. Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B93-B94. Albers, J. P., and Robertson, J. F., 1961, Geology and ore Abrahams, J. H., Jr., Weir, J. E., Jr., and Purtymun, W. D., deposits of east Shasta copper-zinc district, Shasta County, 1961, Distribution of moisture in soil and near-surface California: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 338, 107 p. tuff on the Pajarito Plateau, Los Alamos County, New [1962]. Mexico: Art. 339 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Albin, D. R., 1961, Ground water--The earth is a reservoir and p. D142-D145. / an endless cycle keeps it supplied: Arkansas Gazette, Little Adams, J. K., and Boggess, D. H., 1962, Water-table, surface- Rock, Aug. 6, p. 2E. drainage, and engineer ing soils map of the St. Georges area, 1962a, Geologic section of Bradley, Calhoun, Ouachita, Delaware: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. and part of Nevada Counties, Arkansas: Arkansas Acad. Sci. Adams, J. W., and Young, E. J., 1961, Accessory bastnaesite Proc. 1961, p. 38-54. in the Pikes Peak granite, Colorado: Art. 254 in U. S. Geol. 1962b, Special ground-water report number 1, Murfrees- Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C292-C294. boro area, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Akin, P. D., Murray, C. R., and Theis,^ C. V., 1962, Five 21 p. ground-water investigations for U. S. Army Airfield near Albritton, C. C., and Smith, J. F., Jr., 1957, The Texas linea­ Fort Sumner, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer, ment: Internal. Geol. Cong., 20th, Mexico, D. F., 1956, 16th-17th Bienn. Repts., July 1, 1942-June 30, 1946, [Trabajos], sec. 5, p. 501-518 [1961]. p. 293-322. Alexander, W. H., Jr., 1961, Geology and ground-water re­ Adler, Isidore, andDwornik, E. J., 1961, Electronprob&analysis sources of the Northern High Plains of Texas, Progress of schreibersite (rhabdite) in the Cany on Diablo meteorite: Report No. 1: Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 6109, Art. 112 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B263- 34 p. B265. Alien, C. R., Kamb, W. B., Meier, M. F., and Sharp, R. P., Adler, Isidore, andMassoni, C. J., 1962, SimpleX-Y translation 1961, Structure of the lower Blue Glacier, Washington stage and indexing mechanism: Rev. Sci. Instruments, v. 33, [abs.]: Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. (Louvain, no. 2, p. 247. Belgium), no. 54, p. 545. Adolphson, D. G., 196la, Geology and ground-water resources Allingham, J. W., 1961, Aeromagnetic interpretation of zoned of the Drake area, McHenry County, North Dakota: North intrusions in northern Maine: Art. 387 in U. S. Geol. Dakota State Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground - Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D265-D266. Water Study 14, 44 p. Allingham, J. W., and Bates, R. G., 1961, Use of geophysical 196Ib, Glacial drift aquifers in the Cackle area, Logan data to interpret geology in Precambrian rocks of central and Stutsman Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota State Wisconsin: Art. 394 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Study 424-D, p. D292-D296. 33, 16 p. Allingham, J. W., and Zietz, Isidore, 1962, Geophysical data 1962, Ground water in the Hatton area, Trailland Steele on the Climax stock, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota State Water Conserv. Nevada [abs.]: Soc. Explor. Geophysicists Yearbook 1962, Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Study 15, 23 p. p. 265-266. Akers, J. P., 1961, The geology of the central part of Apache Anders, R. B., and Baker, E. T., Jr., 1961, Ground-water County, Arizona A preliminary report: Arizona Geol. Soc. geology of Live Oak County, Texas: Texas Board Water Digest, v. 4, p. 49-57. Engineers Bull. 6105, 119 p. 1962, Relation of faulting to the occurrence of ground Anders, R. B., and Naftel, W. L., 1962, Pumpage of ground water in the Flagstaff area, Arizona: Art. 39 in U. S. Geol. water and fluctuation of water levels in the Houston Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B97-B100. district and the Baytown-La Porte area, Texas, 1957- Akers, J. P., Irwin, J. H., Stevens, P. R., and McClymonds, 1961: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6211, 52 p. N. E., 1962, Geology of the Cameron quadrangle, Arizona, Anderson, C. A., 1961, Activities of the Geologic Division, with a section on Uranium deposits, by W. L. Chenoweth: U. S. Geological Survey, in California: California Div. U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-162. Mines, 57th Rept. State Mineralogist, p. 119-124. Akers, J. P., McClymonds, N. E., andHarshbarger, J. W., 1962, Anderson, E. L, 1961, Errors in streamflow measurement: Geology and ground water of the Red Lake area, Navajo Art. 161 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Taper 424-C, p. C37- Indian Reservation, Arizona and New Mexico: U. S. Geol. C39. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1576-B, p. B1-B12. Anderson, J. A., 1962a, Conservation activities of the Geological Albee, A. L., 1961, Boundary Mountain anticlinorium, west- Survey as they pertain to leasable minerals: Interstate Oil central Maine and northern New Hampshire: Art. 168 in Compact Comm., Comm. Bull., v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-11. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C51-C54. 1962b, Oil and gas on Federal and Indian land--New Albee, A. L., and Boudette, E. L., 1961, Preliminary geologic Mexico and Four Corners: Am. PetroleumInst. Drilling and map of the Attean quadrangle, Somerset County, Maine: Production Practice 1961, p. 177-187. U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. 661513 O 62 14 A198 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Anderson, L. A., 1961a, A remanent magnetometer and magnetic Austin, C. R., 1960, Earthquake fluctuations in wells in New susceptibility bridge; Art. 282 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Jersey: New Jersey Dept. Conserv. and Econ. Develw Paper 424-C, p. C370-C372. . Div. Water Policy and Supply, Water Resources Circ. 5, 1961b, Overvoltage characteristics of a pyrite crystal: 13 p. [1961]. Art. 416 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D362- Averitt, Paul, 1961, Coal reserves of the United States A D364. progress report, January 1, 1960: U. S. Geol. Survey Andreasen, G. E.,andKane,M. F., 1961, Isostatic compensation Bull. 1136, 116 p. in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: Art. 391 1962, Geology and coal resources of the Cedar Mountain in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D277-D281. quadrangle, Iron County, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Andreasen, G. E., Kane, M. F., and Zietz, Isidore, 1962, Paper 389, 72 p. Aeromagnetic and gravity studies of the Precambrian in Bachman, G. G.,1961, Pre-Pennsylvanian Paleozoic strati­ northeastern New Mexico: Geophysics, v. 27, no. 3, p. 343- graphy, Mockingbird Gap quadrangle, New Mexico: Art. 51 358. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B119-B122. Andreasen, G. E., and Petrafeso, Frank, 1962a, Aeromagnetic Back, William, 1961, Techniques for mapping of hydrochemical map of Georgetown and vicinity, east-central Texas: U. S. facies: Art. 423 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Geol. Survey open-file report. p. D380-D382. 1962b, Aeromagnetic map of the Llano uplift, Mason- Back, William, and Barnes, Ivan, 1961, Equipment for field Burnet area, central Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file measurement of electrochemical potentials: Art. 280 hi report. U, S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C366-C368. Andreasen, G. E., and Pitkin, J. A., 1962, Aeromagnetic maps Bailey, E. H., >962a, Mercury in the United States, exclusive of the Twin Buttes area, Pima and Santa Cruz Counties, of Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Re­ Arizona, flown at 500 feet above ground and flown at 4,000 source Map MR-30. feet barometric elevation: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file 1962b, Metamorphic facies of the Franciscan formation report, 2 sheets. of California and their geologic significance [abs.]: Geol. Andrews, D. A., Schoechle, G. L., and Brown, G. W., 1962, Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 4-5. U. S. Geological Survey training program for foreign Bailey, E. H., Snavely, P. D. Jr., and White, D. E., 1961, geologists [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, Chemical analyses of brines and crude oil, Cymric field, p. 128-129. Kern County, California: Art 398 in_U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Annell, C. S., and Helz, A. W. t 1961, A constant-feed direct- Paper 424-D, p. D306-D309. current arc: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-J, p. 231-251. Bailey, R. A., 1961, Hot springs and solfataric areas in the Antweiler, J. C., 1961, Methods for decomposing samples of Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico: U. S. Geol. silicate rock fragments: Art. 138 in U. S. Geol. Survey Survey open-file report, [Map]. Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B322-B324. 1962, Zones and zonal variations in ash flows of the Appel, C. A., 1962, Salt-water encroachment into aquifers of Matahina Formation, North Island, New Zealand [abs.]: the Raritan formation in the Sayreville area, Middlesex Internat. Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, May, 1962, Sci. County, New Jersey, with a section on a proposed tidal dam Council Japan, Abs., p. 2-3. on the South River: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Baker, J. A., and Healy, H. G., 1961, Records and logs of 84 p. selected wells and test holes, chemical analyses of water, Arad, Arnon, 1962, Bibliography on artificial recharge of ground and water levels in observation wells in the Wilmington- water from 1954 through 1961, with a section on related Reading area, Massachusetts: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file subjects: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 82 p. report, 196 p. Armstrong, C. A., and McMillion, L. G., 1961, Geology and Baker, J. A., and Samuel, E. A., 1961, Wi 1mington-Reading ground-water resources of Pecos County, Texas: Texas area Records and logs of selected wells and test holes, Board Water Engineers Bull. 6106, v. l,229p.; v. 2, 295 p. chemical analyses of water, and water levels in observa­ Arnold, R. G., and Reichen, L. E., 1962, Measurement of the tion wells in the Wilmington-Readingarea, Massachusetts: metal content of naturally occurring, metal-deficient, U. S. Geol. Survey Massachusetts Basic-Data Rept. 1, hexagonal pyrrhotite by an X-ray spacing method: Am. Ground-Water Ser., 50 p. (Prepared in coop, with Massa­ Mineralogist, v. 47. nos. 1-2, p. 105-111. chusetts Dept. Public Works.) Arnow, Ted, 196 la, Effects of phosphate mining on the ground Baker, J. A., and Petersen, R. G., 1962,Lowell area Records water of Angaur, Palau Islands, Trust Territory of the and logs of selected wells and test holes, records of Pacific Islands: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper selected springs, and chemical analyses of water in the 1608-A, p. A1-A39. Lowell area, Massachusetts: U. S. Geol. Survey Massachu­ 196Ib, Water-bearing properties of the rocks in the setts Basic-Data Rept. 3, Ground-Water Ser., 28 p. (Pre­ Arecibo-Barceloneta area, Puerto Rico: Art. 221 in U. S. pared in coop, with Massachusetts Dept. Public Works.) Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C201-C202. Baldwin, E. M., 1961, Geologic map of the lower Umpqua Ash, S. R., 1961, Indians, ancient andmodern, in the Albuquer­ River area, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. que country, in New Mexico Geol. Soc., Guidebook of the Map OM-204. Albuquerque country, 12th Field Cont, Oct. 1961,p. 75-8L, Ballance, W. C., and others, 1962, Ground-water levels in New Ash, S. R., and Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1961, Cretaceous rocks in Mexico, 1960, with a section on Pecos Valley Artesian Lea County, New Mexico: Art. 338 in U. S. Geol. Survey Conservancy District recorder wells, by P. D. Akki: Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D139-D142. U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 216 p. Ault, W. U., 1961, Isotopic geochemistry of sulfur [abs.]: Balsley, J. R., Jr., 1962a, Aeromagnetic map of the Oxbow Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 1, p. 227-228. quadrangle, Aroostook and Penobscot Counties, Maine: Ault, W. U., Richter, D. H., and Stewart, D. B., 1962, A U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-289. temperature-measurement probe in the melt of Kilauea 1962b, Aeromagnetic map of the Howe Brook quadrangle, Iki lava lake, Hawaii [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Aroostook County, Maine: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 72. Map GP-290. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A199 Balsley, J. R., Jr., Meuschke, J. L.,andBlanchett, Jean, 1962, Barraclough, J. T., and Marsh, O. T., 1962a, Aquifers and Aeromagnetic map of the Eagle Harbor quadrangle, Kewee- quality of ground water along the Gulf Coast of western naw County, Michigan: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 35 p. Map GP-314. 1962b, Aquifers and quality of ground water along the Baltz, E. H., Jr., and Weir, J. E., Jr., 1961, A method of re­ Gulf Coast of western Florida [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America cording and representing geologic features from large- Spec. Paper 68, p. 131-132. diameter drill holes: Art. 137 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Barton, P. B., Jr., Bethke, P. M., and Toulmin, Priestley, 3d, Paper 424-B, p. B319-B321. 1962, Equilibrium in sulfide deposits, I, Concepts [abs.]: Baltzer, R. A., and Shen, John, 1961, Computation of homoge­ Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 185; Internal. neous flows in tidal reaches by finite-difference method: Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. Art. 162 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C39- 1962, Program, p. 185. \ C41. Barton, P. B., Jr., and Toulmin, Priestley, 3d, 1961, Some 1962, Computation of flows in tidal reaches by finite- mechanisms for cooling hydrothermal fluids: Art. 412 in difference technique, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Re­ U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D348-D352. search Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Bateman, P. C., 1961a, Granitic formations in the east-central Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 258-264; Sierra Nevada near Bishop, California: Geol. Soc. America abs., p. 75. Bull., v. 72, no. 10, p. 1521-1537. Barker, F. B., 1960, Determination of radioactive materials in 196lb, Willard D. Johnson and the strike-slip component water: Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub. 273, of fault movement in the Owens Valley, California, earth­ p. 22-32. quake of 1872: Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 51, no. 4, Barker, F. B., and Scott, R. C., 1961, Uranium and radium in p. 483-493. ground water from igneous terranes of the Pacific North­ Bates, R. G., 1962a, Airborne radioactivity surveys--A geologic west: Art. 128 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. exploration tool: Southeastern Geology, v. 3, no. 4,p. 221- B298-B299. 230. Barker, Fred, 1961a, Anthophyllite-biotite-hypersthene-rhodo- 1962b, Correlation of aeroradioactivity data and areal lite assemblage, Mason Mountain, North Carolina: Art. geology in eastern Tennessee and Kentucky [abs.]: Geol. 270 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C336-C338. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 65. 1961b, Cordierite hornfels from Litchfield, Connecticut: 1962c, Natural gamma aeroradioactivity of the Oak Ridge Art. 268 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C331- National Laboratory area, Tennessee and Kentucky: U. S. C333. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-308. 1961c, Phase relations in cordierite-garnet-bearing Bayley, R. W., and Janes, W. W., 1961,Geochemical surveying Kinsman quartz monzonite and the enclosing schist, Love- for gold veins in the Atlantic district, Wyoming: Art. 405 well Mountain quadrangle, New Hampshire: Am. Mineral­ in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D332-D333. ogist, v. 46, nos. 9-10, p. 1166-1176. Beamer, N. H., 1962a, Chemical quality of water in Pennsyl­ Barnell, R. L., and DeLuca, F. A., 1961, Ground-water levels vania streams, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Re­ in Long Island. New York, 1958-1959: U. S. Geol. Survey search Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, open-file report, 66 p. Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 265. Barnes, D. F., 1961, Gravity low at Minto Flats, Alaska: Art. 1962b, Continuous recording of salinity in an estuary, 383 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D258- in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, D259. Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, Barnes, D. F., Alien, R. W.,andBennett, H. F., 1961, Prelimi­ and Office Naval Research, p. 266-268; abs., p. 19. nary results of gravity surveys in Interior Alaska [abs.]: Bean, R. K., 1962, U. S. Geological Survey camera calibrator Alaskan Sci. Conf., llth, Anchorage, Aug. 29-Sept. 2, I960, [abs.]: Photogrammetric Eng., v. 28, no. 2, p. 346. Proc., p. 164-165. Beck, H. V., 1961, A buried valley northwest of Manhattan, Barnes, F. F., 1962a, Geologic map of lower Matanuska Valley, Kansas: Art. 351 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-359. p. D182-D185. 1962b, Topographic and geologic map of the Knob Creek Beckman, E. W., and Furness, L. W., 1962, Flow characteris­ area of the Wishbone Hill district, Matanuska coal field, tics of Elkhorn River near Waterloo,Nebraska:U.S. Geol. Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Coal Inv. Map C-51. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1498-B, p. B1-B34. Barnes, Harley, and Byers, F. M., Jr., 1961, Windfall forma­ Beckman, E. W., and Hutchison, N. E., 1962, Floods in Nebras­ tion (Upper Cambrian) of Nevada Test Site and vicinity, ka on small drainage areas, magnitude and frequency :U. S. Nevada: Art 188 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Geol. Survey Circ. 458, 33 p. p. C103-C106. Bedinger,. M. S., 1961a, Arkansas' caves--They're a source of Barnes, Harley, Houser, F. N., and Poole, F. G., 1961, Geolo­ major interest to scientists and "spelunkers" alike: Arkan­ gic map of Oak Spring quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: sas Gazette, Little Rock, June 18, p. 2E. U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. 1961b, Relation between median grain size and perme­ Barnes, Harley, and Palmer, A. R., 1961, Revision of strati- ability in the Arkansas River valley, Arkansas: Art. 157 graphic nomenclature of Cambrian rocks, Nevada Test in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C31-C32. Site and vicinity, Nevada: Art. 187 in U. S. Geol. Survey Bedinger, M. S., and Jeffery, H. G., 1962, Ground water in the Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C100-C103. lower Arkansas River valley, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Barnes, Ivan, 1962, Geochemistry of Birch Creek, California open-file report, 25 p. [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, Bedinger, M. S., and Sniegocki, R. T., 1961, Ground-water D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 82. problems in Missouri: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Barnett, P. R., 1961, Spectrographic analysis for selected 16 p. minor elements in Pierre shale: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Bedinger, M. S., Stephens, J. W., and Edds, Joe, 1960, Decline Paper 391-B, p. B1-B10. of water levels in the Pine Bluff area: Arkansas Geol. and Barraclough, J. T., 1962, Ground-water resources of Seminole Conserv. Comm., Spec. Ground-Water Rept. 2, 10 p. County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 27, 91 p. [1962]. A200 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Beikman, H. M., Gower, H. D., and Dana, T. A. M., 196].. Coal Bieber, P. P., 1961, Ground-water features of Berkeley and reserves of Washington: Washington State Div. Mines and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia: West Virginia Geol. and Geology Bull. 47, 115 p. Econ. Survey Bull. 21, 81 p. Benninghoff, W. S., and Holmes, G. W., 1961, Preliminary report Billingsley, G. A., 1962, Salt water encroachment in the estu­ on Upper Cenozoic carbonaceous deposits in the Johnson aries and coastal streams in North Carolina, in Natl. River area, Alaska Range [abs.], in Raasch, G. O., ed., Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Geology of the Arctic; Internal. Symposium Arctic Geology, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office 1st, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 1, Toronto, Naval Research, p. 268-270. Ontario, Univ. Toronto Press, p. 599. Bishop, E. W., and Dee, L. L., Jr., 1961, Rocks and minerals Benninghoff, W. S., Holmes, G. W., and Hopkins, D. M., 1961, of Florida--A guide to identification, occurrence, produc­ Newly recovered Upper Tertiary non-marine sediments in tion and use: Florida Geol. Survey Spec. Pub. 8, 41 p. Alaska [abs.], iri Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: Bjorklund, L. J., 1961, Semiannual report of water levels in Internat. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, selected observation wells in Utah, October 1961; U. S. Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 1, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Geol. Survey open-file report, 1 p. Press, p. 598. Bjorklund, L. J., and Maxwell, B. W., 1961, Availability of Benson, M. A., 1962, Evolution of methods for evaluating the ground water in the Albuquerque area, Bernalillo and occurrence of floods: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Sandoval Counties, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer Paper 1580-A, p. A1-A29. Tech. Rept. 21, 117 p. Berdan, J. M., 1961, Paleozoic families, in Moore, R. C., ed., Black, R. A., and Roller, J. C., 1961, Relation between gravity Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Pt. Q, ArthropodaS: and structure of part of the western flank of the Black Hills, Lawrence, Kansas, Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas South Dakota and Wyoming: Art. 243 in U. S. Geol. Survey Press, p. Q122-Q123, Q207, Q371-Q373. Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C260-C262. Berdan, J. M., and Sohn, I. G., 1961, Family Pachydomellidae Bodhaine, G. L., 1961, Cooperative highway programs, in Am. Berdan & Sohn, n. fam., in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Assoc. State Highway Officials, Operating Comm. Design, invertebrate paleontology, Pt. Q, Arthropoda 3: Lawrence, Regional Conf., Aug. 1961, Papers: Boise, IdahoDept. High­ Kansas, Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press, ways, 7 p., paged separately. p. Q373-Q374. Boerngen, J. G., 1961, Table of common logarithms and their Berg, J. W., Jr., and Cook, K. L., 1962, Energies, magnitudes, squares: U. S. Survey open-file report, 25 p. [1962]. and amplitudes of seismic waves from quarry blasts at Boggess, D. H., and Adams, J. K., 1962, Water-table, surface- Promontory and Lakeside, Utah [abs}; Geol. Soc, America drainage, and engineering soils map of the Newark area, Spec. Paper 68, p. 6-7. Delaware: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Bergquist, H. R., 196la, Early Cretaceous (middleNeocomian) Boggess, D. H., and Rima, D. R., 1961, Experiments in water microfossils in south-central Alaska: Art. 374 in U. S. Geol. spreading at Newark, Delaware: U. S. Geol. Survey open- Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D236-D237. ~~ file report, 27 p. 1961b, Foraminiferal zonation in Matanuska formation. Bonilla, M. G., 1961, City College fault, San Francisco, Cali­ Squaw Creek-Nelchina River area, south-central Alaska: fornia: Art. 217 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 12, p. C190-C192. p. 1994-2011. Books, K. G., 1962a, Natural gamma aeroradioactivity of the Bermes, B. J., 1960, Applications of analog computing methods Los. Angeles region, California: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. in hydrology [abs.]: Colorado River Water Users' Assoc., Inv. Map GP-309. 17th Ann. Mtg., Las Vegas, Nevada, Dec. 1960, Proc., 1962b, Remanent magnetism as a contributor to some p. 55 [1961]. aeromagnetic anomalies: Geophysics, v. 27, no. 3, p. 359- Bermes, B. J., Leve, G. W., and Tarver, G. R., 1962, Geology 375. and ground-water resources of Flagler, Putnam, and St. Bowers, H. E., and Shawe, D. R., 1961, Heavy minerals as Johns Counties, Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file guides to uranium-vanadium ore deposits in the Slick Rock report, 131 p. district, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-B, I962b, Ground-water records of Flagler, Putnam, and St. p. 169-218. Johns Counties, Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file Brabb, E. E., 1961, Reconnaissance of the Kandik and .Nation report, 19 p. Rivers, east-central Alaska: Art. 90 in U. S. Geol. Survey Berryhill, H. L., Jr., 1961, Ash-flow deposits. Ciales quadran­ Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B218. gle, Puerto Rico, and their significance; Art, 9.3 in U.S. 1962, Preliminary geologic map of part of the Charley Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B224-B226. River quadrangle, east-central Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey 1962, Lithology and tectonic implications of Upper Cre­ open-file report. taceous clastic volcanic rocks, northeast Puerto Rico Brabb, E. E., Bowen, O. E., Jr., and Hart, E. W., 1962, Field [abs.]: Caribbean Geol. Conf., 3d, Kingston, Jamaica, trip 2, San Francisco to Monterey via California highways Apr. 2-11, 1962, Programme, p. 17-18. 1, 5, 17 and connecting routes, in Geologic guide to the gas Berwick, V. K., 1962, Floods in Utah, magnitude and frequency: and oil fields of northern California: California Div. Mines U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 457, 24 p. and Geology Bull. 181, p. 381-390. Bethke, P. M., and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1961, Unit-cell dimen­ Brabb, E. E., and Miller, D. J., 1962, Reconnaissance traverse sions versus composition, .in the systems: Pbs-CdS, across the Eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska: U. S. PbS-PbSe, ZnS-ZnSe, andCuFeS. -CuFeSe i 9Q: Art. 114 Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-341. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Papel- 424-B, p. B266-B270. Bradley, Edward, 1961, Ground-water resources of south­ Bethke, P. M., Barton, P. B., Jr., and Toulmin,1 Priestley, 3d, eastern New Hampshire: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file re­ 1962, Equilibrium in sulfide deposits, II, Natural assem­ port, 176 p. blage [abs.]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 185- Bradley, Edward, and Jensen, H. M., 1962, Test drilling near 186; Internat. Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., Washington, Beulah, Mercer County, North Dakota: North Dakota State D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 185-186. Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Study 40, 19 p. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A201

Bradley, Edward, and Petersen, R. G., 1962, Southeastern Bromery, R. W,, 1961, Preliminary interpretation of aeromag- area--Records and logs of selected wells and test holes, netic data in the Allentown quadrangle, in Pennsylvania I records of selected springs, chemical analyses of water, Geologists, 26th Mtg., Oct. 1961, Guidebook, p. 37-40. and water levels in observation wells in southeastern New 1962a, Aeromagnetic map of the Grand Lake Seboeis Hampshire: U. S. Geol. Survey New Hampshire Basic-Data quadrangle, Aroostook and Penobscot Counties, Maine: Rept. 1, Ground-Water Ser., 53 p. (Prepared in coop, with U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-288. New Hampshire Water Resources Board.) 1962b, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Shin Pond Bradley, W. H., 1961, Geologic map of part of southwestern quadrangle, Penobscot County, Maine: U. S. Geol. Survey Wyoming and adjacent States; U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-292. Inv. Map 1-335. 1962c, Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic > 1962a, Chloroplast in Spirogyra. from the Green River map of the Albany-Newport area, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Sur­ formation of Wyoming: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 260, no. 6, vey open-file report, 12 p. p. 455-459. Bromery, R. W., Natof, N. C., and others, 196la, Aeromagne­ 1962b, Esper Signius Larsen, 3d (1912-1961) [Memorial]: tic map of the Middletown quadrangle, Dauphin, Lancaster, Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, no. 4, p. P35-P37. Lebanon, and York Counties, Pennsylvania; U. S. Geol. Bramkamp, R. A., Gierhart, R. D., Owens, L. D., and Ramirez, Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-269. L. F., 1962, Geographic map of the western Rub al Khali 196 Ib, Aeromagnetic map of the Gettysburg quadrangle ! quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U. S. Geol. Survey and part of the Taneytown quadrangle, Adams County, J Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-218B.. Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP- Bramkamp, R. A., and Ramirez, L. F., 1961, Geology of the 284. [ northeastern Rub Al Khali quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi 196lc, Aeromagnetic map of the McSherrystown quadran­ I Arabia: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-214A. gle and part of the Littlestown quadrangle, Adams County, ^ranson, F. A., Miller, R. F., and McQueen,!. S., 1961a, Soil- Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map moisture storage characteristics and infiltration rates as GP-285. indicated by annual grasslands near Palo Alto, California: 196 Id, Aeromagnetic map of the Hanover quadrangle and Art. 76 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B184- part of the Manchester quadrangle, Adams and York B186. Counties, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. 196lb, Soil-water availability and use by grasslands on Map GP-286. x adjacent stony and shale-derived soils in Colorado: Art. 196le, Aeromagnetic map of the Seven Valleys quadran­ 239 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C251-C253. gle and part of the Lineboro quadrangle, York County, 1962, Effects of contour furrowing, grazing intensity, and Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP- soils on infiltration rates, soil moisture, and vegetation 287. near Fort Peck, Montana: Jour. Range Management, v. 15, Bromery, R. W., White, B. L., and others, 1961, Aeromagnetic no. 3. map of part of the Fairfield quadrangle and part of the Breger, I. A., [1961], Preliminary studies of coalified wood Emmitsburg quadrangle, Adams County, Pennsylvania, and associated with uranium on the Colorado Plateau, in Nova Frederick County, Maryland: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Scotia Dept. Mines and Nova Scotia Research Found., 3d Inv. Map GP-283. Conf. Origin and Constitution of Coal, Circle Cliffs, June Bromery, R. W., Zandle, G. L., and others, 196la, Aeromag­ 20-22, 1956, p. 356-380; discussion, p. 380-385. netic map of part of the Alburtis quadrangle, Lehigh, Berks, Brew, D. A., 1961a, Lithologic character of the Diamond Peak and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Sur­ formation (Mississippian) at the type locality, Eureka and vey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-266. White Pine Counties, Nevada: Art. 190 in U.S. Geol. Survey 196lb, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Hummelstown Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C110-C112. quadrangle, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. 196 Ib, Relation of Chainman shale to Bold Bluff thrust Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-267. fault, southern Diamond Mountains, Eureka and White Pine 196lc, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Palmyra quad­ Counties, Nevada: Art. 191 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. rangle, Dauphin and Lebanon Counties, Pennsylvania:U.S. Paper 424-C, p. C113-C115. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-268. Briggs, R. P., 196la, Geology of Kewanee Interamerican Oil 1961d, Aeromagnetic map of the York quadrangle, York Company test well number 4 CPR, northern Puerto Rico, County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. iri Oil and gas possibilities of northern Puerto Rico: Map GP-270. San Juan, P. R., Puerto Rico Mining Comm., p. 1-23. 196le, Aeromagnetic map of the Red Lion quadrangle, 196lb, Preliminary geologic map of Puerto Rico and York County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. adjacent islands: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Inv. Map GP-271. 1962, The blanket sands of northern Puerto Rico [abs.]: 196lf, Aeromagnetic map of the Glen Rock and part of Caribbean Geol. Conf., 3d, Kingston, Jamaica, Apr. 2-11, the New Freedom quadrangles, York County, Pennsylvania: 1962, Programme, p. 18. U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-272. Brobst, D. A., 1961, Geology of the Dew ey quadrangle, Wyoming- 196lg, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Bernville South Dakota: 4 U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1063-B,p.J3-60 ; quadrangle, Berks County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Sur­ [1962]. vey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-273. Brock, M. R.,andHeyl, A. V.,Jr., 1961, Post-Cambrian igneous 196lh, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Mechanicsburg rocks of the central craton, western Appalachian Mountains quadrangle, Cumberland and York Counties, Pennsylvania: and Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States: Art. 306 in U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-274. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D33-D35. 196li, Aeromagnetic map of the New Cumberland quad­ Broeker, M. E. ,and Fishel, V. C., 1961, Ground-water levels rangle, Cumberland, Dauphin, and York Counties, Pennsyl­ in observation wells in Kansas, 1960: Kansas Geol. Survey vania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-275. Bull. 153, 183 p. A202 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Bromery, R. W., Zandle, G. L., and others, 1961 j, Aeromag- Counties, Texas; U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map netic map of part of the Mount Holly Springs quadrangle, GP-24.9. Adams, Cumberland and York Counties, Pennsylvania: 1961b, Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-276. of the Falls City NE quadrangle, Karnes and Wilson 1961k, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Dillsburg quad­ Counties, Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map rangle, Adams, York, and Cumberland Counties, Pennsyl­ GP-250. vania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-277. Brown, R. D., Jr., and Rich, E. I., 1961, Geologic map of the 19611, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Arendtsville Lodoga quadrangle, Glenn and ColusaCounties, California: quadrangle, Adams and Cumberland Counties, Pennsylva­ U. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM-210. nia; U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-278. Brown, R. H., 1962, Hydrologic factors pertinent to ground- 1961m, Aeromagnetic map of the Biglerville quadrangle. water contamination, in U. S. Public Health Service, 1961 Adams County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Symposium on Ground-water Contamination: Robert A. Inv. Map GP-279. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center Tech. Rept. W61-5, p. 7-16. 196ln, Aeromagnetic map of the Hampton quadrangle, Browne, R. G., and Herrick, S. M., 1962, Smaller Paleocene Adams and York Counties, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Foraminifera from Reidland, Kentucky [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-280. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 142. 1961o, Aeromagnetic map of the Abbottstown quadrangle, Bryant, B. H., and Reed, J. C., Jr., 1961, The Stokes and Surry Adams and York Counties, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Counties quartzite area, North Carolina--A window?: Art. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-281. 316 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D61-D63. 196lp, Aeromagnetic map of the West York quadrangle, 1962, Structural and metamorphic history of the Grand­ York County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. father Mountain area, North Carolina A preliminary re­ Inv. Map GP-282. port: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 260, no. 3, p. 161-180. Bromfield, C. S., 1961, Emplacement of the Wilson Peak stock Bryant, D. L., and McClymonds, N. E., 1961, Permian Concha and associated intrusive rocks, San Miguel Mountains, limestone and Rainvalley formation, southeastern Arizona; Colorado: Art. 198 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 8,, 424-C, p. C137-C139. p. 1324-1333. Bromfield, C. S., andWrucke, C. T., 1961, Reconnaissance geo­ Buddington, A. R., and Baker, D. R., 1961, Geology of the logic map of the Cedar Mountains, Grant and Luna Counties, Franklin and part of the Hamburg quadrangles, New Jersey: New Mexico: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-346. Map MF-159. Bull, W. B., 196la, Alluvial fans and near-surface subsidence, Brookhart, J. W., and Powell, J. E., 1961, Reconnaissance of western Fresno County, California: U. S. Geol. Survey geology and ground water of selected areas in North open-file report, 285 p.; abs., Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 10, Dakota--Areas of investigation, Rolla-St. John area and p. 3602-3603. Mylo area, Rolette County; Minto-Forest River area, Walsh 1961b, Causes and mechanics of near-surface subsidence County; Powers Lake area, Burke County; Maddock area, in western Fresno County, California Art. 77 in_ U. S. ,. Benson County; Hunter area, Cass County: North Dakota Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B187-B189. State Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water 1961c, Tectonic significance of radial profiles of alluvial Study 28, 91 p. fans in western Fresno County, California: Art. 75 in Brosge", W. P., and Reiser, H. N., 1962a, Geologic map of the U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B182-B184. Chandalar quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file 1962a, Effect of stream-channel shape on alluvial-fan report. deposition in western Fresno County, California [abs.]: 1962b, Preliminary geologic map of the Christian quad­ Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 11-12. rangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. 1962b, Erosion of the Arroyo Ciervo drainage basin in Brown, Andrew, 1961a, Geologic investigations of radioactive western Fresno County, California [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. deposits, 1942-1960--A bibliography of U. S. Geological Research, v. 67, no. 4, p. 1630; Am. Geophys. Union, 1st Survey publications on the geology of radioactive deposits: Western Natl. Mtg., Los Angeles, California, Dec. 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-777, 86 p. (Report prepared Program, p. 53. for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) 1962c, Relations of alluvial-fan size and slope to drain­ 1961b, Geology and the Gettysburg campaign: GeoTimes, age-basin size and lithology in western Fresno County, v. 6, no. 1, p. 8-12. California: Art. 19 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Brown, C. E., 1961, Prehnite-Pumpellyite metagraywacke 450-B, p. B51-B53. facies of Upper Triassic rocks, Aldrich Mountains, Oregon: 1962d, Relation of textural (CM) patterns todepositional Art. 201 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C146- environment of alluvial-fan deposits: Jour. Sed. Petrology, C147. v. 32, no. 2, p. 211-216. Brown, D. W., 1961, Water resources of Brevard County, Bumgarner, J. G., Ricketts, J. E., Houston, P. K., and Wedow, Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 183 p. Helmuth, Jr., 1962, Habit of the Rocky Valley thrust fault Brown, D. W., Kenner, W. E., Crooks, J. W., and Foster, J. B., in the West New Market area, Mascot-Jefferson City zinc 1962, Water-resource records of Brevard County, Florida: district, Tennessee [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 32, 180 p. 68, p. 66. Brown, Eugene, Brennan, Robert, and Porterfield, G., 1962, Bunker, C. M., and Bradley, W. A., 1961, Measurement of bulk Investigations of water along the California coast by the density of drill core by gamma-ray absorption: Art. 134 U. S. Geological Survey, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B310-B313. Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Burbank, W. S., and Luedke, R. G., 1961, Origin and evolution Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, of ore and gangue-forming solutions, Silverton caldera, p. 270-271; abs., p. 78. San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Art 149 in U. S. Geol. Sur­ Brown, R. D., Jr., Eargle, D. H., and Moxham, R. M., 1961a, vey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C7-C11. Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City NW quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Wilson PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A203 Burchard, E. F., 1961, Russellville brown iron ore district, Canney, F. C., 1961, Geochemical study of soil contamination Franklin County, Alabama, with Introduction and annota­ in the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho: Am.. tions, by H. D. Pallister: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 70, Inst. Mining, Metall., and Petroleum Engineers Trans. 96 p. 1959, p. 214. Burger, T. C., 1961, Use of the elevation meter in topographic Canney, F. C., Ward, F. N., and Bright, M. J., Jr., 1961, surveying: Surveying and Mapping, v. 21, no. 4,p. 481-485. Molybdenum content of glacial drift related to molybdenite- Busch, W. F., and Shaw, E. C., 1961, Floods in Pennsylvania, bearing bedrock, Aroostook County, Maine: Art. 117 in frequency and magnitude: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B276-B278. report, 231 p. Cannon, H. L., 1959, Advances in botanical methods of pros- Bush, A. L., Bromfield, C. S., Marsh, O.T., and Taylor, R. B., pecting for uranium in western United States, in Garcfa 1961, Preliminary geologic map of the Gray Head quadran­ Rojas, A., Symposium de exploracidn geoqufmica, Tomo2: gle, San Miguel County, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Internal. Geol. Gong., 20th, Mexico, D. F., 1956, p. 235- Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-176. 241 [1962]. Butler, A. P., Jr., 1961, Ratio of thorium to uranium in some 1961, Botanical prospecting for ore deposits: Virginia plutonic rocks of the White Mountain plutonic-volcanic Minerals, v. 7, no. 1, p. 1-11. (Reprinted from Science, series, New Hampshire: Art. 31 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. v. 132, no. 3427, p. 591-598, 1960.) Paper 424-B, p. B67-B69. 1962, Botanical methods of prospecting for ore deposits: Butler, A. P., Jr., Finch, W. I., and Twenhofel, W. S., 1962, The Green Thumb, v. 19, no. 6, p. 186-188. Epigenetic uranium in the United States, exclusive of Carlson, J. E., 1961, Geology of the Montfortand Linden quad­ Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Re­ rangles, Wisconsin: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1123-B,p. 95- source Map MR-21. 138 [1962]. Byers, F. M., Jr., 1962, Porosity, density, and water content Carlston, C. W., 1961, Bomb tritium in the hydrologic cycle data on tuff of the Oak Spring formation from the U12e [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 8,p. 2518; Am. tunnel system, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: Geophys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-811, open-file report, 27 p. 1961, Program, p. 72. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) 1962, Drainage density and stream flow [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Byers, F. M., Jr., Barnes, Harley, Poole, F. G., and Ross, America Spec. Paper 68, p. 145-146. R. J., Jr., 1961, Revised subdivision of Ordoviciansystem Carr, W. J., and Trimble, D. E., 1961, Upper Paleozoic rocks at the Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada: Art. 189 in in the Deep Creek Mountains, Idaho: Art 213 in U. S. Geol. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C106-C110. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C181-C184. Cadigan, R. A., 1962, Geologic interpretation of grain-size dis­ Carrigan, P. H., Jr., 1961, River surveys for nuclear power tribution measurements of Colorado Plateau sedimentary plants: Nuclear Safety, v. 3, no. 2, p. 60-65. rocks--A reply: Jour. Geology, v. 70, no. 3, p. 376-378. Carroll, Dorothy, 1961, Mineralogy of micaceous laminae in (Reply to discussion by W. F. Tanner, p.375-376.) sandstones of Paleozoic age in Florida: Art. 400 in U. S. Cady, W. M., Albee, A. L., and Murphy, J. F., 1962, Bedrock Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D311-D316. geology of the Lincoln Mountain quadrangle, Vermont: U. S. 1962, Mica in silty sandstones of Paleozoic age in Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-164. Florida [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 67. Caldwell, D. W., 1962, Description, composition, and tenor of Carron, M. K., and Cuttitta, Frank, 1962, Determination of unconsolidated sediments in monazite-bearing tributaries silica in tektites and similar glasses by volatilization: to the Savannah and Saluda Rivers in the western Piedmont Art. 30 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B78- of South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 19 p. B79. - Calkins, F. C., and Peck, D. L., 1962, Granitic rocks of the Carron, M. K., and Lowman, P. D., Jr., 1961, Analysis of a Yosemite Valley area, California, in Geologic guide to the supposed clay fulgurite from Ontario: Nature (London), Merced Canyon and Yosemite Valley . . .: California Div. v. 190, no. 4770, p. 40. Mines and Geology Bull. 182, p. 17-24. Carswell, L. D., and Bennett, G. D., 1962, Geology and hydrol­ Callaghan, Eugene, and Parker, R. L., 196la, Geologic map of ogy of the Neshannock quadrangle in northwest Pennsyl­ part of the Beaver quadrangle, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey vania: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 197 p. Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-202. Carter, R. W., 1961, Magnitude and frequency of floods in subur­ 1961b, Geology of the Monroe quadrangle, Utah: U. S. ban areas: Art. 5 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-155. p. B9-B11. 1962a, Geology of the Delano Peak quadrangle, Utah: 1962, Summary of research activities relating to coastal U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-153. shallow water, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research 1962b, Geology of the Sevier quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geol. Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-156. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 272-275. Callahan, J. T., 1962, The yield of sedimentary aquifers of the Carter, W. D., P<§rez, E., and Aliste, N., 1961, Definition and Coastal Plain river basins in the southeastern Stales age of Patagua formation, Province of Aconcagua, Chile: [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Sec., Ann. Mtg., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 11, Atlanta, Georgia, Apr. 1962, Program, p. 13. p. 1892-1896. Campbell, lan, and Loofbourow, J. S., Jr., 1962, Geology of the Case, J. E., and Joesting. H. R., 196l,Precambrian structures magnesite belt of Stevens County, Washington: U. S. Geol. in the Blanding basin and Monument upwarp, southeast Survey Bull. 1142-F, p. F1-F53. Utah: Art. 393 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Campbell, R. H., 196la, Thrust faults in the southern Lisburne p. D287-D291. Hills, northwest Alaska: Art. 354 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 1962, Northeast-trending Precambrian structures in Paper 424-D, p. D194-D196. the central Colorado Plateau [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America 196 Ib, Transfer of geologic data from aerial photographs Spec. Paper 68, p. 85. to topographic maps by direct tracing: Art. 281 in U. S. Cashion, W. B., 1961a, Geology and fuels resources of the Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C368-C370. Oderville-Glendale area, Kane County, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Coal Inv. Map C-49. A204 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Cashion, W. B., 1961b, Potential oil-shale reserves of the Green Chidester, A. H., and Shride, ,A. F., 1962, Asbestos in the River formation in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Colorado: Art. 154in_U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-17. p. C22-C24. Chidester, A. H.,'and Worthington, H. W., 1961, Talc and soap- Castle, R. O., 1962, Problems in engineering geology in the stone in the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file northwest Los Angeles basin [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America report. [Map.] Spec. Paper 68, p. 13-14. Chodos, A. A., and Engel, C. G., 1961, Fluorescent X-ray Cattermole, J. M., 1962, Geology of the Maryville quadrangle. spectrographic analyses of amphibolite rocks and constit­ Tennessee: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-163. uent hornblendes: Denver Univ., Denver Research Inst. Causey, L. V,^ 1961, Ground-water resources of Etowah County, Indus. Applications X-ray Analysis, 9th Ann. Conf., Alabama A reconnaissance: Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Denver, Colorado, Aug. 10-12, 1960, Proc., p. 401-413; Ser. 25, 63 p. Advances in X-ray Analysis, V. 4, New York, New York, Cederstrom, D. J., 196la, Ground-water hydrology in Alaska, Plenum Press, p. 401-413. in Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: Internal. Clark, L. D., 1962a, Origin and tectonic orientation of rock- Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. fragment lineations in the western Sierra Nevada metamor- 1960, Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Press, phic belt, California [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper p. 1014-1019. 68, p. 150. 196lb, Origin of a salt-water lens in permafrost at 1962b, Summary of the pre-Tertiary geology of the west­ Kotzebue, Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 9, ern Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt, California, in p. 1427-1431. Geologic guide to the Merced Canyon and Yosemite Valley 196lc, Some uses of the sodium-adsorption-ratio dia­ . . .: California Div. Mines and GeologyBull., 182,p. 15-16. gram: Art. 422 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Clark, L. D., Imlay, R. W., McMath, V. E., and Silberling, p. D379-D380. N. J., 1962, Angular unconformity between Mesozoic and Chamberlain, J. E., 1961, Mountain-climbing motor scooters: Paleozoic rocks in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Surveying and Mapping, v. 21, no. 2, p. 210. Art. 6 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B15- Chao, E. C. T., 1961, Progress and outlook of geology, in B19. Sciences in Communist China: Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Pub. Clark, W. E., Musgrove, R. H.,Menke,C. G., and Cagle, J. W., 68, p. 497-522. 1962, Interim report on the water resources of Alachua, 1962, Coesite, in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Bradford, Clay, and Union Counties, Florida: U. S. Geol. Technology: New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Survey.open-file report, 105 p. Inc., p. 169-171. Clarke, J. W., Vitaliano, D. B., Neuschel, V. S., and others, Chao, E. C. T., Adler, Isidore, Dwornik, E. J., and Littler, 1961a, Geophysical Abstracts 185, April-June 1961: U. S. Janet, 1962, Metallic spherules in tektites from Isabela, Geol. Survey Bull. 1146-B, p. 171-350. Philippine Islands: Science, v. 135, no. 3498, p. 97-98. 196lb, Geophysical Abstracts 186, July-September 1961: Chao, E. C. T., Fahey, J. J., Littler, Janet, and Milton, D. J., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1146-C, p. 351-530 [1962]. 1962, Stishovite, Si02, a very high pressure new mineral 1961c, Index to Geophysical Abstracts 180-183, 1960: from Meteor Crater, Arizona: Jour. Geophys. Research, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1116-E, p. 637-695. v. 67, no. 1, p. 419-421; [abs.]: same, no. 4, p. 1631. Clarke, R. S., Jr., andCarron.M. K., 1961, Comparison of tek- Chao, E. C. T., and Littler, Janet, 1962, The petrography of tite specimens from Empire, Georgia, and Martha's Vine­ impactites and tektites [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d yard, Massachusetts: Smithsonian Misc. Colln., v. 143, Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program,p. 110- no. 4, L8 p.; abs., Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 8, 111. p. 2520; Am. Geophys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Washington, Chapman, R. M., and Cooley, E. F., 1962, Semiquantitative D. C., Apr. 1961, Program, p. 55. spectrographic analyses of sediment samples from streams Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1961, Tritium-age of ground water at the in Alaska [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 112- Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: Art. 194 in U. S. 113; Alaskan Sci. Conf., 12th, College, Aug. 28-Sept. 1, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C122-C125. 1961, Proc., p. 144-146. Cloud, P. E., Jr., 1962, Pre-metazoan evolution [abs.]: Geol. Chapman, R. M., and Sable, E. G., I960, Geology of the Utukok- Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 153. Corwin region, northwestern Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Cloud, P. E., Jr., and Abelson, P. H., 1961, Woodring confer­ Prof. Paper 303-C, p. 47-167 [1961]. ence on major biologic innovations and the geologic record: Chappars, M. S., and Bloom, Barbara, 1961, Subject-author Natl. Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 47, no. 11, p. 1705-1712. index, Pt. 1 of Index, Journal of Paleontology, V. 1-25, Coats, R. R., 1961, Magma type and crustal structure in the 1927-1951: Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists ^Aleutian arc [abs.]: Pacific Sci. Gong., 10th, Honolulu, Spec. Pub. 8, p. 3-65. Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. Symposium Papers, Chase, G. H., 1962, Artesian aquifers of the Denver basin, p. 390. Colorado [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, Coats, R. R., Nelson, W. H., Lewis, R. Q., and Powers, H. A., p. 310. 1961, Geologic reconnaissance of Kiska Island, Aleutian Chase, G. H., Burtis, V. M., and Major, T. J., 1962, Records, Islands, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-R, p. 563- logs, and water-level measurements of selected wells and 581. test holes, description of the physical properties of repre­ Cobb, E. H., 1962, Lode gold and silver occurrences in Alaska: sentative formation materials, and chemical analyses of U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-32. ground water in Kit Carson County, Colorado; contains Cobb, E. H., and Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1961, Index of metallic records of selected wells in northern Lincoln County, and nonmetallic mineral deposits of Alaska compiled from Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board [Ground-Water published reports of Federal and State agencies through Ser.] Basic-Data Rept. 10, 69 p. 1959: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1139, 363 p. Chew, R. T., 3d, and Mitten, H. T., 1962, Geochemical prospect­ Cobban, W, A., 1961, The ammonite family Binneyitidae Ree- ing in northwest Montana [abs-.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. side in the western interior of the United States: Jour. Paper 68, p. 85-86. Paleontology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 737-758. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A205

Cobban, W. A., 1962, New baculites from the Bearpaw shale Colton, G. W., 1962, Geologic summary of the Appalachian and equivalent rocks of the Western Interior: Jour. Paleon- Basin, with reference to the subsurface disposal of radio­ I tology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 126-135. active waste solutions: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-791, Cobban, W. A., Scott, G. R., and Gill, J. R., 1962, Recent dis­ open-file report, 121 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic coveries of the Cretaceous ammonite Haresiceras and Energy Commission.) their stratigraphic significance: Art. 22 in U. S. Geol. Colton, R. B., 1962, Geology of the Otter Creek quadrangle, Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B58-B60. Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1111-G, p. 237-288. Coffay, E. W., 1962, Throughfall in a forest: Internal. Assoc. Colton, R. B., and Cushman, R. V., 1962, Lacustrine features Sci. Hydrology Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), 7e anne"e, no. 2, in north-central Connecticut [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America p. 10-16. Spec. Paper 68, p. 155. Cohen, Philip, 196la, A preliminary evaluation of the ground- Colton, R. B., Lemke, R. W.,andLindvall,R. M., 1961, Glacial water hydrology of the valley of the Humboldt River, near map of Montana east of the Rocky Mountains: U. S. Geol. Winnemucca, Nevada A summary: Nevada Water Conf., Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-327. 15th, Carson City, Sept. 28-29, 1961, Proc., p. 1-7 [1962]. Conant, L. C., ed., 1962, Excursion to Yugoslavia, May 12-16, - 196lb, An evaluation of uranium as a tool for studying 1962: Petroleum Explor. Soc. Libya, 83 p. the hydrogeochemistry of the Truckee Meadows area, Conant, L. C., and Swanson, v. E.. 1961, Chattanooga shale and Nevada: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 12, p. 4199- related rocks of central Tennessee and nearby areas: U. S. i 4206. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 357, 91 p. - 196lc, Specific yield of sediments of the Humboldt River Condon, W. H., 1961, Geology of the Craig quadrangle, Alaska: Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada: Art. 164 in U. S. Geol. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1108-B, p. B1-B43 [1962]. Survey Prof, Paper 424-C, p. C43-C45. Conley, J. F., 1961, Geology of the pyrophyllite deposits at * 1962a, Estimating porosity from specific gravity: Art. Glendon, Moore County, North Carolina [abs.]: Elisha 15 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B41-B43. Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour., v. 77, no. 2, p. 110-111. * 1962b, Ground Water Branch: Nevada Dept. Conserv., Conover, C. S., 1961a, Ground water in the arid and semi-arid Humboldt River Research Project, 3d Prog. Rept.,p. 9-13. zone--Its source, development, and management, in Ground 1962c, Hydrogeologic evidence of the extension of the water in arid zones: Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Pub. East Range fault, Humboldt and Pershing Counties, Nevada: (Louvain, Belgium), no. 57, p. 513-529. Art. 4 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B9-B11. 196 Ib, Ground-water resources--Development and man­ i 1962d, Preliminary results of hydrogeologic investiga­ agement: Western Resources Conf. [2d], Ground-Water tions in the valley of the Humboldt River near Winnemucca, Sec., Boulder, Colorado, Aug. I960, Paper, 11 p.; also pub­ Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 124 p. lished as U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 442. " 1962e, Relation of surface water to ground water in Conover, C. S., Reeder, H. O., and Willett, J. R., 1962, Sum­ Humboldt River valley near Winnemucca, Nevada [abs.]: mary of changes in water levels in observation wells, 1942 Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 153-154. to 1946, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer, 16th-17th Colbert, J. L., 1961, Review of waterpower withdrawals in Bienn. Repts., July 1, 1942-June 30, 1946, p_ 369-390. McKenzie River basin, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey open- Cook, K. L., andBerg, J. W., Jr., 1961, Regional gravity survey file report, 31 p. along the central and southern Wasatch Front, Utah: U. S. Colby, B. R., 1961, Effect of depth of flow on discharge of bed Geol. Survey Prof-. Paper 316-E, p. 75-89. material: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1498-D, Cooley, M. E., 1962, Late Pleistocene and Recent erosion and p. D1-D12. alluviation in parts of the Colorado River system, Arizona Cole, W. S., 196la, An analysis of certain taxonomic problems and Utah: Art. 18 in u' S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, in the larger Foraminifera: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 43, p. B48-B50. no. 197, p. 373-407. Cooley, M. E,, and Akers, J. P., 1961a, Ancient erosional < 196lb, Names of and variation in certain Indo-Pacific cycles of the Little Colorado River, Arizona and New earnerinids--No. 2, a reply: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 43, Mexico: Art. 237 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, no. 195, p. 111-128. p. C244-C248. i 196lc, Some nomenclatural and stratigraphic problems 196lb, Late Cenozoic geohydrology in the central and involving larger Foraminifera: Cushman Found. Foram. southern parts of Navajo and Apache Counties, Arizona: Research Contr., v. 12, pt. 4, p. 136-147. Arizona Geol. Soc. Digest, v. 4, p. 69-77. 1962, Embryonic chambers and the subgenera of Lepido- Cooley, M. E., and Hardt, W. F., 1961, The relation of geology cyclina: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 44, no. 200, p. 29-60. to hydrology in the Segi Mesa area, Utah and Arizona: Cole, W. S., and Applin, E. R., 1961, Stratigraphic and geo­ Arizona Geol. Soc. Digest, v. 4, p. 59-68. graphic distribution of larger Foraminifera occurring in a Cooper, H. H., Jr., 1961, Type curves for nonsteady radial flow well in Coffee County, Georgia: Cushman Found. Foram. in an infinite leaky aquifer [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, Research Contr., v. 12, pt. 4, p. 127-135. v. 66, no. 8, p. 2522; Am. Geophys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Coleman, R. G., and Erd, R. C., 1961, Hydrozircon from the Washington, D. C., Apr. 1961, Program, p. 72. Wind River formation, Wyoming: Art. 256 in U. S. Geol. 1962a, Investigation of coastal ground water by theU. S. , Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C297-C300. Geological Survey, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Re­ Coleman, R. G., and Lee, D. E., 1962, Metamorphic aragonite search Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, in the glaucophane schists of Cazadero, California [abs.]: Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 275-277. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 16. 1962b, The movements of sea water in coastal aquifers, Collier, C. R., and others, 1962, Influence of strip mining on the in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, hydrologic environment of parts of Beaver Creek basin, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 276 p. and Office Naval Research, p. 277-280; abs., p. 43. Collins, F. R., 1961, Core tests and test wells, Barrow area,, Cooper, J. B., 1960, Ground water in the Causey-Lingo area, Alaska, with a section on Temperature measurement stud­ Roosevelt County, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer ies, by M. C. Brewer: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Tech. Rept. 14, 51 p. 305-K, p. 569-644. A206 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Cooper, J. B., 1962a, Ground-water investigations of the 1962b, Preliminary paleomagnetic results from Hawaii Project Gnome area, Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico: [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 156. U. S. Geol. Survey Kept. TEI-802, open-file report, 67 p. Cox, E. R., and Reeder, H. O., 1962, Ground-water conditions (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) in the Rio Grande Valley between Truth or Consequences 1962b, Note on post-Rustler red beds of Permian age of and Las Palomas, Sierra County, New Mexico: New Mexico southeast New Mexico and west Texas: Art. 9 in U. S. Geol. State Engineer Tech. Rept. 25, 47 p. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B24-B26. Cragwall, J. S., Jr., and Poole, J. L., 1961, General water 1962c, Observations of water levels during the Gnome situation in Tennessee, in Tennessee Water Resources event: U. S. Atomic EnergyComm. Rept. PNE-130P,p. 14- Conf., Knoxville, May 1961, Proc.: Univ. Tennessee Bur. 19. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Public Adm., p. 38-50. by U. S. Geological Survey for Project Gnome.) Craig, F. C., 1961, Tide-affected flow of Sacramento River at 1962d, Road log from Carlsbad, New Mexico, to Project Sacramento, California: Art. 214 in U. S. Geol. Survey Gnome site: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 10 p. Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C184-C186. 1962e, Test holes drilled in support of ground-water in­ Craig, L. C., Ekren, E. B., Houser, F. N., Shawe, D. R., vestigations, Project Gnome, Eddy County, New Mexico-- Simmons, G. C., and Katich, P. J., Jr., 1961, Dakota group Basic data report: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-786, open- of Colorado Plateau [discussion]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum file report, 116 p. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 9, p. 1582-1590. Commission.) Crandell, D. R., and Varnes, D. J., 1961, Movement of the Cooper, J. R., 1961, The turkey-track porphyry--A possible Slumgullion earthflow near Lake City, Colorado: Art. 57 guide for correlation of Miocene rocks in southeastern in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B136-B139. Arizona: Arizona Geol. Soc. Digest, v. 4, p. 17-33. Crandell, H. C., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of 1962, Bismuth in the United States, exclusive of Alaska the town of Southold, Suffolk County, New York: U. S. Geol. and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map Survey open-file report, 59 p. MR-22. 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of Plum Cordova, R. M., 1961, Our high Ouachitas were once part of a Island, Suffolk County, New York: U. S. Geol. Survey Water- prehistoric inland sea bottom: Arkansas Gazette, Little Supply Paper 1539-X, p. X1-X35. Rock, Dec. 17, p. 4E. Crary, A. P., Field, W. O., andMeier,M. F., 1962, The United 1962, Well records, depth-to-water measurements and States glaciological researches during the International logs of selected wells and test holes, and chemical analy­ Geophysical Year: Jour. Glaciology (Cambridge, England), ses of ground water in the Arkansas Valley region, Arkan­ v. 4, no. 31, p. 5-24. sas: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 233 p. Cressler, C. W., 1962a, Geology and ground-water resources Cornwall, H. R., and Kleinhampl, F. J., 1961a, Geology of the of the Paleozoic rock area, Chatooga County, Georgia: U. S. Bare Mountain quadrangle, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Survey open-file report, 41 p. Geol. Quad. Map GQ-157 [1962]. 1962b, Geology and ground-water resources of Walker 196lb, Preliminary geologic map and sections of the County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 54 p. Bullfrog quadrangle, Nevada-California: U. S. Geol. Survey Crittenden, M. D., Jr., 1961a, Isostatic deformation of Bonne- Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-177. ville shorelines: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 4 p. Corwin, Gilbert, 1961, Volcanic suite of Pagan, Marianas Is­ 1961b, Magnitude of thrust faulting in northern Utah: lands: Art. 223 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Art. 335 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D128- p. C204-C206. D131. Coskery, O. J., 1961a, Water levels in Delaware, 1957: Delaware Crittenden, M. D., Jr., and Pavlides, Louis, 1962, Manganese Geol. Survey Water-Level Rept. 6, 22 p. in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. 1961b, Water levels in Delaware, 1958: Delaware Geol. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-23. Survey Water-Level Rept. 7, 17 p. Crittenden, M. D., Jr., Straczek, J. A., and Roberts, R. J., 1961c, Water-level report no. 8--Water levels in Dela­ 1961, Manganese deposits in the Drum Mountains, Juab ware in 1959: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 44 p. and Millard Counties, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082-H, 1962, Water levels in Delaware in 1961:U.S. Geol. Sur­ p. 495-544. vey open-file report, 46 p. Croft, M. G., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of Dade Cosner, O. J., 1962, Ground water in the Wupatki and Sunset County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 56 p. Crater National Monuments, Coconino County, Arizona: Cronin, J. G., 1961, A summary of the occurrence and develop­ U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-J, p. 357-374. ment of ground water in the Southern High Plains of Texas: Coulter, H. W., and Coulter, E. B., 1961, Geology of the Valdez Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 6107, 85 p. (A-5) quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Cserna, Zoltan de, and Kent, B. H., 1961, Mapa geologico de Map GQ-142. reconocimiento y secciones estructurales de la regi6n de Counts, H. B., and Donsky, Ellis, 1961, Salt-water encroach­ San Bias y El Fuerte, Estados deSinaloay Sonora: Mexico ment, geology, and ground-water resources of Savannah Univ. Nac. Inst. Geologfa Cams Geol. y Mineras, no. 4. area, Georgia and South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey open- Culbertson, W. C., 1961, Stratigraphy of the Wilkins Peak mem­ file report, 189 p. ber of the Green River formation, Firehole Basin quadran­ Cox, Allan, and Doell, R. R., 1961, Palaeomagnetic evidence gle, Wyoming: Art. 348 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper relevant to a change in the Earth's radius: Nature (London), 424-D, p. D170-D173. v. 189, no. 4758, p. 45-46; discussion by S. W. Carey and Culler, R. C., 1961, Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in reply by authors, v. 190, no. 4770, p. 36-37. upper Cheyenne River basin: Chap. A in U. S. Geol. Survey 1962a, Paleomagnetism of historic lava eruptions on Water-Supply Paper 1531, p. 1-136. Hawaii [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 67, no. 4, Culler, R. C., Hadley, R. F., andSchumm,S. A., 1961, Hydrol­ p. 1633; Am, Geophys. Union, 1st Western Natl. Mtg., ogy of the upper Cheyenne River basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Los Angeles, California, Dec. 1961, Program, p. 37-38. Water-Supply Paper 1531, 198 p. (Contains two chapters. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAH 1962 A207 each cited separately under Culler, R. C., and Hadley Am. Soc... Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics R. F.) Div., no. HY 6, pt. 1, p. 267-269. Cummings, J. C., Touring, R. M., and Brabb, E. E., 1962, Davidson, D. F., and Lakin, H. W., 1961, Metal content of some Geology of the northern Santa Cruz Mountains, California, black shales of the western United States: Art. 267 in in Geologic guide to the gas and oil fields of northern U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C329-C331. California: California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 181, 1962, Metalliferous shales in the United States [abs.]: p. 179-220. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 18. Cuppels, N. P., 1961, Post-Carboniferous deformation of meta- Davidson, E. S., 1961, Facies distribution and hydrology of morphic and igneous rocks near the Northern Boundary intermontane basin fill, Safford basin, Arizona: Art. 204 fault, Boston Basin, Massachusetts: Art. 310 inU. S. Geol. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C151-C153. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D46-D48. 1962, Origin of sediments in the intermontane Safford 1962, Geologic environment of an oxidized uranium de­ basin, Graham County, Arizona [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America posit in the Black Hills of South Dakota: U. S. Geol. Survey Spec. Paper 68, p. 18. Bull. 1063-C, p. 61-83. Davies, W. E., 196la, Arctic terrain research for low cost Cushman, R. V., 1961, Ground-water resources of north-central airfield sites--History and results: U. S. Air Force Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 274 p. Cambridge Research Labs., Geophysics Research Directo­ Cuttitta, Frank, 1961, Dithizone mixed-color method for de­ rate Kept. AFCRL 436, or Research Note 55, p. 8-14. termining small amounts of thallium in manganese ores; 1961b, Glacier caves in Svartisen, Norway: Natl. Speleol. Art. 290 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C384- Soc. Bull., v. 23, pt. 2, p. 75-76. C385. 1961c, Polygonal features on bedrock, North Greenland: Cuttitta, Frank, Carron, M. K., and Chao, E. C. T., 1962, New Art. 366 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D218- Chemical data on Texas tektites--!. Major elements [abs.]: D219. _4,nj, Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., 1961d, Surface features of permafrost in arid areas, in Apr. 1962, Program, p. 110. Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: Internal. Sympo­ Cuttitta, Frank, and Warr, J. J., 1961, Use of bathophenanthro- sium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. 1960, line for determining traces of iron in zircon: Art. 289 in Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Press, p. 981- U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C383-C384. 987. Dalrymple, Tate, 1961a, Cooperative highway programs, in Davis, M. E., 1961, Ground-water reconnaissance of theMarfa Am. Assoc. State Highway Officials, Operating Comm. area, Presidio County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engi­ Design, Regional Conf., Aug. 1961, Papers: Boise, Idaho neers Bull. 6110, 37 p. Dept. Highways, p. 1-7, paged separately. Davis, R. E., Williams, W. P., Johnson, R. B., and Emerick, 1961b, Cooperative programs of the United States W. L., 1961, Preliminary results of a survey for thick Geological Survey and State Highway Departments, in high-calcium limestone deposits in the United States, Bridge Eng. Conf., 2d Ann., Prop.: Fort Collins, Colorado with a section on Possible Alaskan sites for nuclear State Univ., p. 41-54. reaction experiment in limestone, by G. D. Eberlein: 1962, Flood, in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-780, open-file report, 45 p. Technology: New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) Inc., p. 224-226. Davis, R. O., 1961, Report of the Topographic Division, U. S. Dane, C. H., 1961a, John Bernard Reeside, Jr., June 24, 1889- Geological Survey: Nevada Water Conf., 15th, Carson City, July 2, 1958 [Memorial]: Natl. Acad. Sci. Biog. Mem., Sept. 28-29, 1961, Proc., p. 119-120 [1962]. v. 35, p. 272-291. Dawdy, D. R., 1961, Variation of flood ratios with size of drain­ 1961b,The La Ventana-Chacro Mesa coal field [abs.], age area: Art. 160inU. S. Geol.Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Pt. 3 of Geology and fuel resources of the southern part p. C36-C37. of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, in New Mexico Geol. DeBuchananne, G. D., 1962, The well driller's position in a Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country, 12th Field national emergency: Water Well Jour., v. 16, no. 5, p. 37- Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 129-130. 39, 60. Dane, C. H., and Bachman, G. O., 1961, Preliminary geologic DeBuchananne, G. D., and LaMoreaux, P. E., 1962, Geologic map of the southwestern part of New Mexico: U. S. Geol. controls related to ground-water contamination, in U. S. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-344. Public Health Service, 1961 Symposium on Ground-water Danilchik, Walter, 1961, The iron formations of the Surghar Contamination: Robert A. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center Tech. and western Salt Ranges, Mianwali district, West Pakistan: Rept. W61-5, p. 3-7; Water Well Jour., v. 16, no. 3, p. 40- Art. 371 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D228- 44. D231. Decker, R. W., 1962, Magnetic studies onKilauealki lava lake, Darling, J. M., 1962, Maryland streamflow characteristics: Hawaii [abs.]: Internat. Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., p. 6-7. Bull. 25, 136 p. DeCook, K. J., 1961, A reconnaissance of the ground-water Davidian, Jacob, and Benson, M. A., 1961, Distance between resources of the Marathon area, Brewster County, Texas: basins versus correlation coefficient for annual peak dis­ Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 6111, 45 p. charge of streams in New England: Art. 33 in U. S. Geol. Dempsey, W. J., 1962a, Aeromagnetic mapoftheHoulton quad­ Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B71-B72. rangle, Aroostook County, Maine: U. S. Geol. Survey Davidian, Jacob, Carrigan, P. H., Jr., and Shen, John, 1962, Geophys. Inv. Map GP-295. Flow through openings in width constrictions: U. S. Geol. 1962b, Aeromagnetic map of the Is land Falls quadrangle, Survey Water-Supply Paper 1369-D, p. 91-122. Aroostook and Penobscot Counties, Maine: U. S. Geol. Davidian, Jacob, and Carter, R. W., 1961, Discussion of Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-293. "Roughness spacing in rigid open channels," by W. W. 1962c, Aeromagnetic map of the Smyrna Mills quadran­ Sayre and M. L. Albertson (Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., gle, Aroostook County, Maine: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 3, pt. 1, p. 121-150): Inv. Map GP-294. A208 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Dennis, P. E., 1961, Ground water in the Sabi Valley, Southern Doe, B. R., and Tilton, G. R., 1962, Isotopic composition of Rhodesia: Art. 372 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, lead in potassium feldspars from the Appalachian province p. D231-D234. in Maryland and Virginia [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Denny, C. S., 1961, Landslides east of Funeral Mountains, near Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 66- Death Valley Junction, California: Art. 323 in U. S. Geol. 67. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D85-D89. Doell, R. R., and Cox, Allan, 1961a,Paleomagnetism, in V. 8 of Denson, N. M., and Bergendahl, M. H., 1961, Middle and upper Landsberg, H. E., ed., Advances in Geophysics: New York, Tertiary rocks of southeastern Wyoming and adjoining New York, Academic Press, p. 221-313. areas: Art. 209 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, 1961b, Paleomagnetism of Hawaiian lava flows: Nature p. C168-C172. (London), v. 192, no. 4803, p. 645-646. Deutsch, Morris, 1961, Hydrogeologic aspects ofground-water 1962, Magnetic properties of the basalt layer in test hole pollution: Water Well Jour., v. 15, no. 9, p. 10-11, 35-39. EM7, Mohole Project [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, 1962a, Controlled induced-recharge tests at Kalamazoo, v. 67, no. 4, p. 1635; Am. Geophys. Union, 1st Western Michigan: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, no. 2, Natl. Mtg., Los Angeles, California, Dec. 1961, Program, p. 181-196. p. 38. 1962b, Incidents of chromium contamination of ground Donnell, J. R., 1961, Tr ipartition of the Wasatch formation near water in Michigan, in U. S. Public Health Service, 1961 De Beque in northwestern Colorado: Art. 61 in U. S. Geol. Symposium on Ground-water Contamination: Robert A. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B147-B148. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center Tech. Rept. W61-5, p. 98-104. Dooley, J. R., Jr., and Hathaway, J. C., 1961, Two occurrences Deutsch, Morris, and Vanlier, K. E., 1961, Ground water for of thorium-bearing minerals with rhabdophane-like struc­ Michigan's future--A proposed program of appraisal and ture: Art. 271 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, research on Michigan's vital ground-water resource: p. C339-C341. U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 42 p. Dove, G. D., 1960, Water resources of Licking County, Ohio: Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 1961a, Evidence of strike-slip movement Ohio Div. Water Bull. 36, 96 p. [1961]. on northwest-trending faults in Mojaye Desert, California: 1961, A hydrologic study of the valley-fill deposits in the Art. 82 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B197- Venice area, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Tech. Rept. 4, 82 p. B199. 1962, Hydrologic study of valley-fill deposits in Venice leader, 1961b, Guidebook, 1961 Spring field trip, Geology area, Ohio [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, and paleontology of the southern border of the San Joaquin p. 166-167. Valley, Kern County, California, May 12-13, 1961: Soc. Drake, A. A., Jr., 1962, Preliminary geologic report on the 1961 Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Sec., 42 p. U. S. expedition to Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica: Science, Dickey, D. D., and Emerick, W. L., 1961, Interim report on v. 135, no. 3504, p. 671-672. geologic investigations of the U12b tunnel system, Nevada Drescher, W. J., 1962, Aspects of ground-water investigations Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. as related to contamination, in U. S. Public Health Service, TEI-799, open-file report, 13 p. (Report prepared for U. S. 1961 Symposium on Ground-water Contamination: Robert A. Atomic Energy Commission.) Taft Sanitary Eng. Center Tech. Rept. W61-5, p. 26-31. Dickey, D. D., and Johnson, R. B., 1961, Influence of natural Drewes, Harald, 1962, Stratigraphic and structural controls of fractures on the shape of explosion-produced craters: mineralization in the Taylor mining district near Ely, Art. 278 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C361- Nevada: Art. 1 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, C363. p. B1-B3. Dinnin, J. I., 1961a, Flame photometric determination of stron­ Drewes, Harald, Fraser, G. D., Snyder, G. L., and Barnett, tium with the use of releasing agents: Art. 429 in U. S. H. F., Jr., 1961, Geology of Unalaska Island and adjacent Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D392-D394. insular shelf, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey 1961b, Gravimetric determination of silica in chromite Bull. 1028-S, p. 583-676 [1962]. and chrome ore: Art. 433 inU. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Duncan, Helen, 1961, Corals from Permian rocks of the northern 424-D, p. D397-D399. Rocky Mountain region: Art. 99 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 196lc, Use of releasing agents in the flame photometric Paper 424-B, p. B235-B236. determination of magnesium and barium: Art. 428 in U. S. Durum, W. H., and Haffty, Joseph, 1962, Implications of the Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D391-D392. minor-element content of some major streams of the Dinnin, J. I., and Kinser, C. A., 1961, Indirect semiautomatic world [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 311. determination of alumina with EDTA: Art. 142 in U. S. Durum, W. H., and Heidel, S. G., 1962, The influence of conti­ Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B329-B331. nental water quality on shallow marine waters, in Natl. Dinnin, J. I., and Williams, E. G., 1961, Chemical aid for Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, distinguishing chromite, ilmenite, and magnetite: Art. 430 Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D394. Naval Research, p. 281-287; abs., p. 23-24. Dinwiddie, G. A., and Motts, W. S., 1962, Availability of ground Durum, W. H., Heidel, S. G., andTison, L. J., 1961, Worldwide water in parts of the Acoma and Laguna Indian Reserva­ runoff of dissolved solids: Art. 266 in U. S. Geol. Survey tions, New Mexico: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C326-C329. 150 p. Dury, G. H., 1961, Bankfull discharge An example of its Disbrow, A. E., 1961, Geology of the Boulter Peak quadrangle, statistical relationship: Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-141. Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), 6e anne'e, no. 3, p. 48-55. Dobrovolny, Ernest, and Lemke, R. W., 1961, Engineering Dutro, J. T., Jr., 1961a, Correlation of the Arctic Permian: geology and the Chilean earthquakes of I960: Art. 276 in Art. 231 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C225- U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C357-C359. C228. Dodson, C. L., and Harris, W. F., Jr., 1961, Interim report 1961b, Correlation of Paleozoic rocks in Alaska [abs.], on the geology and ground-water resources of Morgan in Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: Internal. Sym­ County, Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 24, posium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. 1960, 129 p. Proc., v. 1, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Press, p. 597. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A209 Dutro, J. T., Jr., and Douglass, R. C., 1961, Pennsylvanian Eaton, J, P., and Richter, D. H., 1961, The 1959 eruption of rocks in southeastern Alaska; Art. 101 _inU. S. Geol. Survey Kilauea, revised, in Leet, L.D.,The world of geology: New Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B239-B241. York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., p. 167-174. Dutro, J. T., Jr., and Yochelson, E. L., 1961, New occurrences (Originally published in GeoTimes, v. 4, no. 5, p. 24-27, of Leptodus (Brachiopoda) in the Permian of the western 45, 1960.) United States: Jour. Paleontology, v. 35, no. 5,p. 952-954. Eckel, E. B., 1961, Minerals of Color ado--A 100-Year record: Dyer, C. F., 1961, Geology and occurrence of ground water at U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1114, 399 p. Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota: U. S. Geol. 1962, Probe West Indies for volcanic raw materials: Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-D, p. 139-157. Rock Products, v. 65, no. 2, p. 108-110, 113. Eakin, T. E., 1961, Ground-water appraisal of .Long Valley, Eckhardt, C. V., 1962, Field mapping in Yemen: Surveying and White Pine and Elko Counties, Nevada: Nevada Dept. Con- Mapping, v. 22, no. 2, p. 259-264. serv. and Nat. Resources, Ground-Water Resources-- Eggleton, R. E., and Shoemaker, E. M., 1961, Breccia at Sierra Reconn. Ser. Rept. 3, 35 p. Madera, Texas: Art. 342 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1962a, Ground-water appraisal of Diamond Valley, 424-D, p. D151-D153. Eureka and Elko Counties, Nevada: Nevada Dept. Conserv. 1962, Breccia at Sierra Madera, Texas [abs.]: Geol. Soc. and Nat. Resources, Ground-Water Resources--Reconn. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 169-170. Ser. Rept. 6, 59 p. Ekren, E. B., 1961, Volcanic rocks of Ordovician age in the 1962b, Ground-water appraisal of the Imlay area, Hum- Mount Chase ridge, Island Falls quadrangle, Maine: Art. boldt River basin, Pershing Cuounty, Nevada: Nevada Dept. 309 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D43-D46. Conserv. and Nat. Resources, Ground-Water Resources-- Elberg, E. L., Gierhart, R. D., andRamirez, L. F., 1962, Geo­ Reconn. Ser. Rept. 5, 54 p. graphic map of the eastern Rub Al Khali quadrangle, King­ 1962c, Ground-water appraisal of Independence Valley, dom of Saudi Arabia: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. western Elko County, Nevada: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and MapI-215B. Nat. Resources, Ground-Water Resources--Reconn. Ser. Eller, R. C., and McKenzie, M. L., 1962, A test of the direct Rept. 8, 31 p. geodetic restraint method of analytical aerotriangulation: 1962d, Ground-water appraisal of Gabbs Valley, Mineral Art. 56 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B133- and Nye Counties, Nevada: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. B135. Resources, Ground-Water Resources--Reconn. Ser. Rept. Ellis, D. W., 1962, Floods at Wichita, Kansas:U. S. Geol. Sur­ 9, 27 p. vey open-file report, 7 p. Eargle, D. H., Brown, R. D., Jr., and Moxham, R. M., 1961, Elston, D. P., and Shoemaker, E. M., 1961, Preliminary struc­ Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the ture contour map on top of salt in the Paradox member of Falls City SW quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak the Hermosa formation in the salt anticline region, Colorado Counties, Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys, Inv. Map and Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM-209. GP-252. Emerick, W. L., and Bunker, C. M., 1962, Interim geological Eargle, D. H., and Moxham, R. M., 1961, Preliminary aero- investigations in the U12e.06 tunnel, Nevada Test Site, Nye radioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SE quad­ County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-773, open- rangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas: file report, 42 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-253. Commission.) Eargle, D. H., Trumbull, J. V. A., and Moxham, R. M., 196la, Emerick, W. L., and Dickey, D. D., 1962, Interim geological Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the investigations in the U12e.03a and U12e.03b tunnels, Floresville SE quadrangle, Karnes and Wilson Counties, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-246. Rept. TEI-806, open-file report, 29 p. (Report prepared 196lb, Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) of the Karnes City NW quadrangle, Karnes County, Texas: Emmett, L. F., 1961, A report on bauxite in Arkansas, in U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-251. Geology and you: Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock, Jan. 1, 196lc, Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map p. 3D. of the Stockdale SE quadrangle, Karnes, De Witt, and Emmett, W. W., 1961, Influence of piezometer hole diameter on Wilson Counties, Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. depth determinations in a smooth open channel: Art. 158 Map GP-248. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C32-C34. Eargle, D. H., and Weeks, A. D., 196la, Possible relation be­ Engel, A. E. J., 1962, Precambrian geology and talc deposits tween hydrogen sulfide-bearing hydrocarbons in fault-line of the Balmat-Edwards district, northeast Adirondack oil fields and uranium deposits in the southeast Texas Mountains, New York: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Coastal Plain: Art. 295 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 357 p. 424-D, p. D7-D9. Engel, A. E. J., Engel, C. G., and Havens, R. G., 1961, Varia­ 196lb, Uranium-bearing clays and tuffs of south-central tions in properties of hornblendes formed during pro­ Texas, in Folk, R. L., Field excursion, central Texas, gressive metamorphism of amphibolites, northwest Adi­ Oct. 1961: Texas Univ. Bur. Econ. Geology Guidebook 3, rondack Mountains, New York: Art. 262 in U.S. Geol. Sur­ p. 19-30. vey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C313-C316. Easton, W. H., 1962, Carboniferous formations and faunas of Engel, C. G., and Engel, A. E. J., 1961, Composition of basalt central Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 348, cored in Mohole Project (Guadalupe Site): Am. Assoc. 126 p. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 11, p. 1799. Eaton, J. P., 1962, Internal structure and eruptive mechanism of Englund, K. J., 1961, Rotational block of the Cumberland over- Kilauea volcano [abs.]: Internal. Symposium Volcanology, thrust sheet in southeastern Kentucky and northeastern Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., p. 9-10. Tennessee: Art. 177 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Eaton, J. P., Pakiser, L. C., Jackson, W. H., Stewart, S. W., 424-C, p. C74-C76. and Stuart, D. J., 1962, Exploring the continental crust of 1962, Regional relation of the Lee formation to overlying western United States [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geolo­ formations in southeastern Kentucky and adjacent areas of gists Bull., v. 46, no. 2, p. 265. Tennessee [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 69-70. A210 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Englund, K. J., Smith, H. L., Harris, L. D., and Stephens, J. G., Fahey, J. J., Yorks, K. P., and Appleman, D. E., 1962, 1961, Geology of the Ewing quadrangle, Kentucky and Wegscheiderite, a new saline mineral from the Green River Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-172. formation, Wyoming [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper Erd, R. C., McAllister, J. F., and Vlisidis, A. C., 1961, Nob- 68, p. 173. leite, another new hydrous calcium borate from the Death Fahnestock, R. K., 1961, Competence of a glacial stream: Art. Valley region, California: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 87 in U, S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B211-B213. 5-6, p. 560-571. Fahnestock, R. K., and Haushild, W. L., 1962, Flume studies on Erd, R. C., Morgan, Vincent, and Clark, J. R., 1961, Tunellite, the transport of pebbles and cobbles on a sand bed [abs.]: a new hydrous strontium borate from the Kramer borate Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 173-174. district, California: Art. 255 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paul, Henry, 1962, History of intrusion and metamorphism in Paper 424-C, p. C294-C297. the Appalachians and in the Urals [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Ericksen, G. E., 1961, Rhyolite tuff, a source of the salts of Spec. Paper 68, p. 176. northern Chile: Art. 230 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Faust, G. T., and Fahey, J. J., 1962, The serpentine-group 424-C, p. C224-C225. minerals: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 384-A, p. 1-92. Erickson, R. L., and Marranzino,.A. P.,1961, Hydrogeochemi- Feltis, R. D., 1961, Semiannual report of water levels in select­ cal anomalies, Fourmile Canyon, Eureka County, Nevada: ed observation wells in Utah, April 1961.-U.S. Geol. Survey Art. 124 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B291- open-file report, 1 p. B292. Feltis, R. D., and Goode, H. D., 1961, Production and use of Erickson, R. L.,Masursky, Harold, Marranzino, A. P., and Oda, fresh water from the Ashley Valley oil field, Uintah County, Uteana, 1961, Geochemical anomalies in the upper plate of Utah: Art. 184 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, the Roberts thrust near Cortez, Nevada: Art. 401 in U. S. p. C90-C93. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D316-D320. Fennell, E. J., 1961, Surveying and Mapping Division, 1926- Ericson, D. W., 196la, Floods in Wisconsin, magnitude and fre­ 1960: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, paper 2859, quency: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 109 p. Jour. , Surveying and Mapping Div., no. SU 2;p.29-35. 196lb, Wisconsin River near Dekorra, Wisconsin, flood- Fernald, A. T., 1962, Radiocarbon dates relating to a wide­ flow characteristics at proposed bridge site on the Wiscon­ spread volcanic ash deposit, eastern Alaska: Art. 11 in sin freeway in Columbia County: U. S. Geol. Survey open- U. S. Geol. Survey Pro! Paper 450-B, p. B29-B30. file report, 13 p. Ferris, J. G., Knowles, D. B., Brown, R. H., and Stallman, Erskine, H. M., 1962, Frequency of low flows, Red River of the R. W., 1962, Theory of aquifer tests: U. S. Geol. Survey North, North Dakota-Minnesota: North Dakota State Con- Water-Supply Paper 1536-E, p. 69-174. serv. Comm., 25 p. Feth, J. H., 196la, A new map of western conterminous United Espenshade, G. H., 1962, Pyrophyllite, and kyanite and related States showing the maximum known or inferred extent of minerals in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Pleistocene lakes: Art. 47 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map Paper 424-B, p. B110-B112. MR-18. 196Ib, Effects of rainfall and geology on the chemical Espenshade, G. H., and Hamlin, H. P., 1961, Slate from the composition of water in coastal streams of California: Art. Greenville quadrangle, Maine, as potential lightweight 84 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B202-B204. aggregate material: Art. 152 in U. S, GeoL Survey Prof. 1962, Empirical studies of water from "monolithologic Paper 424-C, p. C18-C20. terranes": U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 39 p. Eugster, H. P., and Wones, D. R., 1962, Stability relations of Feth, J. H., and Brown, R. J., 1962, Method for measuring up­ the ferruginous biotite, annite: Jour. Petrology (London), ward leakage from artesian aquifers using rate of salt-crust v. 3, no. 1, p. 82-125. accumulation: Art. 40 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Evans, H. T., Jr., 1960, Square pyramid coordination in poly- 450-B, p. B100-B101. vanadate complexes [abs.]: Acta Cryst., v. 13, no. 12, Feth, J. H., Roberson, C. E., Rogers, S. M., Whitehead, H. C., p. 1019. and Van Denburgh, A. S., 1962, Westerlies, dust storms, 1961, An X-ray diffraction study of tetragonal barium and runoff--A geochemical glimpse [abs.]: Geol. Soc. titanite: Acta Cryst., v. 14, no. 10, p. 1019-1026. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 25-26. Evenson, R. E., 1961a, Availability of ground water, Point Feulner, A. J., 1961a, Cyclic-fluctuation methods for determin­ Pedernales area, California: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file ing permeability as applied to valley-train deposits in the report, 52 p. Mad River valley in Champaign County, Ohio: Ohio Jour. 196lb, Ground-water conditions, Naval Missile Facility, Sci., v. 61, no. 2, p. 99-106. Point Arguello, California, June 1960-June 1961: U. S. 1961b, Data on wells at Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska: Geol. Survey open-file report, 21 p. Alaska Dept. Health and Welfare, Water Hydrol. Data Rept. 1962, Ground-water reconnaissance at Pinnacles Nation­ 3, 41 p. [1962]. al Monument, California: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 196 Ic, Data on wells at Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, Paper 1475-K, p. 375-382. / 1960: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 41 p. Fahey, J. J., 1961a, A method for determining the specific Fischer, R. P., 1961, This is vanadium pentoxide--Where is gravity of sand and ground rocks or minerals: Art. 283 it all going?: Mining World, v. 23, no. 8, p. 30-32. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C372-C373. 1962, Vanadium in the United States, exclusive of Alaska 1961b, Determination of ferrous iron in magnetite and and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map ilmenite in the presence of amphiboles and pyroxenes: Art. MR-16. 291 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C386-C387. Fischer, W. A., I960, Interpretation of geology from aerial 1962, Saline minerals of the Green River formation, with photographs, in United Nations Seminar on Aerial Survey a section on X-ray powder data for saline minerals of the Methods and Equipment, Bangkok, Jan.-Feb. 1960, Proc.: Green River formation, by M. E. Mrose: U. S. Geol. Survey United Nations Econ. Comm. Asia and Far East Mineral Prof. Paper 405, 50 p. Resources Devel. Ser., no. 12, p. 102-107. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A211 Fischer, W. A., 1962, Color aerial photography in geologic in­ Fosberg, F. R., and others, 1961. Guide to Excursion 3, 10th vestigations --Some results of recent studies: Photogram- Pacific Science Congress, August 20, 1961: Honolulu, Iflth , metric Eng., v. 28,, no. 1, p, 133-139. Pacific Sci. Cong. and Univ. Hawaii, 207 p. Fischer, W. A., and Ray, R. G., 1962, Are aerial photographs Fosberg, F. R., and Thorne, R. F., 1961, Vascular plants of obsolete?: Photogrammetric Eng., v. 28, no. 1, p. 94-96. Heron Island, in Heron Island, Capricorn Group, Australia: Fishel, V. C., 1961, Soil water and ground water in areas of Atoll Research Bull., no. 82, p. 5-13. low precipitation [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, Foster, H. L., 1962a, Cenozoic volcanic rocks and their struc­ no. 10, p. 3565. tural setting in the Yukon-Tanana upland, Alaska [abs.]: Fisher, R. V., andDibblee, T. W., Jr., 1961, Geology and possi­ Internal. Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. ble tectonic significance of Munson Creek fault, San Rafael Council Japan, Abs., p. 11-12. Mountains, California: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 1962b, Sedimentary basins and petroleum exploration in Bull., v. 45, no. 9, p. 1572-1577. Japan [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 46, Flanagan, F. J., 1961, Fatigue in scintillation counting: Art. 139 no. 2, p. 267; Oil and Gas Jour., v. 60, no. 13, p. 113-114. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B324-B326. Foster, J. B., 1961, Well design as a fact or contributing to loss Fleischer, Michael, 1961a, Germanium content of enargite and of water from the Floridan aquifer--Eastern Clay County, other copper sulfide minerals: Art. 110 inU. S. Geol. Sur­ Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 12 p. vey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B259-B261. Foster, M. D., 1961, A critical review of analyses of chloritoid: < 196lb, Speed of abstracting and country of origin of ab­ Art. 259 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C306- stracts published in Section 8 of Chemical Abstracts: Jour. C309. Chem. Documentation, v. 1, no. 2, p. 36-37. 1962, Interpretation of the composition and a classifica­ [Fleischer, Michael, Richmond, W. E., and Evans, H. T., Jr., tion of the chlorites: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 414-A, I 1962, Studies of the manganese oxides, 5. Ramsdellite, p. A1-A33. MnC-2, an orthorhombic dimorph of pyrolusite: Am. Min­ Foster, M. D., and Evans, H. T., Jr., 1962, New study of eralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 47-58. cryophyllite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 3-4,p. 344-352. (Fleischer, Michael, and Stevens, R. E., 1962, Summary of new Foster, R. W., and Stipp, T. F., 1961, Preliminary geologic and data on rock samples G-l and W-l: Geochim. et Cosmo- relief map of the Precambrian rocks of New Mexico: New chim. Acta, v. 26, p. 525-543. Mexico Bur. Mines and Mineral Resources Circ. 57, 37 p. Flint, R. F., and Brandtner, Friedrich, 1961, Outline of clima­ Fournier, R. O., 1961, Regular inter layered chlorite-vermicu- tic fluctuation since the last interglacial age: New York lite in evaporite of the Salado formation, New Mexico: Art. Acad. Sci. Annals, v. 95, art. 1, p. 457-460. 403 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D323- Forrest, W. E., and Speer, P. R., 1962, Floods in North D327. Carolina, magnitude and frequency: U. S. Geol. Survey open- Foxworthy, B. L., 1961, Deformed basaltic caprockasan aqui­ file report, 195 p. fer at Cow Valley, Oregon: Art. 203 in U. S. Geol. Survey Fosberg, F. R., I960, Leroledela ve'ge'tation dans la conserva­ Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C150-C151. tion du sol et de 1'eau: Internal. Union Conserv. Nature and 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of the Ahta- Nat. Resources, 7th Tech. Mtg., Athens, Greece, Sept. 1958, num Valley, Yakima County, Washington: U. S. Geol. Survey v. 2, p. 31-36. Water-Supply Paper 1598, 100 p. < 1961a, A classification of vegetation for general pur­ Frazier, A. H., 1961, Care and rating of current meters: U. S. poses; Tropical Ecology (Allahabad, India), v. 2, nos. 1-2, Geol. Survey open-file report, 28 p. p. 1-28. Frederick, B. J., and Godfrey, R. G., 1961, The effect of finite 1961b, An inventory of the rare and vanishing plants of boundaries on measurement of gold-198 with a scintillation the Pacific Basin [abs.]: Pacific Sci. Cong., 10th, Honolulu, detector: Art. 425 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. Symposium Papers, p. D385-D386. p. 131-132. Frederick, W. V., 1961, Snow cover and runoff forecasts, 196lc, A project for mapping the humid tropics, in Washington: Columbia River Basin Water Forecast Comm., Delimitation of the humid tropics: Geog. Rev., v. 51, no. 3, 24th Ann. Mtg., Spokane, Washington, Apr. 1961, Minutes, p. 333-338. p. 20. 1961d, Conservation, in Reinhold Encyclopedia of the Frezon, S. E., 1961, Correlation ofpre-DesMoinesrocks from Biological Sciences: New York, New York, Reinhold Pub. the Arbuckle Mountains to western Arkansas, in The Co., p. 270-273. Arkoma Basin, Proc. of 7th Bienn. Geol. Symposium, Univ. 1961e, Description of Heron Island, in Her on Island, Cap­ Oklahoma, Norman, p. 41-59. ricorn Group, Australia: Atoll Research Bull., no. 82, 1962, Correlation of Paleozoic rocks from Coal County, p. 1-4. Oklahoma, to Sebastian County, Arkansas: Oklahoma Geol. 1961f, Plant dispersal in the Pacific [abs.]: Pacific Sci. Survey Circ. 58, 53 p. Cong., 10th, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. Frezon, S. E., and Schultz, L. G., 1961, Possible bentonite beds Symposium Papers, p. 225-226. in the Atoka formation in Arkansas and Oklahoma: Art. 181 1961g, Qualitative description of the coral atoll ecosys­ in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C82-C84. tem: Atoll Research Bull. 81, lip. Friedman, Irving, 1962a, Dating methods--Obsidian (rock hy- 1961h, The ecosystem concept Introduction [abs.]: dration), in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Tech­ Pacific Sci. Cong., 10th, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21- nology: New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. Symposium Papers, p. 473-474. Inc., p. 194-195. 196li, Vegetation-free zone on dry mangrove coasts: 1962b, Recent applications of deuterium abundance Art. 365 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D216- measurements to the earth sciences [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. D218. Research, v. 67, no. 4, p. 1637; Am. Geophys. Union, 1st < 1961 j, What should we map?: France Centre Natl. Western Natl. Mtg., Los Angeles, California, Dec. 1961, Recherche Sci. (Paris), Colloques Internal. 97, p. 23-25. Program, p. 42. 1962, Heredity, environment, and culture [Letter to edi­ 1962c, Water contents of eruptive magmas [abs.]: Inter­ tor]: Science, v. 136, no. 3519, p. 915. nal. Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci.'Council Japan Abs., p. 12-13. A212 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Friedman, Irving, and Harris, Joseph, 1961, Fluorine during Garza, Sergio, 1961, Recharge, discharge, and changes in hydration of rhyolitic glass: Art. 258 in U.S. Geol. Survey ground-water storage in the Edwards and associated lime­ Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C304-C305. stones, San Antonio area, Texas--A progress report of Friedman, Irving, Machta, Lester, and Seller, Ralph, 1962, studies, 1955-59: Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. Water vapor exchange between a water droplet and its en­ 6201, 139 p. vironment [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Gaskill, D. L., 1961, Age of the Ohio Creek conglomerate, Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 80-81. Gunnison County, Colorado: Art. 96 in U. S. Geol. Survey Friedman, Irving, and Redfield, A. C., 1961, Applications to hy­ Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B230-B231. drology of deuterium variation in natural waters [abs.]: Gaskill, D. L., and Horn, G. H., 1961, Northeast Rangely coal Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 8, p. 2530; Am. Geo­ area, Rio Blanco and Moffat Counties, Colorado: U. S. phys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1961, Geol. Survey open-file report, 49 p. Program, p. 73. Geyne, A. R., Fries, Carl, Jr., Segerstrom, Kenneth, Black, Friedman, Irving, Smith, R. L., and Levin, Betsy, 1962, Water R. F., and Wilson, I. F., 1961, Pachuca mining district, and deuterium in phenocrysts in glassy silicic volcanic Hidalgo, Mexico: Art. 368 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. rocks [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union,43dAnn. Mtg., Washing­ Paper 424-D, p. D221-D222. ton, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 73. Gildersleeve, Benjamin, 1962, Magnesite and brucite in the Fries, Magnus, Wright, H. E., Jr., and Rubin, Meyer, 1961, A United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. late Wisconsin buried peat at North Branch, Minnesota: Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-27. Am. Jour. Sci., v. 259, no. 9, p. 679-693. Gill, H. E., 1962a, Ground-water resources of Cape May Coun­ Frischknecht, F. C., and Ekren, E. B., I96la, Electromagnetic ty, New Jersey--Salt-water invasion of principal aquifers: studies in the Twin Buttes quadrangle, Arizona: Art. 385 U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 228 p. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D259-D261. 1962b, Records of wells, well logs, and summary of I961b, Electromagnetic studies of iron formations in the stratigraphy of Cape May County, New Jersey: U. S. Geol. Lake Superior region: Mining Eng., v. 13, no. 10, p. 1157- Survey open-file report, 81 p. 1162. Gill, J. R., 1962, Tertiary landslides, northwestern South Fritts, C. E., 1962, Bedrock geology of the Mount Carmel and Dakota and southeastern Montana: Geql. Soc. America Southington quadrangles, Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., v. 73, no. 6, p. 725-735. open-file report, 203 p. Gill, J. R., and Cobban, W. A., 1961, Stratigraphy of lower and Frost, I. C., 1961, Evaluation of the use of dichromate oxidation middle parts of the Pierre shale, northern Great Plains: to estimate the organic carbon content of rocks: Art. 285 Art. 352 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D185- m U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C376-C377. D191. Fryklund, V. C., Jr., 1961, General features of the ore deposits 1962, Red Bird Silty Member of the Pierre Shale, a new of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, in Guidebook to the stratigraphic unit: Art. 8 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district: Idaho Bur. 450-B, p. B21-B24. Mines and Geology Bull. 16, p. 6-8. Giroux, P. R., and Thompson, Ted, 1961, Summary of ground- Gair,.J. E.^Thaden, R. E., and Jones, B. F., 1961a, Folds and water conditions in Michigan, 1960: Michigan Geol. Survey faults in the eastern part of the Marquette iron range, Div., Water Supply Rept. 5, 74 p. Michigan: Art. 178 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Click, E. E., 1961, Regional geology of post-Pitkin to pre- 424-C, p. C76-C78. Hartshorne rocks of Carboniferous age in northern Arkan­ 1961b, Silicification of the Kona dolomite in the eastern sas, in The Arkoma Basin, Proc. of 7thBienn. Geol. Sym­ part of the Marquette iron range, Michigan: Art. 179 in posium, Univ. Oklahoma, Norman, p. 103-111. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C78-C80. Glover, Lynn, 3d, 196 la, Preliminary geologic map of the Sali- Garber, M. S., and Thordarson, William, 1962, Ground-water nas quadrangle, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. test well C, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Inv. Map 1-337. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-818, open-file report, 74 p. (Re­ 1961b, Preliminary report on the geology of the Coamo port prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) quadrangle, Puerto Rico: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Garber, M. S., and Walker, G. E., 1962, Ground-water test Inv. Map 1-335. well D, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Godfrey, R. G., 1961, Observation of unsteady phenomena in an Survey Rept. TEI-803, open-file report, 53 p. (Reportpre- open channel: Art. 163 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper pared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) 424-C, p. C42-C43. Card, L. M., Jr., compiler, 1962, Properties of the salt medium: Goldich, S. S., and Hedge, C. E., 1962a, Dating of the Precam- U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. PNE-130P, p. 37-49. brian of the Minnesota River valley, Minnesota [abs.]: Am. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission by Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. U. S. Geological Survey for Project Gnome.) 1962, Program, p. 65. Card, L. M., Jr., and Bowles, C. G., 1962, Description of rocks 1962b, Investigations in Rb-Sr dating [abs.]: Jour. Geo­ in the Gnome drift: U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. PNE- phys. Research, v. 67, no. 4, p. 1638; Am. Geophys. Union, 130P, p. 33-36. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy 1st Western Natl. Mtg., Los Angeles, California, Dec. 1961, Commission by U.S. Geological Survey for Project Gnome.) Program, p. 48. Card, L. M., Jr., and Cooper, J. B., 1962, Introduction and Goldsmith, Richard, 1961, Axial-plane folding in southeastern general geologic setting: U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. Connecticut: Art. 169 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper PNE-130P, p. 2-6. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic 424-C, p. C54-C57. Energy Commission by U. S. Geological Survey for Project 1962, Surficial geology of the Montville quadrangle, Gnome.) Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-148. Card, L. M., Jr., and Mourant, W. A., 1962, Description of Goldsmith, Richard, Snyder, G. L., and Conklin, N. M., 1961, rocks penetrated by Gnome shaft: U. S. Atomic Energy Sphene in granitic gneisses of southeastern Connecticut: Comm. Rept. PNE-130P, p. 7-13. (Report prepared for Art. 399 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D310- U. S. Atomic Energy Commission by U. S. Geological Sur­ D311. vey for Project Gnome.) PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A213

Goldthwait, R. P., White, G. W., and Forsyth, J. L., 1961, Gla­ Griffin, W. C., 1961, Modified conveyance-slope applied to de­ cial map of Ohio: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map velopment of stage-fall-discharge ratings: Art. 11 in U.S. , 1-316. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B23-B24. Goode, H. D., and Feltis, R. D., 1962, Water production from Griffin, W. C., Sceva, J. E., Swenson, H. A., and Mundorff, oil wells of the Uinta Basin, Uintah and Duchesne Coun­ M. J., 1962, Water resources of the Tacoma area, Washing­ ties, Utah: Utah Geol. and Mineralog. Survey Water-Re­ ton: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499-B, sources Bull. 1, 29 p. p. B1-B101. Gjordon, E. D., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of Griffitts, W. R., 1961, Prospecting for beryllium [abs.]: Econ. the Grants-Bluewater area, Valencia County, New Mexico: Geology, v. 56, no. 8, p. 1492; Mining Eng., v. 13, no. 11, New Mexico State Engineer Tech. Kept. 20, 109 p. p. 1257-1258. Gordon, E. D., McCullough, R. A., and Weeks, E. P., 1962, Griffitts, W. R., and Cooley, E. F., 1961, Beryllium content of Ground water at Grant Village site, Yellowstone National cordierite: Art 109 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Park, Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 424-B, p. B259. 1475-F, p. 173-200. Griffitts, W. R., and Patten, L. E., 1961, Determining the dis­ Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., 1962a, Distribution of nautiloids in tribution of beryllium in rocks by a contact-print method: the Carboniferous of Arkansas [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Art. 286 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C378. Spec. Paper 68, p. 183. Griggs, R. L., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of the 1962b, Species of Goniatites in the Caney shale of Los Alamos area, New Mexico, with a section on the Oklahoma: Jour. Paleontology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 355-357. Quality of the water, by J. D. Hem: U. S. Geol. Survey Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., and Duncan, Helen, 1961, Early open-file report, 204 p. Mississippian faunas in southwestern ElkoCounty, Nevada: Grimaldi, F. S., and Helz, A. W., 1961, Trace element sensi­ Art. 234 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C233- tivities: Art. 427 in U. S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 424-D, C234. p. D388-D391. GDrdon, Mackenzie, Jr., and Merriam, C. W., 1961, Late Per­ Griscom, Andrew, 1962, Aeromagnetic evidence for the struc­ mian ammonoids in the Inyo Range, California, and their ture of stocks and ring dikes in New Hampshire and Ver­ significance: Art. 375 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper mont [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 186. < 424-D, p. D238-D239. Griscom, Andrew, and Peterson, D. L., 1961, Aeromagnetic, Gottfried, David, Jenkins, Lillie, and Grimaldi, F. S., 1961, aeroradioactivity, and gravity investigations of Piedmont Distribution of niobium in three contrasting comagmatic rocks in the Rockville quadrangle, Maryland: Art. 388 in series of igneous rocks: Art. 108 in U. S. Geol. Survey U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D267-D271. Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B256-B258. Grolier, M. J., and Foxworthy, B. L., 1961, Geology of the Gottfried, David, Moore, Roosevelt, and Caemmerer, Alice, Moses Lake North quadrangle, Washington: U. S. Geol. 1962, Thorium and uranium in some alkalic igneous rocks Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-330. from Virginia and Texas: Art. 27 in U. S. Geol. Survey Grossman, I. G., 1961, Ground-water conditions in the lower Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B70-B72. Tallaboa Valley, Puerto Rico: Art. 222 in U. S. Geol. Survey GOttschall, Irwin, 1962, Bibliography of maps of the Civil War Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C202-C203. battlefield areas: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 462, 33 p. 1962a, Chemical quality of ground water in St. Thomas, Granger, H. C., Santos, E. S., Dean, B. G., and Moore, F. B., Virgin Islands: Art. 55 inU. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1961, Sandstone-type uranium deposits at Ambrosia Lake, 450-B, p. B131-B133. New Mexico--An interim report: Econ. Geology, v. 56, 1962b, Fluctuations of groundwater levels in Puerto Rico no. 7, p. 1179-1210. resulting from earthquakes [abs.]: Caribbean Geol. Conf., Grantz, Arthur, 1961a, Geologic map and cross sections of the 3d, Kingston, Jamaica, Apr. 2-11,1962, Programme,p. 25- Anchorage (D-2) quadrangle and northeasternmost part of 26. the Anchorage (D-3) quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Gryc, George, 1961, Progress report A study of tectonics of Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-342. Alaska [abs.], in Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: 196lb, Geologic map of the north two-thirds of Anchorage Internal. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, (D-l) quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 1, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Inv. Map 1-343. Press, p. 596. Grantz, Arthur, and Wolfe, J. A., 1961, Age of Arkose Ridge Gude, A. J., 3d, and Hathaway, J. C., 1961, A diffractometer formation, south-central Alaska: Am. Assoc. Petroleum mount for small samples: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 10, p. 1762-1765. 7-8, p. 993-998; Norelco Reporter, v. 9, no. 1, p. 10-11. Gxeenman, D. W., Rima, D. R., Lockwood, W. N., and Meisler, Guy, H. P., and Ferguson, G. E., 1962, Sediment in small Harold, 1961, Ground-water resources of the Coastal Plain reservoirs due to urbanization: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers area of southeastern Pennsylvania with special reference to Proc., v. 88, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 2, pt. 1, the effects of human activities on the quality of water in the p. 27-37. Coastal Plain sediments: Pennsylvania Topog. and Geol. Hack , J. T., and Durloo, L. H., Jr., 1962, Geology of Luray 1 Survey Bull. W13, 375 p. Caverns, Virginia: Virginia Div. Mineral Resources Rept. Gregg, D. O., 1962, Artificial ground-water recharge--An aid Inv. 3, 43 p. to better water management [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Hackett, O. M., 1962, The role of ground water in the United Spec. Paper 68, p. 311-312. States: New Mexico Water Conf., 6th, University Park, Gregg, D. O., Meyer, E. L., Targy, M. M., and Moulder, E. A., Nov. 1961, Proc., p. 4-10. 1961, Public water supplies of Colorado, 1959-60: Colorado Hackman, R. J., and Mason, A. C., 1961, Engineer special State Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Gen. Ser. 757, 128 p. study of the surface of the moon--Sheet 1, Generalized Griffin, M. S., and Clark, E.N., 1961, Bibliography of technical photogeologic map of the moon; Sheet 2, Lunar rays; report, articles, and memoranda published or otherwise Sheet 3, Physiographic divisions of the moon; and Sheet 4, released by the Ground Water Branch during the calendar Description and evaluation of the physiographic regions: year, I960: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 38 p. U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-351.

661513 O 62 15 A214 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OP RESULTS

Hadley, R. F., 1961a, Influence of riparian vegetation on channel Victoria Land, Antarctica [abs.]: Internat. Symposium shape, northeastern Arizona: Art. 156 inU. S. Geol. Survey Volcanology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C30-C31. p. 18-19. 196lb, Some effects of microclimate on slope morphology Hamilton, Warren, Frost, I. C., and Hayes, P. T., 1962, Saline and drainage basin development: Art. 16 in U. S. Geol. features of a small ice platform in Taylor Valley, Antarc­ Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B32-B34. tica: Art. 28 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, Hadley, R. F., McQueen, 1. S., and others, 1961, Hydrologic p. B73-B76. effects of water spreading in Box Creek basin, Wyoming: Hamilton, Warren, and Hayes, P. T., 1961, Structure of Lower U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1532-A,p. A1-A48. Taylor Glacier, South Victoria Land, Antarctica: Art. 224 Hadley, R. F., and Schumm, S. A., 1961, Sediment sources and in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C206-C209. drainage-basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River Hamilton, Warren, and Leopold, E. B., 1962, Volcanic rocks of basin: Chap. B in U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper Oligocene age in the southern part of the Madison Range, 1531, p. 137-196. Montana and Idaho: Art. 10 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Haffty, Joseph, and Helz, A. W., 1961, Direct-reading spectro- Paper 450-B, p. B26-B29. metric technique for determining major constituents in Hampton, E. R., 1961, Ground water from coastal dune and beach natural water: Art. 144 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper sands: Art. 85 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, 424-B, p. B333-B334. p. B204-B206. Hahn, G. W., 1961, Ground-water resources in the vicinity of 1962, Geologic factors that control the occurrence and Wallum Lake, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources availability of ground water in the Fort Rock basin, Lake Coordinating Board Geol. Bull. 12, 34 p. County, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 107 p. Hahn, G. W., and Hansen, A. J., Jr., 1961, Ground-water map of Hansen, W. R., 1961, Landslides along the Uinta fault east of the Chepachet quadrangle, Rhode Island, showing water­ Flaming Gorge, Utah: Art. 132 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. bearing formations and related ground-water data: Rhode Paper 424-B, p. B306-B307. Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Ground-Water Hanshaw, P. M., 1962, Surficial geology of the Meriden quad­ Map GWM 15. rangle, Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map Halberg, H. N., Knox, C. E., and Pauszek, F. H., 1961, Water GQ-150. resources of the Providence area, Rhode Island: U.S. Geol. Hanshaw, P. M., and Snyder, G. I., 1962, Surficial geology of Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499-A, p. A1-A50. the Norwich quadrangle, Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey Hale, W. E., 1962a, Availability of ground water in New Mexico: Geol. Quad. Map GQ-165. New Mexico Water Conf., 6th, University Park, Nov. 1961, Harbeck, G. E., Jr., 1962, A practical field technique for Proc., p. 11-22. measuring reservoir evaporation utilizing mass-transfer 1962b, Ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Carls­ theory: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 272-E, p. 101-105. bad, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer, 16th-17th Harbour, R. L., 1961, Precambrian rocks at North Franklin Bienn. Repts., July 1,1942-June 30, 1946, p. 195-260. Mountain, Texas [abs.], in New Mexico Geol. Soc., Guide­ Hale, W. S., Abrahams, J. H., and Baltz, E. H., Jr., 1962, book of the Albuquerque country, 12th Field Conf., Oct. Geology and hydrology of the UHTREX site [New Mexico]: 1961, p. 193. Los Alamos Scientific Lab., N. Mex., Rept. LA-2689, Harder, A. H., 1961, Water levels and water-level contour maps Appendix B, p. 143-144. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic for southwestern Louisiana, 1959 and spring 1960, with a Energy Commission.) discussion of ground-water withdrawals: Louisiana Geol. Haley, B. R., 1961a, Post-Atoka rocks of northwestern Arkan­ Survey Water Resources Pamph. 10, 25 p. sas, in The Arkoma Basin, Proc. 7th Bienn. Geol. Sympo­ Hardison, C. H., 1961, Lowest multi-year moving average sium, Univ. Oklahoma, Norman, 1961, p. 115-125. compared with minimum independent multi-year means: 196 Ib, Thickness trends in the Hartshorne sandstone and Art. 166 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C47- the McAlester formation in northwestern Arkansas: Art. C49. 180 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C80-C81. Hardison, C. H., and Crippen, J. R., 1962, Estimating days of Hall, F. R., 1961, Geology and ground water of a portion of continuously deficient discharge: Art. 45 in U. S. Geol. eastern Stanislaus County, San Joaquin Valley, California Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B110-B111. [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 21, no. 11, p. 3419. Hardt, W. F., 1962, Public water supplies in Gloucester County, Hall, W. E., 1961, Unit-cell edges of cobalt- and cobalt-iron- New Jersey: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 154 p. bearing sphalerites: Art. 115 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Harris, D. V., 1961, Late Quaternary alluviation and erosion in Paper 424-B, p. B271-B273. Boxelder Creek valley, Larimer County, Colorado [abs.]: Hamilton, Warren, 1961a, Geology of the Richardson Cove and Dissert. Abs., v. 21, no. 10, p. 3056-3057. Jones Cove quadrangles, Tennessee: U. S. Geol. Survey Harris, D. V., and Fahnestock, R. K., 1962a, Lower Pleistocene Prof. Paper 349-A, p. A1-A55 [1962]. Prairie Divide till, Larimer County, Coloiado: Art. 17 in 196lb, Origin of the Gulf of California: Geol. Soc. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B45-B47. America Bull., v. 72, no. 9, p. 1307-1318. 1962b, Prairie Divide moraine, Larimer County, Colo­ 196lc, Petrochemistry of probable Paleozoic granitic rado [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 192-193. rocks from the Ross Sea region, Antarctica: Art. 225 in Harris, E. E., 1961, Surface-water investigations in Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C209-C212. Nevada Water Conf., 15th, Carson City, Sept. 28-29, 1961, 1962a, Island Park caldera of basalt and rhyolite, Idaho, Proc., p. 113-115 [1962]. U. S. A. [abs.]: Internat. Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, Harris, H. B., Moore, G. K., and West, L. R., 1962, Geology and May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., p. 17-18. ground-water resources of Colbert County, Alabama: U. S. 1962b, Late Cenozoic structure of west-central Idaho: Geol. Survey open-file report, 100 p. Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, no. 4, p. 511-515. Harris, H. B., Peace, R. R., Jr., and Harris, W. F., Jr., 1962, 1962c, Strike-slip control of tectonics of coastal Califor­ Geology and ground-water resources of Lauderdale County, nia [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 30. Alabama: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 340 p. Hamilton, Warren, and Boudette, E. L., 1962, Quaternary alka­ line basalt-trachyte province, Marie Byrd Land and South PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A215

Harris, K. F., 1962, Inventory of published and unpublished zona: Art. 53. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, sediment-load data, United States and Puerto Rico, 1950-60: p. B125-B127. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1547, 117 p. Haynes, D. D., andMatzko, J. J., 1961, Results of investigations Harris, L. D., 1962, Disconformity between lower and middle for uranium in the Tucano basin, Bahia, Brazil: Art. 363 Ordovician rocks in southwest Virginia and northern in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D213-D214. Tennessee [abs.]:Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 72- Haynes, D. D., and Mau, Henry, 1958, Reconnaissance for radio­ 73. active rocks in the Paulo Afonso region, Bahia, Brazil: Harrison, J. E., Jobin, D. A.,andKing, E. R., 1961, Structure of U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEM-1104, 8 p. [1961]. (Report the Clark Fork area, Idaho-Montana: Art. 67inU. S. Geol. prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B159-B163. Haynes, D. D., Mau, Henry, and White, M.G., 1958, Radioactive Harrison, L. P., Friedman, Irving, and Saylor, C. P., I960, manganese occurrences in the lower Rio Itapicurd valley, Report on ice fall from clear sky in Georgia, October 26, Bahia, Brazil: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEM-567, 12 p. 1959: Washington, D. C., U. S. Dept. Commerce, Weather [1961]. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commis­ Bur., 39 p. sion.) Harshbarger, J. W., and others, 1961, Maps of Navajo Indian Haynes, D. D., and Pierson, C. T., 1957, Uraniferous coal and Reservation and vicinity, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey carbonaceous shale in northeast Parana", Brazil: U. S. open-file report. Geol. Survey Rept. TEM-1097, 20 p. [1961]. (Report pre­ Harshman, E. N., 1961, Paleotopographic control of a uranium pared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) mineral belt, Shirley Basin, Wyoming: Art. 148 in U. S. Haynes, D. D., Pierson, C. T., and White, M. G., 1958, Recon­ Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C4-C6. naissance for uranium in the coal of Sao Paulo, Santa Hartshorn, J. H., 1961a, Evidence for local glacier stagnation in Catarina, and Rio Grande doSul,Brazil:U.S. Geol. Survey East Greenland: Art. 227 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Rept. TEM-943, 18 p. [1961]. (Report prepared for U. S. 424-C, p. C216-C218. Atomic Energy Commission.) 1961b, Introduction, Pt. 1 of Investigations of ice-free Hazlewood, R. M., 1961, Interim report on seismic velocities of sites for aircraft landings in East Greenland, 1959: U. S. the Oak Spring formation, U12e and U12b tunnel systems, Air Force Cambridge Research Labs., Geophysics Re­ Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey search Directorate Rept. AFCRL 1026, or Air Force Rept. TEI-795, open-file report, 12 p. Surveys Geophysics, no. 127, p. 1-12. Healy, H, G., 1962a, Piezometric surface of the Floridan aquifer 1962, Late-glacial eolian activity in Massachusetts in Florida, July 6-17, 1961: Florida Geol. Survey Map Ser., [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 194. no. 1. Hartwell, J. H., 1962, Review of studies relating to coastal 1962b, Water levels in artesian and nonartesian aquifers waters, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., of Florida in 1960: Florida-Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 33, 19 p. 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Heath, R. C., 1961, Surface water resources of Polk County, Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 288-289. Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 25, 123 p. Harvey, E. J., and Callahan, J. A., 1962, Memorandum on the Heath, R. C.,andSalvas,E. H., 1961, Some geochemical aspects ground-water potential of the Vicksburg industrial-park of ground water in northern St. Lawrence County, New area, Vicksburg, Mississippi: Mississippi Board Water York: Art. 251 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Commissioners, 7 p. (Prepared by U. S. Geological Survey p. C283-C286. in coop, with Mississippi Board Water Commissioners and Heckmiller, I. A., 1961, Stream-gaging problems in Afghanistan: Mississippi Indus, and Technol. Research Comm.) Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), Harvey, E. J., Callahan, J. A., and Wasson, B. E., 1961, 6e anne"e, no. 3, p. 35-37. Ground-water resources of Hinds, Madison, and Rankin Hedlund, D. C., and Olson, J. C., 1961, Four environments of Counties, Mississippi, Pt. 2, Basic data: Mississippi Board thorium-, niobium- and rare-earth-bearing minerals in Water Commissioners Bull. 61-2, 146 p. the Powderhorn district of southwestern Colorado: Art. Hass, W. H., 1962, Conodonts, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on 121 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B283- invertebrate paleontology, Pt. W, Miscellanea: Lawrence, B286. Kansas, Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press, Heindl, L. A., and Cosner, O. J., 1961, Hydrologic data and p. W3-W69. drillers' logs, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, with a Hathaway, J. C., and Robertson, E. C., 1961, Microtexture of section on Chemical quality of the water, by L. R. Kister: artificially consolidated aragonitic mud: Art. 257 in U. S. Arizona State Land Dept., Water Resources Rept. 9,116 p. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C301-C304. Heindl, L. A., and McCullough, R. A., 1961, Geology and the Haushild, W. L., and Kruse, Gordon, 1961, Unsteady flow of availability of water in the lower Bonita Creek area, ground water into a surface reservoir: Am. Soc. Civil Graham County, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 5, Paper 1589, 56 p. pt. 1, p. 211-213. (Reply to discussion of paper in v. 86, Hely, A. G., 1961, The surface-water supply of the lower Colo­ no. HY 7, pt. 1, 1960, p. 13-20.) rado River area: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 16 p. Haushild, W. L., Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V., 1961, Hely, A. G., Nordenson, T. J., and others, 1961, Precipitation, The significance of the fall velocity and effective fall water loss, and runoff in the Delaware River basin and New diameter of bed materials: Art. 300 in U. S. Geol. Survey Jersey: U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-11. Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D17-D20. Helz, A. W., andAnnell, C. S., 1961, Determination of beryllium Havens, J. S., 1961, Preliminary results of test drilling in with a direct-reading spectrograph: Art. 288 in U. S. Geol. depressions on the High Plains, Lea County, New Mexico: Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C380-C382. Art. 52 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B123- Hem, J. D., 1961, Chemical behavior of bicarbonate and sulfate B125. complexes of manganese: Art. 415 in U. S. Geol. Survey Hay, R. L., 1962, Diagenetic facies in the John Day formation of Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D360-D361. Oregon [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 31-32. 1962a, Chemical equilibria affecting the behavior of man­ Ha yes, P. T., and Landis, E. R., 1961, Lower member of Mural ganese in natural water [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d limestone of Early Cretaceous age, Bisbee quadrangle, Ari­ Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 82. A216 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Hem, J. D., 1962b, Quality of water in the Rio Grande and Pecos Hickling, Nelson, Cuttitta, Frank, and Meyrowitz, Robert, 1961, River basins, New Mexico, 1942-1945: New Mexico State N, N-Dimethylformamide, a new diluent for bromoform Engineer, 16th- 17th Bienn. Repts., July 1, 1942-June 30, used as a heavy liquid: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 11-12, 1946, p. 171-193. p. 1502-1503. Hemley, J. J., 1962, Alteration studies in the systems Na^O- Hietanen, Anna, 1961a, A proposal for clarifying the use of Al203-Si02 -H2C and K2O-A12O3-S1O2-H2O [abs.]: plutonic calc-alkalic rock names: Art. 409 in U. S. Geol. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 196. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D340-D342. Hemley, J. J., Meyer, Charles, and Richter, D. H., 1961, Some 196 Ib, Metamorphic facies and style of folding in the Belt alteration reactions in the systemNa2O-Al203-SiO2-H2O: series northwest of the Idaho batholith: Finlande Comm. Art. 408 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D338- Geol. Bull., no. 196, p. 73-103. D340. 1961c, Relation between deformation, metamorphism, Henderson, J. R., Jr., 1962, Aeromagnetic map of the Bridge- metasomatism, and intrusion along the northwest border water quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine: U. S. Geol. zone of the Idaho batholith, Idaho: Art. 345 in U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-291. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D161-D164. Hendricks, E. L., 1962, Hydrology: Science, v. 135, no. 3505, 1961d, Superposed deformations northwest of the Idaho p. 699-705. batholith: Internat. Geol. Cong., 21st, Copenhagen, I960, Hendricks, T. A., 1961, Abnormal bedding in the Savanna sand­ Proc., pt. 26, Supp. Vol., Sec. 18, p. 87-102. stone and Boggy shale in southeastern Oklahoma: Art. 49 Hildebrand, F. A., 196la, Andalusite-topazgreisennearCaguas, in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B114-B117. east-central Puerto Rico: Art. 92 in U. S. Geol. Survey Hendrickson, G. E., 1962a, Investigations of ground-water re­ Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B222-B224. sources of the lower Colorado River: U. S. Geol. Survey 1961b, Hydrothermally altered rocks in eastern Puerto open-file report, 7 p. Rico: Art. 91 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, 196lb, Sources of water in Styx and Echo Rivers, Mam­ p. B219-B221. moth Cave, Kentucky: Art. 308 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Hill, D. P., Baldwin, H. L., Jr., and Pakiser, L. C., 1961, Paper 424-D, p. D41-D43. Gravity, volcanism, and crustal deformation in the Snake 1962, Development of the ground-water resources of St. River Plain, Idaho: Art. 105 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Croix, Virgin Islands: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Paper 424-B, p. B248-B250. 84 p. Hilpert, L. S., 1961, Structural control of epigenetic uranium Henry, H. R., 1960, Salt intrusion into coastal aquifers: Internat. deposits in carbonate rocks of northwestern New Mexico: Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. (Louvain, Belgium), no. 52, Art. 3 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B5-B8. p. 478-487. Hinrichs, E. N., and Gibbons, A. B., 1962, Geologic map of the 1961, Sea water encroachment with uniform vertical Whiterock Spring quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. recharge [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 8, Geol. Survey open-file report, 3 sheets. p. 2535; Am. Geophys. Union, 42d Ann, Mtg., Washington, Hinrichs, E. N., and Orkild, P. P., 1961, Eight members of the D. C., Apr. 1961, Program, p. 72. Oak Spring formation, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye 1962, Transitory movements of the salt-water front in and Lincoln Counties, Nevada: Art. 327 in U.S. Geol. Survey an extensive artesian aquifer; Art. 34inU. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D96-D103. Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B87-B88. Hite, R. J., 1961, Potash-bearing evaporite cycles in the salt Herrick, S. M., 196la, A stratigraphically significant associa­ anticlines of the Paradox basin, Colorado and Utah: Art. 337 tion of smaller Foraminifera from western Florida: Art. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D135-D138. 376 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D239. Hoare, J. M., 1961, Preliminary geology along the lower Yukon 1961b, Well logs of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia River, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report [Map]. Geol. Survey Bull. 70, 462 p. Hoare, J. M., and Condon, W. H., 1962, Preliminary map of 1962a, A marginal sea of Middle Eocene age in New geology of part of the lower Yukon-Norton Sound region, Jersey [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Sec., Ann. Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 14 p. Mtg., Atlanta, Georgia, Apr. 1962, Program, p. 20. Hoare, J. M., and Coonrad, W. L., 1961, Geologic map of the Goodnews quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. 1962b, Marginal sea of Middle Eocene age in New Jersey: Art. 21 in U. £. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B56- Geol. Inv. Map 1-339. B58. Hoffman, J. F., 1961, Hydrology of the shallow ground-water Hershey, L. A., and Schneider, P. A., Jr., 1962, Ground-water reservoir of the Town of Southold, Suffolk County, Long investigations in the lower Cache La Poudre River basin, Island, New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. GW-45, 49 p. Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 34 p. Hofmann, R. B., 1961, Aftershock-energy release versus tidal Herz, Norman, 1961, Bedrock geology of the North Adams quad­ effects, Hebgen Lake earthquake, Montana: Art. 246 in rangle, Massachusetts-Vermont: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-139. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C267-C270. Hofmann, Walter, 1962, Coastal shallow water research acti­ 1962, Metamorphic history of the Quadrildtero Ferrffero, vities, U. S. Geological Survey, Surface Water Branch, Minas Gerais, Brazil [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 196-197. California District, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Herz, Norman, Hurley, P. M., Pinson, W. H., and Fairbairn, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, H. W., 1961, Age measurements from a part of the Brazilian p. 289-291. shield: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 7, p. 1111-1119. Hollowell, J. R., 196la, Ground water in the alluvium of Elk Heyl, A. V., Jr., and Brock, M. R., 1961, Structural framework of the Illinois-Kentucky mining district and its relation to Creek basin, Oklahoma: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 27 p. mineral deposits: Art. 294 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D3-D6. 196 Ib, Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek basin, Oklahoma: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 21 p. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A217

Hollowell, J. R., 1961c, Ground water in the vicinity of Roose­ Nevada: Art. 73 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, velt, Oklahoma: U. S. Geol. Survey open file report, 9 p. p. B176-B177. Holmberg, G. D., 1961, Status of ground water storage in 1961: Hubbell, D. W., and Ali, K. A-S., 1961, Qualitative effects of Columbia River Basin Water Forecast Comm., 24th Ann. temperature on flow phenomena in alluvial channels: Art. Mtg., Spokane, Washington, Apr. 1961, Minutes, p. 14-18. 301 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D21-D23. Hood, J. W., 1961, Water wells in Frenchman and Yucca Valleys, Huddle, J. W., and Patterson, S. H., 1961, Origin of Pennsyl- Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey vanian underclay and related seat rocks: Geol. Soc. America Rept. TEI-788, open-file report, 58 p. (Report prepared for Bull., v. 72, no. 11, p. 1643-1660. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) Huff, L. C., 1960, Comparison of soil analysis with other pros­ Hooker, Marjorie, 1962, Published writings of Esper Signius pecting methods at a small high-grade copper lode, in Larsen, Jr.: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, no. 4, p. P29- Symposium de exploraci6n geoqufmica, Tomo 3: Internal. P33. Geol. Gong., 20th, Mexico, D. F., 1956, p. 487-500. jHopkins, D. M., 1962, Asymmetrical valleys in central Alaska Huff, L. C., and Lesure, F. G., 1962, Diffusion features of i [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 33. uranium-vanadium deposits in Montezuma Canyon, Utah: JHopkins, D. M., and Taber, Bond, 1962, Asymmetrical valleys Econ. Geology, v. 57, no. 2, p. 226-237. I in central Alaska [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper Huff, L. C., Lover ing, T. G., Lakin, H. W., and Myers, A. T., 68, p. 116; Alaskan Sci. Conf., 12th, College, Aug. 28- 1961, A comparison of analytical methods used in geochem- Sept. 1, 1961, Proc., p. 146-147. ical prospecting for copper: Econ. Geology, v. 56, no. 5, iHopkins, D. M., McCulloch, D. S., and Janda, R. J., 1962, p. 855-872. Pleistocene stratigraphy and structure of Baldwin Penin­ Huff, L. C., andMarranzino, A. P., 1961, Geochemical prospect­ sula, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America ing for copper deposits hidden beneath alluvium in the Pima Spec. Paper 68, p. 116; Alaskan Sci. Conf., 12th, College, district, Arizona: Art. 133 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Aug. 28-Sept. 1, 1961, Proc., p. 150-151. 424-B, p. B308-B310. Horr, C. A., 1962, Flame-photometric determination of stron­ Huffman, Claude, Jr., and Skinner, D. L., 196 ^Determination of tium in natural water: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply copper in plant ash with neo-cuproine: Art. 143 in U. S. Paper 1496-C, p. 33-53. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B331-B332. Hose, R. K., 1961, Physical characteristics of Upper Cambrian Hughes, G. H., 1961, Determining evaporation from the Salton stromatolites in western Utah: Art. 380 in U. S. Geol. Sea by the energy-budget method: U. S. Geol. Survey open- Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D245-D248. ~ file report, 12 p. Hosman, R. L., 1962, Correlation of the Carrizo Sand in Hummel, C. L., 1961, Regionally metamorphosed metalliferous Arkansas and adjacent States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., contact-metasomatic deposits near Nome, Alaska: Art. 356 v. 73, no. 3, p. 389-393. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D198-D199. Hosterman, J. W., and Patterson, S. H., 1961, Mineralogy of 1962a, Preliminary geologic map of the NomeC-l quad­ the Olive Hill clay bed, Kentucky: Art. 120 in U. S. Geol. rangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B280-B282. Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-247. Hosterman, J. W., Patterson, S. H., and Huddle, J. W., 1961, 1962b, Preliminary geologic map of the NomeD-l quad­ Geology of the Wrigley quadrangle, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. rangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-170. Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-248. [Hostetler, P. B., 1962, Magnesium in natural bicarbonate- Hunt, C. B., 1961a, Stratigraphy of desert varnish: Art. 80 in bearing waters [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43dAnn. Mtg., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B194-B195. Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 82. 1961b, The Mount Taylor coal field [abs.], Pt. 2 of Hostetler, P. B., and Garrels, R. M., 1962, Transportation and Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the San precipitation of uranium and vanadium at low temperatures, Juan Basin, New Mexico, in New Mexico Geol. Soc., Guide­ with special reference to sandstone-type uranium deposits: book of the Albuquerque country, 12th Field Conf., Oct. Econ. Geology, v. 57, no. 2, p. 137-167. 1961, p. 129. Hotz, P. E., 1961, Weathering of peridotite, southwest Oregon: Hunt, C. B., and Hunt, A. P., 1961, Use of archeology in Recent Art. 404 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D327- stratigraphy: Art. 81 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper D331. 424-B, p. B195-B197. Houser, F. N., 1961, Lithologic logs of three exploration core Huxel, C. J., Jr., 196la, Artesian water in the Spiritwood buried holes, U15b area, Climax stock, Nevada Test Site, Nye valley complex, North Dakota: Art. 350 in U.S. Geol. Survey County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-792, open- Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D179-D181. file report, 67 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy 1961b, Ground-water supply problems in the Sanborn Commission.) area, Barnes County, North Dakota: North Dakota State 1962, Outline of the geology of the U12k and U12k.01 Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Study tunnels, Area 12, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: 32, 21 p. U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-817, open-file report, 36 p. Hyland, J. B., 1961, Basic-data report, lower Cedar River (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) drainage basin, Nebraska: Nebraska Univ. Conserv. and Houser, F. N.,Davis,R. E.,andEmerick, W. L., 1961, Geologic Survey Div., Nebraska Water-Survey Paper 10, 92 p. reconnaissance of granitic intrusive masses at Gold Mea­ Imlay, R. W., 196la, Characteristic Lower Cretaceous mega- dows, Tern Piute, and Trappman's Camp, Lincoln and Nye fossils from northern Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Counties, Nevada, and comparison with the Climax stock at Paper 335, 74 p. [1962]. Nevada Test Site: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept.TEI-793, open- 1961b, Jurassic (Bathonian or early Callovian) ammo­ file report, 15 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy nites from Alaska and Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Commission.) Paper 374-C, p. C1-C32 [1962]. Houser, F. N., and Poole, F. G., 1961, Age relations of the 1961c, Late Jurassic ammonites from the western Sierra 1 Climax composite stock, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, California: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 374-D, p. D1-D30 [1962], A218 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Imlay, R. W., 1962, Late Bajocian ammonites from the Cook Jenkins, E. D., 1961a, Ground water in Fountain and Jimmy Inlet region, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Camp Valleys, El Paso County, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Sur­ 418-A, p. A1-A15. vey open-file report, 160 p. Indermuhle, V. C., 1961, Preliminary report on the waterpower 1961b, Records, logs, and water-level measurements of resources of Snow River, Nellie Juan Lake and Lost Lake, selected wells and test holes, and chemical analyses of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: U. S. Geol Survey open-file report, ground water in Fountain, Jimmy Camp, and Black Squirrel 55 p. Valleys, El Paso County, Color ado : xColor ado Water Con­ Ingerson, Earl, I960, Estudios fundamentals de la sub- serv. Board, Ground-Water Ser., Basic-Data Rept. 3,25p. divisi6n de geoqufmica y petrologfa del U. S. Geological 1961c, Records and logs of selected wells and test holes, Survey en apoyo de la polftica nacional de los Estados and chemical and radiometric analyses of ground water in Unidos sobre minerales, in Symposium de exploraci6n the Boulder area, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. geoqufmica, Tomo 3: Internal. Geol. Cong., 20th, Mexico, Board [Ground-Water Ser.] Basic-Data Rept. 5, 30 p. D. F., 1956, p. 711-725. 1962, Engineering and geology as an aid in solving Irelan, Burdge, 1961, Quality of water considerations, lower ground-water litigation [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Colorado River area: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Paper 68, p. 313. 7 P. Jenkins, E. D., and Moulder, E. A., 1962, Ground-water tech­ Irelan, Burdge, and Mendieta, H. B., 1962, Chemical quality of nology and litigation problems: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers surface waters in the Brazos River basin, Texas: Art. 54 Prov., v. 88, paper 3166, Jour. Irrigation and Drainage in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B129-B131. Div., no. IR 2, pt. 1, p. 21-32. Irwin, J. H., Akers, J. P., and Cooley, M. E., 1962, Geology of Jensen, H. M., 1961a, Ground-water occurrences in the Alexan­ the Leupp quadrangle, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. der area, McKenzie County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geol. Inv. Map 1-352. State Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Irwin, W. P., 1961, Specific gravity of sandstones in the Study 35, 23 p. Franciscan and related Upper Mesozoic formations of 1961b, Ground-water sources in the vicinity of North- California: Art. 78 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, wood, Grand Forks County, North Dakota: North Dakota p. B189-B191. State Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Irwin, W. P., and Bath, G. D., 1962, Magnetic anomalies and Study 34, 26 p. ultramafic rock in northern California: Art. 25 in U. S. Joesting, H. R., 1962, Discussion of "Gravity andaeromagnetic Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B65-B67. ~ exploration in the Paradox basin," by N. C. Steenland Izett, G. A., Pillmore, C. L., and Mapel, W. J., 1961, Evidence (Geophysics, v. 27, no. 1, p. 73-89, 1962): Geophysics, for Early Cretaceous folding in the Black Hills, Wyoming: v. 27, no. 3, p. 396-398. Art. 66 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B156- Joesting, H. R., Case, J. E., and Cordell, L. E., 1961, The Rio B-158. Grande trough near Albuquerque, New Mexico: Art. 392 in Jablonski, L. A., I960, Factual data for public-supply wells U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D282-D286; also and selected irrigation wells in Monmouth County, New preprinted, in New Mexico Geol. Soc., Guidebook of the Jersey: New Jersey Dept. Conserv. and Econ. Devel., Albuquerque country, 12th Field Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 148- Div. Water Policy and Supply, Water Resources Circ. 4, 150. 29 p. [1961]. Johnson, A. I., 1961, A field method for measurement of infil­ Jackson, B. L., 1961, Potential waterpower of Lake Chaka- tration: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 49 p. chamna, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 20 p. 1962, Methods of measuring soil moisture in the field: Jackson, E. D., 1961, X-ray determinative curve for some U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-U,p. U1-U25. natural plagioclases of composition An^0 g5 : Art. 252 in Johnson, A. I., and Morris, D. A., 1961, Research on specific U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C,"p. C286-C288. yield [abs.]: California Assoc. Eng. Geologists, 4th Ann. 1962, Stratigraphic and lateral variation of chromite Mtg., Sacramento and Davis, Oct. 13-15, 1961, Program, compositions in the Stillwater Complex [abs.]: Am. Min­ p. 10. eralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 193-194; Internat. Mineralog. 1962a, Physical and hydrologic properties of water -bear­ Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Pro­ ing deposits in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, Cali­ gram, p. 193-194. fornia: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 179 p. Jackson, R. O., Bogue, R. G., Brown, G. F., and Gierhart, R. D., 1962b, Relation of volumetric shrinkage to clay content 1962, Geographic map of the southern Najd quadrangle, of sediments from the San Joaquin Valley, California: Art. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. 16 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B43-B44. Inv. Map I-21 IB. Johnson, A. I., Prill, R. C., and Morris, D. A., 1961, Specific Jackson, W. H., Shawe, F. R.,andPakiser,L. C., 1961, Gravity yield--Column drainage and centrifuge moisture content: study of the structural geology of Sierra Valley, California: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 117 p. Art. 107 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B254- Johnson, Arthur, 1962, Glacier observations, Glacier National B256. Park, Montana, 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, James, H. L., Clark, L. D., Lamey, C. A., and Pettijohn, F. J., 16 p. in collaboration with Freedman, Jacob, Trow, James, and Johnson, F. A., 1961, Waterpower resources of the Bradley Wier, K. L., 1961, Geology of central Dickinson County, River basin, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Michigan: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 310, 176 p. Water-Supply Paper 1610-A, p. A1-A25. James, H. L., and Wier, K. L., 1961a, Carter Creek iron de­ 1962a, Some recent climatic anomalies and their possi­ posit, Madison and Beaverhead Counties, Montana: U. S. ble effect on hydrologic studies [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, Geol. Survey open-file report [Map, 2 sheets]. 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, 1961b, Geologic map of the Kelly iron deposit, Madison p. 77. County, Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 2 1962b, Waterpower resources near Petersburg and sheets. Juneau, southeastern Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Jenkins, C. T., 1961, Preliminary report on floods on Boulder Supply Paper 1529, 104 p4 Creek below Boulder, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey open- file report, 25 p. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL TEAR 1962 A219

Johnson, J. H., 1961, Fossil algae from Eniwetok, Funafuti and Testing Station, Idaho: Art. 420 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Kita-Daito-Jima: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-Z, Paper 424-D, p. D374-D376. p. 907-950 [1962]. 1961b, Storage and movement of water between adjacent Johnson, K. E., 196la, Ground-water levels in Rhode Island, surface- and ground-water reservoirs [abs.]: Jour. Geo- 1958-1959: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating phys. Research, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3566. Board Hydrol. Bull. 4, 46 p. 1962a, Application of bore-hole geophysics inhydrologic 196lb, Ground-water map of the Rhode Island part of the investigations in a volcanic terrane [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Ashaway quadrangle and some adjacent areas of Connecti­ America Spec. Paper 68, p. 33-34. cut, showing water-bearing formations and related ground- 1962b, Geophysical research at the National Reactor water data: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Testing Station, in Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Board Ground-Water Map GWM-16. Conf., 2d, Chalk River, Canada, Sept. 26-29, 1961, Proc.: 196lc, Ground-water map of the Watch Hill quadrangle, U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. TID-7628, p. 99-114. Rhode Island-Connecticut, showing water-bearing forma­ Jones, P. H., and Schmalz, B. L., 1962, Distribution of radionu- tions and related ground-water data: Rhode Island Water clides in ground water at the National Reactor Testing Sta­ Resources Coordinating Board Ground-Water Map GWM- tion, with particular reference to tritium [abs.]: Am. 14. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. Johnson, P. W., 1962a, Availability of additional water for 1962, Program, p. 85. Chiricahua National Monument, Cochise County, Arizona: Jones, W. R., Hernon, R. M., and Pratt, W. P., 1961, Geologic U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-H,p. 209-216. events culminating in primary metallization in the Central 1962b, Water in the Coconino sandstone for the Snowflake- mining district, Grant County, New Mexico: Art. 150 in Hay Hollow area, Navajo County, Arizona: U.S.Geol. Sur­ U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C11-C16. vey Water-Supply Paper 1539-S, p. S1-S46. Jopling, A. V., 1961a, An experimental study on the mechanics of Johnson, R. B., 1960, Brief description of the igneous bodies of bedding: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 358 p. the Raton Mesa region, south-central Colorado, in Geol. 196lb, Origin of regressive ripples explained in terms of Soc. America, Guide to the geology of Colorado, p. 117- fluid-mechanic processes: Art. 299 in U. S. Geol. Survey 120. Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D15-D17. 196la, Coal resources of the Trinidad coal field in Huer- 1962, Mechanics of small-scale delta formation A lab­ fano and Las Animas Counties, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey oratory study, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Bull. 1112-E, p. 129-180. Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. 196lb, Spheroidal coal in the Trinidad coal field, south- Sci. Found and Office Naval Research, p. 291-295. central Colorado: Art. 153 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1961a, Geologic aspects of the November Paper 424-C, p. C20-C21. 1960 high-explosives test at the Project Chariot site, north­ Johnson, R. F., 1960, Lead-zinc deposits of the Boquira dis­ western Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-784, open- trict, State of Bahia, Brazil: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. file report, 15 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy 1110-A, p. 1-33 [1962]. Commission.) Johnson, R. F., andSukamto, Rab., 1961, Cave deposits of phos­ 196lb, Geologic results of November I960 Project Char­ phate rock in central Java, Indonesia: Art 367 in U. S. iot high-explosives cratering experiment, Cape Thompson, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D219-D221. Alaska: Art. 418 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Johnston, P. M., 196la, Basic data, ground-water resources p. D368-D371. and geology of Washington, D. C., and vicinity: U. S. Geol. Kane, M. F., 1961, Structure of plutons fromgravity measure­ Survey open-file report, 320 p. ments: Art. 242 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, 196lb, Ground-water resources and geology of Washing­ p. C258-C259. ton, D. C., and vicinity, with a section on the chemical 1962a, A comprehensive system of terrain corrections quality of the water, by D. E. Weaver and Leonard Siu: using a digital computer [abs.]: Soc. Explor. Geophysicists U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 499 p. (Condensation Yearbook 1962, p. 266. published as a visitor's guide to the geology of the National 1962b, Gravity measurements in west-central Maine Capital area: Internal. Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 207-208. Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, 32 p.) Kane, M. F., and Carlson, J. E., 1961, Gravity anomalies, isos- 1962a, Ground water in the Washington, D. C.,area, and tasy, and geologic structure in Clark County, Nevada: Art. a brief history of the public water supply: Washington Acad. 390 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D274-D277. Sci. Jour., v. 52, no. 5, p. 101-110. Kane, M. F., and Peterson, D. L., 1961, Preliminary interpre­ 1962b, The geology of Washington, D. C., and vicinity: tation of gravity data in west-central Maine: U. S. Geol. Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 52, no. 3, p. 57-68. Survey open-file report, 10 p. Johnston, P. M., and Otton, E. G., 1962, Availability of ground Kanizay, S. P., 1962, Mohr's theory of strength and Prandtl's water for urban and industrial development in upper Mont­ compressed cell in relation to vertical tectonics: U. S. gomery County, Maryland: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 414-B, p. B1-B16. report, 73 p. Karlstrom, T. N. V., 196la, Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene Jones, B. F., 1961, Zoning of saline minerals at Deep Spring climatic variations in Alaska and western Canada [abs.J: Lake, California: Art. 83 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Pacific Sci. Cong., 10th, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 424-B, p. B199-B202. 1961, Abs. Symposium Papers, p. 300. Jones, F. 0., Embody, D. R., andPeterson, W. L., 1961, Land­ 1961b, Pleistocene physical and biologic environments slides along the Columbia River valley, northeastern of Pacific southcentral and southwestern Alaska [abs.], in Washington, with a section on Seismic^surveys, by R. M. Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: Internal. Sympo­ Hazelwood: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 367, 98 p. sium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. 1960, [1962]. Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Press, p. 895. Jones, P. H., 196la, Hydrology of radioactive-waste disposal at 196 Ic, The glacial history of Alaska--Its bearing on the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, National Reactor paleoclimatic theory: New York Acad. Sci. Annals, v. 95, art. 1, p. 290-340. A220 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Kilpatrick, F. A., 1961, Bankfull depth and depth of flow for Kaye, C. A., 1961, Pleistocene stratigraphy of Boston, Massa­ mean annual flood, Piedmont Province: Art. 167 in U. S. chusetts: Art. 34 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C49-C50. p. B73-B76. King, E. R., 1961, An aeromagnetic profile from Anchorage to Keech, C. F., 1962a, Ground-water resources of Hamilton Nome, Alaska: Geophysics, v. 26, no. 6, p. 716-726. County, Nebraska, with a section on the Chemical quality of King, E. R., Zietz, Isidore, and Dempsey, W. J., 1961, The the water, by P. G. Rosene: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply significance of a group of aeromagnetic profiles off the Paper 1539-N, p. N1-N64. eastern coast of North America: Art. 396 in U. S. Geol. 1962b, Relation of water levels and ground-water with­ Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D299-D303. drawals in Nebraska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, King, N. J., 1961, An example of channel aggradation induced by 14 p. flood control: Art. 15 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1962c, The program of ground-water investigations in 424-B, p. B29-B32. Nebraska: Nebraska Univ. Conserv. and Survey Div., King, P. B., 1961a, History of the Ouachita system, in The Nebraska Water-Survey Paper 11, 47 p. Ouachita system: Texas Univ. Pub. 6120, p. 175-190. Keech, C. F., and Hyland, J. B., 1962, Water levels in obser­ 196 Ib, Summary reports on selected wells penetrating vation wells in Nebraska, 1961: Nebraska Univ. Conserv. Paleozoic rocks in the southeastern States, Pt. 3 of Appen­ and Survey Div., Nebraska Water-Survey Paper 12, 164 p. dix, in The Ouachita system: Texas Univ. Pub. 6120, Keefer, W. R., 1961a, The Meeteese, Lance, and Fort Union p. 347-361. formations, southern Wind River Basin, Wyoming, in 1961c, The subsurface Ouachita structural belt east of Symposium on Late Cretaceous rocks of Wyoming: Wyoming the Ouachita Mountains, in The Ouachita system: Texas Geol. Assoc., 16th Ann. FieldConf., Aug. 2-5,1961, Guide­ Univ. Pub. 6120, p. 83-98. book, p. 180-186. 1961d, Systematic pattern of Triassic dikes in the Appa­ 1961b, The Waltman shale and Shotgun members of the lachian region: Art. 41 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Fort Union formation (Paleocene) in the Wind River Basin, 424-B, p. B93-B95. Wyoming: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, 1962a, Geologic and topographic maps of Marble Cany on- no. 8, p. 1310-1323. Mine Canyon area, Sierra Diablo, Culberson County, Texas: Keighton, W. B., 1962, Transport of dissolved minerals by the U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 2 sheets. Delaware River and its tributaries, in Natl. Coastal and 1962b, Leonard and Wolfcamp Series of the Sierra Diablo, Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Texas, in Leonardian facies of the Sierra Diablo region, Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval West Texas, Guidebook, 1962 Field Trip: Soc. Econ. Pale­ Research, p. 296. ontologists and Mineralogists, Permian Basin Sec., Pub. Keller, G. V., 1961, Electrical properties of a part of the 62-7, p. 42-65. Portage Lake lava series, Houghton County, Michigan: Art. 1962c, Neotectonic map of U. S. S. R. [abs.]: Geol. Soc. 389 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D272-D274. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 34. 1962, Electrical resistivity of rocks in the Area 12 King, R. R., Jussen, V. M., Loud, E. S., Mead, M. C., de tunnels, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: Geophysics, Chadenedes, E. H., and Oftedahl, F. V., 1961, Bibliography v. 27, no. 2, p. 242-252. of North American geology, 1959; U. S. Geol. Survey Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, F. C., 1961, Induction and Bull. 1145, 605 p. [1962]. galvanic resistivity studies on the Athabasca Glacier, Kinkel, A. R., Jr., and Peterson, N. P., 1962, Copper in the Alberta, Canada, in Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Arctic; Internal. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-13. Alberta, Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Kinney, D. M., 1961, Employment trends and predictions: Toronto Press, p. 809-832. GeoTimes, v. 6, no. 4, p. 20-21. Keller, W. D., 1961, Glauconitic mica in the Morrison formation Kinoshita, W. T., 1962, A gravity survey of part of the Long in Colorado, U. S. A., inPetrologfaymineralogfa: Internal. Valley district, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Geol. Cong., 20th, Mexico, D. F., 1956 [Trabajos], sec. Up. 11-A, p. 121-131. Klein, Howard, and Sherwood, C. B., 1961a, Hydrologic condi­ Kelley, V. C., Baltz, E. H., Jr., and Bailey, R. A., 1961, Road tions in the vicinity of Levee 30, northern Dade County, log, Jemez Mountains and vicinity, iii New Mexico Geol. Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 24, pt. 1, 24 p. Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country, 12th Field 196Ib, Underseepage along Levee 30, Dade County, Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 46-47. Florida: Art. 317 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Kennedy, V. C., 1961, Geochemical studies of mineral deposits p. D36-D41. in the Lisbon Valley area, San Juan County, Utah: U. S. Klemic, Harry, 1962, Uranium occurrence in sedimentary rocks Geol. Survey open-file report, 157 p. in Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-D, p. 243- 1962, Geochemical studies of mineral deposits in the 287. Lisbon Valley area, San Juan County, Utah [abs.]: Dissert. Knechtel, M. M., Hamlin, H. P., Hosterman, J. W., and Car roll, Abs., v. 22, no. 9, p. 3154-3155. Dorothy, 1961, Physical properties of nonmarine Creta­ Kenner, W. E., 1961, Stage characteristics of Florida lakes: ceous clays in the Maryland Coastal Plain: MarylandDept. Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 31, 82 p. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 23, 11 p. 1962, Tidal flow investigations--St. Johns River at Jack­ Knechtel, M. M., and Patterson, S. H., 1962, Bentonite deposits sonville, Florida, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water of the northern Black Hills district, Wyoming, Montana, and Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, South Dakota: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082-M,p. 893-1030. Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, Knowles, D. B., Reade, H. L., Jr., and Scott, J. C., 1960, p. 297-298. Geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery Coun­ Kennon, F. W., 1961, Reservoir evaporation and seepage, Honey ty, Alabama, with special reference to the Montgomery Creek, Texas: Art. 50 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper area, basic data: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 68, pt. B, 424-B, p. B117-B119. 493 p. [1961]. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A221 Koberg, G. E., 1961, Evaluation of evaporation suppression Krieger, M. H., 1961, Troy quartzite (younger Precambrian) field test at Lake Sahuaro, in I960 Evaporation reduction and Bolsa and Abrigo formations (Cambrian), northern studies at Sahuaro Lake, Arizona, and 1959 monolayer Galiuro Mountains, southeastern Arizona: Art. 207 in behavior studies at Lake Mead, Arizona-Nevada, and U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C160-C164. Sahuaro Lake, Arizona: U. S. Bur. Reclamation Chem. Eng. 1962, Younger Precambrian "Troy" quartzite and the Lab. Rept. SI-32, p. 6-10. Cambrian formations in the northern end of the Galiuro 1962, U. S. Geological Survey evaluation of evaporation Mountains, Arizona [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper savings accomplished during Lake Cachuma, California, 68, p. 35-36. field tests, in Water loss investigations, Lake Cachuma, Krieger, R. A., 1961, Chemical quality conditions of the Green 1961--Evaporation reduction investigations: U. S. Bur. River at Munfordville, Kentucky, October 1956-September Reclamation Chem. Eng. Lab. Rept. SI-33, p. 33-41. 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 5 p. Koberg, G. E., and Daum, C. R., 1961, The Koberg-Daum Krinsley, D. B., 1961a, Late Pleistocene glaciation in northeast wind-direction and wind-velocity recorder: Art. 146 in Greenland, in Raasch, G. 0., ed., Geology of the Arctic: : U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B337-B3387 Internal. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, {Cohout, F. A., 1961a, Case history of salt water encroachment Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto caused by a storm sewer in Miami: Am. Water Works Press, p. 747-751. Assoc. Jour., v. 53, no. 11, p. 1406-1416. 1961b, Limnological investigations at Centrum S0, north­ " 1961b, Dispersion-motivated fluctuations of ground- east Greenland: Polarforschung 1960 (Holzminden, Ger­ water levels in wells: Art. 302 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. many), Jahrg. 30, Band 5, Heft 1-2, p. 24-32. j Paper 424-D, p. D24-D26. 1961c, Thermal regime during the thaw of Centrum S0, j 1961c, Fluctuations of ground-water levels caused by northeast Greenland: Art. 228 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 1 dispersion of salts: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 8, Paper 424-C, p. C219-C221. | p. 2429-2434; abs., Am. Geophys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., 1962, Thermal regime in the raised delta of Centrum Sj6, Washington, D. C., Apr. 1961, Program, p. 69-70. northeast Greenland: Art. 24 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 1962a, Relation of seaward and landward flow of ground Paper 450-B, B62-B65. water to salinity of Biscayne Bay at Miami, Florida [abs.], Krivoy, H. L., and Eaton, J. P., 1961, Preliminary gravity in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, survey of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Art. 360 in U. S. Geol. Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D205-D208. and Office Naval Research, p. 44. Kulp, W. K., 1961, Dispersion with oscillating flow in a granular H 1962b, Salt-water-encroachment studies in the Miami material: Art. 303 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, area, Florida--A review of research, in Natl. Coastal p. D26-D28. i and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Kunkel, Fred, 1962, Preliminary map showing valley-fill areas i Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval and source, occurrence, and movement of ground water in Research, p. 298-300. the western part of the Mojave Desert region, California: Kohout, F. A., and Hoy, N. D., 1962, Some aspects of sampling U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-31. salty ground in coastal aquifers: Natl. Water Well Assoc., Lachenbruch, A. H., 1961a, Depth and spacing of tension Tech. Div., 1961 Activities, p. 21-36. cracks: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 12, p. 4273- |Coloseus, H. J., 1961, Discussion of "Flume studies of flow in 4292. steep, rough channels," by D. F. Peterson and P. K. 196Ib, Mechanical aspects of the contraction theory of Mohanty (Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 86, Jour. ice-wedge polygons [abs.], in Raasch, G. 0., ed., Geology Hydraulics Div., no. HY 9, pt. 1, 1960,p. 55-76): Am. Soc. of the Arctic: Internal. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY Calgary, Alberta, Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, 4, pt. 1, p. 250-251. Univ. Toronto Press, p. 1020. | 1962, Discussion of "Roughness spacing in rigid open Lachenbruch, A. H., and Brewer, M. C., 1962, Geothermal channels," by W. W. Sayre and M. L. Albertson (Am. Soc. evidence for recent climatic change near Barrow, Alaska Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68,p. 117; Alaskan HY 3, pt. 1, p. 121-150): Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Sci. Conf., 12th, College, Aug. 28-Sept. 1, 1961, Proc., ; v. 88, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 1, pt. 1, p. 97-102. p. 127; jColoseus, H. J., and Davidian, Jacob, 1961, Flow in an artifi­ Lachenbruch, A. H., Greene, G. W., and Marshall, B. V., 1961, cially roughened channel: Art. 12 in U. S. Geol. Survey Preliminary results of geothermal studies of Ogoturuk Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B25-B26. ~~ Creek, AEC Project Chariot Test Site, northwestern Konizeski, R. L., 1961, Paleoecology of an early Oligocene Alaska [abs.]: Alaskan Sci. Conf., llth, Anchorage, Aug. 29- biota from Douglass Creek basin, Montana: Geol. Soc. Sept. 2, 1960, Proc., p. 167. America Bull., v. 72, no. 11, p. 1633-1642. Ladd, H. S., 1961, Reef building: Science, v. 134, no. 3481, Koopman, F. C., Irwin, J. H., and Jenkins, E. D., 1962, Use of p. 703-715. inflatable packers in multiple-zone testing of water wells: 1962, Memorial to Julia Anna Gardner (1882-1960): Art. 44 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B108- Geol. Soc. America Proc. 1960, p. 87-92. B109. LaFehr, T. R., 1961, Gravity survey in the eastern Snake River Koschmann, A. H., and Bergendahl, M. H., 1962, Gold in the Plain, Idaho--A progress report: U. S. Geol. Survey open- United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U. S. file report, 49 p. [1962]. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR -24. 1962, The estimation of depth using gravity data [abs.]: Koteff, Carl, 1961, A frost-wedged bedrock locality in south­ Soc. Explor. Geophysicists Yearbook 1962, p. 267. eastern Massachusetts: Art. 170 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Laird, L. B., 1962, Sediment transport as related to radioiso- Paper 424-C, p. C57-C58. ~~ tope movement in the Columbia River and Columbia River Kremp, G. O. W.,andAmes, H. T., 1961, Mesozoic and Tertiary estuary, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research spores and pollen, V. 14 of Catalog of fossil spores and Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. pollen: University Park, Pennsylvania, Palynolog. Labs., Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 300-301. Pennsylvania State Univ., 177 p. A222 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Lakin, H. W., 1961a, Geochemistry of selenium in relation to Lee, D. E., 1962, Grossularite-spessartite garnet from the agriculture, in Anderson, M. S., Selenium in agriculture: Victory mine, Gabbs, Nevada: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Agriculture Handb. 200, p. 3-12. nos. 1-2, p. 147-151. . 196Ib, Selenium content of soils, in Anderson, M. S., Lee, K.-Y., and Powell, J. E., 1961, Geology and ground-water Selenium in agriculture: U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Agricul­ resources of glacial deposits in the Flandreau area, ture Handb. 200, p. 27-34. Brookings, Lake, and Moody Counties, South Dakota: South 196Ic, Vertical and lateral distribution of selenium in Dakota Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 87, 117 p. sedimentary rocks of western United States, in Anderson, LeFever, F. F., 1961, Some hydraulic and hydrologic aspects M. S., Selenium in agriculture: U. S. Dept. Agriculture, of Nebraska floods: Nebraska State Irrigation Assoc., 68th Agriculture Handb. 200, p. 12-24. Ann. Convention, Sidney, Nebraska, Dec. 1960, Proc., Landen, David, 1962, Research on target design for photoiden- p. 129-142. tification of control: Art. 58 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Leggat, E. R., 1962, Development of ground water in the El Paso Paper 450-B, p. B137-B140. district, Texas, 1955-60, Progress Report no. 8: Texas Landis, E. R., 1962, Uranium and other trace elements in Water Comm. Bull. 6204, 56 p. Devonian and Mississippian black shales in the central Mid- Leggat, E. R., Lowry, M. E., and Hood, J. W., 1962, Ground- continent area: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-E,p. 289-336. water resources of the lower Mesilla Valley, Texas, and Landis, E. R., Shoemaker, E. M., and Elston, D. P., 1961, New Mexico: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6203, 191 p. Early and late growth of the Gypsum Valley salt anticline, LeGrand, H. E., 1961, Summary of geology of Atlantic Coastal San Miguel County, Colorado: Art. 197 in U. S. Geol. Sur­ Plain: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, vey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C131-C136. no. 9, p. 1557-1571. Lane, C. W.,Reavis, E. L.,andStramel, G. J., 1962, Emergency 1962a, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the water supplies in the Wichita area, Kansas: U. S. Geol. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain as related to disposal of Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-58. radioactive wastes: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-805, Lang, J. W., 1961, Ground water in Eocene rocks in the Jackson 169 p. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commis­ dome area, Mississippi: Art. 312 in U. S. Geol. Survey sion.) Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D50-D52. ~ 1962b, Graphic evaluation of hydrogeologic factors in Lang, S. M., 196la, Appraisal of the ground-water reservoir management of radioactive wastes, in Ground Disposal of areas in Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources Radioactive Wastes Conf., 2d, Chalk River, Canada, Coordinating Board Geol. Bull. 11, 38 p. Sept. 26-29, 1961, Proc.: U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. 196lb, Methods for determining the proper spacing of Rept. TID-7628, p. 67-76. wells in artesian aquifers: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 1962c, Observational hydrogeology [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Paper 1545-B, p. B1-B16. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 216-217. 196 Ic, Natural movement of ground water at a site on the 1962d, Research on radioactive-waste disposal in the Mullica River in the Wharton Tract, southern New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Art. 313 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D52- Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, D54. Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, Lang, S. M., and Rhodehamal, E. C., 1962, Movement of ground p. 301-304. water beneath the bed of the Mullica River in the Wharton Leher, R. E., Tagg, K. M., Bell, M. M., and Roberts, R. J., Tract, southern New Jersey: Art. 36 in U. S. Geol. Survey 1961, Preliminary geologic map of Eureka County, Nevada: Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B90-B92. U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-178 Langbein, W. B., 1961a, Reservoir storage--General solution of [1962]. a queue model: Art. 298 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Lemmon, D. M., and Tweto, O. L., 1961, Tungsten in the United 424-D, p. D13-D15. States: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. 1961b, Salinity and hydrology of closed lakes: U. S. Geol. Leo, G. W., 1961, The plutonic and metamorphic rocks of Ben Survey Prof. Paper 412, 20 p. [1962]. Lomond Mountain, Santa Cruz County, California [abs.]: 1962a, Hydraulics of river channels as related to navi­ Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 2, p. 539-540. gability: U. S. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1539-W, p. Wl- Leonard, A. R., 1960a, Problems in protecting and developing W30. underground waters in Oklahoma: Oklahoma Water, Sewage, 1962b, Progress report on an international decade for and Indus. Wastes Assoc., AnmMtg., Still water, Nov. 1960, hydrology: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 43, no. 1, p. 9. Proc., p. 51-55 [1961]. 1962c, The water supply of arid valleys in intermountain 1960b, Underground water supplies: Oklahoma Water, regions in relation to climate: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Sewage, and Indus. Wastes Assoc., Ann. Mtg., Stillwater, Hydrology Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), 7e ann6e.no. l,p. 34- Nov. 1960, Proc., p. 113-117 [1961], 39. Leonard, A. R., and Ward, P. E., 1962, Use of Na/Cl ratios to Larsen, E. S., Jr., and Gottfried, David, 1961, Distribution of distinguish oil-field from salt-spring brines in western uranium in rocks and minerals of Mesozoic batholiths in Oklahoma: Art. 52 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, Western United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1070-C, p. B126-B127. p. 63-103. Leonard, B. F., 1962, Old metavolcanic rocks of the Big Creek LaSala, A. M., Jr., 196la, Ground-water levels in Connecticut, area, central Idaho: Art. 5inU. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1956-1959: Connecticut Water Resources Comm., Connect­ 450-B, p. B11-B15. icut Water Resources Bull. 2, 33 p. Leonard, B. F., and Buddington, A. F., 1961, Iron ores of St. 196lb, Surficial geology of the Southington quadrangle, Lawrence County, northwest Adirondacks, New York: Art. Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-146. 35 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B76-B80. Laurence, R. A., 1961, Report of igneous rock near Rome, Leonard, B. F., and Vlisidis, A. C., 1961, Vonsenite at the Georgia, is erroneous: Georgia Mineral Newsletter, v. 14, Jayville magnetite deposit, St. Lawrence County, New York: nos. 2-3, p. 39-41. Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 7-8, p. 786-811. PUBLICATIONS EST FISCAL YEAR 1962 A223 Leopold, L. B., 1962a, A national network of hydrologic bench Littler, Janet, Fahey, J. J., Dietz, R. S., and Chao, E. C. T., marks: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 460-B, 4 p. 1962, Coesite from the Lake Bosumtwi Crater, Ashanti, 1962b, The man and the hill: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. Ghana [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 218. 460-A, 5 p. Loeltz, O. J., 1961, Ground-water investigations in Nevada: 1962c, The vigil network: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Nevada Water Conf., 15th, Carson City, Sept. 28-29, 1961, Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), ?e ann6e, no. 2, p. 5-9. (Based Proc., p. 81-83 [1962]. on U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 460-A, 1962.) Loeltz, O. J., and Malmberg, G. T., 1961, The ground-water Leopold, L. B., and Hendricks, E. L., 1961, Philosophy for situation in Nevada, 1960: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. water development: Georgia Mineral Newsletter, v. 14, Resources, Ground-Water Resources Inf. Ser. Rept. 1, nos. 2-3, p. 58-60. 20 p. Leopold, L. B., and Langbein, W. B., 1962, The concept of Loeltz, O. J., Morgan, A. M., Murray, C. R., and Theis, C. V., entropy in landscape evolution: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 1962, Four ground-water studies near Lordsburg, New Paper 500-A, p. A1-A20. Mexico; New Mexico State Engineer, 16th-17th Bienn. Leppanen, 0. E., 1961, Methods for study of evapotranspira- Repts., July 1, 1942-June 30,. 1946, D. 261-291. tion: Art. 21 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Lofgren, B. E., 1961, Measurement of compaction of aquifer p. B43-B45. systems in areas of land subsidence: Art. 24 in U. S. Geol. Lester, C. M., 1961, Variation of Manning's n in a smooth Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B49-B52. rectangular open channel: Art. 159 in U. S. Geol. Survey 1962, Map showing land subsidence in theTulare-Wasco Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C34-C35. area, California, 1959-62: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file Leve, G. W., 1961, Preliminary investigation of ground-water report. resources of northeast Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Lohman, K. E., 1961, Geologic ranges of Cenozoic nonmarine Circ. 27, 28 p. diatoms: Art. 373 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Levin, Betsy, and Friedman, Irving, 1962, Deuterium in hydrous p. D234-D236. minerals of the southern California batholith [abs.]: Am. 1962, Stratigraphic and paleoecologic significance of 1 Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. Tertiary diatoms of California and Nevada [abs.]: Am. 1962, Program, p. 73. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 46, no. 2, p. 271- Lewis, C. R., 1962, Icing mound on Sadlerochit River, Alaska: 272. Arctic, v. 15, no. 2, p. 145-150. Lohman, S. W., 1960, Colorado National Monument and ad jacent Lewis, D. D., 1961, The use of water by riparian vegetation: areas, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the geology of Arizona Watershed Symposium, 5th Ann., Phoenix, Sept. Colorado, p. 86-88. 1961, Proc. p. 27-31. 196la, Abandonment of Unaweep Canyon, Mesa County, Lewis, G. E., 1960, Fossil vertebrates and sedimentary rocks Colorado, by capture of the Colorado and GunnisonRivers: of the Front Range foothills, Colorado, in Geol. Soc. Art. 60 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B144- America, Guide to the geology of Colorad67p. 285-288. B146. Lewis, G. E., Irwin, J. H., and Wilson, R. F., 1961, Age of the 196lb, Compression of elastic artesian aquifers: Art. 23 Glen Canyon group (Triassic and Jurassic) on the Colorado in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B47-B49. Plateau: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 9, p. 1437- Loney, R. A., 1961, Structure and stratigraphy of the Pybus- 1440. Gambier area, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file re­ Lewis, J. G., 1961, Contrast control for diapositives: Photo- port, 200 p. i grammetric Eng., v. 27, no. 4, p. 605-611. Long, A. T., 1962, Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Lichler, W. F., 1962, Contour map of Orange County, Florida, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6208, 123 p. showing the piezometric surface at average conditions, Long, R. A., 1962, Ground-water conditions, in St. Charles July 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Parish resources and facilities: Louisiana Dept. Public Lieberman, J. A., andSimpson, E. S., I960, Practices and prob­ Works, p. 28-29. lems in disposal of radioactive washes into the ground: Love, J. D., 1961a, Definition of Green River, Great Divide, Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. (Louvain, Belgium), and Washakie basins, southwestern Wyoming: Am. Assoc. no. 52, p. 581-591. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 10, p. 1749-1755. Liesch, B. A., and Norvitch, R. F., 1961, Map of the Chisholm- 1961b, Reconnaissance study of Quaternary faults in Dewey Lake area, Minnesota, showing surficial geology and and south of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: Geol. contours on the piezometric surface: U. S. Geol. Survey Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 12, p. 1749-1764. open-file report. 196 Ic, Split Rock formation (Miocene) and Moonstone Lindberg, M. L., 1962, Manganoan lipscombite from the Sapu- formation (Pliocene) in central Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Sur­ caia pegmatite mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil--First occur­ vey Bull. 1121-1, p. 11-139. rence of lipscombite in nature: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, 1961d, Vanadium and associated elements in the Phos- nos. 3-4, p. 353-359. phoria formation in the Afton area, western Wyoming: Art. Lindvall, R. M., 1961, Geology of the Boxelder quadrangle, 250 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C279- Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-338 C282. [1962]. Love, S. K., 1961, Water quality definitions and research: Am. 1962a, Geology of the Eagle Buttes quadrangle, Choteau Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 53, no. 11, p. 1366-1370. County, Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map Lovering, T. G., 1961, A glossary of statistical terms and sym­ 1-349. bols used in geological reports: GeoTimes, v. 6, no. 3, 1962b, Geology of the Eskay quadrangle, Chouteau and p. 45-48. Blaine Counties, Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Lubke, E. R., 1961a, Hydrogeology oftheHuntington-Smithtown Inv. Map 1-353. area, Suffolk County, New York: U. S. Geol. Survey open- Litsey, L. R., 1960, Geology near Orient mine, Sangre de Cristo file report, 125 p. Mountains, Colorado, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the geology of Colorado, p. 129-131. A224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Lubke, E. R., 196lb, Relation of discharge rate to drawdown in McGovern, H. E., 1961, Records, logs, and water-level meas­ wells in Oahu, Hawaii: Art. 359in_U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. urements of selected wells and test holes, and chemical Paper 424-D, p. D204-D205. analysis of ground water in Washington County, Colorado: Luedke, R. G., and Burbank, W. S., 1961, Central vent ash-flow Colorado Water Conserv. Board [Ground-Water Ser.] eruption, western San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Art. 326 Basic-Data Rept. 6, 26 p. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D94-D96. McGovern, H. E., and Coffin, D. L., 1962, How much do we know 1962a, Evolution of the Silvertoncaldera [abs.]: Internal. about ground water in the Colorado High Plains? [abs.]: Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. Council Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 314-315. Japan, Abs., p. 32-33. McKee, E. D., 1962, Inorganic sedimentary structures [abs.]: 1962b, Geology of the Ouray quadrangle, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 228. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-152. McKee, E. D., and Sterrett, T. S., 1961, Laboratory experi­ Lusby, G. C., 1961, Hydrology of small grazed and ungrazed ments on form and structure of longshore bars and drainage basins,/ Badger Wash area, western Colorado: beaches, in Peterson, J. A., and Osmond, J. C., eds., Art. 59 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B-141- Geometry of sandstone bodies A Symposium: Tulsa, Okla­ B143. homa, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, p. 13-28. Lusczynski, N. J., 196 la, Filter-press method of extracting McKeown, F. A., and Dickey, D. D., 1961, Interim report on water samples for chloride analysis: U. S. Geol. Survey geologic investigations of the U12e tunnel system, Nevada Water-Supply Paper 1544-A, p. A1-A8. Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey open- 196lb, Head and flow of ground water of variable density: file report, 16 p. Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 12, p. 4247-4256. Mack, F. K., and Richardson, C. A., 1962, Ground-water sup­ 1962, Further investigation of salt-water encroachment plies for industrial and urban development in Anne Arundel in coastal aquifers in southern Nassau County, Long Island, County, Maryland: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, New York, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research 126 p. Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Mack, L. E., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 305-306. Ottawa County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 154, Lusczynski, N. J., andSwarzenski, W. V., 1961, Fresh and salty 145 p. ground water beneath the barrier beaches of southwestern MacKichan, K. A., and Kammerer, J. C., 1961, Estimated use Long Island, New York: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file re­ of water in the United States, 1960: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. port, 43 p. 456, 44 p. [1962]. 1962, Fresh and salty ground water beneath the barrier McKnight, E. T., Newman, W. L., and Heyl, A. V., Jr., 1962a, beaches of southwestern Long Island, New York, in Natl. Lead in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, OctTl96l, U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-15. Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office 1962b, Zinc in the United States, exclusive of Alaska Naval Research, p. 307. and Hawaii: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map Lyons, J. B., 1961, Uranium and thorium in the older plutonic MR-19. rocks of New Hampshire: Art. 32 in U. S. Geol. Survey McLaughlin, T. G., 196la, Activities of the U. S. Geological Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B69-B71. Survey in the development of the water resources of the Mabey, D. R., 1961, Regional magnetic and gravity anomalies in South Platte Basin: Missouri Basin Inter-Agency Comm., the Darwin area, California: Art. 249 in U. S. Geol. Survey 120th Mtg., Fort Collins, Colorado, Aug. 1961, Minutes, Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C276-C279. App. P. McAllister, J. F., 1961, Sborgite in the Furnace Creek area, 196lb, Cooperative ground-water programs in the west­ California: Art. 129 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper ern states: Assoc. Western States Engineers, 34th Ann. 424-B, p. B299-B301. Mtg., Bismarck, North Dakota, Aug. 1961, Proc., p. 108- McCarren, E. F., Wark, J. W., and George, J. R., 1961, Hydro- 112. logic processes diluting and neutralizing acid streams of the 1962, Development of ground water in an interior basin, Swatara Creek basin, Pennsylvania: Art. 317 in U. S. Geol. U.S.A.: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 22 p. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D64-D67. McMaster, W. M., I960, Interim report on ground-water studies McCarthy, J. H., Jr., Levering, T. S., and Lakin, H. W., 1961, in the Athens area, Alabama, through January 1960: Ala­ Density comparison method for the determination of bama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 23, 72 p. Q18/Q16 ratios in prepared waters: Art. 292 in U. S. Geol. 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of the Athens Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C387-C389. area, Alabama: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 77 p. MacCary, L. M., and Lambert, T. W., 1962, Reconnaissance of McMillion, L. G., 1961, A review of the major ground water ground-water resources of the Jackson Purchase region. formations in Texas: Western Resources Conf. [2d], Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-13, 9 p. Ground Water Sec., Boulder, Colorado, Aug. 1960, 10 p. McClymonds, N. E., 1961, Effects of a buried anticline on ground McMurtrey, R. G., 1961, Ground-water functions in the yields water in Nava jo sandstone in the Copper Mine-Preston Mesa of type stream basins [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, area, Coconino County, Arizona: Art. 321 in U. S. Geol. v. 66, no. 10, p. 3566. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D79-D81. MacNeil, F. S., 1961, Lituyapecten (New subgenus of Patin- McCoy, H. J., 1962, Ground-water resources of Collier County, opecten) from Alaska and California: U. S. Geol. Survey Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 98p. Prof. Paper 354-J, p. 225-239 [1962]. McDonald, C. C., 1961, Studies of the hydrology of the lower MacNeil, F. S., Wolfe, J. A., Miller,D. J., and Hopkins, D. M., Colorado River area: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 1961, Correlation of Tertiary formations of Alaska: Am. 8 p. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 11, p. 1801- Macdonald, G. A., and Hubbard, D. H., 1961, Volcanoes of the 1809. National Parks in Hawaii: 2d ed., revised, Hawaii Nat. McQueen, I. S., 1961, Some factors influencing streambank History Assoc., in coop, with U. S. Natl. Park Service, erodibility: Art. 14 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 41 p. 424-B, p. B28-B29. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A225 McQueen, I. S., and Daum, C. R., 1961, Direct-reading con­ Matalas, N. C., 1962, Statistical properties of tree ring data: ductivity bridge: Art. 29 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), 424-B, p. B63-B65. 7e anne'e, no. 2, p. 39-47. Maddock, Thomas, Jr., 1960, Erosion control on Five Mile Matalas, N. C., and Benson, M. A., 1961, Effect of interstation Creek, Wyoming: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. correlation on regression analysis: Jour. Geophys. Re­ (Louvain, Belgium), no. 53, p. 170-181. search, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3285-3293. Malde, H. E., 1961, Patterned ground of possible solifluction Mattingly, A. L., 1961, Chemical and physical quality of water origin at low altitude in the western Snake River Plain, resources in the St. Lawrence River Basin, New York Idaho: Art. 71 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, State: New York State Dept. Commerce Bull. 4, 96 p. p. B170-B173. Mattson, P. H., 1962a, Unconformity between Cretaceous and Mallory, W. W., I960, Outline of Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of Eocene rocks in central Puerto Rico [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Colorado, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the geology of America Spec. Paper 68, p. 226. Colorado, p. 23-33. 1962b, Unconformity between Cretaceous and Eocene Malmberg, G. T., 1961, A summary of the hydrology of the Las rocks in central Puerto Rico [abs.]: Caribbean Geol. Conf., Vegas ground-water basin, Nevada, with special reference 3d, Kingston, Jamaica, Apr. 2-11,1962,Programme,p.29. to the available supply: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. Maughan, E. K., 1961, Geology of the Vaughn quadrangle, Resources, Water Resources Bull. 18, 23 p. Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-135. Mamay, S. H., and Yochelson, E. L., 1962, Occurrence and sig­ Maughan, E. K., and Wilson, R. F., 1960, Pennsylvanian and nificance of marine animal remains in American coal balls: Permian strata in southern Wyoming and northern Colo­ U, S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-1, p. 193-224. rado, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the geology of Mapel, W. J., and Pillmore, C. L., 1962, Stream directions in Colorado, p. 34-42. the Lakota Formation (Cretaceous) in the northern Black Maxwell, B. W., and Devaul, R. W., 1962, Reconnaissance of Hills, Wyoming and South Dakota: Art. 13 inU. S. Geol. ground-water resources in the Western Coal Field region, Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B35-B37. Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1599, Marcher, M. V., 1961, The Tuscaloosa gravel in Tennessee and 34 p. its relation to the structural development of the Mississippi Maxwell, C. H., 1962, Major structural features of the Minas embayment syncline: Art. 40 hi U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Series in central Minas Gerais, Brazil [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Paper 424-B, p. B90-B93. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 227. 1962a, Crinoidal bioherms in the Fort Payne chert May, Irving, and Cuttitta, Frank, 1961, Completeness ofpreci- (Mississippian) along Caney Fork River, Tennessee [abs.]: pitation of selenium as the element: Art. 431 in U. S. Geol. Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Sec., Ann. Mtg., Atlanta, Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D394-D395. Georgia, Apr. 1962, Program, p. 22-23. May, Irving, and Grimaldi, F. S., 1961, Determination of 1962b, Petrography of Mississippian limestones and beryllium in ores and rocks by a dilution-fluorometric cherts from the northwestern Highland Rim, Tennessee method with morin: Anal. Chemistry, v. 33, no. 9, p. 1251- [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 77. 1253. Marine, I. W., 1961a, Correlation of water-level fluctuations May, Irving, Schnepfe, Marian, and Naeser, C. R., 1961, Inter­ with climatic cycles in the Oklahoma Panhandle: U. S. action of anhydrite with solutions of strontium and cesium: Geol. Survey open-file report, 17 p. Art. 407 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D336- 1961b, Subdividing the Jordan Valley ground-water basin, D338. Utah: Art. 336 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Meade, R. H., Jr., 1961a, Compaction of montmorillonite-rich p. D132-D134. sediments in western Fresno County, California: Art. 324 1962, Water-supply possibilities at Capitol Reef National in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D89-D92. Monument, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 196lb, X-ray diffractometer method for measuringpre- 1475-G, p. 201-208. ferred orientation in clays: Art. 116 in U. S. Geol. Survey Marine, I. W., and Schoff, S. L., 1962, Ground-water resources Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B273-B276. of Beaver County, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 196lc, Compaction and development of preferred orienta­ 97, 74 p. tion in clayey sediments [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 21, no. 11, Marsh, O. T., 1961, Reliability of rotary-drilling samples from p. 3421. clay beds: Water Well Jour., v. 15, no. 10, p. 8-9, 36-38. Meier, M. F., 196la, Distribution and variations of glaciers in 1962a, Geology of the western Florida panhandle [abs.]: the United States exclusive of Alaska: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 224. Hydrology Pub. (Louvain, Belgium), no. 54, p. 420-429. 1962b, Relation of Bucatunna Clay Member (Byram 1961b, Mass budget of South Cascade Glacier, 1957-60: Formation, Oligocene) to geology and ground water of Art. 86 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B206- westernmost Florida: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, B211. no. 2, p. 243-251. Meier, M. F., and Johnson, J. N., 1962, The kinematic wave on Marshall, C. H., 1961, Thickness of the Procellarian system, Nisqually Glacier, Washington [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Re­ Letronne region of the Moon: Art. 361 inU. S. Geol. Survey search, v. 67, no. 2, p. 886. Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D208-D211. ~~ Meier, M. F., andTangborn, W. V., 1961, Distinctive character­ 1962, Thickness of the Procellarian System, Letronne istics of glacier runoff: Art. 7 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. region of the Moon [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper Paper 424-B, p. B14-B16. 68, p. 225. Meinschein, W. G., Sagan, Carl, and Sis ler, F. D., 1961, Organic Marvin, R. F., Shafer, G. H., and Dale, O. C., 1962, Ground- matter and life in meteorites: Lunar and Planetary Explor. water resources of Victoria and Calhoun Counties, Texas: Colloquium Proc., v. 2, no. 4, p. 49-73. (For section by Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 6202, 139 p. F. D. Sisler, see p. 67-72.) Mason, C. C., 1962, Availability of ground water from the Meisler, Harold, 1962, Origin of the erosional surfaces in the Goliad Sand in the Alice area, Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Lebanon Valley, Pennsylvania [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America open-file report, 130 p. Spec. Paper 68, p. 229. A226 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Meisler, Harold, and Longwill, S. M., 1961, Ground-water re­ correction, Soc. Mining Engineers [of AIME] Trans., sources of Olmsted Air Force Base, Middletown, Pennsyl­ v. 223, no. 2, 1962, p. 137. vania: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1539-H, Miller, D. J., 1961, Stratigraphic occurrence of Lituyapecten p. H1-H34. in Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-K, p. 241- Menke, C. G., 1962, Removal of natural color-causing sub­ 249 [1962]. stances in laboratory analyses: Am. Water Works Assoc. Miller, E. G., 1962, Statement of proceedings of First National Jour., v. 54, no. 3, p. 303-306. Shallow Water Research Conference, October 1961, in Merewether, E. A., 1961, Thickening of the Atoka formation Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. in the central part of the Arkansas Valley, northwestern 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Arkansas: Art. 182 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Office Naval Research, p. 308-309. 424-C, p. C85-C87. Miller, E. G., and McCall, J. E., 1961, New Jersey streamflow Merriam, C. W., 1961, Silurian and Devonian rocks of the Kla- records analyzed with electronic computer: New Jersey math Mountains, California: Art. 216 in U. S. Geol. Survey Dept. Conserv. and Econ. Devel., Div. Water Policy and Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C188-C190. Supply, Water Resources Circ. 6, 91 p. Merritt, P. M., 1961, Water levels in observation wells in Miller, J. C., 1962a, Geology of waterpower sites on Crater Santa Barbara County, California, in 1960: U. S. Geol. Lake, Long Lake, and Speel River near Juneau, Alaska: Survey open-file report, 51 p. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1031-D, p. 71-101. Mertie, J. B., Jr., 1961, Analytic classification and quadri- 1962b, Geology of waterpower sites on Scenery, Cascade, planar charting of analyses with nine or more components: and Delta Creek near Petersburg, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Sur­ Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 5-6, p. 613-628. vey Bull. 1031-E, p. 103-125. 1962, Memorial to Louis Marcus Prindle (1865-1956): Miller, J. P., 1961, Solutes in small streams draining rock Geol. Soc. America Proc. 1960, p. 139-141. types, Sangre de Cristo Range, New Mexico: U. S. Geol. Mesnier, G. N., Oltman, R. E., and Langbein, W. B., 1961, Survey Water-Supply Paper 1535-F, p. F1-F23. Reservoir storage for short-period streamflow regulation: Miller, R. D., 1961, Economic significance of a buried bedrock Art. 297 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D12- bench beneath the Missouri River flood plain near Council D13. Bluffs, Iowa: Art. 130 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Metzger, D. G., 196la, Geohydrologic investigations of the lower 424-B, p. B301-B303. Colorado River valley: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Miller, R. D., Parshall, E. E., and Crandell, D. R., 1961, Me­ 8 P. chanical control for the time-lapse motion-picture photog­ 196lb, Geology in relation to availability of water along raphy of geologic processes: Art. 135 in U. S. Geol. Sur­ the south rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: U. S. vey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B313-B316. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1475-C, p. 105-138. Miller, R. D., and Scott, G. R., 1961, Late Wisconsin age of Meuschke, J. L., McCaslin, W. E., and others, 1962, Aero- terrace alluvium along the North Loup River, central magnetic map of part of the Pend Oreille area, Idaho: Nebraska A revision: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 2 sheets. no. 8, p. 1283-1284. Meyer, Gerald, 1960, Chemical composition of fresh ground Miller, R. E., 1961a, Compaction of an aquifer system computed water in West Virginia: West Virginia Acad. Sci. Proc. from consolidation tests and decline in artesian head: Art. 1960, v. 32, p. 162-166. 26 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B54-B58. Meyers, J. S., 1962, Evaporation from the 17 Western States, 1961b, Land subsidence in the Los Banos-Kettleman City with a section on Evaporation rates, by T. J. Nordenson, area, 1957-59: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report [Map]. U. S. Weather Bureau: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Miller, R. F.,Branson, F. A.,McQueen,I.S., and Culler, R. C., 272-D, p. 71-100. 1961, Soil moisture under juniper and pinyon compared with Meyrowitz, Robert, and Ross, D. R., 1961, The synthesis of moisture under grassland in Arizona: Art. 98 in U. S. large crystals of andersonite: Art. 113 in U. S. Geol. Sur­ Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B233-B235. vey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B266. Miller, R. F., and Ratzlaff, K. W., 1961, Water movement and Meyrowitz, Robert, and Westley, Harold, 1961, The stability ion distribution in soils: Art. 22 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. of the arsenic tribromide immersion liquids during stor­ Paper 424-B, p. B45-B46. age: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 5-6, p. 761-762. Milton, Charles, 1961, Mineralogy and petrology of the Green Miesch, A. T., 196la, Classification of elements in Colorado River formation of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado: New Plateau uranium deposits and multiple stages of minerali­ York Acad. Sci. Trans., ser. 2, v. 23, no. 7, p. 561-567. zation: Art. 123 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Milton, Charles, Ingram, B. L., and Blade, L. V., 1961, Kim- p. B289-B291. zeyite, a zirconium garnet from Magnet Cove, Arkansas: 1961b, Geochemistry of the Frenchy Incline uranium Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 5-6, p. 533-548. deposit, San Miguel County, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Milton, D. J., 1961, Geology of the Old Speck Mountain quad­ open-file report, 112 p. rangle, Maine: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 190 p. 1962a, Compositions of sandstone host rocks of uranium Minard, J. P., 1961, End moraines on Kittatinny Mountain, deposits: Soc. Mining Engineers [of AIME] Trans., v. 223, Sussex County, New Jersey: Art. 172 in U. S. Geol. Survey no. 2, p. 178-184; abs., Mining Eng.,v. 13, no. 11, p. 1256. Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C61-C64. 1962b, Computing mineral compositions of sedimentary Minard, J. P., Owens, J. P., andTodd, Ruth, 1961, Redefinition rocks from chemical analyses: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 32, of the Mount Laurel sand (Upper Cretaceous) in New Jersey: no. 2, p. 217-225. Art. 173 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C64- 1962c, Geochemistry of the Frenchy Incline uranium de­ C67. posit, San Miguel County, Colorado [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., Mink, J. F., 1962, Rainfall and runoff in the leeward Koolau v. 22, no. 9, p. 3156. Mountains, Oahu, Hawaii: Pacific Sci., v. 16,no. 2, p. 147- Miesch, A. T., and Riley, L. B., 1961, Basic statistical meas­ 159. ures used in geochemical investigations of Colorado Pla­ Miser, H. D., 1962, Memorial to George Willis Stose (1869- teau uranium deposits: Am. Inst. Mining, Metal., and 1960): Geol. Soc. America Proc. I960, p. 143-149. Petroleum Engineers Trans. 1961, v. 220, p. 247-251; PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A227 Mitchell, W. D., 1961, Eflect ot artiticial storage on peak flow; 1962, K/Na ratio of Cenozoic igneous rocks of the west­ Art. 6 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B12- ern United States: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 26, B14. p. 101-130. 1962, Effect of reservoir storage on peak flow; U. S. Moore, J. G., and Dodge, F. C., 1962, Mesozoic age of meta- Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1580-C, p. C1-C25. morphic rocks in the Kings River area, southern Sierra Moench, R. H., 1962a, Properties and par agenesis of coffinite Nevada, California: Art. 7 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. from the Woodrow mine, New Mexico: Am. Mineralogist, Paper 450-B, p. B19-B21. v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 26-33. Moore, J. G., Grantz, Arthur, and Blake, M. C., Jr., 1961, The 1962b, Vanadium-rich garnet from Laguna, New Mexico: quartz diorite line in northwestern North America: Art. Art. 26 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B,p.B67- 183 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C87-C90. B69. Moore, J. G., and Peck, D. L., 1962, Accretionary lapilli in Moench, R. H., Harrison, J. E., and Sims, P. K., 1962, Pre- volcanic rocks of the western continental United States: cambrian folding in the Idaho Springs-Central City area. Jour. Geology, v. 70, no. 2, p. 182-183. Front Range, Colorado: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, Moore, S. L., 1961, Geology of the Austin quadrangle, Kentucky: no. 1, p. 35-58. U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-173. Mohler, F. C., and Bishop, E. W., 1961, Gulf coast basins Morey, G. W., and Fournier, R. O., 1961,The decomposition of reconnaissance study: Tallahassee, Florida Dept. Water microcline, albite and nepheline in hot water: Am. Min­ Resources, [45] p. eralogist, v. 46, nos. 5-6, p. 688-699. Monroe, W. H., 1962a, Geology of the Manati quadrangle, Morey, G. W., Fournier, R. O., Hemley, J. J., and Rowe, J. J., i Puerto Rico: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1961a, Field measurements of silica in waters from hot I 1-334. springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park: Art. 1962b, Stratigraphic relations and sedimentation of the 269 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C333- Oligocene and Miocene formations of northern Puerto C336. Rico [abs.]: Caribbean Geol. Conf., 3d, Kingston, Jamaica, 1961b, Silica in the thermal waters of Yellowstone Park Apr. 2-11, 1962, Programme, p. 32. [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 8,p. 2548; Am. Monroe, W. H., and Pease, M. H., Jr., 1962, Preliminary Geophys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. geologic map of the Bayamon quadrangle, Puerto Rico: 1961, Program, p. 60. U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-347. Morgan, C. O., 1961, Ground-water conditions in the Baton Moore, G. W., 1961a, Sinterbildung aus Dolomit (dolomite Rouge area, 1954-59, with special reference to increased speleothems) [California and Nevada]: Hohle (Vienna), pumpage: Louisiana Geol. Survey Water Resources Bull. 2, Jahrg. 12, Heft 4, p. 150-151, in German and English. 78 p. 196lb, Sorting of beach sediment, northwestern Alaska: Morgan, C. O., and Winner, M. D., Jr., 1962, Hydrochemical Art. 220 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C198- facies in the "400-foot" and "600-foot" sands of the Baton C200. Rouge area, Louisiana: Art. 50 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Moore, G. W., and Giddings, J. L., 1962, Record of 5000 years Paper 450-B, p. B120-B123. of Arctic wind direction recorded by Alaskan beach ridges Morris, D. A., and Johnson, A. I., 1960, Correlation of Atter- [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 232. berg limits with geology of deep cores from subsidence Moore, G. W., Roberson, C. E., and Nygren, H. D., 1962, areas in California: Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Electrode determination of the carbon dioxide content of Tech. Pub. 254, p. 183-189. sea water and deep-sea sediment: Art. 33 in U. S. Geol. Morris, D. A., andKulp, W. K., 1961,Mechanical uniform pack­ Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B83-B86. ing of porous media: Art. 305 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Moore, H. J., 2d, Gault, D. E., Lugn, R. V., and Shoemaker, Paper 424-D, p. D31-D32. E. M., 1961, Hypervelocity impact of steel into Coconino Morris, H. T., 1962, Geologic map of the Mammoth mine area, sandstone, in Proceedings of the Geophysical Laboratory- Tintic district, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Cratering Symposium, Morris, H. T., and Lovering, T. G., 1961, Stratigraphy of the Washington, D. C., March 28-29, 1961: California, Univ., East Tintic Mountains, Utah, with a section on Quaternary Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. Rept. UCRL-6438, deposits, by H. D. Goode: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Pt. 2, Paper N, p. N1-N23. (Report prepared for U. S. 361, 145 p. [1962]. Atomic Energy Commission.) Morrison, R. B., 196la, A suggested Pleistocene-Recent Moore, H. J., 2d, and Morris, E. C., 1962, "Silicone compound," (Holocene) boundary for the Great Basin region, Nevada- a substitute for vaseline as a powder binder for glass fiber Utah: Art. 330 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, mounts in X-ray diffraction cameras: Am. Mineralogist, p. D115-D116. v. 47, nos. 5-6, p. 779-781. 1961b, Correlation of the deposits of Lakes Lahontan and Moore, J. E., 1961, Records of wells, test holes and springs in Bonneville and the glacial sequences of the Sierra Nevada the Nevada Test Site and surrounding area: U.S. Geol. Sur­ and Wasatch Mountains, California, Nevada, and Utah: Art. vey Rept. TEI-781, 22 p. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic 332 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D122-D124. Energy Commission.) 1961c, Lake Lahontan stratigraphy and history in the 1962, Selected logs and drilling records of wells and test Carson Desert (Fallon) area, Nevada: Art. 329 m U. S. holes drilled at the Nevada Test Site prior to I960: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D111-D114. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-804, open-file report, 53 p. (Re­ 196 Id, New evidence on the history of Lake Bonneville port prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) from an area south of Salt Lake City, Utah: Art. 333 in Moore, J. E., and Garber, M. S., 1962, Ground-water test well U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D125-D127. B, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Sur[ Mosburg, Shirley, Ross, D. R., Bethke, P. M., and Toulmin, vey Rept. TEI-808, open-file report, 39 p. (Report prepared Priestley, 3d, 1961, X-ray powder data for herzenbergite, for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) teallite, and tin trisulfide: Art. 273 in U. S. Geol. Survey Moore, J. G., 1961, Preliminary geologic map of Lyon, Douglas, Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C347-C348. Ormsby, and part of Washoe Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-80. A228 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Moston, R. P., and Johnson, A. I., 1961, Geophysical explora­ Mundorff, M. J., and Travis, W. I., 1962, Water supply for a tion of wells as an aid in location of salt-water leakage, fish-hatchery site, Clearwater Valley, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Alameda Plain, California: Art. 386 in U. S. Geol. Survey Survey open-file report, 36 p. Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D262-D264. ~~ Murata, K. J., and Richter, D. H., 1961, Magmatic differentia­ Motts, W. S., 1961, Reliability of the hydrochloric-acid field tion in the Uwekahuna laccolith, Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii: test for dolomite and limestone: Oklahoma Geology Notes, Jour. Petrology (Oxford, England), v. 2, no. 3, p. 424-437. v. 21, no. 6, p. 176-178. 1962, Relationship between differentiation of Kilauean Moulder, E. A., 1962a, Legal and management problems magmas and their thermal history, as shown in the 1959-60 related to the development of an artesian ground-water eruption [abs.]: Internat. Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, reservoir: Colorado Water Conserv. Board Ground-Water May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., p. 42-43. Circ. 6, 11 p. Murray, C. R., 1962a, Test drilling in the Miesse area east 1962b, Legal and management problems related to the of Deming, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer, development of an artesian ground-water reservoir [abs.]: 16th-17th Bienn. Repts., July 1,1942-June30,1946,p. 391- Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 315. 396. Mount joy, Wayne, and Lipp, H. H., 1961, Some factors affect­ 1962b, Two memoranda on the water supply and recent ing the determination of beryllium by the gamma-ray acti­ ground-water development at Tucumcari, New Mexico: New vation method: Art. 287 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Mexico State Engineer, 16th-17th Bienn. Repts., July 1, 424-C, p. C379-C380. 1942-June 30, 1946, p. 335-347. Mower, R. W., 1961, Relation of the deep and shallow artesian Musgrove, R. H., Barraclough, J. T., and Marsh, O. T., 1961, aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah: Art. 185 inU. S. Geol. Survey Interim report on the water resources of Escambia and Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C94-C97. Santa Rosa Counties, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Mower, R. W., Hood, J. W., Cushman, R. L., and others, 1961, Circ. 30, 89 p. An appraisal of the potential ground-water salvage along Mussey, O. D., 1961, Water requirements of the copper in­ the Pecos River between Acme and Artesia, New Mexico: dustry: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1330-E, U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 181 p. p. 181-219. Moxham, R. M., and Eargle, D. H., 1961, Airborne radioactivity Myers, A. T., and Hamilton, J. C., 1961, Rhenium in plant and geologic map of the Coastal Plain area, southeast samples from the Colorado Plateau: Art. 122 in U. S. Geol. Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-198. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B286-B288. Moyle, W. R., Jr., 1961a, Data on water wells in the Dale Myers, A. T., and Hamilton, Warren, 1961, Deformation Valley area, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, Cali­ accompanying the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of fornia: California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 91-5, 55p. August 17, 1959--Single-basin concept: Art. 347 in U. S. 196lb, Ground-water inventory for 1960, Edwards Air Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D168-D170. Force Base, California: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Nace, R. L., 1961a, The water around us, in Noblin, J. E., Jr., 44 p. ed., Our nuclear future: Mississippi Indus, and Technol. Mrose, M. E., and Appleman, D. E., 1962, The crystal struc­ Research Comm. Pub. 10, p. 99-121. tures and crystal chemistry of vayrynenite(Mn,Fe)Be(P04) 1961b, Underground storage of radioactive wastes: Inter­ (OH), and euclase, AlBe(SiO4) (OH): Zeitschr. Kristallo- state Oil Compact Comm., Comm. Bull., v. 3, no. 1, p. 20- graphie (Frankfurt am Main, Germany), Band 117, Heft 1, 34. p. 16-36. 1962, Management of radioactive waste in a basalt Mrose, M. E., and Rose, H. J., Jr., 1962, Behierite (Ta, Nb) terrane, Idaho [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, BO4 f a new mineral from Manjaka, Madagascar [abs.]: p. 315-316. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 235. Nace, R. L., and others, 1961, Water resources of the Raft River Muffler, L. J. P., 1962, Geology of the Frenchie Creek quadran­ basin, Idaho-Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper gle, north-central Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file 1587, 138 p. report, 175 p. Naeser, C. R., 1961, Ion exchange research by the U. S. Geolog­ Muir, K. S., 1962, Water levels in observation wells in Santa ical Survey, in Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Barbara County, California, in 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey, Conf. [1st], Berkeley, California, Aug. 25-27, 1959, Proc.: Ground Water Branch, in coop, with Santa Barbara County Berkeley, Sanitary Eng. Research Lab., Univ. California, Water Agency, 52 p. p. 117-119. Mullens, T. E., andlzett, G. A., 1961, Preliminary geologic map 1962, Geocnemical studies pertaining to ground studies of of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey open- radioactive wastes, in Ground Disposal of Radioactive file report. Wastes Conf., 2d, Chalk River, Canada, Sept. 26-29, 1961, Mullineaux, D. R., 1961, Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Proc.: U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. TID-762 8, p. 237- Black Diamond quadrangles, Washington: U. S. Geol. Survey 247. open-file report, 202 p. Neal, D. W., 1961a, Review of waterpower withdrawals in Middle 1962, Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond Fork Willamette River basin, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey quadrangles, Washington [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 9, open-file report, 19 p. p. 3157. 1961b, Waterpower resources of the Wilson River basin, Mundorff, M. J., 1961, The water yield of drainage basins, with Oregon, with a section on Geology, by D. L. Gaskill: U. S. particular reference to the ground-water component [abs.]: Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1329-B, p. 31-62 [1962]. Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3566-3567. Nelson, A. E., 1962, Volcanic rocks in theCorozal quadrangle, 1962, Feasibility of artificial recharge in the Snake River Puerto Rico [abs.]: Caribbean Geol. Conf., 3d, Kingston, basin, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 98 p. Jamaica, Apr. 2-11, 1962, Programme, p. 33. Mundorff, M. J., and others, I960, Statement for inclusion in Nelson, W. H., and Dobell, J. P., 1961, Geology of the Bonner Idaho Department of Reclamation biennial report: Idaho quadrangle, Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1111-F, Dept. Reclamation, 21st Bienn. Rept. 1959-60, p. 24-39 p. 189-235. [1961]. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A229

Neuerburg, G. J., 1961, A method of mineral separation using Norris, S. E., and Spieker, A. M., 1961, Geology and hydrology hydrofluoric acid: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 11-12, of the Piqua area, Ohio: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1133-A, p. 1498-1503. A1-A33. Newcomb, R. C., 1961a, Age of the Palouse Formation in the 1962a, Seasonal temperature changes in wells as indica­ Walla Walla and Umatilla River basins, Oregon andWash- tors of semiconfining beds in valley-train aquifers: Art. 41 ington: Northwest Sci., v. 35, no. 4, p. 122-127. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B101-B102. 1961b, Ground water in the western part of Cow Creek 1962b, Temperature-depth relations in wells as indica- and Soldier Creek grazing units, Malheur County, Oregon: tors of semiconfining beds in valley-train aquifers: Art. 42 U. S. Geol. Survey Water -Supply Paper 1475-E, p. 159-172. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. BIOS-BIOS. 196lc, Storage of ground water behind subsurface dams Norris, S. E., and White, G. W., 1961, Hydrologic significance in the Columbia River basalt, Washington, Oregon, and of buried valleys in glacial drift: Art. 17 in U. S. Geol. Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 383-A, p. A1-A15 Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B34-B35. [1962], Norvitch, R. F., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of 196 Id, Structural barrier reservoirs of ground water in Nobles County and part of Jackson County, Minnesota :U. S. the Columbia River basalt: Art. 88 in U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Survey open-file report, 144 p. Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B213-B215. Novotny, R. F., 1961, A regional fault in east-central Massa­ Newcomb, R. C., and Brown, S. G., 1961, Evaluation of bank chusetts and southern New Hampshire: Art. 311 in U. S. storage along the Columbia River between Richland and Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D48-D49. China Bar, Washington: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Oborn, E. T., 1961, Iron content of soils and trees, Beaver Paper 1539-1, p. 11-113. Creek strip mining area, Kentucky: Art. 119 in U. S. Geol. Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1961, Sources of emergency water supply Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B279-B280. in the Alexandria area, Louisiana: Baton Rouge, Lousiana Oborn, E. T., and Hem, J. D., 1962, Some effects of the larger Geol. Survey, 7 p. types of aquatic vegetation on iron content of water: U. S. Newport, T. G., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1459-1, p. 237-268. Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin: U. S. Geol. Survey Water - Ogata, Akio, and Banks, R. B., 1961, A solution of the differen­ Supply Paper 1604, 52 p. tial equation of longitudinal dispersion in porous media: Newton, J. G., Sutcliffe, Horace, Jr., and LaMoreaux, P. E., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 411-A, p. A1-A7. 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of Marengo Ogilbee, William, and Osborne, F. L., Jr., 1961, Ground-water County, Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey County Rept. 5, resources of Haskell and KnoxCounties,Texas:U.S. Geol. 443 p. Survey open-file report, 230 p. Nichols, D. R., and Yehle, L. A., 1961a, Analyses of gas and Cgilbee, William, and Wesselman, J. B., 1961, Geology and water from two mineral springs in the Copper River Basin, ground-water resources of Reeves County, Texas, with a Alaska: Art. 353 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, section on Quality of water, by Burdge Irelan: U. S. Geol. p. D191-D194. Survey open-file report, 441 p. 1961b, Highway construction and maintenance problems Oldale, R. N., 1961, Late-glacial marine deposits in the Salem in permafrost regions, in Symposium on geology as applied quadrangle, Massachusetts: Art. 171 in U. S. Geol. Survey to highway engineering, 12th Ann., Feb. 1961: Tennessee Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C59-C60. Univ. Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 24, p. 19-29. Oliver, H. W., Pakiser, L. C., and Kane, M. F., 1961, Gravity 196lc, Mud volcanoes in the Copper River Basin, Alaska, anomalies in the central Sierra Nevada, California: Jour. in Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of the Arctic: Internal. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 12, p. 4265-4271. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. Oliver, W. A., Jr., 1962, The Onondaga limestone in south­ 1960, Proc., v. 2, Toronto, Ontario, Univ. Toronto Press, eastern New York, in Trip A of New York State Geol. p. 1063-1087. Assoc., Guidebook, 34th Ann. Mtg., Port Jervis, May 1962, Nichols, T. C., Jr., 1961, A simplified methodof concentrating p. A2-A6, A16-A20, A24. and preparing carbonate shells for C*4 age determinations: Olmsted, F. H., and Davis, G. H., 1961, Geologic features and Art. 140 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B326- ground-water storage capacity of the Sacramento Valley, B327. California: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1497, Nicholson, Alexander, Jr., 1961, Chimney Rock, a Permian 241 p. outcrop: Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 21, no. 1, p. 2-3. 1962, Geologic map of Sacramento Valley, California, Nicholson, Alexander, Jr., and Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1961, Plate 11 iri Geologic guide to the gas and oil fields of Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Lea northern California: California Div. Mines and Geology County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bur. Mines and Mineral Bull. 181. (Reprinted from U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Resources, Ground-Water Rept. 6, 123 p. Paper 1497, 1961.) Nolan, T. B., 1961, Importance of research in creating mineral Olmsted, F. H., and Hely, A. G., 1962, Relation between ground resources: Mining Gong. Jour., v. 47, no. 10, p. 88-92. water and surface water in Brandywine Creek basin, Penn­ 1962, Role of the geologist in the National Economy: sylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 417-A, p. A1-A21. Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, no. 3, p. 273-278. Olson, J. C., and Adams, J. W., 1961,Thorium and rare earths Nordin, C. F., Jr., and Culbertson, J. K., 1961, Particle-size in the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report distribution of stream bed material in the Middle Rio [Map], Grande basin, New Mexico: Art. 265 in U. S. Geol. Survey Orem, H. M., 1961a, Base flow and summary of streamflow Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C323-C326. conditions in the Pacific Northwest since October 1, I960: Nordin, C. F., Jr., and Curtis, W. F., 1962, Formation and Columbia River Basin Water Forecast Comm., 24th Ann. deposition of clay balls, Rio Puerco, New Mexico: Art. 14 Mtg., Spokane, Washington, Apr. 1961, Minutes, p. 7-8. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B37-B40. 1961b, Computation of the total flow of the Columbia Norris, S. E., 1961, Hydrogeology of a spring in a glacial River at the mouth: Art. 202 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. terrane near Ashland, Ohio: U. S. Geol. Survey Water - Paper 424-C, p. C148-C149. Supply Paper 1619-A, p. A1-A17.

661513 O 62 A230 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Oriel, S. S., 1961, Tongues of the Wasatch and Green River Pakiser, L. C., 1961, Gravity, volcanism, andcrustaldeforma­ formations, Fort Hill area, Wyoming: Art. 63 in U. S. tion in Long Valley, California: Art. 106 in U. S. Geol. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B151-B152. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B250-B253. 1962, MiddleTriassicproblem[abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Pakiser, L..C.»_and Baldwin, H. L., Jr., 196.1, Gravity, volcan­ Spec. Paper 68, p. 242. ism, and crustal deformation in and near Yellowstone Oriel, S. S., and Craig, L. C., 1960, Lower Mesozoic rocks in National Park: Art. 104 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Colorado, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the geology of 424-B, p. B246-B248. Colorado, p. 43-58. Pakiser, L. C., Healy, J. H., Jackson, W. H., and Stewart, S. W., Orkild, P. P., 1961, Geologic map of Tippipah Spring quadrangle, 1962, Seismic refraction exploration of the continental Nye County, Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. crust in eastern Colorado and the Basin and Range province Orkild, P. P., and Pomeroy, J. S., 1961, Geologic reconnais­ [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 67, no. 4,p. 1652; Am. sance of the Topopah Spring and Timber Mountain quadran­ Geophys. Union, 1st WesternNatl. Mtg., Los Angeles, Cali­ gles, Nye County, Nevada; U.S. Geol. Survey Kept. TEI-757, fornia, Dec. 1961, Program, p. 29. open-file report, 20 p. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Pakiser, L. C., Healy, J. H., and Roller, J. C., 1962, Crustal Energy Commission.) structure in the western United States [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Osterwald, F. W., 1961, Deformation and stress distribution Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1962, Pro­ around coal mine workings in Sunnyside No. 1 mine, Utah: gram, p. 33. Art. 274 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C349- Pakiser, L. C., Jackson, W. H., Roller, J. C., and Warrtck, C353. R. E., 1962, A new seismic-refraction system for crustal 1962a, Preliminary lithologic and structural map of studies--Preliminary results [abs.]: Soc. Explor. Geophy- Sunnyside No. 1 mine area, Carbon County, Utah: U. S. sicists Yearbook 1962, p. 268. Geol. Survey Coal Inv. Map C-50. Pakiser, L. C., and Kane, M. F., 1962, Geophysical study of 1962b, USGS relates geologic structures to bumps and Cenozoic geologic structures of northern Owens Valley, deformation in coal mine workings: Mining Eng., v. 14, California: Geophysics, v. 27, no. 3, p. 334-342. no. 4, p. 63-68. Palmer, A. R., 1962, Comparative ontogeny of some opistho- Osterwald, F. W., and Dean, B. G., 1961, Relation of uranium parian, gonatoparian and proparian Upper Cambrian trilo- deposits to tectonic pattern of the Central Cordilleran bites: Jour. Paleontology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 87-96. foreland: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-1, p. 337-390. Pangborn, M. W., Jr., 1961, Geology and geologists in fiction: Overstreet, W. C., 1962a, A review of regional heavy-mineral Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 51, no. 4,p. 49-53; reprint­ reconnaissance and its application in the Southeastern ed, GeoTimes, v. 6, no. 4, p. 14-16, 39. Piedmont: Southeastern Geology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 133-173. Parker, R. L., 1962, Isomorphous substitution in natural and 1962b, Saprolite, in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science synthetic alunite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2,p. 127- and Technology: New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book 136. Co., Inc., p. 447-448. Pashley, E. F., Jr., 1961, Subsidence cracks in alluvium near Overstreet, W. C., and Bell, Henry, 3d, 1962a, A neglected Casa Grande, Arizona: Arizona Geol. Soc. Digest, v. 4, geologic map of South Carolina: South Carolina State Devel. p. 95-101. Board Div. Geology, Geol. Notes, v. 6, no. 2, p. 15-19. Patten, L. E., 1961, Field determination of beryllium contents 1962b, Provisional geologic map of the crystalline rocks of soils and rocks [abs.]: Econ. Geology, v. 56, no. 8, of South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, lip. p. 1493. Overstreet, W. C., Bell, Henry, 3d, Rose.H. J., Jr., and Stern, Patterson, E. D., and Van Lieu, J. A., 1962, Geologic map of T. W., 1961, Recent lead-alpha age determinations on Butler County, Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file zircon from the Carolina Piedmont: Art. 45 in U. S. Geol. report. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B103-B107. Patterson, J. L., 1962, Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and fre­ Owen, Vaux, Jr., 1961a, Geology and ground-water resources quency: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 128 p. of Mitchell County, southwest Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Patterson, S. H., and Hosterman, J. W., 1961, Geology of the open-file report, 93 p. Haldeman quadrangle, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. 1961b, Stratigraphy and ground-water resources of Quad Map GQ-169 [1962]. Mitchell County, Georgia--Summary: Georgia Mineral Patterson, S. H., and Roberson, C. E., 1961, Weathered basalt Newsletter, v. 14, nos. 2-3, p. 41-51. in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii: Art. 219 in U. S. Geol. Owens, J. P., and Minard, J. P., 1962, Pre-Quaternary geology Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C195-C198. of the Columbus quadrangle, New Jersey: U. S. Geol. Patton, W. W., Jr., and Grantz, Arthur, 1962, Tectonic impli­ Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-160. cations of some new Mesozoic stratigraphic data on Owens, J. P., Minard, J. P.,andBlackmon, P. D., 1961, Distri­ Alaska [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., bution of clay-sized sediments in the Coastal Plain forma­ v. 46, no. 2, p. 274-275. tions near Trenton, New Jersey: Art. 263 in U. S. Geol. Pauls'on, Q. F., Miller, J. D., Jr., and Drennen, C. W., 1961, Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C317-C319. Ground-water resources and geology of Tuscaloosa County, Page, H. G., 1962, Water regimen in the inner valley of the San Alabama: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 99 p. Pedro River near Mammoth, Arizona (a pilot study): U. S. Pavlides, Louis, Neuman, R. B., and Berry, W. B. N., 1961, Geol. Survey open-file report, 50 p. Age of the "ribbon rock" of Aroostook County, Maine: Art. Page, J. J., and Larrabee, D. M., 1962, Beryl resources of New 30 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B65-B67. Hampshire: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 353, 49 p. Peace, R. R., Jr., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources Page, R. W., 1961a, Ground-water conditions during I960 at of the Russellville area, Alabama--An interim report: the U. S. Naval Air Station, Point Mugu, California: U. S. Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 28, 29 p. Geol. Survey open-file report, 58 p. Pease, M. H., Jr., 1962, Characteristics of copper mineralisa­ 1961b, Test-well drilling, San Nicolas Island, California: tion in Puerto Rico [abs.]: Caribbean Geol. Conf., 3d, King­ U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 26 p. ston, Jamaica, Apr. 2-11, 1962, Programme, p. 33. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A231

Peck, D. L., 1961, John Day formation near Ashwood, north- Peterson, H. V., 1962, Discussion of "Total sediment transport central Oregon: Art. 343 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper in the lower Colorado River," by J. R. Sheppard (Am. Soc. 424-D, p. D153-D156. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY Peck, D. L., Wahrhaftig, Clyde, and Calkins, F. C., 1962, Road 6, pt. 1, 1961, p. 139-153): Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., log 3, El Portal to Wawona Tunnel and a circuit of Yosemite v. 88, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 3, pt. 1, p. 271-273. Valley, California, in Geologic guide to the Merced Canyon Peterson, H. V., and Hadley, R. F., 1960, Effectiveness of ero­ and Yosemite Valley...: California Div. Mines and Geology sion abatement practices on semiarid rangelands in West­ Bull. 182, p. 61-68. ern United States: Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. Peck, L. C., and Smith, V. C., 1961, Removal of manganese (Louvain, Belgium), no. 53, p. 182-191. from solutions prior to determination of calcium and mag­ Peterson, W. L., and Scott, G. R., 1960, Precambrian rocks and nesium: Art. 435 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, structure of the Platte Canyon and Kassler quadrangles, p. D401-D402. Colorado, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the geology of Peckham, A. E., 1961, Underground waste disposal studies, Colorado, p. 181-183. Chemical Processing Plant area, in Ground Disposal of , T. L., 1961a, Multiple glaciation in the headwaters area Radioactive Wastes Conf. [1st], Berkeley, California, of the Delta River, central Alaska: Art. 357 in U. S. Geol. Aug. 25-27, 1959, Proc.: Berkeley, Sanitary Eng. Re­ Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D200-D201. search Lab., Univ. California, p. 157-166. 1961b, Multiple glaciation in the McMurdo Sound region, Peckham, A. E., and Belter, W. G., 1962, Considerations for Antarctica A progress report: 1GY Glaciological Rept. selection and operation of radioactive waste burial sites, Ser., no. 4, p. 25-49. in Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Conf., 2d, Chalk 1961c, Quaternary climatic variations in Antarctica as River, Canada, Sept. 26-29, 1961, Proc.: U. S. Atomic suggested by glacier fluctuations [abs.]: Pacific Sci. Cong., Energy Comm. Rept. TID-7628, p. 428-436. 10th, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6,1961, Abs. Sympo­ iPecora, W. T., 1961, Introduction, in Proceedings of the Geo­ sium Papers, p. 301. physical Laboratory-Lawrence Radiation LaboratoryCra- 1962, Age of moraines in Victoria Land, Antarctica: Jour. tering Symposium, Washington, D. C., March 28-29, 1961: Glaciology (Cambridge, England), v. 4, no. 31, p. 93-100. California, Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. , T. L., and Burbank, Lawrence, 1961, Multiple glaciation Rept. UCRL-6438, Pt. 1, p. vi-vii. (Report prepared for in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska--A photogeologic in­ U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) terpretation [abs.]: Alaskan Sci. Conf., llth, Anchorage, 1962a, Esper Signius Larsen, Jr. (1879-1961), with Aug. 29-Sept. 2, I960, Proc., p. 162. bibliography by Marjorie Hooker: Geol. Soc. America Bull., , T. L., and Rivard, N. R., 1961, Geologic map and section v. 73, no. 4, p. P27-P33. of the Fairbanks D-3quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey 1962b, Memorial of Esper Signius Larsen, 3d [1912- Geol. Inv. Map 1-340. 1961]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 3-4, p. 460-463. Phair, George, and Fisher, F. G., 1961, Potassicfeldspathiza- Pecora, W. T., Hearn, B. C., Jr., and Milton, Charles, 1962, tion and thorium deposition in the Wet Mountains, Colorado: Origin of spherulitic phosphate nodules in basal Colorado Art. 293 inU. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D1-D2. Shale, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana: Art. 12 in U.S. Geol. Phinney, W. C., andStewart, D. B., 1961,Some physical proper­ Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B30-B35. ties of bikitaite and its dehydration and decompositionpro- Perlmutter, N. M., and DeLuca, F. A., 1961, Availability of ducts: Art. 413 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, fresh ground water, Montauk Air Force Station and vicini­ p. D353-D357. ty, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York: U. S. Geol. Phoenix, D. A., 1961, Proposed classification of ground-water Survey open-file report, 52 p. provinces, hydrologic units, and chemical types of ground Petersen, R. G., 1962a, Generalized surficial geologic map of water in the Upper Colorado River Basin: Art. 195 in U. S. the Ware, Quaboag, Quinnebaug, and French River basins, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C125-C127. Massachusetts, showing distribution of principal water­ Pierce, A. P., and Rosholt, J. N., Jr., 1961, Radiation damage bearing units: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. and isotopic disequilibria in some uranium-bearing asphal- 1 1962b, Records of selected wells, test holes, ponds, and tite nodules in back-reef dolomites, Carlsbad, New Mexico: streams in the Brockton-Pembroke area, Massachusetts: Art. 402 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D320- U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, lip. D323. Petersen, R. G., and Hackett, O. M., 1962, Relationship of gla­ Pierce, W. G., 1961, Permafrost and thaw depressions in a peat cial geology to occurrence of ground water in New England deposit in the Beartooth Mountains, northwestern Wyoming: [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 244-245. Art. 65 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B154- Petersen, R. G., and Shaw, C. E., Jr., 1961, Ground-water B156. favorability map of the Brockton-Pembroke area, Massa­ Pierson, C. T., Haynes, D. D., and Ribeiro, Evaristo, Filho, chusetts: Massachusetts Water Resources Comm. Hydrol. 1957, Reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in the south­ Inv. Chart HI-1. ern part of Brazil: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEM-1098, Peterson, D. W., 1961a, Dacitic ash-flow sheet near Superior 19 p. [1961]. (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy and Globe, Arizona [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 2, Commission.) p. 542. Piper, A. M., 1962, Potential effects of Project Chariot on local 1961b, Descriptive modal classification of igneous rocks, water supplies: U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-810, open- AGI Data Sheet 23: GeoTimes, v. 5, no. 6, p. 30-36. file report, 76 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy 196Ic, Flattening ratios of pumice fragments in an ash- Commission.) flow sheet near Superior, Arizona: Art. 322 in U. S. Geol. Pipiringos, G. N., 1961, Uranium-bear ing coal in the central Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D82-D84. part of the Great Divide Basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. Peterson, D. W., and Roberts, R. J., 1962, Relations between 1099-A, p. A1-A104 [1962]. the crystal content of welded tuffs and the chemical and Plebuch, R. 0., 1962a, Fresh-water aquifers of Crittenden magmatic composition [abs.]: Internal. SymposiumVolcan- County, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, ology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., p. 59-60. 192 p. A232 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Plebuch, R. O., 1962b, Special ground-water report number 3, Powers, H. A., and Malde, H. E., 1961, Volcanic ash beds as Jacksonville area, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file stratigraphic markers in basin deposits near Hagerman and report, 65 p. Glenns Ferry, Idaho: Art. 70 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Plouff, Donald, 1961a, Gravity profile along Roberts Tunnel, Paper 424-B, p. B167-B170. Colorado: Art. 244 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Pratt, W. P., 1961, Local evidence of Pleistocene to Recent oro­ p. C263-C265. geny in the Argentine Andes: Geol. Soc. America Bull., 1961b, Gravity survey near Tucson, Arizona: Art. 384 in v. 72, no. 10, p. 1539-1550. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D258-D259. Pratt, W. P., and Jones, W. R., 1961, Trap-door intrusion of Plouff, Donald, Keller, G. V., Frischknecht, F. C., and Wahl, the Cameron Creek laccolith, near Silver City, New Mexico: R. R., 1961, Geophysical studies on IGY Drifting Station Art. 208 in U. S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 424-C, p. C164- Bravo, T-3, 1958 to 1959, inRaasch, G. O., ed., Geology of C167. the Arctic: Internat. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, Cal­ Price, C. E., and Thordarson, William, 1962, Ground-water gary, Alberta, Jan. 1960, Proc., v. 1, Toronto, Ontario, test well A, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada A sum­ Univ. Toronto Press, p. 709-716. mary of lithologic data, aquifer tests, and construction: Pluhowski, E. J., 1961, Variation in temperature of two streams U. S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-800, open-file report, 59 p. on Long Island, New York: Art. 314 in U. S. Geol. Survey (Report prepared for U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.). Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D55-D58. Price, Don, 1961, Records of wells, water levels, and chemical Pluhowski, E. J., and Kantrowitz, I. H., 1961, Hydrology of the quality of ground water in the French Prairie-Mission Bot­ Babylon-Islip area, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York: tom area, northern Willamette Valley area, Oregon: Ore­ U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 118 p. gon [State Engineer] Ground Water Rept. 1, 314 p. 1962, Source of ground-water runoff at Champlin Creek, Price, W. E., Jr., Kilburn, Chabot, and Mull, D. S., 1962, Avail­ Long Island, New York: Art. 38 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. ability of ground water in Breathitt, Floyd, Harlan, Knott, Paper 450-B, p. B95-B97. Letcher, Martin, Magoffin, Perry, and Pike Counties, Poland, J. F., 1961, The coefficient of storage in a region of Kentucky--Sheet 1, Geologic map; Sheet 2, Ground water; major subsidence caused by compaction of an aquifer sys­ Sheet 3, Generalized columnar section: U. S. Geol. Survey tem: Art. 25 in. U. S. Geol, Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-36. p. B52-B54. Prill, R. C., 1961, Comparison of drainage data obtained by the Poland, J. F., and Green, J. H., 1962, Subsidence in the Santa centrifuge and column drainage methods: Art. 434 in U. S. Clara Valley, California--A progress report: U. S. Geol. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D399-D401. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-C, p. C1-C16. Prill, E. C., and Johnson, A. I., I960, Effect of temperature on Pommer, A. M., 1961, Measurement of sodium activities in clay moisture contents as determined by centrifuge and tens ion suspensions with cationic-sensitive electrodes: Art. 284 in techniques: Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C373-C376. 254, p. 340-349. Poole, F. G., 1961, Stream directions in Triassic rocks of the Prinz, W. C., 1961, Manganese oxide minerals at Philipsburg, Colorado Plateau; Art. 199 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Montana: Art. 127 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Paper 424-C, p. C139-C141. p. B296-B297. Poole, F. G., Houser, F. N., and Orkild, P. P., 1961, Eleana Prior, C. H., and Hess, J. H., 1961, Floods in Minnesota, mag­ formation of Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye County, nitude and frequence: Minn. Div. Waters Bull. 12, 142 p. Nevada: Art. 328 in U. S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 424-D, Quinn, A. W., and Oliver, W. A., Jr., 1962, Pennsylvanian rocks p. D104-D111. of New England, in Branson, C. C., ed., Pennsylvanian sys­ Poole, J. L., 196 la, Ground-water resources of East Carroll tem in the United States: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Am. Assoc. and West Carroll Parishes, Louisiana: Baton Rouge, Petroleum Geologists, p. 60-73. Louisiana Dept. Public Works, 174 p. Rabon, J. W., 1961, Flow duration of Georgia streams: U. S. 196lb, Water-resources reconnaissance of Hoopa Valley, Geol. Survey open-file report, 326 p. Humboldt County, California: U. S. Geol. Survey. Water- Rader, L. F., and Grimaldi, F. S., 1961, Chemical analyses Supply Paper 1576-C, p. C1-C18. for selected minor elements in Pierre shale: U. S. Geol. Post, E. V., and Bell, Henry, 3d, 1961, Chilson member of the Survey Prof. Paper 391-A, p. A1-A45. Lakota formation in the Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyo­ Radlinski, W. A., 1961, Mapping of Antarctica: Surveying and ming: Art. 349 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, Mapping, v. 21, no. 3, p. 325-331. p. D173-D178. Rainwater, F. H., and Guy, H. P., 1961, Some observations on Poth, C. W., 1962, The occurrence of brine in western Pennsyl­ the hydrochemistry and sedimentation of the Chamberlin vania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. M 47, Glacier area, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 53 p. 414-C, p. C1-C14. Powell, J. E., and Paulson, Q. F., 1961, Geology and ground- Ramirez, L. F., Elberg, E. L., and Helley, H. H., 1962a, Geo­ water resources of the Richardtonarea, Stark County, North graphic map of the South Central Rub Al Khali quadrangle, Dakota: North Dakota State Water Conserv. Comm., North Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U. S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Dakota Ground-Water Study 29, 40 p. Inv. Map I-219B. Powers, H. A., 1961a, Chlorine and fluorine in silicic volcanic 1962b, Geographic map of the Southeastern Rub Al Khali glass: Art. Ill in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U. S. Geol. Survey p. B261-B263. Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-220B. 1961b, The emerged shoreline at 2-3 meters in the Ramsahoye, L. E., and Lang, S. M., 1961, A simple method for Aleutian Islands, in Russell, R. J., chm., Pacific island determining specific yield from pumping tests: U. S. Geol. terraces--Eustatic?: Zeitschr. Geomorphologie (Berlin), Survey Water-Supply Paper 1536-C, p. 41-46. Supplementband 3, p. 36-38. Randall, A. D., 1961, Ground-water basic data, Farmington- 1961c, The emerged shoreline ar two to three meters in Granby area, Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file re­ the Aleutian Islands [abs.]: Pacific Sci. Cong., 10th, Hono­ port, 95 p. lulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. Symposium Randall, L. E., 1961, Annotated bibliography of water-use data, Papers, p. 294. 1960: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 455, 14 p. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A233

Randich, P. G., 1961, Ground-water conditions in the vicinity 1962, Ground-water levels in New Mexico, 1958: New of Ashley, Mclntosh County, North Dakota: North Dakota Mexico State Engineer Tech. Rept. 23, 288 p. State Water Conserv. Comm., North Dakota Ground-Water Reeves, R. G., 1961a, Geologic map and sections of the Andrade Study 37, 20 p. mine, Monlevade quadrangle, Minas Gerais, Brazil: U. S. Rantz, S. E., 1961a, Effect of tunnel construction on flow of Geol. Survey open-file report. springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of 196Ib, Geologic map of the Monlevade quadrangle, Minas Santa Barbara County, California: Art. 277 in U. S. Geol. Gerais, Brazil: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C360-C361. 1961c, Geologic map of the Rio Piracicaba quadrangle, ; 1961b, Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins of Minas Gerais, Brazil: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. northern California, in relation to geology and topography: Reeves, R. D., and Lee, F. C., 1962, Ground-water geology of Art. 325 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D92- Bandera County, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6210, D93. 73 p. 1962a, An empirical method of determining momentary Remson, Irwin, McNeary, S. S., and Randolph, J. R., 1961, discharge of tide-affected streams: U. S. Geol. Survey Water levels near a well discharging from an unconfined open-file report, 47 p. aquifer: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1536-B, : 1962b, An empirical method of determining momentary p. 27-39. j discharge of tide-affected areas [abs.], m Natl. Coastal Repenning, C. A., 1962,The giant ground squirrel Paenemar- j and Shallow Water Research Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: mota : Jour. Paleontology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 540-556. j Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Repenning, C. A., and Vedder, J. G., 1961, Continental verte­ Research, p. 309-310. brates and their Stratigraphic cor relation with marine mol- 1962c, Determination of tide-affected discharge of the lusks, eastern Caliente Range, California: Art. 235 in Sacramento River at Sacramento, California: Art. 46 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C235-C239. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B111-BH3. Richardson, Donald, and Rantz, S. E., 1962, Inter change of sur­ Rantz, S. E., and Richardson, Donald, 1961, Interchange of sur­ face and ground water along tributary streams in the Cen­ face water and ground water along tributary streams in tral Valley, California: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, the Central Valley, California: Art. 215 in U.S. Geol. Sur­ 253 p. vey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C186-C187. Richardson, E. E., 1961, Geologic and structure map of the Read, C. B., and Ash, S. R., 1961a, Stratigraphic significance North Fork oil field Kaycee dome, and vicinity, Johnson of the Cretaceous fern Tempskya in the western contermi­ County, Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map nous United States: Art. 382 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. OM-206. Paper 424-D, p. D250-D254. Richardson, E. V., 1962, Hydraulic model studies--Stream gag­ 1961b, The Stratigraphic significance of the fossil fern ing control structure for Carrizo-Corduroy Project, Ari­ Tempskya in the Western States [abs.], in New Mexico zona: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 42 p. Geol. Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country, 12th Richardson, E. V., Simons, D. B., and Haushild, W. L., 1962, Field Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 198. Boundary form and resistance to flow in alluvial channels: Read, C. B., and Wanek, A. A., 1961a, Correlation of Permian Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), rocks in northeastern Arizona and adjoining parts of New 7e anne~e, no. 1, p. 48-52. Mexico and Utah: Art. 206 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Richardson, R. M., 1962, Northeastern burial ground studies, Paper 424-C, p. C156-C160. in Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Conf., 2d, Chalk 1961b, Permian stratigraphy of northwestern New Mexico River, Canada, Sept. 26-29, 1961, Proc.: U. S. Atomic and adjacent parts of Arizona and Utah [abs.], in New Mexi­ Energy Comm. Rept. TID-7628, p. 460-461. co Geol. Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque Country, 12th Richmond, G. M., 1961, New evidence of the age of Lake Bonne- Field Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 198. ville from the moraines in Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah: 1961c, Stratigraphy of outcropping Permian rocks in Art. 334 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D127- parts of northeastern Arizona and adjacent areas: U. S. D128. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 374-H, p. H1-H10. 1962, Quaternary stratigraphy of the La Sal Mountains, Reed, J. C., Jr., 1961, Geology of the Mount McKinley quadran­ Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 324, 135 p. gle, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1108-A, p. A1-A36. Richmond, G. M., and Bradley, W. C., 1960, Pleistocene geol­ Reed, J. C., Jr., Johnson, H. S., Jr., Bryant, B. H., Bell, Henry, ogy of the eastern slope of Rocky Mountain National Park, 3d, and Overstreet, W. C., 1961, The Brevard fault in Colorado Front Range, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide to the North and South Carolina: Art. 174 in U. S. Geol. Survey geology of Colorado, p. 200. Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C67-C70. Richter, D. H., Moore, J. G., and Haugen, R. T., 1962, Recent 1962, Brevard fault in North Carolina, South Carolina, growth of Halemaumau, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Art. 20 and Georgia [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B53-B56. p. 79. Richter, D. H., and Murata, K. J., 1961, Xenolithic nodules in Reed, J. E., and Bedinger, M. S., 1961, Projecting the effect tfie 1800-180tKaupulehu flow of Hualalai Volcano: Art. 89 of changed stream stages on the water table: Jour. Geophys. jffU. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B215-B218. Research, v. 66, no. 8, p. 2423-2427; abs., Jour. Geophys. Riedel, W. R., Ladd, H. S., Tracey, J. I., Jr., and Bramlette, Research, v. 66, no. 8, p. 2554-2555, and Am. Geophys. M. N., 1961, Preliminary drilling phase of Mohole Project, Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. 1961, Pro­ 2, Summary of coring operations (Guadalupe Site): Am. gram, p. 71. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 11, p. 1793- 1962, Estimating the effects of stream impoundment on 1798. ground-water levels: Art. 35 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Riggs, H. C., 1961a, Rainfall and minimum flows along the Paper 450-B, p. B88-B89. Tallapoosa River, Alabama: Art. 42 in U. S. Geol. Survey Reeder, H. O., and others, 1961, Ground-water levels in New Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B96-B98. Mexico, 1957: New Mexico State Engineer Tech. Rept. 22, 1961b, Regional low flow frequency analysis: Art. 10 in 306 p. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B21-B23. A234 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Riggs, H. C., 196lc, Discussion of "Forecasting river runoff by Robinson, G. D., 1961, Origin and development of the Three coastal flow index," by D. M. Rockwood and C. E. Jencks Forks basin, Montana: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, (Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics no. 7, p. 1003-1013. Div., no. HY 2, pt. 1, 1961, p. 121-148): Am. Soc. Civil Robinson, T. W., and Hunt, C. B., 1961, Some extremes of cli­ Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 4, mate in Death Valley, California: Art. 79 in U. S. Geol. pt. 1, p. 261-262. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B192-B194. Riley, F. S., 1961, Liquid-level tiltmeter measures uplift pro­ Robinson, T. W., and Johnson, A. I., 1961, Selected bibliography duced by hydraulic fracturing: Art. 136 in U. S. Geol. Sur­ on evaporation and transpiration: U. S. Geol. Survey Water- vey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B317-B319. Supply Paper 1539-R, p. R1-R25. Riley, F. S., and Bader, J. S., 1961, Data on water wells on Robison, F. L., 1961, Floods in New York, magnitude and fre­ Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California: U. S. quency: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 454, 10 p. Geol. Survey open-file report, 18 p. Robison, J. H., 1961, The geohydrologic appraisal of the Im­ Rima, D. R., Coskery, O. J., and Anderson, P. W., 1962, perial Valley, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Ground-water resources of the southern New Castle Coun­ 6 p. ty, Delaware: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 117 p. Rodis, H. G., 1961, Use of water-well data in interpreting oc­ Rima, D. R., Meisler, Harold, and Longwill.S.M., 1961, Geol­ currence of aquifers in northeastern Lyon County, Minneso­ ogy and hydrology of the Stockton formation in SE Pennsyl­ ta: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 8, p. 1275-1278. vania: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 156 p. Roedder, Edwin, 1962, The composition of quartz-forming fluids Rivard, N. R., and PeVe1 , T. L., 1962, Origin and distribution in nature [abs.]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 201; of mirabilite, McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica [abs.]: Internal. Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., Washington, Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 119; Alaskan Sci. D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 201. Conf., 12th, College, Aug. 28-Sept. 1, 1961, Proc., p. 129- Rogers, C. L., de Cserna, Zoltan, van Vloten, Roger, Tavera 130. Amezcua, Eugenic and Ojeda Rivera, Jesus, 1961,Recono- Roach, C. H., Johnson, G. R., McGrath, J. G., and Spence, cimiento geologico y dep6sitos de fosfatos del norte de F. H., 1961, Effects of impact on thermoluminescence of Zacatecas y areas adyacentes en Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n, and Yule marble: Art. 272 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper San Luis Potosf: Me'xico ConsejoRecursos Nat. noRenova- 424-C, p. C342-C346. bles Bol. 56, pt. 1, text, 322 p; pt. 2, maps and sections Roberson, C. E., 1961, Geographic distribution of major constit­ [1962], uents in stream waters of the western conterminous United Rogers, C. L., and Jaster, M. C., 1961, Titanium in the United States; Art. 406 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, States: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report. [Map.] p. D334-D335. Rogers, C. L., Tavera Amezcua, Eugenic, Ojeda River a, Jesds, Roberts, A. E., 1961, Insoluble residues and Ca:Mg ratios in de Cserna, Zoltan, and van Vloten, Roger, 1961, Marine the Madison group, Livingston, Montana: Art. 126 in U. S. phosphorites of north-central Mexico: Art. 369 iii U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B294-B296. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D. p. D222-D224. Roberts, R. J., and Peterson, D. W., 1961,Suggested magmatic Rogers, J. E., 1962, Reconnaissance of ground-water conditions differences between welded "ash" tuffs and welded crystal in the Duluth Muncipal Airport area, Minnesota: U.S. Geol. tuffs, Arizona and Nevada: Art. 320 in U. S. Geol. Survey Survey open-file report, 18 p. Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D73-D79. Rogers, W. B., andShawe, D. R., 1962, Exploration for uranium- Roberts, R. J., and Tooker, E. W., 1961, Structural geology of vanadium deposits by U. S. Geological Survey, 1948-56, in the north end of the OquirrhMountains, Utah, in Utah Geol. western Disappointment Valley area, Slick Rock district, Soc., Guidebook to the geology of Utah, no. 16, Geology of San Miguel County, Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral the Bingham mining district and northern Oquirrh Moun­ Inv. Field Studies Map MF-241, 3 sheets. tains, p. 36-48. Roller, J. C., and Black, R. A., 1961, Determination of thick­ 1962, Structural geology of the northern Oquirrh Range, ness of a basalt flow by electrical resistivity method on Utah [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 52. Buckboard Mesa, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: Robinove, C. J., and Cummings, T. R., 1962, Ground-water re­ Art. 247 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C271- sources and geology of the Lyman-Mountain View area, C273. Uinta County, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Rorabaugh, M. I., 1961, Infiltration from surface water [abs.]: 66 p. Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3567. Robinson, B. P., 1962, Ion-exchange minerals and disposal of Rose, H. J., Jr., Adler, Isidore, and Flanagan, F. J., 1962, Use radioactive wastes--A survey of literature: U. S. Geol. of LC^OS as a heavy absorber in the X-ray fluorescence Survey Water-Supply Paper 1616, 132 p. analysis of silicate rocks: Art. 31 in U. S. Geol. Survey Robinson, C. S., 1961a, Pre-Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B80-B82. Monarch district, Chaffee County, Colorado, in Rocky Mtn. Rose, H. J., Jr., Cuttitta, Frank, Carron, M. K., and Flanagan, Assoc. Geologists, Symposium on Lower and Middle Paleo­ F. J., 1962, X-ray fluorescence analysis of tektites[abs.]: zoic rocks of Colorado, 12th Field Conf., 1961,p. 119-124. Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., 1961b, Surficial geology of the North Scituate quad^ngle, Apr. 1962, Program, p. 110. Rhode Island: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-143. Rose, H. J., Jr., and Flanagan, F. J., 1962, X-ray fluorescence Robinson, C. S., and Rosholt, J. N., Jr., 1961, Uranium migra­ determination of thallium in manganese ores: Art. 32 in tion and geochemistry of uranium deposits in sandstone U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B82-B83. above, at, and below the water table, Part 2, Relationship Roseboom, E. H., Jr., 1962, Skutterudites (Co,Ni,Fe)As3 _x-- of uranium migration dates, geology, and chemistry of the Composition and cell dimensions: Am. Mineralogist, v.47, uranium deposits: Econ. Geology, v. 56, no. 8, p. 1404- nos. 3-4, p. 310-327. 1420. Rosenshein, J, S,, 1961, Ground-water resources of northwest­ Robinson, G. B., Jr., 1962, Leonardian Pequop formation ern Indiana--Preliminary report, Lake County: Indiana (Permian) in central Pequop Mountains, Nevada [abs.]: Div. Water Resources Bull. 10, 229 p. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 98. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A235

|Rosenshein, J. S., 1962, Observation of ground-water levels: Ross, R. J., Jr., and Cornwall, H. R., 1961, Bioherms in the Outdoor Indiana, v. 5, no. 10, p. 3-6. upper part of the Pogonip in southern Nevada: Art. 97 in Rosenshein, J. S., and Hunn, J. D., 196la, Ground-water re- U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B231-B233. I sources of northwestern Indiana Preliminary report, Rowe, J. J., 1962, Determination of boron in waters containing LaPorte County: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 166 p. fluoride: Art. 48 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, 196lb, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana-- p. B114-B116. Preliminary report, St. Joseph County: U. S. Geol. Survey Rubey, W. W., Oriel, S. S., andTracey, J. I., Jr., 196la, Age open-file report, 248 p. of the Evanston formation, western Wyoming: Art. 64 in 1962a, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B153-B154. --Preliminary report, Fulton County: U. S. Geol. Survey 1961b, Age of the Evanston formation, western Wyoming, open-file report, 86 p. in Symposium on Late Cretaceous rocks of Wyoming: Wyo­ 1962b, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana ming Geol. Assoc., 16th Ann. Field Conf., Aug. 2-5, 1961, -Preliminary report, Jasper County: U. S. Geol. Survey Guidebook, p. 68-69. open-file report, 91 p. Rubin, Meyer, and Berthold, S. M., 1961, U.S. Geological Sur­ 1962c, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana vey radiocarbon dates, VI: Radiocarbon (formerly Am. --Preliminary report, Marshall County: U. S. Geol. Survey Jour. Sci., Radiocarbon Supp.), v. 3, p. 86-98. open-file report, 144 p. Ruiz Fuller, Carlos, Aguirre, Luis, Corvaldn, Jos6, Rose, 1962d, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana H. J., Jr., Segerstrom, Kenneth, and Stern, T. W., 1961, -Preliminary report, Newton County: U. S. Geol. Survey Ages of batholithic intrusions of northern and central open-file report, 82 p. Chile: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 10, p. 1551- 1962e, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana 1559. --Preliminary report, Pulaski County: U. S. Geol. Survey Ruiz Fuller, Carlos, and Ericksen, G. E., 1962,Metallogenetic open-file report, 84 p. provinces of Chile, S. A.: Econ. Geology, v. 57, no. 1, 1962f, Ground-water resources of northwestern Indiana p. 91-106. Preliminary report, Starke County: U. S. Geol. Survey Ruppel, E. T., 1961, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Deer open-file report, 99 p. Lodge quadrangle, Powell, Deer Lodge, and Jefferson Rosholt, J. N., Jr., 1961, Uranium migration and geochemistry Counties, Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. of uranium deposits in sandstone above, at, and below the Field Studies Map MF-174. water table, Part 1, Calculation of apparent dates of ura­ Ruppel, E. T., and Hait, M. H., Jr., 1961, Pleistocene geology nium migration in deposits above and at the water table: of the central part of the Lemhi Range, Idaho: Art. 68 in Econ. Geology, v. 56, no. 8, p. 1392-1403. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B163-B164. 1962, Dating methods--Pleistocene dating with Th and Ryling, R. W., 1961, A preliminary study of the distribution of- Pa isotopes, in McGr aw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Tech­ saline water in the bedrock aquifers of eastern Wisconsin: nology: New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. History Survey Inf. Circ. 5, 23 p. Inc., p. 196. Sable, E. G., 1961, Recent recession and thinning of. Okpilak Ross, C. P., 1961, A redefinition and restriction of the term Glacier, northeastern Alaska: Arctic, v. 14, no. 3, p. 176- Challis volcanics: Art. 212 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 187. Paper 424-C, p. C177-C180. Sachet, M. H., 1960, Histoire de Tile Clipperton: Cahiers 1962a, Paleozoic seas of central Idaho: Geol. Soc. Pacifique (Paris), no. 2, p. 1-32. America Bull., v. 73, no. 6, p. 769-793. 1962a, Flora and vegetation of Clipperton Island: Cali­ 1962b, Stratified rocks in south-central Idaho: Idaho Bur. fornia Acad. Sci. Proc., ser. 4, v. 31, no. 10, p. 249-307. Mines and Geology Pamph. 125, 126 p. 1962b, Geography and land ecology of Clipperton Island: 1962c, Upper Paleozoic rocks in central Idaho: Am. Atoll Research Bull., no. 86, p. 1-115. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull.,v. 46, no. 3,p. 384-387. 1962c, Monographie physique et biologique de 1'ileClip­ Ross, C. S., 1962a, Microlites in glassy volcanic rocks: Am. perton: Annales Inst. Oceanog. (Paris), tome 15, fasc. 1, Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 5-6, p. 723-740. p. 1-108. 1962b, Pristine water in volcanic glass [abs.]: Am. Sainsbury, C. L., 1961, Geology of part of the Craig C-2 quad­ Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D. C., Apr. rangle and adjoining areas, Prince of Wales Island, south­ 1962, Program, p. 72-73. eastern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1058-H, p. 299-362. 1962c, Valle Grande: 'New Mexico Mag,, v. 40,. no. 1, 1962a, A new occurrence of beryllium minerals on the p. 8-11, 35. Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file Ross, C. S., Smith, R. L., and Bailey, R. A., 1961, Outline of report, 14 p. the geology of the Jemez Moutains, New Mexico, in New 1962b, Helvite near Beaver, Utah: Am. Mineralogist, Mexico Geol. Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country, v. 47, nos. 3-4, p. 395-398. 12th Field Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 139-143. Sainsbury, C. L., Helz, A. W., Annell, C. S., and Westley, Ross, D. C., 1961, Geology and mineral deposits of Mineral Harold, 1961, Beryllium in stream sediments from the tin- County, Nevada: Nevada Bur. Mines Bull. 58, 98 p. tungsten provinces of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Art. Ross, Malcolm, 1962, The crystallography, crystal structure, 151 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C16-C17. and crystal chemistry of various minerals and compounds St. Amand, Pierre, 1962a, Field observations of the Chilean belonging to the torbernite mineral group: U. S. Geol. earthquakes of 1960 [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Survey open-file report, 179 p. Paper 68, p. 53. Ross, Malcolm, and Evans, H.T., Jr., 1962, The crystal struct­ 1962b, Geologic and tectonic framework of the Chilean ure and crystal chemistry of various members of the meta- earthquakes of May 1960 [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. torbernite group [abs.]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, Paper 68, p. 53-54. p. 202; Internat. Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., Washing­ ton, D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 202. A236 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Sammel, E. A., 1962, Parker and Rowley River basins-- Schlee, J. S., and Moench, R. H., 1961, Properties and genesis Records of wells, materials tests, and chemical analyses of "Jackpile" sandstone, Laguna, New Mexico, in Peterson, of water in the Parker and Rowley River basins, Massa­ J. A., and Osmond, J. C., eds., Geometry of sandstone chusetts ;- U.S. Geol. Survey Massachusetts Basic-Data bodies A symposium: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Am. Assoc. Rept., no. 4, Ground-Water Ser., 33 p. (Prepared in coop, Petroleum Geologists, p. 134-150. with Massachusetts Dept. Public Works.) Schlocker, Julius, 1962, Bedrock-surface map of the San Fran­ 1962a, Lower Ipswich River basin Records of wells, cisco North quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open- materials tests, and chemical analyses of water in the file report. lower Ipswich River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Schlocker, Julius, and Bonilla, M. G., 1962, Field trip 4, San Survey Massachusetts Basic-Data Rept. 2, Ground-Water Francisco Peninsula, in Geologic guide to the gas and oil Ser., 47 p. (Prepared in coop, with Massachusetts Dept. fields of northern California: California Div. Mines and Public Works.) Geology Bull. 181, p. 399-406. 1962b, Occurrence of ground water in relation to late- Schmidt, D. L., 1962a, Quaternary geology of the Bellevue glacial history of the coastal area of northeastern Massa­ area in Blaine and Camas Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Sur­ chusetts [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, vey open-file report, 135 p. p. 259-260. 1962b, Quaternary geology of the Bellevue area in Sandberg, C. A., 1961a, Distribution and thickness of Devonian Blaine and Camas Counties, Idaho [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., rocks in Williston basin and in central Montana and north- v. 22, no. 11, p. 3984-3985. central Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1112-D, p. 105- Schmidt, R. A. M., 1961, Recession of Portage Glacier, 127 [1962]. Alaska: Art. 358 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, 1961b, Widespread Beartooth Butte formation of early p. D202-D203. Devonian age in Montana and Wyoming and its paleogeo- Schmidt, Robert George, and Zubovic, Peter, 1961, Cobern graphic significance: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mountain overthrust, Lewis and Clark County, Montana: Bull., v. 45, no. 8, p. 1301-1309. Art. 211 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper424-C, p. C175- Sandberg, G. W., 1961, Ground-water conditions in the Milford C177. and Beryl-Enterprise districts and in Cedar City and Schmidt, Robert Gordon, 1961a, Aeroradioactivity of the Han- Parowan Valleys, Utah, 1954-I960: U.S. Geol. Survey open- ford Plant area, Washington and Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey file report, 84 p. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-307. Sando, W. J., 1961, Revised identifications of some Mississip- 1961b, Natural gamma aeroradioactivity of the Savannah pian corals described in U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1071-F: Jour. River Plant area, South Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geol. Paleontology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1088-1089. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-306. Sanford, T. H., Jr., Malmberg, G. T., and West, L. R., 1961, 1962, Aeroradioactivity survey and areal geology of the Geology of the Huntsville quadrangle, Alabama: U.S. Geol. Savannah River Plant area, South Carolina and Georgia Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-329. (ARMS-1): U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. CEX-58.4.2, Sanford, T. H., Jr., and West, L. R., I960, Ground-water levels March, 41 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy in Madison County, Alabama, July 1956 to July 1959: Commission, Civil Effects Test Operations series, by U.S. Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 22, 42 p. Geological Survey.) Savini, John, and Kammerer, J. C., 1961, Urban growth and the Schmoll, H. R., 1961, Orientation of phenoclasts in laminated water regimen: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper glaciolacustrine deposits, Copper River Basin, Alaska: 1591-A, p. A1-A43. Art. 218 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C192- Sawyer, R. M., 1962a, Effect of urbanization on storm discharge C195. in Nassau County, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file Schmoll, H. R., and Bennett, R. H., 1961, Axiometer--A me­ report, 19 p. chanical device for locating and measuring pebble and 1962b, Progress report on streamflow investigations in cobble axes for macrofabric studies: Jour. Sed. Petrology, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, 1953-57: U.S. Geol. v. 31, no. 4, p. 617-622. Survey open-file report, 159 p. Schnabel, R. W., 1962, Surficial geology of the Avon quadrangle, Schafer, J. P., 1961a, Correlation of end moraines in southern Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-147. Rhode Island: Art. 318 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Schneider, P. A., Jr., 1962, Records and logs of selected 424-D, p. D68-D70. wells and test holes, and chemical analyses of ground wa­ 1961b, Surficial geology of the Narragansett Pier quad­ ter in the South Platte River basin in western Adams and rangle, Rhode Island: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. southwestern Weld Counties, Colorado: Colorado Water Map GQ-140. Conserv. Board [Ground-Water Ser.] Basic-Data Rept. 9, 196Ic, Surficial geology of the Wickford quadrangle, 84 p. Rhode Island: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-136. Schneider, P. A., Jr., and Hers hey, L. A., 1961, Records and 1962, Pleistocene frost action in and near northwestern logs of selected wells and test holes, and chemical analyses Iowa [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 262. of ground water in the lower Cache la Poudre River basin, Schaller, W. T., Stevens, R. E., and Jahns, R. H., 1962, An Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board [Ground-Water unusual beryl from Arizona: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, Ser.] Basic Data Rept. 8, 63 p. nos. 5-6, p. 672-699. Schneider, Robert, 1962a, An application of thermometrytothe Scher, M. B., 1962, Research activity with the U-60 ortho- study of ground water: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply photoscope: Art. 57 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, Paper 1544-B, p. B1-B16. p. B135-B137. 1962b, Use of thermometry in hydrologic studies of Schiner, G. R., and Schneider, Robert, 1962, Geology and glacial deposits at Worthington, Minnesota [abs.]: Geol. ground-water conditions of the Redwood Falls area, Red­ Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 263-264. wood County, Minnesota: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file re­ Schneider, Robert, and Rodis, H. G., 1961, Aquifers in melt- port, 93 p. water channels along the southwest flank of the Des Schipf, R. G., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of the Moines lobe, Lyon County, Minnesota: U.S. Geol. Survey Fayetteville area: North Carolina Dept. Water Resources Water-Supply Paper 1539-F, p. F1-F11. Ground-Water Bull. 3, 99 p. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A237

Schneider, W. J., 1961a, A note on the accuracy of drainage 1962, Erosion on miniature pediments in Badlands Na­ densities computed from topographic maps: Jour. Geophys. tional Monument, South Dakota: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Research, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3617-3618. v. 73, no. 6, p. 719-724. 1961b, Annual minimum streamflows in a permeable Schumm, S. A., and Lichty, R. W., 1961, Recent flood-plain basin in Ohio: Art. 175 _in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper formation along the Cimarron River in Kansas: Art. 48 424-C, p. C70-C71. in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B112-B114. 196 Ic, Changes in snowmelt runoff caused by reforesta­ Scott, G. R., 1960, Quaternary sequence east of the Front tion: Western Snow Conf., 29th Ann. Mtg., Spokane, Wash­ Range near Denver, Colorado, in Geol. Soc. America, ington, Apr. 1961, Proc., p. 44-50. Guide to the geology of Colorado, p. 206-211. 196Id, Flood frequency as related to land use: Internat. 1961, Preliminary geologic map of the Indian Hills quad­ Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull. (Louvain, Belgium), 6e anne'e rangle, Jefferson County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. no. 4, p. 36-39. Geol. Inv. Map 1-333. 1961e, Precipitation as a variable in the correlation of Scott, R. A., 1961, Fossil woods associated with uranium on the runoff data: Art. 9 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Colorado Plateau: Art. 55 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. p. B20-B21. Paper 424-B, p. B130-B132. 1961f, Reduction in peak discharges associated with re­ Scott, R. C., and Barker, F. B., 1961, Ground-water sources* forestation: Forest Science, v. 7, no. 3, p. 232-237. containing high concentrations of radium: Art. 414 m U.S. 1962, Points of origin of perennial flow in Georgia: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D357-D359. Art. 47 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B113- Scott, R. C.,andVoegeli,P.T.,Sr., 1961, Radiochemical analy­ B114. ses of ground and surface water in Colorado, 1954-1961: Schoellhamer, J. E., and Yerkes, R. F., 1961, Preliminary Colorado Water Conserv. Board [Ground-Water Ser."] geologic map of the coastal part oftheMalibu Beach quad­ Basic-Data Rept. 7, 27 p. rangle, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Seaber, P. R., 1962a, Cation hydrochemical facies of ground' open-file report. water in the Englishtown Formation, New Jersey: Art. 51 Schoff, S. L., and Winograd, I. J., 1961, Hydrologic significance in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B124-B126. of six core holes in carbonate rocks of the Nevada Test 1962b, Hydrochemical facies in the Englishtown Forma - Site, with appendix, Lithologic logs, by W. Thordarsonand tion, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 68 p. F. N. Houser: U.S. .Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-787, 97 p. Sears, J. D., Hunt, C. B., and Hendricks, T. A., 1961, Trans- (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.) gressive and regressive Cretaceous deposits in southern 1962, Hydrologic significance of six core holes in car­ San Juan Basin, New Mexico [abs.], in New Mexico Geol. bonate rocks, Nevada Test Site [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country, 12th Field Spec. Paper 68, p. 317. Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 130-131, with a note on Cretaceous Scholl, D. W., and Sainsbury, C. L., 1961a,Marine geology and fossils, by S. A. Northrop. [Abs. from U.S. Geol. Survey bathymetry of the Chukchi shelf off the Ogotoruk Creek Prof. Paper 193-F, 1941.] area, northwest Alaska, in Raasch, G. O., ed., Geology of Segerstrom, Kenneth, 1961a, Deceleration of erosion at Parfw the Arctic: Internat. Symposium Arctic Geology, 1st, cutin, Mexico: Art. 370 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Calgary, Alberta, Jan. I960, Proc., v. 1,Toronto,Ontario, 424-D, p. D225-D227. Univ. Toronto Press, p. 718-732. 1961b, Estratigraffa del drea Bernal-Jalpan, Estado 1961b, Subaerially carved Arctic seavalley under a mod­ de Quere'taro: Asoc. Mexicana Ge61ogos Petroleros Bol., ern epicontinental sea: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, v. 13, nos, 5-6, p. 183-206. no. 9, p. 1433-1435. 1961c, Facies change in Neocomian rocks of the Teresita- Schopf, J. M., 1961, Coal-ball occurrences in eastern Kentucky: Chulo area, Atacama Province, Chile: Art. 229 in U.S. Art. 95 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B228- Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C221-C223. B230. 1961d, Geologfa del suroeste del Estado de Hidalgo y 1962a, A preliminary report on plant remains and coal of del noreste del Estado de Mexico: Asoc. Mexicana Ge61ogos the sedimentary section in the central range of the Hor- Petroleros Bol., v. 13, nos. 3-4, p. 147-168. lick Mountains, Antarctica: Ohio State Univ. Research 1961e, Geology of the Bernal-Jalpan area, Estado de Foundation Project RF 1132 [Rept.], Feb., 61 p. Quere'taro, Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1104-B, 1962b, Russian palynology today--Literature and appli­ p. 19-86. cation to exploration [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geolo­ Segerstrom, Kenneth, and Ruiz Fuller, Carlos, 1962, Cuadran- gists Bull., v. 46, no. 2, p. 278. gulo Copiapo, Provincia de Atacama: Chile, Inst. Inv. Schopf, J. M., andSchopf, T. J. M., 1962, Acid-resistant micro- Geol., Carta Geol. Chile (Santiago), v. 3, no. 1, Il5p. fossils from the Cynthiana formation and Eden group Senftle, F. E., and Thorpe, Arthur, 1962, Oxygen adsorption (Ordovician) [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, and the magnetic susceptibility of ice at low temperatures: p. 264-265. Nature (London), v. 194, no. 4829, p. 673-674. Schultz, L. G., 1961, Preliminary report on the geology and Senftle, F. E., Thorpe, Arthur, and Cuttitta, Frank, 1962, mineralogy of clays on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Magnetic-susceptibility studies of the Fe+2 ion in tektites South Dakota, with a chapter on Usability tests, by H. P. and the determination of and amount of Fe+2 and^Fe+3 Hamlin: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 60 p. [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, Schultz, L. G., and Mapel, W. J., 1961, Clays in the Inyan Kara D. C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 110. group (Cretaceous), Black Hills, Wyoming and South Da­ Sever, C. W., 1962a, Geologic, hydrologic, physiographic, and kota: Art. 210 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, geophysical data indicating a regional structure transect­ p. C172-C175. ing the Coastal Plain of Georgia [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Schumm, S. A., 1961, Dimensions of some stable alluvial chan­ Southeastern Sec., Ann. Mtg., Atlanta, Georgia, Apr. 1962, nels: Art. 13 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Program, p. 26. p. B26-B27. A238 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Sever, C. W., 1962b, Geology and ground-water resources of Kept. UCRL-6438, Pt. 2, Paper Q, p. Q1-Q31. (Report crystalline rocks, Dawson County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.) Survey open-file report, 102 p. 1961b, Impact mechanics at the Meteor Crater, Arizona 1962c, Water-quality differences used in mapping geo­ j.l: Dissert. Abs., v. 21, no. 9, p. 2676-2677. logic structures in the Coastal Plain of Georgia [abs.]: 1962a, Exploration of the Moon's surface: Am. Scientist, Georgia Acad. Sci. Bull., v. 20, nos. 1-2, p. 12. v. 50, no. 1, p. 99-130. Shacklette, H. T., 1961, Physiographic processes of sedge 1962b, Sampling the moon through Kordylewski's clouds meadow pool formation on Latouche Island, Alaska: Art. [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 67, no. 4, p. 1656- 355 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D197- 1657; Am. Geophys. Union, 1st Western Natl. Mtg., Los D198. Angeles, California, Dec. 1961, Program, p. 24. 1962a, Biotic implications of Alaskan biogeochemical 1962c, Interpretation of lunar craters, inKopal, Zdenek, distribution patterns: Ecology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 138-139. ed., Physics and astronomy of the Moon: New York, Aca­ 1962b, Problems of interpreting element content of demic Press, p. 283-359. plants in relation to underlying objects [abs.]: Symposium Shoemaker, E. M., and Chao, E.C.T4 , 196la, New evidence for on Detection of Underground Objects, Materials, and Prop­ the impact origin of the Ries Basin, Bavaria, Germany, in erties, U.S. Army Research and Devel. Labs., Ft. Belvoir, Proceedings of the Geophysical Laboratory-Lawrence Ra­ Virginia, Abstracts, p. 6-7. diation Laboratory Cratering Symposium, Washington, Shapiro, Leonard, and Toulmin, M. S., 1961, Colorimetric de­ D.C., March 28-29, 1961: California, Univ., Livermore, termination of iron in small samples of sphalerite: Art. 141 Lawrence Radiation Lab. Rept. UCRL-6438, Pt. 1, Paper in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B328-B329. B, p. B1-B13. (Report prepared for the U.S. Atomic Sharp, W. N., 1961, Euclase in greisen pipes and associated Energy Commission.) deposits, Park County, Colorado: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, 1961b, New evidence for the impact origin of the Ries nos. 11-12, p. 1505-1508. Basin, Bavaria, Germany: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, Shaw, H. R., 1962, Solubility of H2O in silicate melts, a no. 10, p. 3371-3378. theoretical discussion [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Shoemaker, E. M., and Eggleton, R. E., 1961, Terrestrial Ann. Mtg., Washington, D.C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 70. features of impact origin, in Proceedings of the Geophysical Shawe, D. R., 1961, Rhyolites in the Egan range south of Ely, Laboratory-Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Cratering Nevada: Art. 74 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, Symposium, Washington, D.C., March 28-29, 1961: Cali­ p. B178-B181. fornia, Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. Rept. Shawe, D. R., Simmons, G. C., and Archbold, N. L., 1962, UCRL-6438, Pt. 1, Paper A, p. A1-A27. (Report prepared Measured sections of some Triassic and Jurassic strata for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.) in the Slick Rock district, San Miguel and Dolores Counties, Shoemaker, E. M., Gault, D. E., and Lugn, R. V., 1961, Shatter Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 55 p. cones formed by high speed impact in dolomite: Art. 417 Shawe, D. R., Simmons, G. C., and Rogers, W. B., 1961, Pre­ in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D365-D368. liminary geologic map of the Slick Rock district, San Shride, A. F., 1961, Some aspects of younger Precambrian Miguel and Dolores Counties, Colo.: U.S. Geol. Survey geology in southern Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-203. report, 387 p. Sheldon, R. P., Maughan, E. K., and Cressman, E. R., 1962, 1962, Some aspects of younger Precambrian geology in Sedimentation in Wyoming and adjacent areas during southern Arizona [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 7, Leonard (Permian) time [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. p. 2362. Paper 68, p. 100-101. Shuter, Eugene, and Johnson, A. I., 1961, Evaluation of equip­ Shen, John, 1961, Characteristics of seiches on Oneida Lake, ment for measurement of water level in wells of small New York: Art. 36 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, diameter: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 453, 12 p. p. B80-B81. Sigafoos, R. S., 1961, Vegetation in relation to flood frequency Shepard, A. O., 1961, A heulandite-like mineral associated with near Washington, D.C.: Art. 238 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. clinoptilolite in tuffs of Oak Spring formation, Nevada Test Paper 424-C, p. C248-C250. Site, Nye County, Nevada: Art. 264 in U.S. Geol. Survey Sigvaldason, G. E., and White, D. E., 1961, Hydrothermal al­ Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C320-C323. teration of rocks in two drill holes at Steamboat Springs, Sheppard, R. A., 1962, Iddingsitization and recur rent crystalli­ Washoe County, Nevada: Art. 331 in U.S. Geol. Survey zation of olivine in basalts from the Simcoe Mountains, Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D116-D122. Washington: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 260, no. 1, p. 67-74. Silberling, N. J., 1962, Stratigraphic distribution of Middle Sheppard, R. A., and Perm, J. C., 1962, Geology of the Argil- Triassic ammonities at Fossil Hill, Humboldt Range, lite quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Nevada: Jour. Paleontology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 153-160. Map GQ-175. Silberling, N. J., and Irwin, W. P., 1962, Triassic fossils Sherwood, C. B., and Klein, Howard, 1961, Ground-water re­ from the southern Klamath Mountains, California: Art. 23 sources of northwestern Collier County, Florida: Florida in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B60-B61. Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 29, 44 p. Silberling, N. J., Schoellhamer, J. E., Gray, C. H., Jr., and 1962, Use of analog plotter in water-control problems: Imlay, R. W., 1961, Upper Jurassic fossils from Bedford National Water Well Assoc., Tech Div., 1961 Activities, Canyon formation, southern California: Am. Assoc. Pe­ p. 13-20. troleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 10, p. 1746-1748. Sherwood, C. B., and Leach, S. D., 1961, Hydrologic studies in Silvey, W. D., 1961, Concentration method for the spectro- the Snapper Creek Canal area, Dade County, Florida: U.S. chemical determination of minor elements in water: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 32 p. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1540-B, p. 11-22. Shoemaker, E. M., 1961a, Ballistics and throwout calculations Silvey, W. D.> and Brennan, Robert, 1962, Concentration method for the lunar crater Copernicus, in Proceedings of the Geo­ for the spectrochemical determination of seventeen minor physical Laboratory-Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Crat- elements in natural water: Anal. Chemistry, v. 34, no. 7, ering Symposium, Washington, D.C., March 28-29, 1961: p. 784-786. California, Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A239 Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V., 1960, Resistance to flow 1962c, Pre-Pleistocene channel in nor them Peninsula of in alluvial channels: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 86, Michigan [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, , Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 5,pt. l,p. 73-99; discussion p. 272-273. by Thomas Maddock, Jr., W. B. Langbein, R. H. Taylor, Sinnott, Alien, and Tibbitts, G. C., Jr., 1961, Pleistocene ter­ Jr., and N. H. Brooks, v. 87, no.HY 1, pt. 1, 1961, p. 237- races on the Eastern Shore peninsula, Virginia: Art. 381 256; reply by authors, v. 88, no. HY 3, pt. 1, 1962, p. 185- in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D248-D250. 197. Sinnott, Alien, and Whetstone, G. W., 1962, Fluoride in well 1961, Forms of bed roughness in alluvial channels: Am. waters of the Virginia Coastal Plain: Virginia Minerals, Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 87, Jour. Hydraulics Div., v. 8, no. 1, p. 4-11. no. HY 3, pt. 1, p. 87-105; discussion by C. F. Nordin, Jr., Siple, G. E., 1961, Piezometric levels in the Cretaceous sand J. K. Culbertson, and A. V. Jopling, paper 3000, no. HY 6, aquifer of the Savannah River basin: South Carolina State pt. 1, p. 233-241. Devel. Board Div. Geology, Geol. Notes, v. 5, no. 4, p. SI- 1962, The effect of bed roughness on depth-discharge re­ 57. [Reprinted from Georgia Mineral Newsletter, v. 13, lations in alluvial channels: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply no. 4, I960.] Paper 1498-E, p. E1-E26. , 1962, Ground-water investigations in South Carolina, Simons, D. B., Richardson, E. V., and Haushild, W. L., 1961, 1961: South Carolina State Devel. Board Div. Geology, Variable depth-discharge relations in alluvial channels: Geol. Notes, v. 6, no. 2, p. 15-19. 1 Art. 165 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C45- Sisco, H. G., and Luscombe, R. W., 1961, Records of wells and C47. water-level fluctuations in the Aberdeen-Springfield area, Simons, W. D., 196la, Outcome of 1960 volume forecasts: Bingham and Power Counties, Idaho, in 1960: U.S. Geol. Columbia River Basin Water Forecast Comm., 24th Ann. Survey open-file report, 16 p. Mtg., Spokane, Washington, Apr. 1961, Minutes, p. 1-3. Sisler, F. D., 1961, Electrical energy from biochemical fuel 196lb, Recent hydrologic trends in the Pacific Northwest: cells: New Scientist (London), v. 12, p. 110-111. Art. 8 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B17-B20. Skibitzke, H. E., 1961, Temperature rise within radioactive Simpson, E. S., 196la, A ground-water mechanism for the de­ liquid wastes injected into deep formations: U.S. Geol. position of glacial till: Internal. Geol. Gong., 21st, Copen­ Survey Prof. Paper 386-A, p. A1-A8. hagen, 1960, Proc., pt. 26, Supp. Vol., Sec. 21, p. 103-107. Skibitzke, H. E., Bennett, R. R., da Costa, J. A., Lewis, D. D., 196lb, Transverse dispersion in liquid flow through and Maddock, Thomas, Jr., 1961, Symposium on history porous media [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 21, no. 7, p. 1914. of development of water supply in an arid area in south­ 1962a, Investigations on the movement of radioactive western United States, Salt River Valley, Arizona, in substances in the ground, Pt. 1, Geohydrology and general Ground water in arid zones: Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hy­ considerations, in Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes drology Pub. (Louvain, Belgium), no. 57, p. 706-742. Conf., 2d, Chalk River, Canada, Sept. 26-29, 1961, Proc.: Skibitzke, H. E., and Brown, R. H., 1962, Analysis of hydrologic U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. Kept. TID-7628, p. 145-154. systems: Bienn. Conf. Ground Water Recharge, Univ. Cali­ 1962b, Transverse dispersion in liquid flow through fornia, Berkeley, June 28-29, 1961, Proc., 10 p. porous media: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 411-C, Skibitzke, H. E., and da Costa, J. A., 1962, The ground-water p. C1-C30. flow system in the Snake River Plain, Idaho--An idealized Simpson, H. E., 1961, Surficial geology of the Bristol quad­ analysis: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1536-D, rangle, Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map p. 47-67. GQ-145. Skinner, B. J., 1961, Unit-cell edges of natural and synthetic Simpson, T. A., 1961, Stress model for the Birmingham red sphalerites: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 11-12, p. 1399- iron-ore district, Alabama: Art. 43 in U.S. Geol. Survey 1411. Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B98-B100. Skinner, B. J., and Bethke, P. M., 1961, The relationship be­ Sims, P. K., 1960, Geology of the Central City-Idaho Springs tween unit-cell edges and composition of synthetic wurt- area, Front Range, Colorado, in Geol. Soc. America, Guide zites: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 11-12, p. 1382-1398. to the geology of Colorado, p. 279-285. Skinner, B. J., Clark, S. P., Jr., and Appleman, D. E., 1961, Sims, P. K., and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1961, Some aspects of the Molar volumes and thermal expansions of andalusite, geochemistry of sphalerite, Central City district, Colorado, kyanite, and sillimanite: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 259, no. 9, with a section on Analysis, by P. R. Barnett: Econ. Geology, p. 651-668. v. 56, no. 7, p. 1211-1237. Skipp, B. A. L., 1961, Stratigraphic distribution of endothyrid Sims, P. K., and Toulmin, Priestley, 3d, 1961, Temperature of Foraminifera in Carboniferous rocks of the Mackay quad­ formation of a Precambrian massive sulfide deposit, Cop­ rangle, Idaho: Art. 236 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper per King mine, Front Range, Colorado: Art. 1 in U.S. Geol. 424-C, p. C239-C244. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B1-B2. Skougstad, M. W., 1961, Copper-spark method for spectro- Sims, P. K., Young, E. J., and Sharp, W. N., 1961, Coffinite in chemical determination of strontium in water: U.S. Geol. uranium vein deposits of the Front Range, Colorado: Art. 2 Survey Water-Supply Paper 1496-B, p. 19-31. in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B3-B5. Slaughter, T. H., 1961, Ground-water resources of Allegany Sinclair, W. C., 1960, Reconnaissance of the ground-water re­ and Washington Counties, Maryland: U.S. Geol. Survey sources of Delta County, Michigan: Michigan Geol. Survey open-file report, 367 p. Div. Prog. Rept. 24, 93 p. Slaughter, T. H., and Darling, J. M., 1962,The water resources 1962a, Ground-water resources of Desert Valley, Hum- of Allegany and Washington Counties--The ground-water boldt and Pershing Counties, Nevada: Nevada Dept. Con- resources, by T. H. Slaughter; The surface-water re­ serv. and Nat. Resources, Ground-Water Resources-- sources, by J. M. Darling: Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines, Reconn. Ser. Rept. 7, 22 p. and Water Resources Bull. 24, 408 p. (Prepared in coop, 1962b, Ground-water resources of Pine Forest Valley, with U.S. Geological Survey.) Humboldt County, Nevada: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. Sloss, Raymond, 1961, Surface water resources in La Salle Resources, Ground-Water Resources--Reconn. Ser. Rept. Parish, in La Salle Parish, Louisiana, resources and 4, 19 p. facilities: Louisiana Dept. Public Works and La Salle Parish Devel. Board, p. 47-55. A240 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Smedes, H. W., 1962a, Lowland Creek volcanics, an upper ples of siphons with respect to the artificial-recharge Oligocene formation near Butte, Montana: Jour. Geology, studies: Bienn. Conf. Ground Water Recharge, Univ. v. 70, no. 3, p. 255-266. California, Berkeley, June 28-29, 1961, Proc., [31] p. 1962b, Preliminary geologic map of the northern. Elk- Snyder, C. T., and Langbein, W. B., 1962, The Pleistocene horn Mountains, Jefferson and Broadwater Counties, Mont.: lake in Spring Valley, Nevada, and its climatic implica­ U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-243. tions: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 67, no. 6, p. 2385- 1962c, Relations between volcanism and faulting in the 2394. Lowland Creek Volcanics, Montana, U.S.A. [abs.]: Internat. Snyder, G. L., 1961, Geologic map of the Norwich quadrangle, Symposium Volcanology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. Council Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-144. Japan, Abs., p. 66-67. Sohn, I. G., 1961a, Aechminella, Amphissites, Kirkbyella, and Smedes, H. W., Klepper, M. R., Pinckney, D. M., Becraft, related genera: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 330-B, G. E., and Ruppel, E. T., 1962, Preliminary geologic map p. 107-160 [1962]. of the Elk Park quadrangle, Jefferson and Silver Bow 196 Ib, Ostracodes and conodonts from the Getaway Counties, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field limestone member of the Cherry Canyon formation (Per­ Studies Map MF-246. mian), Texas: Art. 379 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Smith, F. A., Compiler, 1961, Nebraska water survey--Logs of 424-D, p. D244-D245. test holes in Lancaster County: Nebraska Univ. Conserv. 1961c, Paleozoic families, in Moore, R. C.,ed., Treatise and Survey Div. Test Hole Rept. 4, 95 p. on invertebrate paleontology, Pt. Q, Arthropoda 3t Law­ Smith, G. I., 1962, Large lateral displacement on Gar lock rence, Kansas, Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas fault, California, as measured from offset dike swarm: Press, p. Q125-Q127, Q131, Q163-Q165, Q167-Q169, Q177- Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 46, no. 1, Q178, Q181-Q187, Q374-Q377, Q404. p. 85-104. 1961d, Techniques for preparation and study of fossil Smith, R. E., 1961, Records and water-level measurements of ostracodes, m Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on invertebrate selected wells and chemical analyses of ground water, paleontology, Pt. Q, Arthropoda 3: Lawrence, Kansas, East Shore area, Davis, Weber, and Box Elder Counties, Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press, p. Q64-Q70. Utah: Utah State Engineer Basic-Data Rept. 1, 35 p. 1962a, Genetic control of surface ornaments in an Smith, R. L., and Bailey, R. A., 1962, Resurgent cauldrons-- ostracode species [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper Their relation to granitic ring complexes and large volume 68, p. 276-277. rhyolitic ash-flow fields [abs.]: Internat. Symposium Vol­ 1962b, Memorial to Wilbert Henry Hass (1906-1959): canology, Tokyo, May 1962, Sci. Council Japan, Abs., Geol. Soc. America Proc. 1960, p. 105-106. p. 67-68. Sohn, I. G., and Berdan, J. M., 1961, ?Family Berounellidae Smith, R. L., Bailey, R. A., and Ross, C. S., 1961, Structural Sohn & Berdan, 1960, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on evolution of the Valles caldera, New Mexico, and its bear­ invertebrate paleontology, Pt. Q, Arthropoda 3: Lawrence, ing on the emplacement of ring dikes: Art. 340 in U.S. Geol. Kansas, GeoL Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press, Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D145-D149. p. Q260. Smith, W. C., 1962, Borates in the United States, exclusive of Sohn, I. G., Herrick, S. M., and Lambert, T. W., 1961, Re­ Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Re­ placed Paleocene Foraminifera in the Jackson Purchase source Map MR-14. area, Kentucky: Art. 94 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Smith, W. O., 1961, Mechanism of gravity drainage and its re­ 424-B, p. B227-B228. lation to specific yield of uniform sands: U.S. Geol. Survey Soister, P. E., 1962, Stratigraphy of Wind River formation Prof. Paper 402-A, p. A1-A12. (Lower Eocene), Gas Hills uranium district, Wind River Smith, Winchell, 1961, Optical current meter: Art. 424 in U.S. basin, Wyoming [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D383-D384. p. 101-102. Smith, Winchell, and Haines, C. F., 1962, Flow duration and Soren, Julian, 1961, The ground-water resources of Sullivan high- and low-flow tables for California streams: U.S. County, New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Geol. Survey open-file report, 600 p. Bull. GW-46, 66 p. Snavely, P. D., Jr., and Wagner, H. C., 1961, Differentiated Souffriau, J., Simpson, E. S., Baetsle, L., and Dejonghe, P., gabbroic sills and associated alkalic rocks in the central 1962, Investigations on the movement of radioactive sub­ part of the Oregon Coast Range, Oregon: Art. 344 in U.S. stances in the ground, Pt. 2, The copper-rod method for Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D156-D161. measuring ground-water flow, in Ground Disposal of 1962, Tertiary geologic history of western Oregon and Radioactive Wastes Conf., 2d, Chalk River, Canada, Sept. Washington [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., 26-29, 1961, Proc.: U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. TID- v. 46, no. 2, p. 280; Oil and Gas Jour., v. 60, no. 13, p. 109- 7628, p. 155-165. 110. Soward, K. S., 1961, Geologic investigations of proposed power- Snider, J. L., and Forbes, M. J., 1961, Pumpage of water in sites at Baranof and Carbon Lakes, Baranof Island, Alas­ Louisiana, 1960: Louisiana Dept. Public Works, Dept. ka: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1031-B, p. 25-46 [1962]. Conserv., and Geol. Survey, 6 p. 1962, Geology of waterpower sites on the Bradley River, Sniegocki, R. T., 1962, Ground-water recharge, natural and Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1031-C, artificial, in U.S. Public Health Service, 1961 Symposium p. 47-70. on Ground-Water Contamination: Robert A. Taft Sanitary Speert, J. L., 1962, New elevation meter for topographic sur­ Eng. Center Tech. Rept. W61-5, p. 16-20. veys: Art. 59 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, Sniegocki, R. T., Bayley, F. H., 3d, and Engler, Kyle, 1961, p. B141-B142. Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial re­ Spencer, C. W., 1960, Method for mounting silt-size heavy charge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geol. minerals for identification by liquid immersion: Jour. Survey open-file report, 52 p. Sed. Petrology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 498-500. Sniegocki, R. T., and Reed, J. E., 1962, Studies of artificial Spencer, F. D., 1961, Bedrock geology of the Louisville quad­ recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas Princi­ rangle, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ- 151. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A241 Spieker, A. M., 1961, A guide to the hydrogeology of the Mill Stewart, J. H., 1961a, Origin of cross-strata in fluvial sand­ i Creek and Miami River valleys, Ohio, with a section on stone layers in the Chinle formation (Upper Triassic) on the Geomorphology of the Cincinnati area, by R. H. Dur- the Colorado Plateau: Art. 54 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. rell: Geol. Soc. America, Guidebook for field trips, Cin­ Paper 424-B, p. B127-B129. cinnati Mtg., Nov. 1, 1961, p. 217-251. 1961b, Stratigraphy and origin of the Chinle formation Spieker, A. M., and Norris, S. E., 1962, Hydrogeology of val­ (Upper Triassic) on the Colorado Plateau [abs.]: Dissert. ley-train aquifers in the Dayton area, Ohio [abs.]: Geol. Abs., v. 22, no. 2, p. 543. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 278. Stewart, J. W., 1961, Tidal fluctuations of water levels in wells Staatz, M. H., and Griffitts, W. R., 1961, Beryllium-bearing in crystalline rocks in north Georgia: Art. 46 in U.S. tuff in the Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah: Econ. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B107-B109. Geology, v. 56, no. 5, p. 941-950. 1962a, Results of infiltration and permeability studies of Stacy, B. L, 1961, Ground-water resources of the alluvial de­ weathered crystalline rocks at the Radiation Effects Lab­ posits of the Canadian River Valley near Norman, Okla­ oratory, Georgia Nuclear Laboratory, Dawson County, homa: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 65 p. Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 112 p. Stadnichenko, Taisia, Zubovic, Peter, and Sheffey, N. B., 1961, 1962b, Water-yielding potential of weathered crystalline Beryllium content of American coals: U.S. Geol. Survey rocks at the Georgia Nuclear Laboratory: Art. 43 in U.S. Bull. 1084-K, p. 253-295. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B106-B107. Stafford, P. T., I960, Geology of the Cross Plains quadrangle, Stewart, S. W., and Diment, W. H., 1961, Frequency content of Brown, Callahan, Coleman, and Eastland Counties, Texas: seismograms of nuclear explosions and aftershocks: Art. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1096-B, p. 39-72 [1961]. 103 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B243- Stager, H. K., 1962, Geology of the Ano quadrangle, Kentucky: B246. U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-171. Stipp, T. F., 1961, Major structural features and geologic his­ Stallman, R. W., 1961a, Boulton's integral for pumping-test tory of Southeastern New Mexico, in Roswell Geol. Soc., analysis: Art. 155 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof, Paper 424-C, The oil and gas fields of Southeastern New Mexico, I960 p. C24-C29. supplement A symposium, p. xxvi-xxx. 1961b, Preliminary design of an electric analog of liquid Stoertz, G. E., 1961, Analysis of soil strength data from East flow in the unsaturated zone: Art. 28 in U.S. Geol. Survey Greenland sites, App. 1 of Investigations of ice-free sites Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B60-B63. for aircraft landings in East Greenland, 1959: U.S. Air 1961c, Relation between storage changes at the water Force Cambridge Research Labs., Geophysics Research table and observed water-level changes: Art. 19 in U.S. Directorate Rept. AFCRL 1026, or Air Force Survey Geo­ Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B39-B40. physics, no. 127, p. 101-117. 196 Id, Significance of the unsaturated zone in hydrology Stoertz, G. E., and Hartshorn, J. H., 1961a, Areas of low-level [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3568. aerial reconnaissance and hasty field investigations, Pt. 2 1961e, The significance of vertical flow components in of Investigations of ice-free sites for aircraft landings in the vicinity of pumping wells in unconfined aquifers: East Greenland, 1959: U.S. Air Force Cambridge Re­ Art. 20inU.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B41-B43. search Labs., Geophysics Research Directorate Rept. 1962a, Electrical analog model for analyzing water- AFCRL 1026, or Air Force Surveys Geophysics, no. 127, supply problems: New Mexico Water Conf., 6th University p. 13-35. Park, Nov. 1961, Proc., p. 48-55. 196lb, Investigation of ice-free sites for aircraft land­ 1962b, Pond water for domestic use [abs.]: Geol. Soc. ings in the Storelv area, Pt. 4 of Investigations of ice-free America Spec. Paper 68, p. 318. sites for aircraft landings in East Greenland, 1959: U.S. Stallman, R. W., and Moston, R. P., 1961, New equipment for Air Force Cambridge Research Labs., Geophysics Re­ measurements in the unsaturated zone: Art. 279 in U.S. search Directorate Rept. AFCRL 1026, or Air Force Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C363-C365. Surveys Geophysics, no. 127, p. 63-99. Steinhilber, W. L., Van Eck, O. J., and Feulner, A. J., 1961, Stoertz, G. E., Hartshorn, J. H., and Kover, A. N., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of Clayton County, Investigation of ice-free sites for aircraft landings in the Iowa: Iowa Geol. Survey Water-Supply Bull. 7, 142 p. Scoresbysund area, Pt. 3 of Investigations of ice-free Stephens, J. W., and Halberg, H. N., 1961, Use of water in sites for aircraft landings in East Greenland, 1959: U.S. Arkansas, 1960: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 6 p. Air Force Cambridge Research Labs., Geophysics Re­ Stern, T. W., and Rose, H. J., Jr., 1961, New results from search Directorate Rept. AFCRL 1026, or Air Force lead-alpha age measurements: Am Mineralogist, v. 46, Surveys Geophysics, no. 127, p. 37-62. nos. 5-6, p. 606-612. Stow, J. M., 1962, Quality of ground-water--Changes and Stevens, P. R., 1962, Effect of irrigation on ground water in problems: New Mexico Water Conf., 6th, University Park, southern Canyon County, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Water- Nov. 1961, p. 56-69. Supply Paper 1585, 74 p. Straczek, J. A., and Ganeshan, K., 1960, Geochemical studies Stewart, D. B., 1962, Index of refraction measurements of fused in the Zawar zinc-lead area, Udaipur district, Rajasthan, Hawaiian rocks: Art. 29 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper India, in Symposium de exploracion geoqufmica, Tomo 3: 450-B, p. B76-B78. Internat. Geol. Cong., 20th, Mexico, D. F., 1956, p. 555- Stewart, D. B., and Roseboom, E. H., Jr., 1962, Lower temper­ 584. ature terminations of the three-phase region plagioclase- Straczek, J. A., Srikantan, B., and Adyalkar, P.G., I960, Geo­ alkali feldspar-liquid: Jour. Petrology (Oxford, England), chemical prospecting in the Khoh-Dariba copper area, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 280-315. Alwar district, Rajasthan, India, in Symposium de ex- Stewart, H. G., Jr., 1961, Map of Polk County, Florida, showing ploraci6n geoqufmica, Tomo 3: Internat. Geol. Cong., 20th contours on the piezometric surface of the Floridan aqui­ Mexico, D. F., 1956, p. 510-520. fer: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Streeter, V. L., and Lai, Chintu, 1962, Water-hammer analysis Stewart, J. E., and Bodhaine, G. L, 1961, Floods in the Skagit including fluid friction: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., River basin, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply v. 88, Jour. Hydraulics Div., no. HY 3, pt. 1, p. 79-112. Paper 1527, 66 p. A242 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Stringfield, V. T., 1962, Geologic and hydrologic problems on Teichert, Curt, 1961, Authorship of gastropod genus Aspidoth- the continental shelf of Florida, Georgia, and South Caro­ eca: Jour. Paleontology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 880-881. lina, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conf., Teichert, Curt, and Sweet, W. C., 1962, Qctamerella, new 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, Natl. Sci. generic name for a Silurian oncocerid cephalopod: Jour. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 310-312. Paleontology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 611-613. Stuart, D. J., 1961, Gravity study of crustal structure in Thaden, R. E., Lewis, R. Q., Cattermole, J. M., and Taylor, western Washington: Art. 248 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. A. R., 1961, Reefs in the Fort Payne formation of Missis- Paper 424-C, p. C273-C276. sippian age, south-central Kentucky: Art. 39 in U.S. Geol. Stuart, D. J., and Wahl, R. R., 1961, A detailed gravity profile Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B88-B90. across the southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado: Art. 245 Thatcher, L. L., 1961a, Distribution of tritium fall following the in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C265-C267. 1958 weapons tests [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, Stuart, W. T., and Simpson, T. A., 1961, Variations of pH no. 8, p. 2566; Am. Geophys. Union, 42d Ann. Mtg., Wash­ with depth in anthracite mine-water pools in Pennsylvania: ington, D. C., Apr. 1961, Program, p. 73. Art. 37 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B82- 1961b, Evaluation of hydrologic tracers, Art. 432 in U.S. B84. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D396-D397. Subitzky, Seymour, 1961, Residual sea water in the basement 1962a, New tritium fallout over North America from the complex of the Fall Zone in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, 1961 U.S.S.R. nuclear tests [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, Virginia: Art. 319 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D.C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. p. D71-D72. 81. 1962, Records of selected wells and springs, selected 1962b, The distribution of tritium fallout in precipitation drillers' logs of wells, and chemical analyses of ground over North America: Internal. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull. and surface waters, northern Utah Valley, Utah County, (Louvain, Belgium), 7e anne'e, no. 2, p. 48-58. Utah: Utah State Engineer Basic-Data Rept. 2, 14 p. Thatcher, L. L., Rubin, Meyer, and Brown, G. F., 1961, Summers, W. K., 1962, Water temperatures in a well near Wild Dating desert ground water: Science, v. 134, no. 3472, Rose, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters p. 105-106. Trans. 1961, v. 50, p. 221-232. Thayer, T. P., 1961, The magnifying single-prism stereo­ Svenson, H. K., 1961, Opportunities for botanical study, in scope, virtually a new field instrument: Art. 426 in U.S. Symposium on Galapagos Islands [abs. ]: Pacific Sci. Cong., Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D386-D387. 10th, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. Sym­ 1962a, Chapter 2, Mineralogy and Geology, and Chapter posium Papers, p. 470. 3, World Resources, in Materials Survey, Chromium: Swanson, V. E., 1961, Geology and geochemistry of uranium in Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept. Commerce, Business and marine black shales--A review: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Defense Services Adm., Iron and Steel Div., p. 3-25. Paper 356-C, p. 67-112. 1962b, Flow layering in alpine-type peridotite-gabbro Swenson, F. A., 1961, Geohydraulics of type discharges to the complexes [abs.]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, surface from confined, unconfined, and perched ground p. 204-205; Internat. Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Mtg., water [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 10, Washington, D.C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 204-205. p. 3568. 1962c, The magnifying single prism stereoscope A 1962, Ground-water resources in Chouteau County: new field instrument: GeoTimes, v. 6, no. 8, p. 17. [Re­ Montana Farmer Stockman, Mar. 1, p. 18, 20. printed from U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, 1961.] Swenson, H. A., 1962, Water research by the Geological Survey: Thayer, T. P., and Brown, C. E., 1961, Is the Tinaquillo, Mil. Engineer, v. 54, no. 359, p. 177-178. Venezuela "pseudogabbro" metamorphic or magmatic?: Swindel, G. W., and Hodges, A. L., Jr., 1962, Emergency Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 10, p. 1565-1569. ground-water supplies in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana: Thayer, T. P., and Miller, M. H., 1962, Chromite in the Louisiana Dept. Conserv., Geol. Survey, and Louisiana United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Dept. Public Works, 9 p. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-26. Takasaki, K. J., Yamanaga, George, and Lubke, E. R., 1962, Theis, C. V., 1961, Dispersion due to geologic factors [abs.]: Preliminary summary of findings in water-resources Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 10, p. 3568-3569. studies of windward Oahu, Hawaii: Hawaii Div. Water and 1962a, Memorandum on ground-water conditions at car­ Land Devel., Water Resources Circ. 10, 15 p. bon-black plants near Eunice, Lea County, New Mexico:. Tanaka, H. H., and Davis, L. V., 1962, Ground-water re­ New Mexico State Engineer, 16th-17th Bienn. Repts., sources of the Rush Springs sandstone and associated July 1, 1942-June 30, 1946, p. 323-334. strata in Caddo and parts of adjacent counties, Oklahoma: 1962b, Notes on dispersion in fluid flow by geologic U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 113 p. features, in Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, Tatlock, D. B., 196la, Rapid quantitative estimates of quartz Conf., 2d, Chalk River, Canada, Sept. 26-29, 1961, Proc.: and total iron in silicate rocks by X-ray diffraction: Art. U.S.. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. TID-7628, p. 166-178. 145 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B334- Theis, C. V., and Conover, C. S., 1962, Pumping tests in the B337. Los Alamos Canyon well field near Los Alamos, New 196lb, Redistribution of K, Na and Al in some felsic Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-1, rocks in Nevada and Sweden [abs.]: Mining Eng.,v. 13, no. p. 11-124. 11, p. 1256. Theobald, P. K., Jr., and Thompson, C. E., 1961, Relations Tatlock, D. B., andBerkland, J. O., 1962, Leona "Soda" rhyolite, of metals in lithosols to alteration and shearing at Red Alameda County, California--Primary or metasomatic? Mountain, Clear Creek County, Colorado: Art. 58 in U.S. [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68,.p. 58-59. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B139-B141. Taylor, A. R., 1960, Bedrock geology of Antarctica: Washington, Thomas, D. M., 1962a, Extent and frequency of inundation of D.C., U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer, U.S. Navy, 20 p. flood plain in vicinity of Bound Brook in Somerset and Taylor, D. W., and Herrington, H. B., 1962, The freshwater Middlesex Counties, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey open- clam Pisidium tremperi (Hannibal): The Veliger, v. 4, file report, 21 p. no. 3, p. 129-131. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A243 Thomas, D. M., 1962b, Extent and frequency of inundation of Trainer, F. W., and Heath, R. C., 1961, Effect of Lake St. Millstone River flood plain in Somerset County, New Jersey: Lawrence on ground water in the Beekmantown dolomite, U. S, Geol. Survey open-file report, 19 p. northern St. Lawrence County, New York: Art. 315 in U.S. Titus, F. B., Jr., 1961, Ground-water geology of the Rio Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D58-D60. Grande trough in north-central New Mexico, with sections Trauger, F. D., and Herrick, E. H., 1962, Ground water in on the Jemez caldera and the Lucero uplift, in New Mexi­ central Hachita Valley, northeast of the Big Hatchet co Geol. Soc., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country, 12th Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico: New Mexico Field Conf., Oct. 1961, p. 186-192. State Engineer Tech. Rept. 26, 21 p. Todd, Ruth, 196la, Foraminifera from Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Trexler, J. P., Wood, G. H., Jr., and Arndt, H. H., 1961, Islands: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-H, p. 171- Angular unconformity separates Catskill and Pocono for­ 191 [1962]. mations in westernpartof Anthracite region, Pennsylvania: 1961b, On selection of lectotypes and neotypes: Gush- Art. 38 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B84- man Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 12, pt. 4, p. 121- B88. 122. Trimble, D. E., and Carr, W. J., 1961a, Late Quaternary 1961c, Recent literature on the Foraminifera: Cushman history of the Snake River in the American Falls region, Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 12, pt. 1, p. 27-32; Idaho: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 12, p. 1739- pt. 2, p. 71-76; pt. 3, p. 115-119; pt. 4, p. 149-152. 1748. 1962, Recent literature on the Foraminifera: Cushman 1961b, The Michaud delta and Bonneville River near Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 13, pt. 1, p. 24-30; Pocatello, Idaho: Art. 69 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper pt. 2, p. 64-69. 424-B, p. B164-B166. Tolozko, L. R., 1961, Preliminary isoradioactivity map of the Truesdell, A. H., 1962a, Cation-sensitive electrodes as a tool Tordilla Hill-Deweesville area, Karnes County, Texas: in determining equilibrium in mineral-water relations U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, Tooker, E. W., and Roberts, R. J., 1961a, Preliminary geologic D.C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 83. map and sections of the north end of the Oquirrh Range 1962b, Study of natural glasses through their behavior (Mills Junction, Garfield, and Magna 7J4-minute quad­ as membrane electrodes: Nature(London), v. 194,no. 4823, rangles), Tooele and Salt Lake Counties, Utah: U.S. Geol. p. 77-79. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-240. Trumbull, J.V.A., 1961, Selected sources of information on U.S. 1961b, Road log, Pt. 2--The northern Oquirrh Mountains, and world energy resources--An annotated bibliography: Utah, in Utah Geol. Soc., Guidebook to the geology of Utah, U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 447, 8 p. no. 16, Geology of the Bingham mining district and northern Trumbull, J.V.A., Eargle, D. H., and Moxham, R. M., 1961, Oquirrh Mountains, p. 143-145. Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the 1961c, Stratigraphy of the north end of the Oquirrh Moun­ Stockdale SW quadrangle, Karnes and Wilson Counties, tains, Utah, in Utah Geol. Soc., Guidebook to the geology of Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-247. Utah, no. 16, Geology of the Bingham mining district and Tschanz, C. M., and Pampeyan, E. H., 1961, Preliminary northern Oquirrh Mountains, p. 17-35. geologic map of Lincoln County, Nev.--Sheet 1, Geologic 1962, Stratigraphy of the northern Oquirrh Range, Utah map and stratigraphic correlation across southern Lincoln [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 60. County; Sheet 2, Index map, references cited, and the ex­ Toulmin, Priestley, 3d, and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1962, Thermo- planation: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies dynamic study of pyrrhotite and pyrite [abs.]: Am. Miner­ Map MF-206. alogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 205-206; Internal. Mineralog. Tschudy, R. H., 1962, Palynology and time-stratigraphic de­ Assoc., 3d, Gen. Mtg., Washington, D.C., Apr. 1962, terminations [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Program, p. 205-206. Bull., v. 46, no. 2, p. 282. Tourtelot, H. A., 1962, Preliminary investigation of the geologic Tuttle, C. R., 1962, Seismic high-speed till in Massachusetts setting and chemical composition of the Pierre shale, [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 288-289. Great Plains region: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 390, Tuttle, C. R., Alien, W. B., and Hahn, G. W., 1961, A seismic 74 p. record of Mesozoic rocks on Block Island, Rhode Island: Tourtelot, H% A., Schultz^ L. G., and Huffman, Claude, Jr., Art. 240 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C254- 1961, Boron in bentonite and shale from the Pierre shale. C256. South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana: Art. 253 in U.S. Twenhofel> W. S., Black, R. A., and Balsinger, D. F., 1961, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C288-C292. Frequency of earthquakes for selected areas in the western Trace, R. D., 1962, Section across part of the Salem quadrangle, United States for the period 1945-59: U.S. Geol. Survey Crittenden County, Kentucky, in Selected features of the Rept. TEI-782, 38 p. [1962], (Report prepared for U.S. Kentucky fluorspar district and the Barkley dam site: Atomic Energy Commission.) Geol. Soc. Kentucky Field Trip, May 1962 [Guidebook], Twenhofel, W. S., Moore, J. E., and Black, R. A., 1961, Pre­ p. 16. liminary evaluation of the seismicity, geology, and hy­ Tracey, J. I., Jr., Oriel, S. S., and Rubey, W. W., 1961, Dia- drology of the northern Sand Springs Range, Churchill mictite facies of the Wasatch formation in the Fossil ba­ County, Nevada, as a possible site for Project Shoal: U.S. sin, southwestern Wyoming: Art. 62 in U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-796, 21 p. [1962]. (Reportprepared Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B149-B150. for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.) Tracy, H. J., and Lester, C. M., 1961, Resistance coefficients Twenter, F. R., 1961, Miocene and Pliocene history of central and velocity distribution, smooth rectangular channel: Arizona: Art. 205 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1592-A, p. A1-A18. p. C153-C156. Trainer, F. W., 1962, Ground water in glacial drift in northern Tweto, Ogden, 1961, Late Cenozoic events of the Leadville St. Lawrence County, New York [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America district and upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado: Art. 56 in Spec. Paper 68, p. 285-286. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B133-B135. A246 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS Wahrhaftig, Clyde, 1962, Geomorphology of the Yosemite Val­ 1962b, Preliminary report on ground-water conditions ley region, California, in Geologic guide to the Merced at Homer, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 15 p. Canyon and Yosemite Valley, . . .: California Div. Mines 1962c, Winter hydrology of a small Arctic stream [abs.]: and Geology Bull. 182, p. 33-46. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 122-123; Alaskan Wahrhaftig, Clyde, and Clark, L. D., 1962, Road log 2, Tracy Sci. Conf., 12th, College, Aug. 28-Sept. 1, 1961, Proc., to El Portal via Patterson and Turlock, California, in_ p. 134-136. Geologic guide to the Merced Canyon and Yosemite Waller, R. M., Cederstrom, D. J., and Trainer, F. W., 1961, Valley, . . .: California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 182, Data on wells in the Anchorage area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. p. 55-60. Survey open-file report, 228 p. Wait, R. L., 1962, Interim report on test drilling and water Waller, R. M., Feulner, A. J.,andTisdel, F. E., 1962, Ground- sampling in the Brunswick area, Glynn County, Georgia: water movement in the Fort Greely area, Alaska [abs.]: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 57 p. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 123; Alaskan Sci. Waite, H. A., andIdris, Hussein, 1961, Status of hydrogeological Conf., 12th, College, Aug. 28-Sept. 1, 1961, Proc., p. 133. investigations in the New Valley Project, Western Desert, Waller, R. M., and Selkregg, Lidia, 1962, Data on wells and Egyptian Region, United Arab Republic: Internal. Assoc. springs along the Glenn Highway (State 1), Alaska: Alaska Sci. Hydrology Pub. (Louvain, Belgium), no. 56, p. 214-225. Dept. Health and Welfare, Water Hydrol. Data Rept. 15, Waldron, H. H., 1961a, Geologic reconnaissance of Frosty 23 p. Peak volcano and vicinity, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. Walton, W. C., and Stewart, J. W., 1961, Aquifer tests in the 1028-T, p. 677-708. Snake River basalt: Am. Soc. Civil EngineersTrans. 1961, 1961b, Geology of the Poverty Bay quadrangle, Washing­ v. 126, pt. 3, p. 612-632 [1962]. ton: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-158. Wanek, A. A., 1962a, Geology and fuel resources of the south­ 1962, Geology of the Des Moines quadrangle, Washing­ western part of the Raton coal field, Colfax County, New ton: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-159. Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 1 map (6 Waldron, H. H., Liesch, B. A.,Mullineaux, D. R., and Crandell, pieces). D. R., 1962, Preliminary geologic map of Seattle and vi­ 1962b, Reconnaissance geologic map ofpartsofHarding, cinity, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. San Miguel, and Mora Counties, N. Mex.: U.S. Geol. Survey Map 1-354. Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM-208. Walker, E. H., 1961, The quality of ground water in the upper Ward, P. E., 196la, Shallow halite deposits in northern Wood­ Snake River, in Water quality in Columbia River Basin: ward and southern Woods Counties, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Water Quality Conf., Pullman, Washington, Nov. 1960, Geology Notes, v. 20, no. 10, p. 275-277. Proc., p. 79-93. 1961b, Water in Guam: Mil. Engineer, v. 53, no. 354, Walker, G. E., 1962, Ground water in the Climax Stock, Nevada p. 270-272. Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Rept. Ward, P. E., and Leonard, A. R., 1961, Hypothetical circulation TEI-813, open-file report, 48 p. (Report prepared for U.S. of ground water around salt springs in western Oklahoma, Atomic Energy Commission.) Texas, and Kansas: Art. 341 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Walker, G. W., 1961, Soda rhyolite (pantellerite?) from Lake Paper 424-D, p. D150-D151. County, Oregon: Art. 200 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Waring, C. L., 1962, The microspectrochemical analysis of 424-C, p. C142-C145. minerals II: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 5-6,p. 741-743. 1962, Some aspects of the regional geology of south- Waring, C. L., and Worthing, H. W., 1961,Microspectrochemi­ central Oregon [abs.]: Ore Bin, v. 24, no. 2, p. 17-18. cal analysis of minerals, with accompanying Mineralogical Wallace, E. F., and Molenaar, Dee, 1961, Geology and ground- note, by A. D. Weeks: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 9-10, water resources of Thurston County, Washington, V. 1: p. 1177-1185. Washington State Div. Water Resources, Water Supply Warman, J. C., and Causey, L. V., 1961, Relation of springs to Bull. 10, 254 p. thrust faults in Calhoun County, Alabama: Alabama Acad. Wallace, R. E., 1961, Deflation in Buena Vista Valley, Per- Sci. Jour., v. 32, no. 2, p. 87-94. shing County, Nevada: Art. 378 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of Calhoun Paper 424-D, p. D242-D244. County, Alabama: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 131 p. Wallace, R. E., Griggs, A. B., Campbell, A. B., and Hobbs, Warner, L. A., Goddard, E. N., and others, 1961, Iron and S. W., 1961, Tectonic setting of the Coeur d'Alene dis­ copper deposits of Kasaan Peninsula, Prince of Wales Is­ trict, Idaho, in Guidebook to the geology of the Coeur land, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1090, d'Alene mining district: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology 136 p. Bull. 16, p. 3-5. (Reprint of Art. 13 in U.S. Geol. Survey Warrick, R. E., Hoover, D. B., Jackson, W. H., Pakiser, L. C., Prof. Paper 400-B.) and Roller, J. C., 1961, The specification and testing of a Wallace, R. E., and Tatlock, D. B., 1962, Suggestions for seismic-refraction system for crustal studies: Geophysics, prospecting in the Humboldt Range and adjacent areas, v. 26, no. 6, p. 820-824. Nevada: Art. 2 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, Warrick, R. E., and Jackson, W. H., 1961, Poisson's ratio of p. B3-B5. rock salt and potash ore: Art. 102 in U.S. Geol. Survey Wallace, R. E., Tatlock, D. B., Silberling, N. J., and Irwin, Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B241-B242. W. P., 1962, Preliminary geologic map of the Unionville Watkins, F. A., Jr., and Jordan, D. G., 1961a, Ground-water quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field resources of west-central Indiana Preliminary report, Studies Map MF-245. Clay County: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 244 p. Waller, R. M., 1961, Water for an expanding Anchorage [abs.]: 196lb, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ Alaskan Sci. Conf., llth, Anchorage, Aug. 29-Sept. 2, ana--Preliminary report, Greene County: Indiana Div. 1960, Proc., p. 51. Water Resources Bull. 11, 255 p. 1962a, Hydrology and the effects of increasing pumping 1961c, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ in the Anchorage area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file ana Preliminary report, Owen County: U.S. Geol. Survey report, 48 p. open-file report, 97 p. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A247 Watkins, F. A.', Jr.', 196Id, Ground-water resources of west- Weis, P. L., 1961, Bleaching in the Coeur d'Alene district, central Indiana--Preliminary report, Sullivan County: U.S. Idaho, in Guidebook to the geology of the Coeur d'Alene Geol. Survey open-file report, 274 p. mining district: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Bull. 16, 1962a, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ p. 11-13. ana--Preliminary report, Fountain County: U.S. Geol. Sur­ Weist, W. G., Jr., 1962, Water in the Dakota and Purgatoire vey open-file report, 101 p. formations in Otero County and the southern part of 1962b, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ Crowley County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file ana--Preliminary report, Montgomery County: U.S. Geol. report, 28 p. Survey open-file report, 110 p. Weld, B. A., Asselstine, E. S., and Johnson, Arthur, 1961, 1962c, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released only in ana Preliminary report, Parke County: U.S. Geol. Survey the open files, I960: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 448, 15 p. open-file report, 120 p. 1962, Reports and maps of the Geological Survey re­ 1962d, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ leased only in the open files, 1961: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. ana--Preliminary report, Putnam County: U.S. Geol. Sur­ 463, 14 p. vey open-file report, 91 p. Welder, F. A., 1961, Igneous sedimentary relationships in 1962e, Ground-water resources of west-central Indi­ Uvalde County, Texas in Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Socs., ana--Preliminary report, Vermillion County: U.S. Geol. llth Ann. Mtg., Oct. 1961, Field Trip Guidebook, p. A7- Survey open-file report, 88 p. A9. Watkins, F. A., Jr., and Ward, P. E., 1962, Ground-water Welder, F. A., and Reeves, R. D., 1962, Geology and ground- resources of Adams County, Indiana; Indiana Div. Water water resources of Uvalde County, Texas: South Texas Resources Bull. 9, 67 p. Geol. Soc. Bull., v. 2, no. 4, p. [13-32]. Watkins, J. S., 1962, Gravity observations by the U.S. Geological Wells, F. G., and Peck, D. L., 1961, Geologic map of Oregon Survey in Kentucky prior to October 1, 1961: U.S. Geol. west of the 121st meridian: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Survey open-file report, 10 p. Inv. Map 1-325. Wayman, C. H., 1961, Hydrate equilibrium in soil profiles: Soil Wells, J. D., 1960, Petrography of radioactive Tertiary igneous Science, v. 92, no. 5, p. 322-330. rocks, Front Range mineral belt, Colorado: U.S. Geol. 1962, Limitations of the methylene blue method for ABS Survey Bull. 1032-E, p. 223-272 [1961]. determinations: Art. 49 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Wells, J. D., Sheridan, D. M., and Albee, A. L., 1961, Meta- 450-B, p. B117-B120. morphism and structural history of the Coal Creek area, Weber, F. R., 1961, Reconnaissance engineering geology for Front Range, Colorado: Art. 196 in U.S. Geol. Survey selection of highway route from Talkeetna to McGrath, Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C127-C131. i Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 1 map, Wells, J. V. B. [1961], Some new programs of the United 2 sheets States Geological Survey: Nevada Water Conf., 14th Ann., Weber, F. R.,andPe'we',T. L, 196la, Engineering geology prob- Carson City, Sept. 29-30, I960, Proc., p. 1-7. lejns. in ..the Yuko'h-Koyukuk lowland, Alaska: Art. 419 in Wentworth, C. K., 1961, Glaciation on Mauna Kea as evidence U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D371-D373T of Pleistocene climatic conditions [abs.]: Pacific Sci. 196lb, Reconnaissance engineering geology for highway Gong., 10th, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 21-Sept. 6, 1961, Abs. location in Alaska [abs.]: Alaskan Sci. Conl, llth, Anch­ Symposium Papers, p. 302-303. orage, Aug. 29-Sept. 2, I960, Proc., p. 165-166. Wentworth, C. K., Powers, H. A., and Eaton, J. P., 1961, Wedow, Helmuth, Jr., 1961, Thorium and rare earths in the Feasibility of a lava-diver ting barrier at Hilo, Hawaii: Pocos de Caldas zirconium district, Brazil: Art. 364 in Pacific Sci., v. 15, no. 3, p. 352-357. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D214-D216. West, S. W., 1961, Disposal of uranium-mill effluent near 1962, "Laterization" of allanite in the Morro do Ferro Grants, New Mexico: Art. 421 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. rare-earth and thorium deposit, Pocos de Caldas Plateau, Paper 424-D, p. D376-D379. Brazil [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 293. West, S. W., and Kilburn, Chabot, 1962, Ground water data for Weeks, A. D., Lindberg, M. L., and Meyrowitz, Robert, 1961, part of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Bannock, B ing- Grantsite, a new hydrated sodium calcium vanadyl vanadate ham, and Power Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Ground- from New Mexico and Colorado--A preliminary descrip­ Water Rept., Idaho, no. 1, 45 p. (Prepared in coop, with tion: Art. 125 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. U.S. Bur. Indian Affairs and Idaho Dept. Reclamation.) B293. West, W. S., and Klemic, Harry, 1961, Relation of fold struc­ Weigle, J. M., and Foxworthy, B. L., 1962, Geology and ground- tures to distribution of lead and zinc mineralization in the water resources of west-central Lewis County, Washington: Belmont and Calamine quadrangles, Lafayette County, Wis­ Washington State Div. Water Resources Water Supply Bull. consin: Art. 296 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, 17, 248 p. p. D9-D12. Weir, G. W., Kennedy, V. C.,Puffett, W. P., and Dodson, C. L., Wetterhall, W. S., Stewart, H. G., Jr., and Meyer, F. W., 1961, Preliminary geologic map and section of the Mount 1961, Map showing piezometric surface of the Floridan Peale 2 NW quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah: U.S. Geol. aquifer in Pasco County and adjacent areas, Florida: Survey Mineral Inv. Map MF-152. U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Weir, G. W., Puffett, W. P., and Dodson, C. L., 1961, Collapse Whelan, J. A., and Goldich, S. S., 1961, New data for hisinge- structures of southern Spanish Valley, southeastern Utah: rite and neotocite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 46, nos. 11-12, Art. 72 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B173- p. 1412-1423. B175. Whetstone, G. W., and Musser, J. J., 1962, Relation between Weir, J. E., Jr., and Dyer, H. B., 1962, Ground-water condi­ aluminum content and pH of water, Beaver Creek strip- tions during 1961 at the Marine Corps Base, Twentynine mining area, Kentucky: Art. 53 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Palms, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Paper 450-B, p. B127-B128. 50 p. A248 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Whitcomb, H. A., 1962, Ground-water resources and geology Whittier, W. H., and Becker, R. C., 1945, Geologic map and of Niobrara County, Wyoming, with a section on Chemical sections of the bituminous sandstone deposits in the P. R. quality of the ground water, by T. R. Cummings: U.S. Springs area, Grand and Uintah Counties, Utah: U.S. Geol. Geol. Survey open-file report, 167 p. Survey open-file report [1962], Whitcomb, H. A., and Morris, D. A., 1962, Ground-water re­ Wiitala, S. W., 1961, Some aspects of the effect of urban and sources and geology of northern and western Crook Coun­ suburban development upon runoff: U.S. Geol. Survey open- ty, Wyoming, with a section on the Chemical quality of file report, 28 p. the water, by R. H. Langford: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file Wiitala, S. W., Jetter, K. R., and Sommerville, A. J., 1961, report, 168 p. Hydraulic and hydrologic aspects of flood-plain planning: White, A. M., and Stromquist, A. A., 1961, Anomalous heavy U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1526, 69 p. minerals in the High Rock quadrangle, North Carolina: Wilcox, R. E., 1961, Igneous rocks of the Near Islands, Aleutian Art. 118 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B278- Islands, Alaska: Internal. Geol. Gong., 20th, Mexico, D. F., B279. 1956 [Trabajos], sec. 11-A, p. 365-378. White, D. E., 1962, Antimony in the United States, exclusive of Wilkins, E. E., 1962a, Solving the "serials record" problem: Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Re­ Spec. Libraries, v. 53, no. 5, p. 258-261. source Map MR-20. 1962b, U.S. Geological Survey Library, Menlo Park, White, D. E., and Waring, G. A., 1961, A review of the chemi­ California: Spec. Libraries Assoc., San Francisco Bay cal composition of gases from volcanic fumaroles and Region Chap., Bull., v. 32, no. 4, p. 15. igneous rocks: Art. 261 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Willard, M. E., and Callaghan, Eugene, 1962, Geology of the Paper 424-C, p. C311-C312. Marysvale quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. White, G. W., 1961, Classification of glacial deposits in the Map GQ-154. Killbuck lobe, northeast-central Ohio: Art. 176 in U.S. Willden, C. R., 1961a, Composition of the iron-formation of Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C71-C73. ~~ Devonian age in the Christmas quadrangle, Arizona: Art. 1962, Buried valleys in glacial drift [abs.]: Geol. Soc. 397 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D304- America Spec. Paper 68, p. 294-295. D306. White, M. G., 1961, Origin of uranium and gold in the quart- 196lb, Geology of the Jackson Mountains, Humboldt zite-conglomerate of the Serra de Jacobina, Brazil: Art. County, Nevada [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 21, no. 9, p. 2677. 4 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B8-B9. 196lc, Major westward thrusting of post-Middle Triassic White, M. G., and Pierson, C. T., 1961, Revision of the geology age in northwestern Nevada: Art. 192 in U.S. Geol. Survey of diamond districts in Bahia, Brazil: Art. 362 in U.S. Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C116-C120. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D211-D213. ~ Williams, J. R., and Ferrians, O. J., Jr., 1961, Late Wisconsin White, N. D., 1961, Analysis and evaluation ofavailable hydro- and Recent history of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska: logic data for San Simon Basin, Cochise and Graham Arctic, v. 14, no. 2, p. 82-90. Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 63 p. Williams, P. L., 1961, Glacial geology of the Stanley Basin: White, N. D., Stulik, R. S., Morse, E. K., and others, 1961, Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 123, 29 p. Annual report on ground water in Arizona, Spring 1960 Wilmarth, V. R., and Johnson, D. H., 1962, Preliminary recon­ to Spring 1961: Arizona State Land Dept. Water Resources naissance survey for thorium, uranium, and rare-earth Rept. 10, 93 p. (Other authors are J. P. Akers, S. G. oxides, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming: Brown, M. E. Cooley, E. S. Davison, W. F. Hardt, G. E. U.S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-172, open-file report, 26 p. Hendrickson, E. T. Hollander, P. W. Johnson, D. D. Lewis, (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.) E. F. Pashley, Jr., and W. D. Potts.) Wilmoth, B. M., Jr., I960, Particle-size and permeability stud­ White, W. F., and Durum, W. H., 1962, Investigations by the ies of the Quaternary alluvium in Kanawha County, West Quality of Water Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, along Virginia: West Virginia Acad. Sci. Proc. I960, v. 32, the Atlantic coast, in Natl. Coastal and Shallow Water Re­ p. 174-179. search Conf., 1st, Oct. 1961, Proc.: Tallahassee, Florida, 1961, Movement of ground water in the Kanawha River Natl. Sci. Found, and Office Naval Research, p. 315-316. alluvium in West Virginia [abs.]: West Virginia Acad. Sci. Whitebread, D. H., Griggs, A. B., Rogers, W. B., and Mytton, Proc. 1961, v. 33, p. 86. J. W., 1962, Preliminary geologic map and sections of the 1962, Study of movement of ground water in Kanawha Wheeler Peak quadrangle, White Pine County, Nevada: Valley alluvium: West Virginia Geol. Survey Newsletter, U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies MapMF-244. 2d issue, p. [8-9]. Whitebread, D. H., and Lee, D. E., 1961, Geology of the Mount Wilshire, H. G., 1962, Internal structure of a differentiated Wheeler mine area, White Pine County, Nevada: Art. 193 teschenite intrusion, Prospect Hill, New South Wales in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C120-C122. [abs.]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, nos. 1-2, p. 207; Internal. Whitehead, H. C., and Feth, J. H., 1961, Chemical character Mineralog. Assoc., 3d, Gen. Mtg., Washington, D.C., Apr. of precipitation at Menlo Park, California: Art. 304 in 1962, Program, p. 207. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D29-D30. Wilson, Druid, 1962, Julia Anna Gardner, 1882-1960 [Memorial]: 1962, Recent chemical analyses of waters from several Nautilus, v. 75, no. 3, p. 122-123. closed-basin lakes and their tributaries in the western Wilson, K. V., 1961, Floods of 1958 in Mississippi: U.S. Geol. United States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 9, Survey open-file report, 35 p. p. 1421-1425. Wilson, K. V., and Trotter, I. L., Jr., 1961, Floods in Missis­ Whitlow, J. W., 1962, Red iron-ore beds of Silurian age in sippi, magnitude and frequency: Mississippi State High­ northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, and eastern way Dept. Traffic and Plan. Div., 326 p. Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Winograd, I. J., 1962a, Interbasin movement of ground water Map MF-175. at the Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geol. Survey Rept. TEI-807, Whitmore, F. C., Jr., 1962, Treasure house of the past con­ open-file report, 11 p. (Report prepared for U.S. Atomic cealed in colored sands: The Vineyard Gazette, Martha's Energy Commission.) Vineyard, Mass., v. 117, no. 1, May 4, p. D1-D2. PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1962 A249

Winograd, I. J., 1962b, Interbasin movement of ground water at Wood, L. A., Gabrysch, R. K., and Marvin, R. F., 1962, Re­ the Nevada Test Site [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. connaissance of the ground-water resources of the Gulf Paper 68, p. 300-301. Coast region, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, Winslow, A. G., 1961, Ground water in the Houston region, in 178 p. Geology of Houston and vicinity: Houston, Texas, Houston Wright, T. L., 1962, The alkali feldspars of a shallow granitic Geol. Soc. Academic and Libr. Comm., p. 33-35. batholith [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Wash­ Winslow, J. D., and White, G. W., 1962, Geology and ground - ington, D.C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 75. water resources of Portage County, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Sur­ Wrucke, C. T., 1961, Paleozoic and Cenozoic rocks in the Al- vey open-file report, 268 p. pine-Nutrioso area, Apache County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Winterer, E. L., and Durham, D. L., 1962, Geology of south­ Survey Bull. 1121-H, p. H1-H26. eastern Ventura basin, Los Angeles County, Calif.: U.S. Wrucke, C. T., and Bromfield, C. S., 1961, Reconnaissance Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 334-H, p. 275-366. geologic map of part of the southern PeloncilloMountains, Wires, H. O., 1961, Development of an ultrasonic method for Hidalgo County, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral measuring stream velocities: Art. 27 in U.S. Geol. Survey Inv. Field Studies Map MF-160. Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B58-B60. Wyrick, G. G., 1961, Records of wells in Volusia County, Withington, C. F., 1961, Origin of mottled structure in bedded Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 24, 96 p. calcium sulfate: Art. 410 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Wyrick, G. G., and Floyd, E. O., 1961, Microtime measure­ 424-D, p. D342-D344. ments in aquifer tests on open-hole artesian wells: U.S. 1962, Gypsum and anhydrite in the United States, ex­ Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1545-A, p. Al-All. clusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Yates, R. G., 1962, Quicksilver deposits of the Terlingua dis­ Inv. Resource Map MR-33. trict, Texas [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., v. 22, no. 10, p. 3611- Witkind, I. J., 1961a, Deformation of the epicentral area, 3612. Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959-- Yochelson, E. L., 1961, Occurrences of the Permian gastropod Dual-basin concept: Art. 346 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Omphalotrochus in northwestern United States: Art. 100 Paper 424-D, p. D165-D168. in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, p. B237-B239. 1961b, The uranium-vanadium ore deposit at the Monu­ 1962, Gastropods from the Redwall limestone (Missis - ment No. 1-Mitten No. 2 mine, Monument Valley, Navajo sippian) in Arizona: Jour. Paleontology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 74- County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-C, p. 219- 80. 242. Young, R. A., 1961, Hydrogeologic evaluation of stream-flow 1962, Possible detachment faults in the Tepee Creek records in the Rogue River basin, Oregon: U. S. Geol. quadrangle, Gallatin County, Montana: Art. 3 in U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 119 p. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B6-B8. Young, R. A., and Carpenter, C. H., 1961, Plan to salvage Witkind, I. J., Myers, W. B., Hadley, J. B., Hamilton, Warren, evapotranspiration losses in the central Sevier Valley, and Eraser, G. D., 1962, Geologic features of the earth­ Utah: Art. 18 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, quake at Hebgen Lake, Montana, August 17, 1959:Seismol. p. B36-B38. Soc. America Bull., v. 52, no. 2, p. 163-180. Young, R. S., and Wedow, Helmuth, Jr., 1962, Geologic setting Wolcott, D. E., Bowles, C. G., Brobst, D. A., and Post, E. V., of the Myers zinc prospect, Smyth County, Virginia [abs.]: 1962, Geologic and structure map of the Minnekahta NE Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 82. quadrangle, Fall River and Custer Counties, South Da­ Zablocki, C. J., 1961, Electrical properties of sulfide-miner- kota: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map alized gabbro, St. Louis County, Minnesota: Art. 241 in MF-242. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C256-C258. Wolfe, J. A., 1961, Age of theKeechelusandesitic series of the Zablocki, C. J., and Keller, G. V., 1961, Some observations of Cascade Range, Washington: Art. 232 in U.S. Geol. Survey the seismic-electric effect: Art. 395 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C228-C230. Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D296-D299. 1962, New name for Cardiopteris Schimper: Taxon Zadnik, V. E., 1961, Petrography of the Upper Cambrian dolo­ (Utrecht, Netherlands), v. 11, no. 4, p. 141. mites of Warren County, New Jersey [abs.]: Dissert. Abs., Wolfe, J. A., Gower, H. D., and Vine, J. D., 1961, Age and v. 21, no. 11, p. 3425-3426. correlation of the Puget group, King County, Washington: Zapp, A. D., 1962, Future petroleum producing capacity of the Art. 233 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C230- United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1142-H,p. H1-H36. C232. Zen, E-an, 1962, Phase-equilibrium studies of the system Wolman, M. G., and Brush, L. M., Jr., 1961, Factors controlling CaSO4-NaCl-H2O at low temperatures and 1 atmosphere the size and shape of stream channels in coarse nonco- pressure [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 306. hesive sands: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 282-G, Zietz, Isidore, and Books, K. G., 1961, Aeromagnetic interpre­ p. 191-210 [1962]. tation and remanent magnetization [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Wones, D. R., 1962, Distribution of iron and aluminum between Research, v. 66, no. 8, p. 2571-2572. potassium feldspar and magnetite [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Zones, C. P., 1961a, Discharge of ground water by phreatophytes Union, 43d Ann. Mtg., Washington, D.C., Apr. 1962, in the Waianae district, Oahu, Hawaii: Art. 377 in U. S. Program, p. 69. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D240-D242. Wones, D. R., and Appleman, D. E., 1961, X-ray crystallography 1961b, Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent and optical properties of synthetic monoclinic KFeSi3Og, Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada: U. S. Geol. iron-sanidine: Art. 260 in U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Survey Water-Supply Paper 1581, 50 p. 424-C, p. C309-C310. 1961c, Ground-water reconnaissance of Winnemucca 1962, Iron-feldspar polymorphs in the system K^O- Lake Valley, Pershing and Washoe Counties, Nevada: U. S. FeO-Fe2O3-Si02-H2O [abs.]: Am. Mineralogist, v. 47, Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1539-C, p. C1-C18; nos. 1-2, p. 209; Internal. Mineralog. Assoc., 3d Gen. Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. Resources Water Resource Mtg., Washington, D.C., Apr. 1962, Program, p. 209. Bull. 15, p. C1-C18. A250 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

Zubovic, Peter, Stadnichenko, Taisia, andSheffey, N. B., 1961a, 1961b, Geochemistry of minor elements in coals of the Chemical basis of minor-element associations in coal and Northern Great Plains coal province: U. S. Geol. Survey other carbonaceous sediments; Art. 411 in U. S. Geol. Bull. 1117-A, p. A1-A58. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D345-D348. CORRECTIONS TO PROFESSIONAL PAPERS 400, 424, AND 450-B A251 LIST OF CORRECTIONS TO PROFESSIONAL PAPERS 400-A, 400-B, 424-A, 424-B, 424-C, 424-D, AND 450-B Following is a list of corrections of the significant errors that have appeared in "Geological Survey Re­ search 1960" (Professional Papers 400-A and -B), "Geological Survey Kesearch 1961" (Professional Papers 424 A, B, C, and -D), and in Chapter B of this volume. Readers are urged to note these corrections in their copies of previous chapters. Corrections to the text are located by volume, page, article, left or right column, and line as counted from the top of the column in that article (all equations counted as one line only). Corrections to figures are located by volume, page, article, and figure number. Professional Paper 400-A that when measuring resistance the dial reads a. Page A63, line 2 of footnote 2: change "186" to directly from 0 to 10,000 ohms - - - -." "1.86." d. Page B168, article 70, figure 70.1: in strati- Professional Paper 400-B graphic column 1 change sample number from a. Page B38, article 19, figure 19.1: in title, change "G3043" to "G3123." "acres" to "areas." Professional Paper 424-C b. Page B48, article 24: in authorship, change a. Page C43, article 164: in title of article change "Hoyle" to "Hoye." "Special" to "Specific." c. Page B51, article 24, right column, line 2: change b. Page C88, article 183, figure 183.1: table 183.1, "12" to "8." referred to in figure, was omitted from article. d. Page B55, article 26, left column, line 9: change This article will be reprinted in full hi Pro­ . "6,450-level" to "6,400-level." fessional Paper 450-E. e. Page B202, article 89, right column, line 13: c. Page C150, article 203, right column, line 17: change "fig. 89.2" to "fig. 89.3." change "joined" to "jointed." f. Page B203, article 89, left column, line 1: change d. Page C197, article 219, table 219.2, second column "fig. 89.1a" to "fig. 89.1." from right: change "microhms" to "mi- g. Page B203, article 89, left column, line 8: change cromhos." "figure 89.1b" to "figure 89.2." e. Page C222, article 229, figure 229.1: in explana­ h. Page B203, article 89, left column, line 34: tion of section, change "chert" to "flow change "fig. 89.3" to "fig. 89.4." breccia." i. Page B232, article 104, right column, line 41 (7th f. Page C252, article 239, table 239.1: add the fol­ line from bottom): change "Pennsylvanian" to lowing to the upper part of table: "Mississippian."

j. Page B499, article 227, figure 227.2: correct title Stony soil Shale-derived soil should read as follows "Spectra, cyanogen re­ Vegetation Percent Hits per Percent Hits per gion, of silicate rock standards containing compo­ 100 pins compo­ 100 pins tungsten, thallium, and ruthenium: #, in con­ sition sition

trolled atmosphere of 4 parts of argon and 1 Grasses part of oxygen, 6, in air." k. Page B503, article 229, figure 229.1: all numbers Agropyron smithii (Rydb.) West­ ern wheatgrass______13.2 13.1 in upper abscissa ("Millivolt reading with Andropogon gerardi (Vitman.) Big sodium-sensitive electrode") should be pre­ 7.4 6.7 ceded by minus sign. Andropogon scoparius (Michx.) 6.8 6. 1 Professional Paper 424-A Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Sideoats grama ______8.4 7.6 a. Page A78, left column, line 10: line should read Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. 14. 1 12.8 6.0 6.0 "with A12O3 increasing toward and K2O in­ Bouteloua hirsuta (Lag.) Hairy creasing away." 7.0 6.4 Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Professional Paper 424-B 25.4 25.2 Bromus japonicus (Thunb.) Japa- a. Pages B18 and B19, article 8, figures 8.2 and 8.3: 41.8 41.4 titles of these 2 figures should be reversed. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. June- b. Page B48, article 23, left column, line 17: change grass _. ______-_____-_--____ 2.2 2.0 "lbft-2"to"lbin-V c. Page B63, article 29, right column, lines 19 and Professional Paper 424-D 20: correct to read as follows "in which Rtn is a. Page D46, article 310, right column, lines 16 and the resistance of the thermistor. This means 17: should read "here indicates that the east A252 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS

side of the zone moved south relative to the e. Page D220, article 367, figure 367.1 : title should west side." read "Index map of Java showing the distri­ b. Page D78, article 320, figure 320.3: a corrected bution of phosphate deposits (after van Es, version of parts of this figure is reproduced 1935)." below. f. Page D220, article 367: add the following Eef erence Cited : Es, L. J. C. van, 1935, de An-Ab-Or-Q beteekenis en het voorkomen van phosphaat TETRAHEDRON op Java: De Ingenieur in Nederlandsch- Indie, IV. Mijnbouw en Geologie, "De Mijn- ingenieur," V.2, p. 34-47. g. Page D400, article 434, right column, line 43 (6th from bottom) : change "points from equation 1" to "points from equation 2." Professional Paper 450-B a. Page B41, article 15, left column, line 17 : equa­ tion should be as follows :

FIELD OF WELDED "ASH" b. Page B87, article 34, left column: equation on / TUFFS V line 12 should be numbered (1), equation on Q+Or line 25 should be numbered (2), and equation on line 35 should be numbered (3). c. Page B114, article 48, right column, line 17 (last c. Page D90, article 324, right column, line 22: line) : change "620/t" to "620mAt." change "important" to "only." d. Page B128, article 53, left column, line 5 : equa­ d. Page D216, article 365, figure 365.1: title should tion should read as follows : read "Aerial view of mangrove swamp south of Gladstone, Queensland, Australia. White area is vegetation free." H3A103 INDEX

[See also "Regional Investigations," p. A137-A168, and "Topical Investigations," p. A169-A186]

Page Page Page Apatites, rare-earth content A92 California Continued Acoustic meter, for measuring water velocity. A123 Aquifers, analog models... 100-101 ground water, quality.. . A91 Aerial photography, half-base convergent__ 125 artificial recharge_. _____. _ __ 112 Sacramento Valley. 50 instruments..______124-125 compaction...... 50,102,105 San Nicolas Island- 99 target design. __.______124 effect of nuclear explosions 108-109 Santa Barbara County. -... 50,99 Aeromagnetic surveys, regional______25,80 effect of sinkholes...... 112 land subsidence-...... 50.102,105 See Geophysics under Slate names for district effect of spreading basins. 112 limnology______102-103 surveys. limestone hydrology, theoretical 103-104 mercury.. . . 48-49 Aeroradioactivity surveys, district_____ 19,21, mechanics of flow in . .... 96,100-101 paleontology . -- - 43,49,75 25,26,27-28,37.52.58 salt-water encroachment____ 22,100-102,122 petroleum.. ... 10 regional-_____.______115 Arctic Ocean, aeromagnetic surveys_ 80 petrology...... - - 88-89 Aerotriangulation, analytical..____...... 125 Arizona, cooperating agencies_____...__ 133 saline minerals- __ 6-7,44-45 Air storage, underground. ______105,108 crater studies 71-72 stratigraphy. 43,48-49 Alabama, cooperating agencies______133 erosion_ 39 structural geology..... 43-44,48-49,50 geologic history____... ._...._. l evapotranspiratlon__....._ . .... 103 surface water, Sacramento River 98 geomorphology...______.._ 23-24 geochemical prospecting 121 San Nicolas Island ... . 99 ground water_____.___...... _ 26,101 geologic history 39,44,76 Carbonate rocks, monomineralic unnamed iron deposits______. ___. __ 1 geophysics 82 mineral__...... 86 quality of water.-....--.-.__...._ 27 ground water, Flagstaff 40 oxygen-isotope ratios. 122 stratigraphy..__.___.__...... 26 Papago Indian Reservation.... 57 Carbon-14 dating method, applications.... 93 surface water______26,100 Tucson area_._.____....___ 76 Carboniferous. See Mississippian, Pennsyl- Alaska, beryllium. ___._____._ J.__ 5 land subsidence 105 vanian. cooperating agencies._..._...... _. 133 paleontology. ______37-38 Carolina Bays, origin. 22 coal._...... 10-11,52 stratigraphy. 42,44,76 Cartography, procedures 126-128 copper.. . ----..-.-.-.....-.-.--..... 2,54 structural geology 38,39,40,44 Caves, geomorphology- 23-24 floods..... - .. ---. 99 Arkansas, cooperating agencies... 133 Cesium, disposal of wastes 86 geochronology____.____._.--.-. 93 geophysics . ______26 Chemical weathering, geochemistry 87 geologic maps______.-.--.-. 53 ground water______26,27,28 Chemistry, analytical_.... 116-118 geophysics- ______-..-. 52,79 paleontology_.______.. 26 crystal. 86-87 ! glacial geology..______..___.. 78 phosphate deposits_ 6 natural water 88 gold...... 53 stratigraphy ______26,27 organic. 91-92 ground water, Cordova.-.. ...____ 53 Austria, crater studies___...._..._... 72 Chile, metallogenic map.. 67 highway construction.....______.. 105 sand dunes. 67 iron deposits______. _ 2,54 B Chloride analysis, drill cores 118 marine geology. ______79 Chromite, district studies.. 2,69 nuclear test site______.... 109 Barite, district studies____...... __._ 67 Clay, as an osmotic membrane 90 paleontology______. _ 52-53,54-55 Basalt, magnetic properties__._... 81 relation of content to shrinkage of deposits. 50 permafrost______.__ 81 radioactive-waste disposal...___.._.. 113 Clay balls, formation and deposition 37 petroleum______.... 52,53 Basement-rock map, North America.. .. 113 Clay minerals, adsorption of cesium 86 petrology...... 53,88 Bediasites. See Tektites. adsorption of strontium 87-88 stratigraphy . .... 52,53,54,55 Beryllium, complexes in aqueous solutions_ 117 district studies... 7,69-70 structural geology ______. ___ 52 district studies..______.__ 5,8,42,68 new mineral- 90 zinc______.. 54 field determination. . 121 Coal, bibliography 10 Algae ...______.. 59 laboratory determination_. _.. . 8 district studies_ -_ 10-11,52,62,68 Alidades, pendulum___. ______.. 124 Beryllium minerals, structure.. . 87 mine bumps. 106 Alkali metals, determination in micas...... 117 Bison, association with human artifacts___ 74 mine drainage.. 115 Alluvial channels, sediment transport... _.. 98 Bolivia, copper, tin, tungsten_____.__ 67 reserves 10,11 Alluvial fans, morphology.. ___ 77 Borate minerals, crystal structure.._ 86-87 strip mining, effect on forests 77 Aluminum, district studies______6 Boron, determination in water..._ ...... 117 effect on surface water. 24,91 American Samoa, cooperating agency.. ._ 136 Botanical exploration_..____... 121 variation in rank, causes. 11 ground water. __... __.____ 61 Brachiopods, attachment structures... .. 74-75 Cobalt, as an indicator of uranium . 8-9 Ammonites. ______35,75 Brucite, stability in water______87 Coesite, in glassy ejecta from nuclear ex­ Anguar Island, ground water. .. 61 Brazil, iron deposits______. __. 66-67 plosions__ 71-72 Antarctica, aerial photography...... 66 lead-zinc deposits.-... . 67 Colorado, archaeology.. 35-36,74 azimuth position determination...... 125 beryllium__ 5 coal__.______62 chemical-waste disposal 34 geologic maps.______62 Calcite, elastic constants___..--..--- 81 coal...... 11 geologic reconnaissance_ _ - _____ 64 Calcium, determination in thermal waters . 117 cooperating agencies 134 glacial geology.. _ 64 California, construction problems__...... 104 floods..... 99 glaciology.._ __ . _____ 62 cooperating agencies..------133-134 geochemistry 96 paleobotany______62 geochronology. 36-37,94,96 paleontology.....______62,64 copper_ -.__----- . 2 relief model______66 evapotranspiration._.____. 50 geologic history 8,35,39 saline features....._ __...___... 64 geochronology____.... ._.. »4 geomorphology 39 topographic field operations..______64-66 geomorphology_.___.__ .. 45.49,77 geophysics.. 4,37,83,84 topographic maps______66 . - - 50,84-85 glacial geology.. 35-36,79 A253 A254 INDEX

Page Page Face Colorado Continued Florida, cooperating agencies...... A134 Ground water Continued ground water, Las Animas__ __.. A110 geochemistry.-..---._._._------91 relation to surface water AllO-111 helium______38 geomorphology-__.. -.. - .. 106 situation in the United States. 15 mineralogy. _ . ___ 86 ground water, Escambia County. ------26 temperature relations.. 25, 111 natural gas. ______38 Fernandina.. ------102 tracer studies. . . . 95-96 paleontology 32,35,36,43,47,75 Jacksonville..------.------102 use in I960. _ .... 11 petroleum.. ... 38 salt-water encroachment_. - . 101,102 See also Aquifers and under State names. petrology. . . 34-35,36,37,38 Santa Rosa County--,.---. .. - 26 Guadalupe Island, coring and core analysis. 79 stratigraphy...... 34-35,36,38 paleontology,---.----_-.__------22 deuterium content of ocean samples. 95 structural geology.....-- .. 34-35,36,38-39 phosphate..-... ------... - 6 magnetic properties of the rocks 81 thorium_ __ ..___ 9 stratigraphy..-.------6,21 Guam, cooperating agency.. 136 uranium______9,15,38 structural geology..______- 21 marine geology.. 59 Connecticut, cooperating agencies. _.___ 134 surface water, Escambia and Santa Rosa water resources 61 geochronology ._ 80 Counties.. I. ------26 Gypsum, district studies.-- 67 geophysics ... 18-19 Fluid inclusions, composition.-...---__ 88,89,122 resource study of United States 8 marine geology... ___ 80 nature and temperature of formation... ._ 4-5 stratigraphy- ______.____ 18-19 Fluorescence, determination . . 117 Copper, district studies______2,3-4, 54,67,68 Fluorine, effect on determination of boron.... 117 Corals...... 23,37-38,74,75 Fluorite, district studies...... 3,5,67,69 Hauerite, synthesis 8 Cores, extraction of interstitial water _____ 118 removal from samples-...._ ------117 Hawaii, aluminum 6 Craters, experimental__ ./...._____ 72-73 Folding, laboratory studies.._. -__------80 clay deposits . 7 lunar...... ____ 71 Foraminifera.- ... . 37,42,43,44,49,53,54,59,75 cooperating agencies 134 terrestrial__ _..______71-72 Fuels. See particular type. Cristobalite, stabih'ty in water______87 geophysics 56 Funafuti, paleontology._ - - 59 ground water, Oahu.. 56-57 Crustal properties, electrical.. ___ 82-83 surface water, Oahu 57,99 gravimetric ______85 G isostatic . .. 85 volcanism 55 seismic..- . . ___ 84-85 Galena, lead isotopes in...... __. . .. 96-97 Heavy metals, in shale 92 Helium, district studies.. 38 viscous. ___ 85 See also Lead. Hematite, deposition.. 1,89 Crystal chemistry______86-87 Gastropods---..---.-----.------26-74 Highway construction, geologic problems 105 Current meters ______...___ 123 Geochemical exploration. ------121-122 Geochemistry, experimental----.---..--.- ... 87-88 Hot springs, composition of the water.... 89-90 D field - - 89-91 mineral assemblages 87,90 marine.,.----.------80 Hydrobiotite, structural formula 85 Delaware, cooperating agencies ______193 synthesis of data...... 92 Hydrogen, isotope geology 122 ground water, Newark______112 See. also under State names. stratigraphy.. _____...... ____ 22 Geologic map, North America...... 13 Desert terrain, map symbols_ ..____ 126 Geomorphology, relation to ground water.... 76 Detergents, adsorption by quartz_ ____ 92,116 relation to streamflow.. ___ ... 76 Ice, deuterium content.. 95 foaming characteristics. __. ____ 116 relation to vegetation...... 77 magnetic properties 97 Deuterium, in natural waters___...____ 94-95 stream channels..------39,76 Ice features, map symbols 126 in ore minerals______122 See also under State names. Iceland, hydrologic studies 95 Diapositives, contrast control______.. 125 Geophysics, major crustal studies...-.----. 84-85 Idaho, beryllium . 8 Discharge, tide-afEected streams ______98 experimental and theoretical .-..., 81-84 cooperating agencies 134 Dispersion tests, open channels ______97-98 See also wider State names. copper 3-4 District of Columbia, cooperating agency.__ 134 Georgia, cooperating agencies ------134 geochronology 94 flood studies______.. 77 geomorphology- - - - 76,106 geophysics - - 30,85 Djurleite, natural occurrence..______85-86 geophysics . 21 ground water, American Falls Reservoir.. Ill ground water, Atlanta area. 21 National Reactor Testing Station 47, E Brunswick . . . - 90 90,96,114,122 Piedmont__ 76-77 quality 90,122 Earthquake hazards, structures in marsh­ Snake River Plain.. - 47,95,104 lands. ...______104 quality._...... 90 salt-water encroachment . 101 petrology- 30,89 Edge isolation .....___.._____ 126 stratigraphy 7,30,32.48 Egypt, ground water, Kharga Oasis. ____ 67 Savannah area 22 plant ecology. - 77 structural geology.... . 30,31,46,47 surface water, Nile River______94 surface water, Birch Creek... 47 Electrical-resistivity studies. ___. ____ 82-83 stratigraphy.-.--.---- 21,26 structural geology - - 21 uranothorite. 9 See Geophysics under State names for district Illinois, cooperating agencies 134 studies. surface water, Piedmont 76,77 geophysics 25,26 Elevation meter, vehicle-mounted_____. 124 Germany, crater studies 73 Gilbert Islands, paleontology. . 59 glacial geology 24 Epidote, depth of formation. ______90 ground water 26 ER-55 projectors, improvements..._____ 126 Gilsonite, district studies. 11 Glaciers, hydrology and regimen... 62,78 Ilmenite, district studies . - - 68 Erosion_. ______39,106 Index of refraction, relation to SiO2 content 120 Evaporation, suppression______-..__ 112 Glass sand, district studies..... 68 Indiana, cooperating agencies 134 Evaporite minerals, district studies____ 6-7 Glauconite, composition.. 80,113 geophysics 25 Evapotranspiration, effect on ground water. 101,103 Gold ore, indicators...... 121 Indonesia, damsite studies 69 Evolution, topical studies...__..___.. 74 Qraptolites 29,43 Industry, water use.. 11-12 Exploration techniques.______121-122 Gravity map, absolute, United States 13 Iodine, in ground water.... 115 Greenland, glaciology 78 Iowa, cooperating agencies. 134 permafrost..____ ...- 80-81 geophysics 24-25 Fallout, effect on surface water...... __. _ 109 Ground water, chemistry of 88 stratigraphy.. - 33 tritium content______95 effect, of nuclear explosions_____ 95,108-109 Iron, ferrous, determination 117 Faults, relation to ground water...... __. 40 effect of stream impoundment 101, 111 in water and plants. - - 92 Feldspars, lead isotopes in..------_... 96 effect of tunnels....- ...... 56-57,99 Iron deposits, aeromagnetic prospecting- .. 5 structure.______.. 86 hydrochemical fades.. 90 district studies... 1-2,5, 54,66-67,67-68 Floods, botanical evidence__-...... 77 minor-element content- . - 91,115 Iron ore, reserves 1 factors affecting...... _._.. no movement.-..._-__--___- 95-96.100-101 water use in mining and beneflciation.... 12 frequency and magnitude in the United radioactive-waste disposal. 114-115 Irrigation, water use, summary - 11 States.______15 relation to faults. 40 Isostasy... ------85 inundation mapping__ ..__..._. 99 relation to geomorphology-. 76 Israel, geochemical studies ------86 INDEX A255

Page Page Page Maryland, cooperating agencies.. A134 Moon, clouds A72-73 Jasperoid, as an ore guide- ... A4 lightweight aggregates 7 photogeologic mapping... 70 petrology. . . . 20 stratigraphy.. 70-71 K surface water, Anacostia River... 106 structural features 71 Kansas, cooperating agencies.------. . 134 Massachusetts, cooperating agencies 134 Moraines, internal structure.. 78 ground water, Garden City. .------101 geochronology.. 18,79 Morin, in field determination of beryllium . 121 Grant County______28 geomorphology. 106 Muscovite, district studies.._ 7-8 Kirwin area.. ------111 geophysics . 17-18 solubility in paragonite. 120 ground water, northeast.. 18 quality -- -- - 91 N tstanton County. 28 marine geology- 18,79-80,113 Kaolin, district studies. __ . . 68 stratigraphy 16-18 National atlas.. . 193 Kaolinite, solubility in water__.______88 tektites______..___ 73 National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho, Kelsh projectors, support assembly 126 Melanophlogite, structure.. 86 hydrologic studies.. 47,90,114,122 Kentucky, cooperating agencies... .. 134 Mesquite, as an indicator of ores______121 Natural gas, bibliography. 10 fluorite._.______3 Metamorphism, processes .. 88 district studies__. 10,38 geophysics_ 21,23 Metatorbernite, structure.. .. 87 exploration and development. 10 glacial geology - - . 24 Meteors, crater studies. 71-72 Nebraska, cooperating agencies 135 ground water_.__ ... . .- 26 Mexico, barite. . . __ 67 glacial geology.. 35-36 plant ecology .. ..- 77 beryllium. .... 8 ground water, Kearney area 110 stratigraphy-___ . 7,20,22-23 fluorite, gypsum_.__ ...... ____ 67 Mirage Flats area 37 structural geology.... . 26 Michigan, cooperating agencies. 135 stratigraphy.. 33 surface water, Beaver Creek mining area. 24,91 iron deposits i Nevada, beryllium... 8,42 Green River...... -..------.... 115-116 stratigraphy______....--.-..__ 24 cooperating agencies 135 quality-.-.-.-----.-.-.-..._...._. 24,91 surface water...... __ 110 evapotranspiration 101,103 Kita-Daito-Jima, paleontology___-..--._ 59 Mine bumps___.______106 floods.___ 99 Kyanite, district studies______.. 7 Mine drainage- .. 115 geochronology 94 Mineral-occurrence maps, United States___ 13-14 geophysics ... . 41,82,83,84-85,107 Mineralogy, description of new minerals___ 86 ground water, Duckwater Indian Reserva­ Lakes, chemical content and temperature Minnesota, cooperating agencies .. 135 tion___ 57 studies....__.--..-..-.--.--.- 102-103 geochronology______... _.___ 93,94 Las Vegas.. 45 Land subsidence, compaction of aquifers. 45,50,102,105 geophysics . . 5,25,115 Nevada Test Site... .- 46,107-108,110 Lavas, magnetic properties.__._____ 81 ground water, Aurora.. 25-26 quality- - ... - 46,91 Lead, determination in sphalerite_..-..-.-. 117 Lake Agassiz basin. ____ 25 Reno. . 46 district studies...______.. 2,3,67 iron deposits_ ...... 5 Truckee Meadows.. 91 Lead isotopes, in feldspars and galena ... 96-97 surface water, Red River__.______112 Winnemucca. 46 Libya, mineral-resource studies .... _____ 67 Minor elements, chemical analysis. 116-117 iron deposits- 1 Lightweight aggregates, shale_ . _ 7 distribution______...... __ 92-93 nuclear test sites...... - 107-108,109 Limestone, commercial, district studies___ 58 spectrochemical analysis.. __ us paleontology____ 42-43,75,107 ground water in..______. 103-104 spectrographic analysis 118 silver. 3 Sand Pwaves.______81 Mississippi, cooperating agencies_ .... 135 stratigraphy . 42-43,44,107 Liquids, handling small amounts____... 120 floods..______99 structural geology. _ 40-41,107 Loess, seepage of irrigation water..._____ 110 geophysics - 109 surface water, Humboldt River 112 weathering profile.______24 ground water, east-central and northeastern. 26 Nevada Test Site, geologic and hydrologic Los Alamos, N. Mex., geologic and hydrologic nuclear test site._...... ____ 109 studies.... .___ 45,107-108,110,115 studies.... _------40,111,114-115 paleontology and stratigraphy . 26,75 New Hampshire, cooperating agency. 135 Louisiana, cooperating agencies__..__... 134 structural geology...... 109 geophysics__.. 19,82 geophysics... -....__._ 122 surface water, Mississippi Embayment_ 100 New Jersey, cooperating agencies 135 ground water, quality______90,122 northeast _ __ 27 geophysics_ 20-21 surface water______100 Mississippi Embayment, geologic and hydro- ground water, coastal plain 22,90 Luminescence, interpretation of mechanisms. 97 logic studies_ ___ 26,100 quality..... 90 measurement . 83 Mississippian, paleotectonic map __ 15 Wharton Tract...... 111 Missouri, cooperating agencies...... __ 135 marine geology.. 80,113 M geophysics______.______26 paleontology and stratigraphy 22 Mackinawite, formula.. __ 119 ground water...... _____ 26 structural geology. 19-20 Magnetic anomalies, interpretation..____ 83-84 stratigraphy.. __ 27 New Mexico, beryllium 8 Magnetic studies, ice. .______97 structural geology. _ ___ 27 New Mexico, cooperating agencies.. . 135 volcanic rocks__..___.______81 Mohole project. See Guadalupe Island. geochemical prospecting. 121-122 Magnetite, district studies...... ______3,5 Molybdenum, district studies.. 4 geomorphology 76 magnetic anomalies__ . _____ 5 stream-sediment anomalies. ______121 geophysics__..... 27-28,84 zinc content.. __ 121 Monazite, district studies_ .._____ 7-8,10 ground water, Carlsbad area 110 Magneto-acoustic studies, on metals_____ 97 in crystalline rocks_ ..____ 10 Frijoles Mesa.... - 37 Maine, cooperating agency...... _____ 134 Montana, chromite_____.....______2 Grant County.. 45 geochemical prospecting.. ___ 121 cooperating agencies _. ___ 135 ' High Plains______-_-- - 28 geophysics 16,82 geophysics .._. 31 Lake McMillanarea. 95-96,101 paleontology and stratigraphy. __ 16 glacial geology.. . 30 Los Alamos area. 40, 111, 114-115 structural geology..., ______16 ground water, Bighorn Valley______33 Manzano Mountains 45 Mammoths, association with human artifacts. 358 Bluewater Springs area .. 33 quality 103 Manganese, district studies______2,68 Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. _ 57 Roswell basin... 12,104 in plants...... ______92 iron deposits. .... i San Juan County.... 39-40 in water ______88,92 lead______.______2 Statewide... 12 vein oxide studies. _..______4 manganese.._ __ 2 Tucumcari_ - - 29 Mantle, viscosity ...______85 mineralogy..__...... __.______85-86 Valencia County. 103 Mapping, equipment and procedures___ 123-124 paleontology______30,32 Williamsburg area 111 standards . ______126-127 petrology______89 natural gas_ 10 See also Photogrammetry. phosphate ...._... _._... 6 nuclear test site.- .. -. 108-109 Maps, symbols. _____ 126 plant ecology______..____ 77 petroleum 10 Marine geology. See Oceanography. silver. ______. 2 potash.... 6 Marine shale, tellurium content...... ___ 92 stratigraphy______31,33 sedimentation 37,40 Marshall Islands, Eniwetok Atoll, paleon­ structural geology. ______30-31 stratigraphy ...... 29,35,40,43.45 tology...... 59,75 zinc...... ___. ...,.__,... 2 structural geology . 36,43 A256 INDEX

Page R New Mexico Continued Page Page surface water, Lake McMillan_. ___ A95-96 Pacific Ocean, deuterium content______A95 Radioactive waste, cesium. ______A86 Statewide._....______12 ocean-survey program. ______79 Radioactive-waste disposal____ 100-101,112-115 uranium______8 Pakistan, ground water..______69,100-101 Radioactivity surveys, ARMS program___ 115 New York, cooperating agencies______.. 135 mineral deposits______68-69 Rain, deuterium content.. ..______94 geophysics..._...______20-21 paleontology.______68 Rare earths, in apatites____.______92 ground water, Delaware County.- ____ 24 Palau Islands, paleontology.______59 Relief models, preparation______127 Long Island...... ___ 22,102,110-111 Paleoecology, topical studies. ...__ 74 Rhenium, determination in rocks______lie Niagara Falls area______103 Paleomagnetism, igneous rocks. ______31,81 Rhode Island, cooperating agencies. __ 136 Rotterdam______111 Paleotectonic-map folios, United States.. .. 14-15 ground water______19 quality...-.______19 Paragonite, solubility in muscovite. ... 120 Statewide Providence area...... ___ 12 St. Lawrence River area_____... 19 Particle size, relation to uplift______120 surface water, Providence area...... ___ 12 Schenectady area______96, in Peat, radiocarbon dates.______80,81,93 stratigraphy.. 18 Utica-Rome area______.. 12 Pegmatites, district studies. _... 6 Rock deformation, in mines.... ___ 106 magnetite.______3 mineral assemblages____ -______87 laboratory studies.. . 82 paleontology.--..______23,75 Pelycosaurs______75 Runoff, effect of urbanization ___ 110 stratigraphy...______... 23 Pennsylvania, cooperating agencies 136 estimation_ . .. 110 surface water, Long Island_. ____ 110-111 floods_.______.___ 99 near glaciers 78 quality. -.______19 geomorphology______._____ 76 Ryukyu Islands, paleontology. .. 59,61 St. Lawrence River.----...--.-...... 19 geophysics_ . . . .. 21 Utica-Rome area.____--.-.-______12 mine drainage______--... ___ 115 North Carolina, cooperating agencies. ___. 135 petrography 20 copper.. ..__...... ___.. 3 stratigraphy______.___ 20,23 Saline minerals, district studies. 6-7 geochronology_____-..-.___...... 20,94 structural geology.... 19-20 mode of occurrence 86 ground water, Murphy area..._..._.. 21 zinc__ __ ...... 3 Saline water, deuterium content.. 94-95 stratigraphy..._------___._.... 21-22 Pennsylvania!!, paleotectonic map . .. 15 from open-pit mining 61 structural geology...... _.__....._ 6,20 Permafrost, depth and temperature__... 80-81 in aquifers... .. 22,101-102,110,122 North Dakota, cooperating agencies...... 135 Permian, paleotectonic map...... 14-15 origin...... 91 ground water, Bismarck area..-.-.-...... 33-34 Petroleum, bibliography. 10 use. 11 Burleigh, Stutsman, and Traill district studies______- _ 10,52-53 Salt, radioactive-waste disposal 114 Counties.------.---..._... 33-34 exploration and development- 10 thermal conductivity. 113 limnology..-.---..--.._...... 103 origin...... 91 underground nuclear explosions in ... 108,109 paleontology--..-._------_...... 74 production potential . 10 Samplers, stream, automatic. 123 surface water, Devils Lake... 91 Petroleum industry, water use. 11-12 Sand, retention of water in 100 quality...--...... --..--.-..-...-...-. 91 Petrology, field_____..._...._.__... 88-89 Sandstone, radioactive-waste disposal 114 Red River of the North...... 112 See also under State names. Sarcopside, structure 87 Nuclear explosions, underground, detection.. 83,84, Philippines, chromite..._ 69 Scandium, in volcanic rocks 92 108.109 ground water, Luzon 70 Scheelite, district studies. 68 underground, effect on aquifers...... 108-109 Philippinites. See Tektites. Sea coasts, erosion 106 geologic and hydrologic studies .... 107-109 Phosphate, district studies..... 6 Sea-floor sediments, Atlantic coast 80,113 in alluvium and tuff...___...... 107-108 Phosphorescence, measurement 83 Sea-level changes, rate.. 79-80 insalt...... - 108,109 Phosphorite. See Phosphate deposits. Sea water, deuterium content 95 peaceful uses. ___...... 108,109 Photogrammetry, equipment and procedures. 124-126 Sedimentation studies, folding 80 Nuclear reactors, underground air storage.... 108 See also Mapping. Sediments, measurement of concentration and Phreatophytes, use of ground water. 103 size distribution . 120 O Pipets, contact... 120 transport 97-98 Oak Ridge, Tenn., hydrologic studies.-.-.- 112,114 Piping, role in erosion. 39 Seismic refraction, long-range 84 Ocean water, deuterium content_--...-._ 95 Plants, fossil.______.. . . . 62,74,75 power spectral-density analysis 83 Oceanography, investigations--..--.---,.._ 79-80 See also Vegetation. Serpentine minerals, structural formula 85 Ohio, cooperating agencies..--.---_...... 135 Playas, radioactivity. ~ 27-28 Shale, as an osmotic membrane 91 floods.----.--_____-..-.__...._. 99 Polarization, induced, laboratory studies 83 heavy-metal content 92 geophysics.-..-._-_ 25 Polished sections, transparent ore minerals 120 radioactive-waste disposal 114 glacial geology.-..-.-.------.--.._.. 78 Pollen.. ------61-74 Silica, in tektites.. - - - - 73,117 ground water, Bellevue_...... _ 96 Pollution, water, chemical and organic.. 93,115-116 Silicate rocks, methods of analysis 116 Dayton..__...._...... 25 Porosity, estimation from specific gravity. 46 Sillimanite, district studies 7-8 zinc.. ..._------_....._ 2-3 Potash, district studies. 6 Silver, district studies. - 2,3 Oil shale, bibliography...... _...... _ 10 Potassium, magneto-acoustic studies - 97 production 5 district studies...._...... 11,31-32 Potassium-argon dating method, applications. 94 Sinkholes, effect on aquifers.. 112 Oklahoma, cooperating agencies.------135 Precipitation, deuterium content 94,95 Sinks, formed by nuclear explosions.. 108 geophysics.. . -..._...... _ 27,101 Proactinium-thorium dating method, appli­ Snail shells, validity of CM ages.. 93 ground water, Arbuckle Plateau.._ 28.103-104 cations_ 93 Soil moisture, instruments for measuring.. 101 Arkansas and Red River basins...... 91 Project CHARIOT, geologic and hydrologic relation to vegetation 77 quality.._....______...... -_ 91 studies- 109 Solid-state studies. --- 97 surface water, Pond Creek-...--...... in Project DRIBBLE, geologic and hydrologic Sorting, relation to subsidence 120 Oligocene, as a worldwide geologic series...... 75 studies... 109 South Carolina, cooperating agencies.. 136 Open-channel flow, hydraulics.....__...... 97-98 Project GNOME, geologic and hydrologic geochronology.. 94 velocity meters...... -.-.- .--...... 123 studies... ----- 108-109 geophysics 21,122 Ore deposition, environments.------_..... 87,89 Project GROUNDHOG, site selection...... 109 mineral resources 7-8 Oregon, cooperating agencies...... 135-136 Project SHOAL, site selection...... 109 South Dakota, cooperating agencies...... 136 geochemistry...---._...... _ 48 Public water use, United States. n ground water, Black Hills area. - ... 34 Puerto Rico, cooperating agencies. 136 geophysics.-..------.--..-.---... 44,46,48 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ...... 57 copper . 4 Sanborn County...------25 paleobotany______...... 74 geologic map... 58 Sioux Fallsarea..------25 paleontology._..____.______47,75 geophysics.... 58,115 stratigraphy ---- 32,33 petrology...... __...... 88 limestone, commercial 58 structural geology - 32 stratigraphy.. ______.. 47,47,48 stratigraphy.. .. 58 surface water, Belle Fourche River. 90 structural geology...... _...... _ 46-47,48 structural geology.-.. 58 Big Sioux River.... - 25 Orthophotoscopes, improvement.....___ 125-126 water resources. - - - 58-59 quality. .. - ---- 90 Ostracodes.-. .__..__...... _ 32.43,47,75 Specific gravity, in estimating porosity...... 46 Oxygen, isotope geology.___...... __.... 122 Quebec, crater studies. 72 Specific yield, bibliography ...------101 INDEX A257

Page Page Page Specific yield Continued Tillites, description and origin______A78 Volcanic rocks, beryllium content-. _____ A92 factors affecting_..___...____._.__ A101 Tin, district studies..______2,67,69 deuterium content______._ 95 Spectrochemical analysis, direct-reading Titanium, determination__.______117-118 paleomagnetism...... _...... 81 instruments.--..-...----.___ 118,119 Transmissibility, relation to faulting.. ____ 40 scandium content....___...____ 92 minerals, rocks, ores__.___..-._... 118 Trees. See Vegetation. Volcanoes, Kilauea______. ____ 77-78 Spectrochemical analysis, small samples.__ H8 Trllobites.-...... _ 53 Vonsenite, in magnetite ores_____. __.. 3 Spectroscopy....----.-.---.------..-. 118-120 Tritium, in determining ground-water move­ Sphalerite, deposition.....____._.-.-.-. 89 ment..... _..._ 95-96,101,104 W Spreading basins, effect on aquifers.... _.... 112 in fallout..____._..______.. 95 Stereocompilers, visual fatigue..--....------125 Tuff, radioactive-waste disposal.._____ 114-115 Washington, coal...... ______.__ 10 Stishovite, in shocked sandstone. ..._---- 71-72 Tungsten, district studies.. ______7-8,67, 69 cooperating agencies. ______136 Strain gages, for measuring pressure fluctua­ Tunnels, effect on ground water____. __ 56-57 construction problems..______. 104 tions in flowing water...... 123 effect on surface water______56-57,99 geophysics...... _.___._._.. 29-30,85 Stream channels, morphology.... __ _ 39,76 geologic factors in excavating..... ____ 105 glacial geology-----.-..-.--... -... 78-79 Stream samplers, automatic. .._-_- . 123 glaciology....._.__.______.. 78 Stream velocity, measurement...... -- _.- 123 U ground water, central______47 Tacoma area...______12 Streamflow, autocorrelatedinformation...... 100 Uranium, dating of accumulation and migra­ effect on radioactivity of water....-....-- 114 petrology ______29 tion....-... _...... 9,93-94 silver_.._..______3 factors affecting...... _.__.-_.-...--. 98-99 in alkalicrocks...... __ _.__ 92-93 stratigraphy...... 7,29-30,48 low flow____...____.--_.__ 100,112 in marine black shales______10 structural geology...... --___.____ 30 relation to geomorphology...------76 new mineral_..______86 relation to ground water..------.- 110-112 surface water, Tacoma area______12 transportation and deposition...... __ 9,87 White River...... -.....-...... 50 Stress waves, in solids___ __. 81 Uranium deposits, district studies....__ 8-9,93-94 Strontium, in ground water.------115 uranium.__...__._....___... 9 ore controls__-_____-______8 Water discharge, measurement._____.... 98 Sudan, ground water.. _ _...__ . 67 ore guides . 8-9,121-122 Surface water, deuterium content__------94-95 Water use, bibliography_. ______12 tectonic setting...... 15 United States, I960. . n distribution of elements. _-.-.._.-.__ 90,92 Uranothorite, district studies... ______9 drainage into mines__-.-.-...-.--....-- 115 Water velocity, instruments for measuring_ 123 Urbanization, effect on erosion__. ____ 106 Waterpower, water use...... ______11 effect of strip mining...-.--._..._.... 91 effect on runoff. ..._ no effect of tunnels.....__._..__.. 56-57,99 Wegscheiderite, formula______86 Utah, base metals_..____.__,.____ 3 origin of minerals..-.---.__._....--- 91,92 Wells, effect of nuclear explosions on levels. 108-109 beryllium.___.______5,8 radioactive-waste disposal....------114 logging...... 122 coal.. . _._ ...... _... 11 relation to geomorphology and geology... 76 pumping tests .... 110 cooperating agencies...._ ...... ___ 136 relation to ground water...... ___ 110-111 recharge- . ..___ 112 evapotranspiration.._____..____ 103 thermal loading....__..._...... _ 99 water-level measurement-. . _.___ 123 fluorite ...... 5 tracer studies..._.._.--...... - 95-96 West Virginia, cooperating agencies_____ 136 geologic history...._.._. . ___ 38 use in 1960...... _..... 11 Whales, evolution and migration.. __ ___ 74 geomorphology 39,76 See also Floods, Streamflow. Wisconsin, cooperating agencies...... 136 gilsonite n Surveying, portable towers..------123 geochemical prospecting. ...._____ 121 glacial geology- ...... 44 Swamps, origin._____....._...... 18 geophysics 25,115 ground water, Millard County....___ 45 ground water, Black Earth Creek basin.. 77 T Sevier County . 103 Driftless Area...... _. 115 Taiwan, kaolin__.___...... 69-70 southwest...... 45 Green Bay area_____...... _____ HO Tectonic maps, North America_..-.-.-.-._. 13 Tooele Valley__ _ _.___ 46 quality of water . 115 United States...... -...... 14 mining engineering- . 106 stratigraphy. ... 24 Tektites, origin______...... 73 petrology . . . . 44,89 structural geology.... . _. 24 composition and properties...... 73,117 stratigraphy 3,38,76 zinc_. . - ...... 121 Tellurium, in marine shale..-.-.... --.-...- 92 structural geology. _ ..... 41-42 Wyoming, cooperating agencies .- 136 Tennessee, cooperating agencies...... 136 surface water, Great Salt Lake._.___ 46 geochemistry...... 86,89-90 geophysics._...... :.....-...... 2l uranium . 8-9 geochronology L...... 93-94 ground water_.--.--..-----.----.---.-.- 26,90 uranothorite__-______9 geophysics . .. 85 land subsidence...... _. 102 vanadium___.._.__...... ____ 3 ground water, Bridger Basin____.__ 33 petrography --_------.-----_----_- 20 Qtendo area.. 37 quality of water..__...... 90 Jackson Lake area . 57 surface water, Clinch Creek...._..... 112,114 Vadose zone, flow through 100 Johnson County .. 33 Holston River__....__...... 99 Vanadium, absorption by plants. __ . 115 Sheridan County 33 Wheatland Flats area__ 37 Texas, cooperating agencies_-..._.-..---.- 136 as indicator of uranium__. _____ 121-122 crater studies .___..._.-.._-.... 72 district studies . 3 mineralogy 86 geochemistry...___...._.__.__. 92-93 new minerals...... 86 oil shale___ - 11,31-32 geophysics______. 26,27 production_ . -...... 5 petrology 89 ground water, Arkansas River basin__ 91 stratigraphy... 31-33,35 Vegetation, as an indicator of floods...___ 77 Red River basin.-...... ---..--.-- 27,91 structural geology.. 31-32 effect of strip mining...__.._ __... 77 Sulphur River basin__._------27 uranium______9,93-94 elements in. 92.115,121 mineralogy.______--.__.---..-. 86 relation to geomorphology-- _.__... 77 paleobotany______...... 75 X relation to soil moisture . 77 paleontology.------.------..- 74-75 Vermiculite, structural formula. .. _... 85 X-ray fluorescence analysis 119 quality of water..__...__.....__ 27,29,91 X-ray microanalyzer, electron-probe 119-120 stratigraphy -.--.----.--..--.---.- 28 Vermont, cooperating agency... __... 136 surface water, Brazos River basin____ 29 stratigraphy. . 16,19 Thailand, mineral resources.....____.._ 69 Virgin Islands of the United States, cooperat­ Thalenite, identification..-.-. .___.._ __ 120 ing agency_____ 136 Yugoslavia, iron deposits. Thermal springs, United States and other Virginia, cooperating agencies..._ . 136 countries.__.__._....__ 15,57 floods... .- ...... 110 Thermochemical data, physical constants.... 82 geochemistry-______.______92 Zeolites, new mineral .. 90 Thermoluminescence, as an ore guide. _.... 4 geochronology.__....__._.___ 96 Zinc, district studies. 2-3,54,67 interpretation of mechanisms. .-..__.. 97 mineralogy.__...______86 field determination.. 121 relation to impact.------_-_ 72 paleontology_.__..___._____ 74 in soU 121 Thorium, district studies..._...._.__... 9 petrography-..__...._..._...._ 20 Zircon, district studies 68 inalkalicrocks....__...... ___.. 92-93 structural geology...___...__.__... 20 lead-alpha measurements 20 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1962 O 6615T3