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Inicio Dissertacao UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Gabriel Kitofi Tonelo WERNER HERZOG, DOCUMENTARISTA: FIGURAS DA VOZ E DO CORPO CAMPINAS 2012 i ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES Gabriel Kitofi Tonelo WERNER HERZOG, DOCUMENTARISTA: FIGURAS DA VOZ E DO CORPO Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Multimeios. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernão Vitor Pessoa de Almeida Ramos CAMPINAS, 2012 iii iv v vi Resumo Este trabalho pretende analisar a obra de documentários do cineasta alemão Werner Herzog sob a ótica da autorreflexão do diretor, através de sua voz e de seu corpo, em seus documentários e da relação estabelecida entre Herzog e a narrativa em cada filme. Procura- se estabelecer como a característica nasceu em sua filmografia e como evoluiu ao longo das cinco décadas de sua atividade como cineasta. Relacionam-se os processos da inserção de Werner Herzog em seus filmes com a teoria, própria do campo do Cinema Documentário, referente à inserção do sujeito-da-câmera na narrativa fílmica. Tomando como ponto de partida as reflexões surgidas no final da década de 1950 acerca da participação do cineasta na narrativa (Cinema Vérité) até as teorias de uma narrativa documentária profundamente voltada para o universo do próprio cineasta, popularizadas nos anos 1980, pode-se dizer que a autorreflexão do cineasta na narrativa é uma questão viva no campo teórico do Cinema Documentário e que é constantemente problematizada e renovada na produção documentária contemporânea. Palavras-Chave: Werner Herzog, Cinema Documentário, Subjetividade, Autoria. vii viii Abstract This work intends to analyse german filmmaker's Werner Herzog documentary ouevre, under the optics of the director's voice and body self-reflexion in his documentaries and the relationship between Herzog and his narratives in each work. It tries to establish how this characteristic was born in his filmography and how it has evolved through five decades of his activity as a film director. Herzog's participation in his films is related to theories of Documentary Film concerning the reflexivity of the author in the filmic narrative. Going from questions arised in the late 1950's about the participation of the director in the documentary (Cinema Vérité) to questions related to a profoundly self-referrent documentary narrative popularized in the 1980's, one can say that self-reflection is a subject-matter that is still alive in documentary film theory, being constantly problematized and renewed in contemporary documentary production. Keywords: Werner Herzog, Documentary Film, Subjectivity, Authorship. ix x Agradecimentos À FAPESP pela bolsa concedida para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Ao orientador, Prof. Dr. Fernão Pessoa Ramos, por todas as conversas e o auxílio concedido, em São Paulo, Campinas ou até em um encontro por acaso em Paris. Ao Prof. Dr. Gilberto Alexandre Sobrinho e ao Prof. Dr. Fernando Passos pelos comentários na banca de qualificação, certamente pertinentes e enriquecedores. Agradeço também ao parecerista ad-hoc da FAPESP cuja exigência foi extremamente importante para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Ao Prof. Brad Prager, da University of Missouri, por ter atendido diversas das minhas dúvidas relativas aos filmes de Herzog, pelo diálogo e ótimas observações. À Prof a. Lúcia Nagib, da mesma forma, pelos comentários feitos e ajuda dada. À Werner Herzog Film GmbH, pela doação de boa parte dos filmes que constituem o corpus desta pesquisa. Ao apoio e amor infinito dado por meus pais, Tonelo e Telma, e por meu irmão Marcos durante não só a vigência desta pesquisa, mas em todo o caminho trilhado até aqui. Aos amigos dos mais variados lugares: companheiros de UNICAMP e Barão Geraldo, de Santo André, de São Paulo, de Köln. Ao Ivan, ao João e ao Mario pela companhia de apartamento 22. À Jennifer Serra por todas as dicas e ajudas nos mais variados trâmites do processo. Ao Marcos Camolezi pela leitura e revisão do texto, pelas conversas filosóficas e futebolísticas. À Aline pelas leituras atentas, revisões críticas ou até pelas tardes passadas nas mais diversas bibliotecas do além-mar. Mas, principalmente, por estar sempre ao meu lado durante todo esse tempo. Pelo amor e o carinho de todos os dias, indispensável para despertar em mim a vontade de seguir adiante e de levar a vida com muita alegria. xi xii Índice Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 1 I - Werner Herzog, Documentarista. 1 – Figuras da voz e do corpo ....................................................................................................... 7 2 – Definindo os documentários de Werner Herzog. .................................................................. 17 3 – O Documentário segundo Werner Herzog ............................................................................ 25 II - Análise Fílmica ..................................................................................................................... 39 1. Herzog sem Herzog: a ausência da participação do diretor em seus documentários ............. 41 1.1 – Hércules (Herakles, 1962, 12’) ..................................................................................... 43 1.2 - Últimas Palavras ( Letzte Worte , 1968, 13’) .................................................................... 45 1.3 – Precauções contra Fanáticos ( Massnahmen gegen Fanatiker, 1969, 12’) ..................... 46 1.4 - Os Médicos Voadores da África Oriental (Die fliegenden Ärtzte Von Ostafrika , 1969, 45’) 47 1.5 - Fata Morgana (1970, 79’) .............................................................................................. 49 1.6 - Terra do Silêncio e da Escuridão (Land des Schweigens und der Dunkelheit , 1971, 85‘) ..... 55 1.7 – A ausência da figura de Herzog em documentários posteriores. .................................... 58 2. A Gênese da ética participativa de Herzog nos documentários – Década de 1970 ................. 63 2.1 – Futuro Defeituoso ( Behinderte Zukunft , 1971, 43’) ....................................................... 67 2.2 - O Grande Êxtase do Escultor Steiner (Die große Ekstase des Bildschnitzers Steiner , 1974, 47‘) .. 70 2.3 - How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (1976, 45’) ............................................ 74 2.4 – La Soufrière – Warten auf eine unausweichliche Katastrophe (1977, 44‘) ................... 80 3. A primazia da voz e Herzog entrevistador - Década de 1980 ................................................. 85 3.1 - God’s Angry Man (Glaube und Währung , 1980, 44‘) .................................................... 86 xiii 3.2 – Ballad of the Little Soldier (Ballade von kleinen Soldaten , 1984, 45‘) .......................... 89 3.3 - The Dark Glow of the Mountains (Gasherbrum – Der leuchtende Berg , 1984) ............. 93 4. O resgate da corporalidade e o estreitamento da relação entre Herzog e o documentário - Década de 1990 ........................................................................................................................................ 99 4.1 - Echoes from a Somber Empire (Echos aus einem düsteren Reich, 1990, 93‘) ............. 100 4.2 - Lessons of Darkness (Lektionen in Finsternis , 1992, 52‘) ............................................ 105 4.3 – Little Dieter Needs to Fly (1997, 80’) .......................................................................... 112 4.4 - Wings of Hope (Julianes Sturz in den Dschungel , 1999, 70‘) ...................................... 119 4.5 – Meu Melhor Inimigo ( Mein liebster Feind , 1999, 95’) ................................................ 124 5. Herzog Personagem - Década de 2000 ................................................................................. 133 5.1 – Wheel of Time (2003, 81’) ............................................................................................ 135 5.2 – The White Diamond (2004, 90’) ................................................................................... 143 5.3 – O Homem Urso ( Grizzly Man , 2005, 103’) .................................................................. 150 5.4 – Encounters at the End of the World (2007, 99‘) .......................................................... 160 6. Atualidade e Perspectivas Futuras - Década de 2010 ............................................................ 171 6.1 - A Caverna dos Sonhos Esquecidos ( Cave of Forgotten Dreams , 2011, 90’) ............... 172 6.2 - Ao Abismo: Um Conto de Morte, Um Conto de Vida ( Into the Abyss, A Tale of Death, a Tale of Life. 2011, 107’) ....................................................................................................... 175 Considerações Finais ................................................................................................................. 183 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................................... 187 Ficha técnica dos filmes analisados. ......................................................................................... 191 Anexo: The Minnesota Declaration (Texto em Inglês) ............................................................ 201 xiv Introdução Esta pesquisa teve início no ano de 2010, quando Werner Herzog havia há pouco tempo lançado documentários como Encounters at the End of the World e O Homem Urso . Ambos os filmes receberam muita atenção da crítica e colocavam
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