Archaeologist Volume 28 Fall 1978 No

OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 28 FALL 1978 NO. 4

•I

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers—terms expire 1980 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio President—Steve Fuller, Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio 4767 Hudson Dr., Stow, Ohio Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, Vice President—Frank Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1503 Hempwood Dr., Columbus, Ohio All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae Executive Secretary—Jan Sorgenfrei, ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re Pandora, Ohio quests for back issues, changes of address, and other Treasurer—Mike Kish, matter should be sent to the business office. 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio Recording Secretary—Robert Sturm, PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 3256 E. Cleveland Ave., Grove City, Ohio OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Editor—Robert N. Converse, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio Editorial Office Trustees Term expires 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, Business Office Grove City, Ohio 1980 Summers Redick, 35 West River Glen Drive, William C. Haney, 96 Buckhorn St., Worthington, Ohio 43085 Ironton, Ohio 1980 Alva McGraw, Rt. #11, Membership and Dues Chillicothe, Ohio 1980 Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Dr., Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Fairborn, Ohio 1980 payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem- Dana Baker, W. Taylor St., bership$8.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) Mt. Victory, Ohio 1982 $9.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish Steve Balazs, 401 Mulberry St., ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Mt. Vernon, Ohio 1982 of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Douglas Hooks, Rt. #5, has no paid officers or employees. Mansfield, Ohio 1982 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Heights, subscription is included in the membership dues. Newcomerstown, Ohio 1982 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse .... 7.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston. Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio from time to time. Write to business office for prices and Gordon Hart, 760 Fort Wayne Rd., Bluffton, Indiana availability.

STANDING AND SPECIAL COMMITTEES

NOMINATING COMMITTEE CHAPTER COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Robert Converse, Chairman Steve Fuller, Chairman Frank Otto, Chairman Ensil Chadwick David Towell—Frankfort, O. Dick Partin Wayne Mortine Charles Coss—Uhrichsville, O. Steve Balazs Don Bapst John Haney—Ironton, O. John Baldwin Ken Black Don Casto— Lancaster, O. Billy Hillen James Greiger—Oak Harbor, O. Don Gehlbach AUDITING COMMITTEE Harry Hopkins—Piqua, O. Ensil Chadwick, Chairman Ed Gall-Willoughby, O. PROGRAM COMMITTEE Robert Hill James Gooding—Lewis Center, O. Martha Otto, Chairwoman Larry Cronkleton M. J. Galloway—Piketon, O. Jack Hooks Robert Sturm RAFFLE COMMITTEE William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Buddy Haney, Chairman Joseph Dunlap Ernest Good, Chairman Graig R. Ciola Max Shipley Jerry Hagerty EDUCATION/PUBLICITY/ Earl Townsend Jack Hooks HISTORICAL COMMITTEE Steve Fuller Mike Kish, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Gordon Hart Dave Mielke Dean Driscoll Buddy Haney, Chairman Marilyn Harness—Society Librarian Robert Converse Charles Stout, Jr. Dorothy Good—Society Historian Jan Sorgenfrei Ottie Cowan Lar Hothem Dave Scott Kendall Saunders Don Bapst Mary Beth Albin PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Tom Stropki LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jack Lanam Dana Baker, Chairman Jim Ritchie Alva McGraw, Chairman Steve Parker George Morelock Bert Drennen Dwight Shipley Doug Hooks David Kuhns Ed Hughes Charles Voshall David Brose Gilbert Dilley Dr. John Winsch President's Page Table of Contents With this issue of the Archaeologist, we are back on a timely schedule which will be maintained The Hall Pipe 4 provided that a sufficient supply of publication An Exceptional Effigy Pipe In material is received by the Editorial Office. Articles Human Form 5 and photographs should be submitted to Robert Hardin County Slate 6 Converse, P. O. Box 61, Plain City, Ohio, 43064. In A Fine Three Quarter Grooved Axe 8 the previous issue there were a number of printing Glacial Kame Slate 9 errors for which I must apologize and share re Four Indented Gorgets 11 sponsibility. These occurred primarily due to the The Gilead Site (33MW19): A Middle rush in supplying the copy to the printers without Woodland Component In North causing further delay. Hopefully, with the maga Central Ohio 12 zine on schedule, this problem will be eliminated. Two Mexican Ceramic Pieces 15 You will have noticed that we have begun to Birdstones from the Parks Collection. . . .16 use protective mailing coverlets rather than en Field Finds 20 velopes. This method can be easily incorporated Descriptive and Distributions Data on a in the printing process, significantly reducing the Cumberland Point from publication expense. Arizona Highways has uti Ross County, Ohio 21 lized a similar type mailing coverlet for several An Indiana Dovetail 22 years with apparent success. It is important for the From our Back Files 23 Society to know how many members received their A Man-ln-The-Moon Bead 24 magazine in a less than satisfactory condition. If you received a torn or damaged Archaeologist, New Perspectives on the Wolf Phase: please return it to the Business Office, 35 West An Upper Mississipian Manifestation In River Glen Drive, Worthington, Ohio, 43085 and it the Western Lake Erie Basin 25 will be replaced with a new copy. It is necessary to Four Birdstones from the Ohio Historical receive all the negative feedback on this experi Society Collection 25 ment so that it can be determined if this mailing Projectile Points from Central and method should be put into permanent practice. Southern Ohio 26 Let us hear from you. West Virginia Ft. Ancient Burial 27 Any members having need for additional appli Archaeology Update II: Anthrosols cation forms to promote the Society's membership Detection for Locating Ancient may obtain them upon request from the Business Habitations 28 Office. The Business Office should also be noti Yellow Creek 30 fied of any address changes or corrections. A Limestone Spade or Hoe from As mentioned in the last issue, the Board of Coshocton County 34 Directors would analyze the possibility of a dues Request for Suggestions 35 increase. An increase of $1.00 per year was unan Ohio State Types 35 imously approved, establishing the annual dues Necrology 35 at $8.50 for a regular membership. The increase was deemed necessary for maintaining financial stability in the face of constantly rising publication members in the detection of "artifacts" currently and postage costs. By carefully monitoring our ex being manufactured and marketed as genuine pre penditures, the increase is expected to become historic Indian relics. It is our intention for this dis stabilized without additional increase in the fore play to aid members in accurately evaluating seeable future. Considering current inflationary questionable specimens, and to discourage the in economical conditions, the Board agreed that the dividuals making a profit from this practice. If you increase was reasonable and justifiable. have questions or comments concerning modern Measures are currently being taken to make our reproductions, The Fraudulent Artifact Committee meetings more interesting and educational. A per is established for this exact purpose; you are en manent display of fraudulent artifacts belonging couraged to take advantage of its service. If you to, and donated by members of the Society, will are aware of individuals engaged in the production be placed on exhibit during the meetings to assist flnnt'milari nn Inside Rar.k Cover

FRONT COVER One of the most exciting excavations done in Ohio in many At the bottom of the photograph is a birdstone of black years is that of the Williams site in Wood County, Ohio. slate covered with grave incrustations. Center is a most The excavation was by a group of amateurs from the Toledo unusual specimen of red and black banded slate and with Area Aboriginal Research Club under the supervision of small button eyes. The largest is of green and black banded Professor David Stothers of the Department of Anthropology slate. It has cylindrical eyes which are angled upwards and of the University of Toledo. Among the artifacts found there one of the largest fan-shaped tails known. Our thanks to in situ were these three birdstones, the first ever excavated Professor Stothers and the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research under professional supervision in the state of Ohio. Club for the first published photographs of these artifacts. The Hall Pipe By William Tiell Lakewood, Ohio

The human face effigy pipe illustrated was mately 1" in diameter. The stem hole, located from the collection of the late Joseph C. Hall opposite the face, is %" in diameter. Sr., (1878-1973), of Lakewood, Ohio. The Outstanding features include a prominent collection has since been dispersed. Mr. Hall nose, incised mouth, lobed appendages repre was one of Northern Ohio's pioneer collectors senting ears, incised triangular design below of Indian artifacts. Many of the pieces in the the rim of the bowl, and an embossed "weeping collection were found personally by Mr. Hall eye'' motif which seems to be somewhat and by his son Joseph Jr. Occasionally Mr. characteristic of certain pipes and shell gorgets Hall would purchase specimens from local produced by late pre-historic cultures in the farmers and collectors. With few exceptions, midwest and south. The eyes are drilled to a the majority of the collection was gathered in depth of approximately 3/16" and may have Cuyahoga, Lorain, Erie and Huron counties originally been inlaid with pearls or other during the first half of this century. materials. The pipe was apparently one of these Although exact provenience is probably exceptions. It is not known where Mr. Hall forever lost, it seemed that the pipe should obtained it, however, an old faded label indi be of sufficient interest to perpetuate what cates that it was found in Coshocton Co., Ohio. information was available. For examples of Such inadequate information is an unfortunate other artifacts from the Hall collection, please loss. Regardless, the pipe is somewhat special refer to William Tiell's "The Hall Birdstone", in character. It is fashioned from a dark brown, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 27, No. 3, and "A compact sandstone and measures 2%" in height Quadri-Concave Gorget", Ohio Archaeologist, by 2J4" in width. The bowl measures approxi Vol.28, No. 1.

'M ' m-

lit ( \

jf/jingkXHdf : : y$ ' J j h- * ':' W.

Fig. 1 (Tiell) Front and side views of the Hall pipe.

4 An Exceptional Effigy Pipe In Human Form

by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr. Columbus, Ohio

One of the most appealing pipe forms is the most highly stylized examples of Missis- the massive or heavy effigy representing the sippian art, it is a masterpiece of three dimen human personage (Fig. 1). Certainly standing sional craftsmanship. at the forefront of examples found in the state of Ohio is the famous "Sphinx" sandstone image which depicts a female in a crouching position. Outstanding is the artist's portrayal of facial stress lines, a rare embellishment in this pipe form. The effigy's teeth are bared. Hair whorls at either side of the top of the head indicate a female impersonation. The pipe's large dimensions 7J4 inches by 7% inches by 2 inches, suggest ceremonial usage. Historically, this piece was placed on display as part of the Ohio archaeological exhibit at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876. It was found in a low mound in Highland County by William Levy in 1874. Representing one of

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Huge female effigy pipe from Highland County. Ohio. Crafted from sandstone.

5 Hardin County Slate by Jan Sorgenfrei Pandora, Ohio

Every county in the state has produced some Blanchard rivers, the waters of the first draining very fine Indian artifacts. Shown are six slate into the Ohio River while the Blanchard drains pieces from Hardin County in northwestern towards Lake Erie. The Blanchard, Hog Creek, Ohio. This county, rich in evidence of early and the north branch of the Miami, have head man, was formed from old Indian territory in waters in Hardin County while the Scioto 1820 although it was not officially organized originates in Auglaize County. The Scioto enters until January 8, 1833. About half the county is Hardin county from the southwest, flows flat and level and the remainder undulating. through the great Scioto Marsh, first northeast The soil is partclayand rich gravelly loam. The and then southwest, and then passes Kenton. original forests were heavy and because land Because these important waterways are here, was difficult to clear it was slowly settled having many early inhabitants followed these waters but nine inhabitants to the square mile in 1840. and settled or passed through here and left The principal streams are the Scioto and evidence of their presence.

Fig 1 (Sorgenfrei) Description of Six Slate Artifacts 1. Pick bannerstone (Archaic) 3-13/16" by 1-7/16", gray banded slate, found six miles west of Kenton, Ohio. 2. Bi-concave gorget (Adena) 4Vt" by2xA", gray banded slate, found 3 miles northeast of Belle Center just over the Hardin County line. 3. One hole bell shaped pendant (Adena) 7W by 2W, green banded slate, very thin found near Blanchard Station which is 5 miles north of Kenton. 4. Spineback gorget (glacial Kame) 5(4" by 1 W, gray banded slate found near Roundhead, Ohio. 5. Pentagonal pendant (Late Hopewell) 614" by2%", reddish-green banded slate, tallied on all 4 sides found west of Kenton, Ohio. 6. Three-hole gorget (Glacial Kame) 5-5/16" by 2Vt", gray banded slate, found on the Zimmerman farm 2 miles northeast of Roundhead, Ohio. Blanchard River Hog Creek

Scioto -*"* River Miami River north branch

7 A Fine Three Quarter Grooved Axe

by Steve Fuller, 4767 Hudson Drive, Stow, Ohio

Unusually styled % grooved axe fashioned from a fine grained variety of green granite. The axe is well pol ished and measures 8%" in length. Note the conical poll and gracefully shaped blade. It appears as though the blade may have been anciently re-sharpened, reducing the original length approxi mately %". Originally purchased by a plumber who found the axe along with a bell pestle in the basement of an old house, it is believed to have been found in the vicinity of Lakewood, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. Other examples of this axe type have been observed in northern Ohio.

8 Glacial Kame Slate by Steve Fuller 4767 Hudson Drive, Stow, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Fuller) Above Large tapered tubular pipe fashioned from highly contrast ing gray and black banded slate, measuring 6%" in length. Found by Dr. C. J. Bondley of Belle Center, Ohio in 1931 at the famous Zimmerman site located near Roundhead, Hardin Co., Ohio. Upon cleaning the dirt from the hole, Dr. Bondley discovered the illustrated plug inside near the mouthpiece. Originally thought to be limestone, upon close examination the plug appears that it might indeed be antler. The drilling tapers from %" at the bowl to slightly less than V%" at the mouthpiece oriface. There is an encrusted deposit on the inside of the bowl. The pipe represents a very exacting and beautiful example of ancient lithic craftsmanship. It is in mint condition, lucky to have survived intact due to its fragile design. The pipe is mentioned in Cunningham's A Study of the Glacial Kame Culture on page 12, but is not illustrated. The Bondley collection, purchased in 1955 by lrvin Dougherty, Fremont, Indiana, included much material from the Zim merman site. The Ohio State Historical Center is now in possession of the shell gorgets from this collection. Mr. Bondley had collected Indian relics for over 70 years, prin cipally in Logan and Hardin Counties. Below Another example of a tapered tubular pipe made from dark gray banded slate. This is also a very fine specimen and is in perfect condition. Found by J. Werling two miles south of Huntington, Indiana, it measures 4Vi" in length. The simi- liarity between these two examples is striking.

9 Fig. 2 (Fuller) Coffin shaped, three hole gorget made from dark gray banded slate, 6Vi" long. Found by Mr. Lome Williams in the early 1900's on his farm located approximately one mile south of Wabash, Indiana on the Wabash River. There is noticeable cord wear in each hole, especially in the top two. Small deposits on the reverse side indicate that it may have been plowed from a shallow grave. The interesting feature of in dented edges has been noted on the small percentage of other slate coffin shaped gorgets. This feature is also noted on some of the coffin shaped limestone gorgets excavated from cave shelters in southern Kentucky. Please refer to Vietzen s Saga of Glover's Cave, Page 140, Figure 125, and Artifacts, Volume 7, No. 4, Page 6. These gorgets bear a marked semblance in outline to their northern slate counterparts

Fig. 3 (Fuller) Left Rectangular bar type gorget, red and black banded slate, 5%" long. Found prior to 1942 in Mishawaka, St. Joseph Co., Indiana. The upper surface (illustrated) is slightly con vex; the reverse is flat. This gorget type has been noted in a great variety of materials including shell, bone, copper, cannel coal, sandstone and various hardstones. Shell examples of the type have been documented from the Williams site, Logan Co., Ohio; the Zimmerman Kame, Hardin Co., Ohio; the Burch site. Branch Co., Michigan; and the Harrison site, Kalamazoo, Michigan. With one burial at the Williams site, two rectangular shell gorgets, one shell sandal sole gorget, and cut mandibles from small animals were found in direct association.

Right Humped or "knobbed" gorget, 5" long, gray banded slate. Found by John W. Slane in 1913 on his farm located approxi mately two miles northeast of Grover Hill, Washington Twp., Paulding Co., Ohio. Similar gorgets were found associated with burials at the Clifford Williams site, Russells Point, Logan Co., Ohio; a distance of approximately 45 miles. Four Indented Gorgets Jan Sorgenfrei, Pandora, Ohio

1. Found south of Findlay, Ohio in Hancock County 5%"x 3. Found near Mansfield, Ohio in Richland County. Black 2%" black slate, engraved and tally notched. slate 6 " by 1 % ". 2. Found 2Vi miles east of Pavonia, Ohio in Richland County. 4. Found near Canton, Ohio in Stark County. Black slate Black slate 2Vi"x 5". 5" by 3", engraved.

11 The Gilead Site (33MW19): A Middle Woodland Component in North Central Ohio by Stanley W. Baker Department of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

Occasionally Middle Woodland components tions have produced the data discussed here. or sites are found in north-central Ohio. Unlike The Middle Woodland component at the the lower Scioto River and lower Paint Creek Gilead site is defined by the occurrence of drainages, material found north of Delaware, distinctive point types, a blade industry, and Ohio, ranges from isolated specimens to sites typical Middle Woodland ceramics. Thus far sparsely covered with definable Middle Wood six small sherds have been recovered (Fig. 1). land remains. From investigations along the In general, thickness (averaging 4.5mm) and lower Whetstone and upper Olentangy drain paste composition suggest Middle Woodland ages since 1955, the Gilead site has produced affiliation. Four of the sherds appear to be plain the most significant amount of Middle Woodland but their exterior surface has been heavily material known to the author. eroded. These pieces could be derived from The Gilead site was originally located during McGraw Plain or Seip Plain vessels, both of surface collecting in 1969 near Mount Gilead, which have been described by Prufer (1965: Ohio, and has subsequently been re-examined 16-57; 1968; 7-8). The fifth sherd because of about twice each year. In 1975, it was desig context is probably McGraw Cordmarked nated 33MW19 in the Ohio Historical Society's (Prufer 1965). The most significantsherd from records. The site itself, it should be noted, is the site is a decorated rim with punetate im not situated in the Whetstone River valley or pressions executed below a cross-hatch design. the bluffs overlooking it. Strictly speaking it is This mode of rim decoration is quite common located on a small 1 meter-high eminence at on Hopewellain vessels. the head of a small intermittent stream some A total of 36 bladelets has been recovered distance from the main stem of Whetstone at the Gilead site (Fig. 1). All examples found Creek. This upland area is also characterized have been made of heat treated Vanport (Flint by a complex morainic system with both the Ridge)chert. Unlike Middle Woodland sites of Broadway and Powell end moraines manifesting the Paint Creek drainage in Ross County, no themselves in the Mt. Gilead area. Nearly level Indiana hornstone was used here. The majority ground morainal deposits can also be found of the tools are of fragmentary nature, with west of the locale. Subsequent downcutting only two complete bladelets found thus far. of the Whetstone River through these glacial The remainder of the collection can be roughly features has created a very complex environ divided into 13 midsection fragments, five mental zone. Geological features including proximal end fragments or bladelets displaying narrow floodplain, terrace-like benches, bluffs, the original flaking platform, 11 distal end and both level and rolling uplands have created fragments, and eight miscellaneous segments a quite complex forest canopy in close proximity showing further modification. The latter modi to the Gilead site. The settlement at the site fied examples can be described thusly: four was probably focused on the exploitation of examples showing distal end modification to a upland and marginal riverine resources which micro-scraping edge; two examples showing would have been available. modifications to the lateral edges producing a No excavations have been attempted. It is perforating tool; and two examples with a single quite possible that a mound may have once lateral margin modified to a rather steep scrap stood on the site. However, the basic compo ing edge. It should also be noted that the Middle sition of the recovered artifactual remains Woodland industry is also represented by one suggests some form of habitation site. De- prismatic core and four possible core trimming positional data indicates that remains from the flakes. This data suggests that bladelets were Gilead site are found lightly scattered over an not only being used on the site, they were also area 15 meters in diameter, but they usually being produced there. occur on the sloping margin of the site which Other lithic remains from the Gilead site faces the intermittent stream. It should also be are also predominately made from Vanport or noted that at any one time there are no strong Flint Ridge material with the exception of one indications of a site; only persistent investiga Middle Woodland of Upper Mercer flint. These

12 additional remains include seven undiagnostic Functional analysis of the collection from biface fragments showing heat modification, the Gilead site suggests some interesting two large blanks or knives, one drill fragment, implications. It is obvious that the lithic remains two complete and two fragmentary Middle (disregarding debitage) cluster into three cate Woodland points (Converse 1973: 61), one gories: knives, projectile points, and scrapers. utilized flake, one bi-polar flint wedge, and These figures (see Table 1) in themselves one stemmed point (Fig. 2). Similar stemmed strongly suggest a hunting tool kit. They and material has been found by Prufer (1965: 83) the environmental situation would suggest the at his single component McGraw site. He also activities at the site focused on upland faunal suggests that this variety is of Middle Woodland exploitation. Although the derth of debitage at origin and is not an earlier manifestation. the site might indicate a short lived bivouac Although the Gilead site produces predomi situation, the occurrence of ceramic remains nately Middle Woodland remains, the field and evidence for blade tool production would surrounding the site has yielded evidence of seem to indicate habitation of a longer duration. Archaic, Early Woodland, and Late Woodland Additional investigations are planned at the activities (Fig. 3). Because of this activity and Gilead site in order to substantiate the physical the way in which the artifacts from the Gilead arrangement and the nature of activities there. site were recovered, that is from the surface, it Presently, the author believes that only one would be erroneous to conclusively place the structure or one concise living floor is involved. stemmed point in a Middle Woodland context. The author would also like to determine if the The evidence provided by Prufer and more site is a seasonal camp providing subsistence recent investigations (Wesley Clarke, personal for a family group or if the site is some spe communications 1978) indicate a wide variety cialized activity camp which may have tunneled of projectile point forms on habitation sites natural resources into some Hopewellian center which is unlike the situation at ceremonial to the south. This possibility does have some centers. merits. Recently, Kenneth G. Hirth (1978: 35- Unlike the other lithic remains at the site, 45) entertained the idea of "institutionalization debitage is not predominately composed of of trade" during the formative stages. He Vanport chert. This source amounts to only contends that "subsistence commodities no 58% of the debitage recovered. However, doubt moved .... along with the more exotic thinning and sharpening flakes of Vanport do goods (Ibid: 36)." These basic needs were outnumber decortication flakes of that material furnished by scattered communities like the as well as all categories of local and Upper Gilead site in hinterland areas. Other settle Mercer materials. Of the some 64 fragments ments called "gateway communities" on the of debitage recovered, Vanport sharpening and margins of particular hinterlands redistributed thinning flakes amount to 45% of the entire all goods into the major ceremonial centers. collection. Of the remaining specimens, 42% Not until more data is known about all levels of was local chert and/or Upper Mercer material. Middle Woodland social system and in particular In this collection however, flakes resulting from such sites as the Gilead site can this model be primary lithic production (decortication) almost tested. equal in count those from final tool production and maintenance. Hirth, Kenneth G. 1978 Interregional trade and the formation of Table 1. Distribution of functional types prehistoric gateway communities. Ameri in the lithic collection can Antiquity 43(1): 35-45. Type Numb Prufer, Olaf H. Debitage 69 1965 The McGraw site: a study in Hopewellian Biface fragments 7 dynamics. Cleveland Museum of Natural Knives/blanks 31 History, Scientific Publications 4(1). Projectile points 6 Pruger, Olaf H. Scrapers 6 1968 Ohio Hopewell ceramics: an analysis of Perforators 3 the extant collections. Anthropological Spliting wedge 1 Papers No. 33. The University of Michigan, Total 123 Ann Arbor.

13 t t 1 I

1 ^ » i 11 I« • i 1 n CM. Fig. 1 (Baker) Middle Woodland ceramics and bladelets from the Gilead site.

Fig. 2. (Baker) Miscellaneous Woodland lithic remains from the Gilead site.

14 Two Mexican Ceramic Pieces by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Rare Ramos Polychrome effigy pot, Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Ball-player effigy, Buff clay, Casas Grandes area Northern Mexico, Medio Period, Nayarit culture. West Coast Mexico, Late Preclassic, 1250 to 1400 AD. 100BC-AD250

Fig. 3. (Baker) Lithic remains from other components in association with the Gilead site. 15 Birdstones From The Parks Collection By Steve Fuller Stow, Ohio

Allegan Co., Michigan Sandusky Co., Ohio

Franklin Co., Ohio

Steuben Co., Indiana Delaware Co., Ohio Fig. 1 (Fuller)

16 The late Cameron Parks of Garrett, Indiana zations throughout the Midwest. He was a had amassed one of the largest collections of member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio birdstones ever assembled by either a museum for many years and had attended our meetings or private collector. At one time there were when his busy schedule permitted. He was over four hundred birdstones in the collection also responsible for the publication of Who's including salvaged, damaged and unfinished Who In Indian Relics, Vols. 3 & 4. Pictured are specimens. Approximately one hundred bird ten birdstones of the long necked variety from stones were purchased at one time by Mr. the Parks collection. For scale, the birdstone Parks from the Dr. H. T. Young collection. Mr. at upper left measures 4J4" in length. Photo Parks had often displayed his vast collection graph courtesy of William Tiell, Lakewood, at meetings of various archaeological organi Ohio.

Shiawasee Co., Michigan

Genesee Co., Michigan

St. Joseph Co.. Indiana Hillsdale Co., Michigan

Dekalb Co., Indiana

Fig. 2 (Fuller) More birdstones from the collection of the late Cameron Parks. For scale, birdstone at the top measures SW in length.

17 One of the Tremper pipes. This magnificent Hopewell pipe, one of a cache of nine, was excavated from the Tremper mound by Shetrone. Of the 145 pipes found at Tremper's, there were four separate types; the animal effigy pipes, the monitor platform type, three tubular (one modified tubular), and the variety shown in the photograph. This kind, with the highly exaggerated bowl, occured at no other Hopewell sites in Ohio. The material from which they are made is described as red pipestone (presumably from Ohio). However, it is the opinion of your Editor, after examination of some of these pipes, that the material is catlinite from the pipestone quarries of Minnesota.

18 H^BaMHBaaBaBHHBBHBIaBBaaHHIl

The most prolific mound of the Hopewell culture was the Tremper mound in Scioto County, Ohio. Pictured are some of the artifacts from the Tremper excavation. Top are two unusual gorgets of slate, unique to Hopewell. At the bottom left are two cones, one of green chlorite and the other of galena. Bottom is a highly decorated and carved boatstone of cannel coal.

19 Field Finds

By Norma Andrews 7962 Cook Road Plain City, Ohio

Pictured are surface finds from my collec tion. They include Piano points, bifurcates, Adena points, Hopewell points, drills, Archaic points, and a large Adena cache blade. Mate rials are Flint Ridge flint, Delaware chert (common in the Central Ohio area), and Upper Mercer flint.

Fig. 1 (Andrews) Surface points from Franklin and Union counties.

20 Descriptive and Distributional Data on a Cumberland Point from Ross County, Ohio

by James Dudley Department of Archaeology Ohio Historical Center Columbus, Ohio 43211

A Cumberland point was found by the that the point was produced from a glacial author on March 6, 1978, while conducting outwash cobble. an archaeological survey in Ross County near The high ground where the discovery was Frankfort, Ohio (Fig. 1). Cumberland points made, overlooking a floodplain, would certainly are a Paleo-lndian projectile type dating have been a vantage point for locating game, roughly from 13-10,000 years B.P. (Major and also a defensible lookout. This fact is McCullough, personal communication, 1978). supported by the artifactual evidence ranging The locale overlooks the North Fork of Paint from Paleo-lndian through Mississippian times. Creek. It is situated on the Reesville recessional The surface collection from this site indicates moraine just 25 miles north of the Wisconsin an area rich in prehistoric remains—79 worked glaciation terminal moraine (Quinn 1974: 222- implements and 843 flint flakes and fragments 223; Goldthwait et. al. 1961). Since the last were recovered. glacial retreat in this region occurred around Thanks are extended to Franco Ruffini of 17,200 B.P., the Clovis technology could have the Ohio Historic Preservation Office for his been present here shortly afterward (Quinn time and skill in drawing the artifact, and to 1974: 222-223, 226), followed later by the Don Wittekind of the Ohio Historical Society's Cumberland technology (Prufer and Baby Department of History for his time in repro 1963:62-63). ducing the graphics. Cumberland points were first formally Measurements for the projectile point ac described by Madeline Kneberg (1956), and cording to Prufer and Baby's (1963) Appendix named for the Cumberland River valley in A are: Tennessee where they have occurred fre quently. This particular point has the charac teristic concavo-convex sides, sharply constricted base, flaring basal ears, and single flutes on both sides, (Prufer and Baby 1963: 18-19, Kneberg 1956: 22). Although it is com mon for the flutes to extend the full length of the point, these channels extend over approxi mately 65% (obverse) and 35% (reverse) of the length. Basal and lateral grinding are very slight, and any remnant of a basal striking platform from Folsom-style fluting is absent (Prufer and Baby 1963:9, 18-19). The origin of the raw material is uncertain. It is pink with a fine-grained crypto-crystalline structure possessing a dull luster. The texture is coarse when compared to Ohio Vanport or Flint Ridge flint, and flake scars are somewhat difficult to identify. It may be a jasper, possibly from Tennessee (Dr. Carl Phagan, personal communication, 1978), or perhaps Cambridge chert (James L. Murphy, personal communi cation, 1978). Cambridge limestone in Ohio extends from Jefferson and Columbiana coun ties south to Lawrence County, but chert in this stratigraphic unit is known only in Mus OBVERSE REVERSE kingum and Gallia counties (Strugeon and associates 1958: 117; Stout and Schoenlaub Fig. 1 (Dudley) Cumberland point from Ross County, Ohio 1945: 104-106). There is also the possibility (exact size).

21 1. 78.5 mm Maximum length Goldthwait, Richard P., George W. White, and Jane 2a. 23 mm Maximum width L. Forsyth 1961 Glacial map of Ohio. Miscellaneous Geo b. 33 mm How far from base/ears Basal width logic Investigations Map 1-316. U.S. Geo 3. 18.5 mm logical Survey, Washington, D.C. Maximum thickness 4a. 7.5 mm Kneberg, Madeline How far from base/ears b. 36 mm 1956 Some important projectile point types 5. 1 mm Basal conavity found in the Tennessee area. Tennessee 6a. 50.5 mm Flute length, obverse Archaeologist, 12(1): 17-28. b 28 mm Flute length, reverse Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby 7a. 1 No. flutes, oberse 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical b 1 No. flutes, reverse Society, Columbus. 8. Present Basal grinding Quinn, Michael John (present/absent) 1974 The glacial geology of Ross County, Ohio. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio Lateral grinding, right side 9a. 28 mm State University, Columbus. from ears Stout, Wilber and R.A. Schoenlaub b. 28 mm Lateral grinding, left side 1945 The occurence of flint in Ohio. Ohio from ears Division of Geological Survey, Bulletin 10 15.5 mm Constriction width 46, Columbus. 11 Absent Basal nipples Sturgeon, Myron Thomas and associates (present/absent) 1958 The geology and mineral resources of Athens County, Ohio. Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Bulletin 52, Columbus.

An Indiana Dovetail by John Baldwin West Olive, Michigan

Fig. 1 (Baldwin) Dovetail found April 20. 1976 in Henry County, Indiana. It is made of tan, green, cream, yellow, and purple, Flint Ridge flint. The site on which it was found has yielded much Archaic material including several drilled bannerstones.

22 23 These beads are always made of a trans A Man-ln-The-Moon Bead lucent blue glass, the striations of the mandrel By Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio winding being much in evidence. The overlay Glass beads were an important item used is either of white glass or a ceramic material in trade with the Indians from the time of of some kind. Columbus' landing to the end of the 19th Fourteen man-in-the-moon beads were century. One of the most notable examples of found with a single.burial at the Old Birch course is the acquisition of Manhattan Island Island Cemetery by Greenman (1951 pi XXIV). by the Dutch when they traded materials, At Fort Michilimackinaw eight identical beads including glass beads, for the island. are considered the earliest at the site where Nearly all the beads traded to the Indians they occurred at the 1710 to 1720 levels were manufactured in Europe and the demand (Maxwell-Binford 1959 p 90). The two beads for them grew to such an extent that thriving illustrated from Michilimackinaw have trie man bead industries sprang up in Italy and Czecho facing to the right while those from the Birch slovakia and other countries. Manufacturing Cemetery face left and have an additional star methods and techniques were such jealously on the obverse. guarded secrets that a bead maker who con The man-in-the-moon bead in the illustration templated defecting and taking his trade was found on the surface of a site 1 mile east secrets to a rival manufacturer placed his life of Plain City, Ohio, by the author. It is slightly in peril. larger than the dimensions given for the One of the most interesting kinds of beads Michilimackinaw examples being nearly one used in New World trade is called a man-in- inch in width. There is little other historic the-moon-bead. It is one of the few kinds with material from the site where it was found most an applied decoration. It was fashioned by of it consisting of broken dishes and crockery. winding strands of molten glass around a steel The only recorded evidence of Indian occupa mandrel and while still in its plastic state it tion of the Plain City area, other than that of was flattened to a disc-like shape about the itinerant bands, is that of a man named Smith size of a five cent piece. The mandrel was who spent the winter trapping with two Indians then removed, the resultant hole used to string near Plain City prior to the year 1750. They the bead. reportedly then took their furs down Big Darby A white overlaid design was then applied to the Scioto and then north to Detroit. Big to each flat side—by what method is unknown, Darby Creek itself is reputed to have been but it was probably hand painted since none named after a Wyandot chief named Dar-bee of them are exactly alike. On the reverse side who lived somewhere in the vicinity of Plain is an arrangement of six-pointed stars, one on City. each side and one at the top center with an The early dating of these peculiar beads undulating streamer down the center which suggests that they were introduced to the may represent a comet. On the obverse side Indians by the French. The meaning of the is the design which gives the bead its name— design and its appeal to the Indians is a a quarter moon with the profile of a man on its complete mystery. inner side. The man faces another six pointed star. The man-in-the-moon is almost exactly References Converse. Robert N , Sesquicenlennial History ot Maxwell, Moreau S., and Binford. Lewis H , Ex like those drawn by school children at Plain City, Ohio 1968 cavation at Fort Michilimackinaw. Michigan State Greenman, Emerson F.. Old Birch Island Cemetery. Univ 1959 University of Michigan 1951 Stone. Lyle M.. Fort Michilimackinaw 1715-1781, Halloween. Michigan State University 1974

Fig. 1 (Converse) Man-in-the-moon bead found near Plain City, Ohio, obverse and reverse. 24 New Perspectives on the Wolf Phase: An Upper Mississippian Manifestation in the Western Lake Erie Basin By David M. Stothers Laboratory of Ethnoarchaeology University of Toledo September 1978 During the past eight years the Laboratory Lake Erie basin (i.e., Springwells phase) appear of Ethnoarchaeology, University of Toledo, to have withdrawn into S.W. Ontario to join has undertaken intensive and extensive ex the late prehistoric Ontario Iroquois. cavation and analysis of acquired data which Several Wolf phase sites appear to be relates to what has been called the Wolf phase. associated with earthworks and/or ditch en This cultural manifestation is distributed closures. These structures are believed to be throughout contiguous areas of N.W. Ohio, defensive structures associated with conflict S.E. Michigan and S.W. Ontario, including the between the terminal Late Woodland and Lake Erie Islands. Upper Mississippian peoples. Contrary to preliminary indications, the Wolf Relationships of the Wolf phase peoples phase is an Upper Mississippian manifestation to the Upper Mississippian Peterson phase, which is not related to the indigenous Western as known for the region east of Sandusky Bay, Basin Tradition (formerly called the Younge are presently poorly understood. (Certain Tradition). It is typified by the co-occurrence tentative evidence suggests that the Wolf phase of grit and shell-tempered ceramics and long- may have existed into early historic times, house dwelling structures whose construction and that Wolf phase populations may represent appears to have employed wattle and daub the enigmatic Mascouten' referred to in the (as exemplified at the Wolf and Liahn I sites). Jesuit Relations. "Parker Festooned" appears to be a definitive Present evidence suggests that these Upper Wolf phase ceramic style, and excavation Mississippian peoples were intrusive into the results have shown that these people were region under consideration, rather than a agriculturalists. Mississippification' of Woodland peoples. A series of radiocarbon dates (several more However, present research is being under samples have been submitted) establish the taken to further substantiate whether or not time period of the Wolf phase as being post the Wolf phase represents a population intru 1000 A.D., while most dates presently indicate sion and replacement of indigenous woodland occupation of the area in question from A.D. peoples, or whether the Wolf phase represents 1200 to post A.D. 1400, at which time the acculturation and cultural style re-alignment. terminal Late Woodland peoples of the Western

Four Birdstones From the Ohio Historical Society Collections

25 Projectile Points From Central And Southern Ohio

by William J. McQueen 5822 Bogart San Antonio, Texas 78240 Ak p* ^ Even though, nowadays, it is difficult to find large fine points completely intact while JV surface hunting, there are numerous small fine points which have escaped the wrath of the farmer's plow and disc. ,: Pictured are a variety of small points found • • * 1 while surface hunting in the central and southern Ohio area in the past eight years by myself, my brother Cyrus B. and my father William G. McQueen. ,jf

Fig. 4 (McQueen) This is a very fine Adena point made from light grey Flint Ridge flint and measuring 6,6cm in length. It was found near the banks of the Big Walnut Creek, north of Lockbourne, Ohio in Franklin County.

Fig. 1 (McQueen) Archiac points found near the Scioto River in Pike County, Ohio. For scale, the bifurcated point to far left measures 4. 7cm in length.

Fig. 2 (McQueen) Points found at an Archiac site along the Scioto River, north of Chillicothe Ohio. The third point from the left is manufactured from a mottled pink Flint Ridge flint, and the fourth point from the left is made from grey Flint Ridge flint. The largest point measures 5.8cm in length.

Fig. 3 (McQueen) A mix ture of small fine points found along the Scioto River near Chillicothe, Ohio. The smallest one to the far right measures 2cm in length.

26 West Virginia Ft. Ancient Burial

By Steve Fuller, Stow, Ohio

Pictured is a group of artifacts found associ The tubular bone bead was found beneath ated with a burial excavated on April 17,1977 the neck. The beads and gorgets may have at the Ralph Lee farm, a Ft. Ancient site located been originally attached to some sort of fabric in Mason Co., West Virginia approximately or skin garment. The large antler spearpoint seven miles south of Pt. Pleasant. The burial was found beside the right foot. The triangular was believed to be that of an adult male. The flint point was located within the chest cavity six shell gorgets were found about the neck and may have been the cause of death for and shoulder area with the small shell beads this individual. The artifacts now repose in which appeared to have been used as spacers the collection of Elmer Grimm, Elyria, Ohio. between each of the gorgets. Much cord wear Photo courtesy of William Tiell, Lakewood, is evident between the holes of the gorgets. Ohio.

61 Fig. 1 (Fuller) Fort Ancient artifacts from Mason County. West Virginia.

27 Archaeology Update II: Anthrosols detection for locating ancient habitations

by Thomas C. Grubb Mt. Vernon Ohio

Although most collectors and amateur sample. The deeper the color and the greater archaeologists depend entirely upon finding the spread, the higher the phosphate con of flint flakes, shards, and complete or broken centration. Although the blue color fades in a artifacts on the surface to locate prehistoric few minutes, it may be made permanent by Indian habitation sites, another method has dipping the filter paper into a sodium citrate been known for almost 50 years (Lorch 1939) solution. and was described again 10 years later. To illustrate how the test may be used in Therefore it is surprising that few if any archae locating an ancient habitation, the experience ologists or collectors in Ohio have tried the of Dietz may be cited. A 50 foot square area method since it is simple and inexpensive. was selected where surface artifacts had been The method is based on the principle that found and soil samples 2-3 inches below the waste materials such as animal, fish, bird, and plow zone were taken 5 feet apart. A number human bones and excreta are deposited on of the samples showed a much higher con the soil at human habitation sites. Over the centration of phosphate than the background years these materials—called anthrosols — level and so these areas were selected for slowly decompose and percolate into the soil further exploration. The method is especially with rainfall. Although anthrosols contain useful in locating burials since bones contain nitrogen, sulfer, phosphorus compounds (phos a large amount of phosphate which does not phates), and many other elements, only the migrate far from the skeleton. While investi phosphates are useful indicators of habitation gating the Natrium mound in West Virginia, sites since nitrogen, sulfer and other elements Solecki (1953) located many more burials with diffuse freely in all directions and thus become the phosphate test than had been anticipated. greatly diluted, whereas phosphates only The following method is described by Eidt migrate downward with little if any lateral (1977): dispersion. Soil phosphates have another property which make them ideal anthrosols Materials Required for detection—they remain bound in situ in 1. Two 3 oz. plastic dropping bottles. their original concentration for thousands of 2. Extraction reagent: Completely dissolve years. In fact, no one knows how long they 5gm of ammonium molybdate in 50ml remain fixed in the soil unless they are leeched of distilled water and slowly add 30ml of out by some unusual activity such as flooding. 6N hydrochloric acid. Then add sufficient Thus the discovery of a soil phosphate con distilled water to bring the total volume centration in a circumscribed area higher than to 100ml. Pour this solution into the in the surrounding areas (background con plastic dropping bottle and stopper centration) indicates the probability of prior tightly. (Caution —keep away from chil human habitation. It thus appears that a soil dren and if accidently dropped on skin, test for phosphate concentration could be very wash with soap and water.) useful in searching for artifacts, especially Reducing reagent: Crush one 0.5gm where there are no surface indications of Indian ascorbic acid tablet with a spoon. Dis habitation. solve in 100ml of distilled water and place Recently two investigators (Dietz 1957; Eidt in a plastic dropping bottle. (Use ascorbic 1973, 1977) described a test for soil phos acid tablets without rose hips. The tablet phates in anthrosols based on the same chemi will not dissolve completely due to in- cal principle, i.e. when an acidified ammonium soluable excipients which do not inter molybdate solution is added to soil on a filter fere with the test.) This solution must be paper followed 30 seconds later with an as made fresh every day that it is to be corbic acid solution, a blue color develops used. within a few minutes if there is any phosphate Fixing bath (optional): Dissolve 50gm of in the soil. The amount of the phosphate sodium citrate in 100ml distilled water present is estimated by the depth of the color and place in a plastic tightly-stoppered and the distance it has spread from the soil bottle.

28 Filter paper: A source of phosphate-free 3. After exactly 2 minutes, note the color filter paper (Whatmen #2) approximately and the distance it has travelled from 6cm in diameter. the sample. Compare the results with those shown in Table 1 to determine the Test Procedure relative concentration of phosphate in 1. Using the tip of a well-cleaned pocket the sample. knife place a small soil sample (2-3gm) 4. If it is desired to keep the paper for future in the center of the filter paper. reference, dip it in the sodium citrate 2. Place 2-3 drops of the extraction reagent solution and air dry. on the soil sample and after 30 seconds Note: All containers must be acid washed place the same quantity of the reducing and rinsed with distilled water be reagent on the sample. fore use.

Table 1: Phosphate test values* "Slightly modified from Eidt (1977) Phosphate Length of Time of Appearance % Ring Concentration Radiating Lines (mm) of Lines (mm) around Sample 1. None 0 0 0 2. Weak 1 2 variable 3. Regular 2 1-2 50

4. Good 3-5 K2-1 75 5. Strong 8 y2 100

It should be clearly understood that this 44124); (c) obtain a phosphate test kit from test is a qualitative assay method and can be Field Test Associates, Box 11724, Shorewood used only for comparative purposes in a given Wl 53211. The author is presently engaged in site or area. Thus it cannot be reliably used to testing the soils of many known Indian habita compare the phosphate concentration of one tion sites in central Ohio and will subsequently farm field with another. Quantitative tests can report his results. be done (Eidt 1977), but they require the services of a trained chemist and a laboratory Acknowledgement: The writer is indebted to to determine if the phosphate content of the Professor Robert C. Eidt, University of Wis soil is satisfactory for growing crops. To make consin, Milwaukee, for samples of his results. the most effective use of the phosphate test, one should use one's best judgement and experience as an artifact collector in deciding Eid, R.C. where and how deep to take the samples. A 1973 A rapid chemical field test for archae standard soil sampler or auger may be used, ological site surveying. American An especially if one wishes to compare the phos tiquity 38; 206-210. phate concentration at different depths. Ob 1977 Detection and examination of anthrosols by phosphate analysis. Science 197; viously a trowel or shovel may be used, making 1327-1333. sure that it is thoroughly cleaned between Lorch, W. Methodische Untersuchungen zur samples. Wustungsforschung. It is recognized that the average collector 1939 Gustav Fischer, Jena. or amateur archaeologist who is interested in Solecki, R.S., using the phosphate test will ask where the 1953 Exploration of an Adena mound at Nat chemicals may be obtained and how he can rium, West Virginia. Anthropological prepare the solutions. There are three possible Papers No. 40; 313-395. Bureau of Ameri methods: (a) enlist the aid of the local high can Ethnology, Bulletin 151, Washing ton, DC. school chemistry teacher; (b) obtain the chemi Swartz, G.T. cals etc. from a laboratory supply house 1967 A simplified chemical test for archae (Sargent-Welch Scientific Co., 10400Taconic ological field work. Archaeometry 10; Terrace, Cincinnati, OH 45215; or 9520 Mid 57-61. west Avenue, Garfield Heights, Cleveland, OH

29 Yellow Creek by Richard L. and Agnes Gregory Mike and Dawn Wilson

"Yellow Creek, Yellow Creek", that's all I 30 feet square between the river and the heard for the last few years. So one day my railroad bed. I want to make it clear that the wife and I and our son-in-law and our good coins and buttons (the historic items) were friend Harry Cline of Wellsville, Ohio, went found with the Indian artifacts. All the historic searching. We finally ended up at the mouth items were found in the bank. Most of the of Yellow Creek where it flows into the Ohio Indian artifacts were found in the sand and River. We were walking along the bank of the water. My wife and I screened the sand and river when we noticed some firepits, and my son-in-law, Mike Wilson, and his wife Dawn, immediately began to clear some of the soil dug and screened the bank. away. Initially we found some flint points, the Not shown in the photographs are the start of a very interesting fall of 1977 that historic pottery fragments and a number of lasted until it was too cold to go out any more. metal pieces. I will let the photographs speak As can be seen in the photographs, we for themselves. These photographs were taken found a little of everything in an area about by Skip Dawson of East Liverpool, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Gregory and Wilson): Flint points. The one in the center has a very fine point for use as an inscriber or graver.

30 ftm *m ^ ^ ^^ «to ^ ^^

fflflfl

Iff ffffftfff Fig. 2 (Gregory and Wislon): More points and some drills.

Fig. 3 (Gregory and Wilson): The coins are half cents with the horse and plow, some of them dating around I 790. One of them is dated 1 776 and another has a hole in it. The pewter spoon is in the center. There are beads with holes, pipe stems, Fig. 4 (Gregory and Wilson): At the top is an old pocket knife animal teeth, and. in the upper left corner is corn and some and the tusk of a wild pig. At the bottom are drills and a large kernels. pipe drill in the center.

31 f Of Ailivf

•ffftfff ft f If ftlff it•f f VAWt f ft». Fig. 5 ("Gregory a«d Wilson): More flint points. Half of a pipe is Fig. 6 (Gregory and Wilson): More flint artifacts. Also skull in the center. fragments in the center. id * •Ml I 11 / 4 * 4 • A

Fig. 8 (Gregory and Wilson): More flint artifacts. Two coins dated to 1 790. Next to coins are two gun flints; Fig. 7 (Gregory and Wilson): Pottery sherds and more flint one honey-colored from France and one grey from points and two small paint pots. England.

32 Fig. 9 (Gregory and Wilson): Closer view of some artifacts shown in Fig. 3, showing the detail in the coins. There is also one large bifurctaed point and a gun flint above that point. Next to the gun flint is a bit cut from a coin, and another gun flint at the other end of that row which shows use.

Fi•g. 11 (Gregory and Wilson): An enlarged view of the large Fig. 10 (Gregory and Wilson): An enlarged view of the drill-71 half pipe.

33 A Limestone Spade or Hoe from Coshocton County by Richard L. Gregory 15441 Johnson Road Lisbon, Ohio 44432

While surface hunting on the Edwin Lee inches in width, and % inch thick. The photo farm near Warsaw, Ohio, my wife, Agnes, found graphs show the chipping over the surface the spade or hoe shown in the accompaning with finer work along the edges. There are photographs (Figs. 1 and 2) in a ravine near a slight notches at the top. The lower end is stream. It measures 14 inches in length, 7 worn from use.

Fig. / (Gregory) Obverse view of slate hoe. Fig. 2 (Gregory) Reverse view of slate hoe.