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(C) Crown Copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/33 Image
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/33 Image Reference:0037 SECRET THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S (GOVERNMENT Printed for the Cabinet. June 1959 C.C. (59) Copy No. 37th Conclusions ST CONCLUSIONS of a Meeting of the Cabinet held at 10 Downing Street, S.W. 1, on Tuesday, 23rd June, 1959, at 11 a.m. Present: The Right Hon. HAROLD MACMILLAN, M.P., Prime Minister. The Right Hon. R. A. BUTLER, M.P., The Right Hon. VISCOUNT KILMUIR, Secretary of State for the Home Lord Chancellor. Department and Lord Privy Seal. The Right Hon. SELWYN LLOYD, Q.C., The Right Hon. D . HEATHCOAT AMORY, M.P., Secretary of State for Foreign M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer. Affairs. The Right Hon. THE EARL OF HOME, The Right Hon. ALAN LENNOX-BOYD, Secretary of State for Commonwealth M.P., Secretary of State for the Relations. Colonies. The Right Hon. JOHN MACLAY, M.P., The Right Hon. VISCOUNT HAILSHAM, Secretary of State for Scotland. Q.C., Lord President of the Council. The Right Hon. DUNCAN SANDYS, M.P., The Right Hon. Sir DAVID ECCLES, M.P., Minister of Defence. President of the Board of Trade. The Right Hon. IAIN MACLEOD, M.P., The Right Hon. HENRY BROOKE, M.P., Minister of Labour and National Minister of Housing and Local Service. Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs. The Right Hon. LORD MILLS, Minister The Right Hon. HAROLD WATKINSON, of Power. M.P., Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation. The Right Hon. GEOFFREY LLOYD, M.P., The Right Hon. -
The Commercial & Technical Evolution of the Ferry
THE COMMERCIAL & TECHNICAL EVOLUTION OF THE FERRY INDUSTRY 1948-1987 By William (Bill) Moses M.B.E. A thesis presented to the University of Greenwich in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2010 DECLARATION “I certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not concurrently being submitted for any degree other than that of Doctor of Philosophy being studied at the University of Greenwich. I also declare that this work is the result of my own investigations except where otherwise identified by references and that I have not plagiarised another’s work”. ……………………………………………. William Trevor Moses Date: ………………………………. ……………………………………………… Professor Sarah Palmer Date: ………………………………. ……………………………………………… Professor Alastair Couper Date:……………………………. ii Acknowledgements There are a number of individuals that I am indebted to for their support and encouragement, but before mentioning some by name I would like to acknowledge and indeed dedicate this thesis to my late Mother and Father. Coming from a seafaring tradition it was perhaps no wonder that I would follow but not without hardship on the part of my parents as they struggled to raise the necessary funds for my books and officer cadet uniform. Their confidence and encouragement has since allowed me to achieve a great deal and I am only saddened by the fact that they are not here to share this latest and arguably most prestigious attainment. It is also appropriate to mention the ferry industry, made up on an intrepid band of individuals that I have been proud and privileged to work alongside for as many decades as covered by this thesis. -
Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/30 Image Reference:0240 THIS DOCUMENT IS the PROPERTY of HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY's GOVERNMENT
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/30 Image Reference:0240 THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT Printed for the Cabinet. February 1956 SECRET Copy No. J 9 CM . (56) 16th Conclusions CABINET CONCLUSIONS of a Meeting of the Cabinet held in the Prime Minister's Room, House of Commons, S.W. 1, on Wednesday, 22nd February, 1956, at 4 p.m. Present: The Right Hon. Sir ANTHONY EDEN, M.P., Prime Minister. The Most Hon. the MARQUESS OF j The Right Hon. R. A . BUTLER, M.P., SALISBURY, Lord President of the | Lord Privy Seal. Council. The Right Hon. HAROLD MACMILLAN, The Right Hon. the VISCOUNT KILMUIR, M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer. Lord Chancellor. The Right Hon. SELWYN LLOYD, Q.C, The Right Hon. GWILYM LLOYD- M.P., Secretary of State for Foreign GEORGE, M.P., Secretary of State for Affairs. the Home Department and Minister for Welsh Affairs. The Right Hon. JAMES STUART, M.P., The Right Hon. the EARL OF HOME, Secretary of State for Scotland. Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations. The Right Hon. A. T. LENNOX-BOYD, The Right Hon. Sir WALTER MONCKTON, M.P., Secretary of State for the Q.C, M.P., Minister of Defence. Colonies. The Right Hon. DUNCAN SANDYS, M.P., The Right Hon. PETER THORNEYCROFT, Minister of Housing and Local M.P., President of the Board of Trade. Government. The Right Hon. D. HEATHCOAT AMORY, The Right Hon. Sir DAVID ECCLES, M.P., Minister of Agriculture, M.P., Minister of Education. Fisheries and Food. -
Oxford, 1984); H
Notes Notes to the Introduction I. K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 194~1951 (Oxford, 1984); H. Pelling, The Labour Governments, 194~51 (London, 1984); A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy, 194~51 (London, 1985); P. Hen nessy, Never Again: Britain, 194~1951 (London, 1992). 2. J. Saville, The Labour Movement in Britain (London, 1988); J. Fyrth (ed.), Labour's High Noon: The Government and the Economy, 194~51 (London, 1993). 3. C. Barnett, The Audit oj War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation (London, 1986); The Lost Victory: British Dreams, British Realities, 194~1950 (London, 1995). 4. Symposium, 'Britain's Postwar Industrial Decline', Contemporary Record, 1: 2 (1987), pp. 11-19; N. Tiratsoo (ed.), The Altlee Years (London, 1991). 5. J. Tomlinson, 'Welfare and the Economy: The Economic Impact of the Welfare State, 1945-1951', Twentieth-Century British History, 6: 2 (1995), pp. 194--219. 6. Hennessy, Never Again, p. 453. See also M. Francis, 'Economics and Ethics: the Nature of Labour's Socialism, 1945-1951', Twentieth Century British History, 6: 2 (1995), pp. 220--43. 7. S. Fielding, P. Thompson and N. Tiratsoo, 'England Arise!' The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain (Manchester, 1995), pp. 209- 18. 8. P. Kellner, 'It Wasn't All Right,Jack', Sunday Times, 4 April 1993. See also The Guardian, 9 September 1993. 9. For a summary of the claims made by the political parties, see J. Barnes and A. Seldon, '1951-64: 13 W asted Years?', Contemporary Record, 1: 2 (1987). 10. V. Bogdanor and R. -
The Cost of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent
BRIEFING PAPER Number 8166, updated 2 March 2021 The cost of the UK's By Claire Mills strategic nuclear Noel Dempsey deterrent Contents: 1. Background 2. Historical costs 3. Cost of procuring and operating Trident 4. Cost of the Dreadnought programme www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 The cost of the UK's strategic nuclear deterrent Contents 1. Background 3 2. Historical costs 4 2.1 V-Bomber Force 4 2.2 Polaris 4 3. Cost of procuring and operating Trident 6 3.1 Acquisition costs 6 3.2 Annual maintenance and running costs 7 4. Cost of the Dreadnought programme 9 4.1 Overall acquisition costs 9 What has been spent so far? 10 4.2 In-service costs 10 4.3 Additional costs 12 4.4 Who will pay for it? 13 The longstanding debate over budgetary responsibility 13 Recent discussion 15 4.5 Comparison to other Government spending 17 Cover page image copyright Dreadnought Class submarine by Royal Navy. Licenced under Open Government Licence / image cropped. 3 Commons Library Briefing, updated 2 March 2021 1. Background Since the acquisition of the UK’s first strategic nuclear deterrent in the 1950s, the cost of procuring and maintaining it, and which Government department should finance it, has always been a matter of debate. Ascertaining historical costs for the nuclear deterrent is difficult and complex, as this information is not easily available from public sources. Many records no longer exist, while others were classified. In the past successive Governments have often not discussed costs on the grounds of operational security. -
Inventing the Communications Revolution in Post-War Britain
Information and Control: Inventing the Communications Revolution in Post-War Britain Jacob William Ward UCL PhD History of Science and Technology 1 I, Jacob William Ward, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis undertakes the first history of the post-war British telephone system, and addresses it through the lens of both actors’ and analysts’ emphases on the importance of ‘information’ and ‘control’. I explore both through a range of chapters on organisational history, laboratories, telephone exchanges, transmission technologies, futurology, transatlantic communications, and privatisation. The ideal of an ‘information network’ or an ‘information age’ is present to varying extents in all these chapters, as are deployments of different forms of control. The most pervasive, and controversial, form of control throughout this history is computer control, but I show that other forms of control, including environmental, spatial, and temporal, are all also important. I make three arguments: first, that the technological characteristics of the telephone system meant that its liberalisation and privatisation were much more ambiguous for competition and monopoly than expected; second, that information has been more important to the telephone system as an ideal to strive for, rather than the telephone system’s contribution to creating an apparent information age; third, that control is a more useful concept than information for analysing the history of the telephone system, but more work is needed to study the discursive significance of ‘control’ itself. 3 Acknowledgements There are many people to whom I owe thanks for making this thesis possible, and here I can only name some of them. -
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 a Dissertation Presented
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Robert Thomas Davis II August 2008 © 2008 Robert Thomas Davis II All Rights Reserved ii This dissertation titled The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 by ROBERT THOMAS DAVIS II has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by ______________________________ Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History ______________________________ Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences iii Abstract DAVIS, ROBERT THOMAS II, Ph.D., August 2008, History The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 (422 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Peter John Brobst This study is a reappraisal of the strategic dilemma of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Cold War. This dilemma revolves around the problem of articulating a strategic concept for a military alliance in the nuclear era. NATO was born of a perceived need to defend Western Europe from a Soviet onslaught. It was an imperative of the early alliance to develop a military strategy and force posture to defend Western Europe should such a war break out. It was not long after the first iteration of strategy took shape than the imperative for a military defense of Europe receded under the looming threat of thermonuclear war. The advent of thermonuclear arsenals in both the United States and Soviet Union brought with it the potential destruction of civilization should war break out. This realization made statesmen on both sides of the Iron Curtain undergo what has been referred to as an ongoing process of nuclear learning. -
1 Voices of Rural England and Wales Today the Fabian Society
Voices of rural England and Wales Today the Fabian Society publishes Labour Country, a report outlining how Labour can win the rural votes needed to form a majority government. As part of this research we carried out three focus groups in October and November last year with rural voters, discussing what living in a rural area is like, their political concerns, and their perception of political parties in general and the Labour party in particular. All groups were composed of a combination of between seven and 10 people – all either Labour voters or those who considered voting Labour but in the end voted for another party. They were drawn from the social-economic groupings BC1C2DE. The first session took place in St Asaph in north Wales in the constituency of Vale of Clwyd, which Labour narrowly regained from the Conservatives in the 2017 election (on an 11.9 per cent swing, having lost the seat in 2015). The second took place in the village of Probus in Cornwall, with participants coming from the neighbouring villages of Malpas and Tregony too. All are in the constituency of Truro and Falmouth, which remained Conservative in the 2017 election but witnessed a 22.5 per cent swing to Labour. The final group was in Clay Cross in North East Derbyshire, with participants drawn from nearby villages including Duckmanton. In last year’s election the Conservatives took North East Derbyshire from Labour with a 12.5 per cent swing. Each location, then, had a very different profile. And there were differences between and within the groups, particularly in their view of the Labour party, but there was also much that each group held in common. -
(C) Crown Copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/32 Image
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/32 Image Reference:0051 SECRET THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY'8 GOVERNMENT Printed for the Cabinet. July 1958 C.C. (58) Copy No. 51st Conclusions CABINET CONCLUSIONS of a Meeting of the Cabinet held at 10 Downing Street, S. W. 1, on Tuesday, 1st July, 1958, at 11 a.m. Present: The Right Hon. HAROLD MACMILLAN, M.P.. Prime Minister The Right Hon. R. A. BUTLER, M.P., The Right Hon. VISCOUNT KILMUIR, Secretary of State for the Home Lord Chancellor. Department and Lord Privy Seal. The Right Hon. SELWYN LLOYD, Q.C., The Right Hon. D. HEATHCOAT AMORY, M.P., Secretary of State for Foreign M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer. Affairs. The Right Hon. The EARL OF HOME, The Right Hon. ALAN LENNOX-BOYD, Secretary of State for Commonwealth M.P., Secretary of State for the Relations. Colonies. The Right Hon. VISCOUNT HAILSHAM, The Right Hon. DUNCAN SANDYS, M.P., Q.C., Lord President of the Council. Minister of Defence. The Right Hon. Sir DAVID ECCLES, The Right Hon. IAIN MACLEOD, M.P., M.P., President of the Board of Trade. Minister of Labour and National Service. The Right Hon. HENRY BROOKE, M.P., The Right Hon. LORD MILLS, Minister Minister of Housing and Local Gov- of Power. ernment and Minister for Welsh Affairs. The Right Hon. HAROLD WATKINSON, The Right Hon. GEOFFREY LLOYD, M.P., M.P., Minister of Transport and Civil Minister of Education. Aviation. The Right Hon. JOHN HARE, M.P., Dr. The Right Hon. -
Introduction: 1960 – a Year of Destiny
The South African liberation movements in exile, c. 1945-1970. Arianna Lissoni This thesis is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, January 2008. ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the reorganisation in exile of the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) of South Africa during the 1960s. The 1960s are generally regarded as a period of quiescence in the historiography of the South African liberation struggle. This study partially challenges such a view. It argues that although the 1960s witnessed the progressive silencing of all forms of opposition by the apartheid government in South Africa, this was also a difficult time of experimentation and change, during which the exiled liberation movements had to adjust to the dramatically altered conditions of struggle emerging in the post-Sharpeville context. The thesis traces the roots and early history of the international networks of solidarity between South Africa and Britain from the time of the 1945 Pan African Congress to the founding of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement in 1960. It proceeds to examine the first attempts by the South African liberation movements to set up an external presence through the South African United Front, the causes of its demise and its legacy in terms of future unity. The establishment of the external mission of the ANC, its activities, and its relationship with host African countries vis-à-vis that of the PAC are analysed in detail. The research then focuses on problems of representation emerging from the gradual take-over of the ANC external mission as the sole representative of the whole of the Congress Alliance as a result of the Rivonia raid and trial. -
Crown Copyright Catalogue Reference
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/128/30 Image Reference:0099 Printed for the Cabinet. December 1956 SECRET Copy No. CM. (56) 99th Conclusions CABINET CONCLUSIONS of a Meeting of the Cabinet held in the Prime Minister's Room, House of Commons, S.W. 1, on Wednesday, 12th December, 1956, at 5 p.m. Present: The Right Hon. R. A. BUTLER, M.P., Lord Privy Seal (in the Chair). The Most Hon. The MARQUESS O F The Right Hon. VISCOUNT KILMUIR, SALISBURY, Lord President of the Lord Chancellor. Council. The Right Hon. GWILYM LLOYD- The Right Hon. JAMES STUART, M.P., GEORGE, M.P., Secretary of State for Secretary of State for Scotland. the Home Department and Minister for Welsh Affairs. The Right Hon. ALAN LENNOX-BOYD, The Right Hon. Sir WALTER MONCKTON, M.P., Secretary of State for the Q.C., M.P., Paymaster-General. Colonies. The Right Hon. DUNCAN SANDYS, M.P., The Right Hon. PETER THORNEYCROFT, Minister of Housing and Local M.P., President of the Board of Trade. Government. The Right Hon. D. HEATHCOAT AMORY, The Right Hon. Sir DAVID ECCLES, M.P., Minister of Agriculture, Fish M.P., Minister of Education. eries and Food. The Right Hon. IAIN MACLEOD, M.P., The Right Hon. The EARL O F SELKIRK, Minister of Labour and National Chancellor of the Duchy of Service. Lancaster. The Right Hon, PATRICK BUCHAN- HEPBURN, M.P., Minister of Works. The following were also present: The Right Hon. HAROLD WATKINSON, Dr. The Right Hon. CHARLES HILL, M.P., Minister of Transport and Civil M.P., Postmaster-General. -
57 Years Policing the UK Motorways
57 Years Policing the UK Motorways On this page we take a look at the history of policing the UK motorway network since the opening of the Preston Bypass in 1958. There are a number of articles written by members of Police Car UK and we hope that you will find this page both informative and interesting! It is quite long, so make yourself a cup of tea and settle down to... 50th Anniversary of Policing the Motorway The Preston Bypass The M6 Experiment Motorway Memories and West Yorkshire Motorways The 50th Anniversary of Policing the Motorway In 2009 we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the opening of the first section of the M1 motorway. OK, before we start there is an argument that the first motorway was opened a year earlier in 1958 and was called the Preston by-pass. However, it wasn’t designated as a motorway (part of the M6) until several years later and so the other side of the coin will argue that the first ‘official’ motorway, the M1 was opened on 2nd November 1959. But the fact remains that from 1958/9 Britain’s motorway network expanded across the country and is now an integral part of our transport system and our everyday lives. And for obvious reasons it needs policing and so we find ourselves here in particular celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Policing the Motorway. Those Police officers who have worked on ‘the strip’ over the years will have an affinity towards it that is hard to describe. It can be an extremely dangerous place to work but it can also be an exhilarating one.