APPENDIX A

GOVERNMENTS AND MINISTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR BROADCASTING, 1954-80

Party Prime Minister Date of Appointment Postmaster-General Date of Appointment Conservative Sir 26 October 1951 Earl De La Warr 5 November 1951 Sir 6 April 1955 Dr Charles Hill 7 April 1955 10 January 1957 16 January 1957 22 October 1959 Sir Alec Douglas-Home 18 October 1963 Vl 0 Labour 16 October 1964 Anthony Wedgwood Benn 19 October 1964 0- Edward Short 4 July 1966 6 April 1968 1 July 1968

Minister of Posts and Telecommunications John Stonehouse 1 October 1969 Conservative 19 June 1970 24 June 1970 Sir John Eden 7 April 1972 Labour Harold Wilson 4 March 1974 Anthony Wedgwood Benn 7 March 1974

Home Secretary 30 March 1974 10 September 1976 5 April 1976 Conservative 4 May 1979 William Whitelaw 5 May 1979 APPENDIX B

MEMBERS OF THE AUTHORITY, 1954-80

Chairmen Terms of Office Background

Sir Kenneth Clark KCB 4 August 1954-31 August 1957 Former Director of the National Gallery and Surveyor (later Lord Clark OM,CH) of the King's Pictures; Chairman, Arts Council of Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick GCB,GCMG 7 November 1957-6 November 1962 Former UK High Commissioner for Germany; former Permanent Under-Secretary, Foreign Office Rt Hon. Lord Hill of Luton PC 1 July 1963-30 August 1967 Former Secretary, British Medical Association; former Postmaster-General; former Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster; former Minister of Housing & Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs Rt Hon. Lord Aylestone 1 September 1967-31 March 1975 Former President of the Council and Leader of the PC,CH,CBE House of Commons; former Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs Lady Plowden DBE 1 April 1975-31 December 1980 Former Governor and Vice-Chairman of the BBC; former Chairman of Central Advisory Council for Education (); President, Pre-School Playgroups Association ~ ~ Deputy Chairmen Term of Office Background Vol ~ Sir Charles Colston 4 August 1954-9 December 1954 Former Chairman and Managing Director, Hoover Ltd Sir Ronald Matthews JP, D L 3 January 1955-1 July 1959 Chairman & Managing Director, Turton Bros & (Acting Chairman 1 September Matthews Ltd; Director, Thos. Cook & Son 1957-6 November 1957) Sir John Carmichael KBE 8 January 1960-29 July 1964 Former Member of Sudan Government Civil Service; (Deputy Chairman 22 June 1960- Member, Scottish Gas Board 29 July 1964; Acting Chairman 7 November 1962-30 June 1963) Sir Sydney Caine KCMG 4 August 1960-30 June 1967 Director, School of Economics (Deputy Chairman 30 July 1964- 30 June 1967) Sir Ronald Gould 1 July 1967-30 June 1972 General Secretary, National Union of Teachers Mr Christopher Bland 1 July 1972-31 December 1979 Chairman, Sir Joseph Causton & Sons Ltd; former Member, GLC; former Chairman of Bow Group Rt Hon. Lord Thomson of 1 February 1980-31 December 1988 Former Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster and Minister Monifieth KT, PC (Chairman for Europe; former Secretary of State for from 1 January 1981) Commonwealth Affairs; former EEC Commissioner; former Chairman, Advertising Standards Authority

Members for Terms of Office Background

Dr T. J. Honeyman JP 4 August 1954-3 August 1958 Former Director, Art Gallery; Rector, Glasgow University Professor David Talbot Rice MBE 4 August 1958-3 August 1963 Watson-Gordon Professor of History of Fine Art, University Mr W. Macfarlane Gray OBE, JP 22 January 1964-21 January 1970 Senior Partner, Macfarlane Gray & Co. (accountants); Han. Sheriff for Stirling and Clackmannan Dr T. F. Carbery 22 January 1970-31 July 1979 Head of the Department of Office Organisation, Strathc1yde University Rev. Dr W. J. Morris JP 1 August 1979-31 December 1984 Minister of Glasgow Cathedral and a Chaplain to HM The Queen in Scotland

Members for Lord Aberdare of Duffryn GBE 4 August 1954-3 August 1956 Former Chairman, National Advisory Council for Physical Training & Recreation; Chairman, National Association of Boys' Clubs Mr J. Alban Davies 4 August 1956-29 July 1964 Director, Hitchman's Dairies; former High Sheriff of Cardiganshire Sir Ben Bowen Thomas 30 July 1964-29 July 1970 Former Permanent Secretary, Welsh Department, Ministry of Education; Member, Welsh panel of British Council Mr T. Glyn Davies CBE 10 October 1970-9 October 1975 Former Director of Education for Denbighshire; former Chairman, Schools Broadcasting Council for Wales; Chairman, Welsh Committee, Central Council of Physical Education Professor Huw Morris-Jones 25 March 1976-24 March 1982 Former member of BBC Broadcasting Council for Wales; Professor of Social Theory and Institutions, University College of North Wales, Bangor

Members for Northern

Lt-Col. Arthur 4 August 1954-31 December 1959 Former Clerk of Parliaments, and w o OBE, MC Mayor of Ballymena; Chairman, Moygashel Ltd \0 Members for Northern Ireland Term of Office Background w ...... Sir Lucius O'Brien 1 January 1960-29 July 1965 Member, Northern Ireland Council of Social Service; o Senator, Queen's University, ; Vice President, Trustee Savings Bank Association Mr D. J. T. Gilliland 8 November 1965-7 November 1970 Solicitor and farmer

Mr H. W. McMullan OBE 11 July 1971-31 January 1974 Former journalist, broadcaster and Head of Programmes, BBC Northern Ireland Mr W. J. B1ease JP 10 May 1974-31 July 1979 Northern Ireland Officer of Irish Congress of Trade (later Lord B1ease of Cromac) Unions Mrs Jill Mcivor 1 January 1980-31 December 1986 Former Librarian, Department of Director of Public Prosecutions, Belfast

Other Members

Sir Henry Hinchcliffe JP, DL 4 August 1954-3 August 1959 Chairman, Glazebrook Steel & Co. Ltd; Director, Barclays Bank; Director, Chamber of Commerce Miss M. E. Popham CBE 4 August 1954-3 August 1956 Principal, Cheltenham Ladies' College Miss Dilys Powell 4 August 1954-3 August 1957 Film Critic, Sunday Times Mr G. B. Thorneycroft CBE 4 August 1954-3 August 1958 Former General Secretary, Transport Salaried Staffs Association Lord Layton CH, CBE 11 August 1954-3 August 1956 Chairman, The Economist; Director and Vice­ Chairman, Daily News Ltd; Deputy Leader, Liberal Party in Miss Diana Reader Harris 4 August 1956-3 August 1960 Headmistress, for Girls (later Dame Diana Reader Harris DBE) Mr T. H. Summerson JP 1 February 1957-3 August 1960 Chairman and Joint Managing Director, Summerson Holdings Ltd; former High Sheriff of Co. Durham The Hon. Dame Frances Farrer 4 September 1957-3 August 1961 General Secretary, National Federation of Women's DBE Institutes Mr W. B. Beard OBE 4 August 1958-3 August 1961 General Secretary, United Pattern makers' Association; Member, TUC General Council Mrs Isabel Graham-Bryce 4 August 1960-3 August 1965 Chairman, Oxford Regional Hospital Board (later Dame Isabel Graham-Bryce DB E) Mr A. C. Cropper JP, DL 11 October 1960-29 July 1964 Chairman, James Cropper & Co. Ltd; former High Sheriff of Westmorland Lord Williamson of Eccleston 4 August 1961-29 July 1964 Former General Secretary, General and Municipal CBE, JP Workers Union Dame Anne Bryans DBE 1 September 1961-31 August 1966 Deputy Chairman, British Red Cross Society Baroness Burton of Coventry 30 July 1964-29 July 1969 Former Labour MP for Coventry South Sir Patrick Hamilton Bt 30 July 1964-29 July 1969 Director, Simon Engineering Ltd; Chairman, Expanded Metal Co. Ltd Professor Hugh Hunt 30 July 1964-29 July 1969 Professor of Drama, Manchester University Professor Sir Owen Saunders 30 July 1964-29 July 1969 Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College, London; Dean, City and Guilds College Sir Vincent Tewson CBE, MC 30 July 1964-29 July 1969 Former General Secretary, TUC Mrs Mary Adams OBE 1 June 1965-31 May 1970 Former Assistant to Controller of Television Programmes, BBC; Deputy Chairman, Consumers' Association VJ ..... w ..... Other Members Term of Office Backgrou'ld N

Baroness Plummer JP I Mareh 1966-2H February 1971 Widow of Sir Leslie Plummer MP Baroness Sharp of Hornsey GBE I October 1966-30 September 1973 Former Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government Sir Frederiek Hayday CBE 30 July 1969-29 July 1973 National Industrial Officer, National Union of General and Municipal Workers; Member, TUC General Council Mr Stephen Keynes 30 July 1969-29 July 1974 Director, Charterhouse Japhet Ltd and Charterhouse Finance Corporation Professor J. M. Meek 30 July 1969-29 July 1974 David Jardine Professor of Electrical Engineering, University; President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1968-69 Mr A. W. Page MBE I August 1970-31 July 1976 Chairman and Managing Director, Metal Box (later Sir Alex Page) Company Ltd Baroness Macleod of Borve JP I March 1971-31 December 1975 Widow of Rt Hon. Ian Macleod MP Mr W. C. Anderson CBE 30 July 1973-29 July 197H Former General Secretary, NALGO; former Member, TUC General Council Mrs Mary Warnoek 17 December 1973-31 December 1981 Former Headmistress, Oxford High School; Chairman, (later Baroness Warnoek) Committee of Inquiry into Special Education Professor James Ring 2 September 1974-31 December 19HI Professor of Physics, Imperial College, London; former member and Chairman, IBA General Advisory Council Baroness Stedman OBE 25 June 1975-4 December 1975 Vice-Chairman, Cambridgeshire County Council; Member, Development Corporation Board The Marchioness of Anglesey CBE 1 January 1976-31 December 1981 Former Chairman, National Federation of Women's Institutes; Chairman, Welsh Arts Council Mrs Ann Coulson 1 January 1976-31 December 1980 Assistant Director, N. Worcestershire College of Higher and Further Education; Member, District Council Mr A. J. R. Purssell 1 October 1976-30 September 1981 Managing Director, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd Mr A. M. G. Christopher 18 September 1978-21 December General Secretary, Inland Revenue Staff Federation; 1983 Member, General Council TUC Mr George Russell 1 August 1979-31 December 1986 Managing Director and Chief Executive, British Alcan Aluminium; Member, Northern Industrial Development Board

\.>j ~ \.>j APPENDIX C

RULES ON HOURS OF BROADCASTING FROM EACH TELEVISION STATION OF THE ITA

1. Broadcasting hours shall not exceed: (i) 53'/2 hours a week; (ii) 8'/2 hours on anyone day. 2. The following broadcasts shall not be taken into account for the purposes of rule 1: (i) Religious programmes (namely acts of worship from a church or studio, and other programmes which the Authority, with the advice of the Central Religious Advisory Committee, approves for broadcasting under the terms of Section 3(5)(a) of the Television Act 1964); (ii) Ministerial and party political broadcasts; (iii) Outside broadcasts, up to a maximum of 450 hours in anyone calendar year, of events which are neither devised nor promoted by the Authority, or its programme contractors, of which up to 120 hours may be in recorded form provided they are broadcast within 8 days of the event recorded; (iv) Any broadcasting in excess of 8'/2 hours on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Eve or New Year's Day, and in Scotland the day following New Year's Day designated a Public Holiday in Scotland; (v) School broadcasts (namely: (a) programmes created at the request of the Authority's Educational Advisory Council for showing on school days between the hours of 9 a.m. and 4.45 p.m., and (b) other programmes, up to a maximum of 25 hours in one calendar year, requested or assented to by the Educational Advisory Council on educational grounds, provided such programmes are transmitted on school days between the hours of 9 a.m. and 4.45 p.m. for viewing in schools and other places where children of school age are educated); (vi) Repeats, for up to 1 hour daily or not more than a total of to days during school holidays, of school broadcasts; (vii) Adult Education broadcasts (namely programmes - other than school broadcasts - arranged in series and specifically planned in consultation with and with the approval of the Authority's Educational Advisory Council for the purpose of helping viewers towards a progressive mastery or understanding of some skill or body of knowledge); (viii) Broadcasts in the Welsh language;

314 RULES FOR HOURS OF BROADCASTING 315

(ix) Broadcast of a half-hour 'parade' of new advertisements, made before 12 o'clock noon on one day a week (other than Sunday). 3. On Sundays: There shall be no broadcasting between 6.15 p.m. and 7.25 p.m.; but this rule does not apply to religious programmes as defined in rule 2(i); to appeals for charitable or benevolent purposes; to live outside broadcasts of events which are neither devised nor promoted by the Authority or its programme contrac­ tors; to programmes in the Welsh language; to programmes designed specially for the deaf. 4. None of the above rules applies to engineering test transmissions, trade test transmissions, or tuning signals. 5. These rules supersede the previous rules. 6. These rules are subject to any future direction by the Postmaster-General under Section 17 of the Television Act 1964.

28 February /969 APPENDIX D

THE 1947 AIDE-MEMOIRE

1. It is desirable that political broadcasts of a controversial character shall be resumed. 2. In view of their responsibilities for the care of the nation the government should be able to use the wireless from time to time for ministerial broadcasts which, for example, are purely factual, or explanatory of legislation or administrative policies approved by parliament; or in the nature of appeals to the nation to co-operate in national policies, such as fuel economy or recruiting, which require the active participation of the public. Broadcasts on state occasions also come in the same category. It will be incumbent on ministers making such broadcasts to be as impartial as possible, and in the ordinary way there will be no question of a reply by the opposition. Where, however, the opposition think that a government broad­ cast is controversial it will be open to them to take the matter up through the usual channels with a view to a reply. (i) As a reply if one is to be made should normally be within a very short period after the original broadcast, say three days, the BBC will be free to exercise its own judgment if no agreement is arrived at within that period. (ii) Replies under this paragraph will not be included in the number of broadcasts provided for under paragraph 4. (iii) Copies of the scripts of broadcasts under this paragraph shall be supplied to the leaders of each party. (iv) All requests for ministerial broadcasts under this paragraph shall be canalised through the minister designated for this purpose - at present the Postmaster-General. 3. 'Outside' broadcasts, e.g. of speeches at party conferences which are in the nature of news items, shall carry no right of reply by the other side. 4. A limited number of controversial party political broadcasts shall be allocated to the various parties in accordance with their polls at the last general election. The allocation shall be calculated on a yearly basis and the total number of such broadcasts shall be a matter for discussion between the parties and the BBC. 5. The opposition parties shall have the right, subject to discussion through the usual channels, to choose the subjects for their own broadcasts. Either side will be free, if it wishes, to use one of its quota for the purpose of replying to a previous broadcast, but it will be under no necessity to do so. There will, of course, be no obligation on a party to use its whole quota.

316 THE 1947 AIDE-MEMOIRE 317

6. (i) Paragraphs 4 and 5 relate to controversial party political broadcasts on issues of major policy on behalf of the leading political parties. For the ensuing year the total number, excluding budget broadcasts, shall be 12- divided as to government 6, Conservative opposition 5, Liberal opposition 1. Reasonable notice will be given to the BBC. (ii) The BBC reserve the right, after consultation with the party leaders, to invite to the microphone a member of either House of outstanding national eminence who may have become detached from any party. (iii) Apart from these limited broadcasts on major policy the BBC are free to invite members of either House to take part in controversial broadcasts of a round-table character in which political questions are dealt with, provided two or more persons representing different sides take part in the broadcasts. (iv) No broadcasts arranged by the BBC other than the normal reporting of parliamentary proceedings are to take place on any question while it is the subject of discussion in either House.

7. Where any dispute arises an effort shall be made to settle it through the usual channels. Where this is not possible, the BBC will have to decide the matter on its own responsibility.

8. These arrangements shall be reviewed after a year, or earlier if any party to the conference so desires.

6 February 1947

The above agreement was revised in July 1948, when government and opposition agreed with the BBC that 6(iv) should be construed as: (a) that the BBC will not have discussions or ex parte statements on any issues for a period of a fortnight before they are debated in either House; (b) that while matters are subjects of legislation MPs will not be used in such discussions. APPENDIX E

THE 1969 AIDE-MEMOIRE

1. In view of its executive responsibilities the government of the day has the right to explain events to the public, or seek co-operation of the public, through the medium of broadcasting.

2. Experience has shown that such occasions are of two kinds and that different arrangements are appropriate for each.

3. The first category relates to ministers wishing to explain legislation or adminis­ trative policies approved by parliament, or to seek the co-operation of the public in matters where there is a general consensus of opinion. The BBC will provide suitable opportunities for such broadcasts within the regular frame­ work of their programmes; there will be no right of reply by the opposition.

4. The second category relates to more important and normally infrequent occasions, when the Prime Minister or one of his senior cabinet colleagues designated by him wishes to broadcast to the nation in order to provide information or explanation of events of prime national or international importance, or to seek the co-operation of the public in connection with such events.

5. The BBC will provide the Prime Minister or cabinet minister with suitable facilities on each occasion in this second category. Following such an occasion they may be asked to provide an equivalent opportunity for a broadcast by a leading member of the opposition and will in that event do so.

6. When the opposition exercises this right to broadcast, there will follow as soon as possible, arranged by the BBC, a broadcast discussion of the issues between a member of the cabinet and a senior member of the opposition nominated respectively by the government and opposition but not necessarily those who gave the preceding broadcasts. An opportunity to participate in such a discussion should be offered to a representative of any other party with electoral support at the time in question on a scale not appreciably less than that of the Liberal Party at the date of this aide-memoire.

7. As it will be desirable that such an opposition broadcast and discussion between government and opposition should follow the preceding broadcast with as little delay as possible, a request for the necessary facilities by the

318 THE 1969 AIDE-MEMOIRE 319

opposition should reach the BBC before noon on the day following the ministerial broadcast. This will enable the BBC to arrange the opposition broadcast and the discussion as soon as possible.

8. Copies of the scripts of these broadcasts will be supplied to the leaders of the government, the opposition and of other parties when they participate.

9. These arrangements will be reviewed annually.

25 February 1969 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABC ABC Television ABS Association of Broadcasting Staff ABPC Associated British Picture Corporation ACTT Association of Cinematograph and Television Technicians AGB Audits of Great Britain AI Appreciation Index AMMC Audience Measurement Management Committee ARMC Audience Reaction Management Committee ATV ATV Network AURA Audience Reaction Assessment BAFTA British Academy of Film and Television Arts BARB Broadcasters' Audience Research Board BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BET British Electric Traction Company BICC British Insulated Callender's Cables BMRB British Market Research Bureau CRAC Central Religious Advisory Committee DAME Digital Automatic Measuring Equipment DBS Direct Broadcasting by Satellite DDG (AS) Deputy Director General (Administrative Services) DDG (PS) Deputy Director General (Programme Services) DEC Disaster Emergency Committee DG Director General DHSS Department of Health and Social Security DICE Digital Intercontinental Conversion Equipment EEC European Economic Community EMI Electrical and Musical Industries ENG Elcctronic News Gathering ETU Electrical Trades Union FCC Federal Communications Commission GAC General Advisory Council GEC General Electrical Company GPO General Post Office HTV Harlech Television IBA Independent Broadcasting Authority ICPC Inter-Company Production Committee ILEA Inner London Education Authority ILR

320 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 321

IMF International Monetary Fund IPA Institute of Practitioners in Advertising IRA Irish Republican Army ISBA Incorporated Society of British Advertisers ITA Independent Television Authority ITCA Independent Television Companies Association ITN Independent Television News ITP Independent Television Publications lTV Independent Television JICTAR Joint Industry Committee for Television Advertising Research LWT London Weekend Television MAC Multiplex Analogue Components MP Member of Parliament NAR Net Advertising Revenue NARAL Net Advertising Revenue After Levy NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NBPI National Board for Prices and Incomes NPC Network Planning Committee NTSC National Television System Committee NVALA National Viewers' and Listeners' Association OBE Order of the British Empire PAL Phase Alternation Line PAR Predicted Audience Rating PEB Party EIcction Broadcast PMG Postmaster-General PPB Party Political Broadcast PPC Programme Policy Committee PR Public Relations RAI Radiotelevisione Italiana RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects SCC Standing Consultative Committee SCNI Select Committee on Nationalised Industries SECAM Sequential CouIcur A'Memorie SNP Scottish National Party STV Scottish Television S4C Sianel Pedwar Cymru TAC TeIcvision Advisory Committee TAM TcIevision Audience Measurement TAPE Television Audience Programme Evaluation TOP TcIevision Opinion Panel TUC Trades Union Congress TWW Television Wales and West of England UHF Ultra High Frequency UK UKIB United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting USA United States of America UTV TeIcvision VCR Video Cassette Recorder VHF Very High Frequency VTR Video Tapc Rccorder YTV Television REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1: TELEVISION AND SOCIETY IN THE 1970s

1. Report of the Broadcasting Committee 1949 (HMSO) (Cmd. 8116) paras. 27 and 33. 2. Report of the Committee on Broadcasting 1960 (HMSO) (Cmnd. 1753) para. 102. 3. Peter Black, The Mirror in the Corner: People's Television (Hutchinson, 1972) p. 186. 4. Sir Hugh Greene, The Third Floor Front (The Bodley Head, 1969) pp. 131- 32. 5. Television, Journal of the Royal Television Society, October 1986 p. 224. 6. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries (HMSO, August 1972) Minutes of Evidence para. 320. 7. Asa Briggs, Governing the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1979) pp. 247-248. 8. Independent Broadcasting 4 (Independent Broadcasting Authority, May 1975) p. 14. 9. , Day by Day (William Kimber, 1975) p. 112. to. , 28 February, 30 September and 1 October 1975. 11. Letter in The Times, 17 October 1975. 12. See David Glencross, Birt and Jay: A Case for Understanding in Independ­ ent Broadcasting 8, June 1976, pp. 10-13. 13. Christopher Booker, The Seventies (Allen Lane, 1980) p. 164. 14. Merlyn Rees, Speech reported in Independent Broadcasting to, December 1976, pp. 2-4. 15. Arts Council of Great Britain Evidence to the Annan Committee on Broadcasting. 16. Christopher Booker, The Seventies pp. 122-23. 17. , quoted in Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall (Brook Productions, 1985) p. 208. 18. House of Lords, Hansard (HMSO) 19 May 1977 Col. 938. 19. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1979-80 p. 5.

CHAPTER 2: RECESSION AND THE LEVY

1. Volume 2 pp. 364-5. 2. Sir Sydney Caine, Statement on TV Policy A Supplement to Hobart Paper 43 (The Institute of Economic Affairs, July 1969).

322 REFERENCES 323

3. The Times, 26 February 1%8. 4. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1968-69 p. 3. 5. ITA Paper 54(69). 6. Ibid. 7. Memorandum Director General to Chairman dated 11 February 1970 ITA File 2911. 8. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries pp. 184 and 187. 9. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1969-70 p.2. 10. Report 156 from the National Board for Prices and Incomes: Costs and Revenues of Independent Television Companies (HMSO, October 1970) (Cmnd. 4524). . 11. Ibid. para. 119 (5). 12. ITA, Note One of Five Notes for the National Board for Prices and Incomes, 4 September 1970. 13. Cmnd. 4524 para. 150. 14. Ibid. para. 154. 15. LWT Board Minutes 54170. 16. lTV's Answer to Aubrey Jones, , 17 December 1970. 17. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1970-71 pp.2-3. 18. House of Commons, Hansard (HMSO) 15 February 1971 Cols. 1211-12. 19. ITCA Statement, 15 February 1971: attachment to ITA Paper 9(71). 20. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1970-71 pp.78-79. 21. Investors Chronicle, 19 February 1971. 22. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1971-72 p.4. 23. SCC Minutes 154(71). 24. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1971-72 p.2. 25. SCC Paper 35(71). 26. Letter Director General to Minister of Posts and Telecommunications dated 9 November 1971 ITA File 29/2. 27. Appendix I to IBA Paper 3(74). 28. Ibid. 29. IBA Paper 139(73). 30. Letter Home Office to IBA dated 10 October 1977 IBA File 29. 31. Ibid. Letter IBA to Home Office dated 4 November 1977. 32. H of C 29 March 1974 Col. 815. 33. Appendix II to IBA Paper 41(80).

CHAPTER 3: TROUBLE AT LONDON WEEKEND

1. Lord Hill of Luton, Behind the Screen (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1974) p.45. 2. London Television Consortium: An application for the award of IT A Programme Contract B (London Weekend), 11 April 1967. 3. In conversation with the author, 9 December 1986. 4. , 20 November 1969. 5. Information from Michael Peacock in conversation with the author, 11 December 1986. 6. Letter Michael Peacock to ITA dated 1 May 1969 ITA File 705211A. 7. Ibid. Letter Lord Aylestone to Ben Whitaker MP dated 10 June 1969. 8. Ibid. Letter Lord Aylestone to Ben Whitaker MP dated 30 June 1969. 9. LWT Board Paper 21/69. 10. The Times, 19 September 1969. 324 REFERENCES

11. Memorandum Director General to Chairman dated 1 June 1970 ITA File 705211. 12. Ibid. Note for File by Director General dated 3 August 1970. 13. IBA Paper 251(73). 14. ITA File 705211. 15. Ibid. Memorandum Director General to Chairman dated 4 November 1970. 16. Ibid. Memorandum Director General to Chairman dated 3 February 1971. 17. Memorandum Director General to Chairman dated 13 July 1970 ITA File 705212. 18. Television Act 1964 Sections 10 and 12. 19. Memorandum DDG(AS) to Chairman dated 28 December 1970 ITA File 705212. 20. ITA Paper 142(70). 21. LWT Board Minutes. 22. Letter dated 19 February 1971 ITA File 705211. 23. The Times, 25 February 1971. 24. ITA Paper 21(71). 25. New York Herald Tribune, '22 February 1971. 26. Letter Brian Young, to Rupert Murdoch dated 12 March 1971 ITA File 705211. 27. Sunday Times, 14 March 1971. 28. ITA File 705211. 29. Independent Broadcasting 12, July 1977, Appendix I. 30. Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting (HMSO, 1977) (Cmnd. 6753) para. 13.30.

CHAPTER 4: PARLIAMENTARY INVESTIGATION 1. Edward Heath MP, H of C 3 December 1969 Cols. 1496-1634. 2. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, Minutes of Evidence paras. 967-94. 3. , 29 September 1972. 4. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, Minutes of Evidence para. 206. 5. Ibid. para. 969. 6. Ibid. para. 757. 7. Ibid. para. 754. 8. Ibid. para. 755. 9. Ibid. para. 758. 10. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries para. 148. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. paras. 59-60. 13. Ibid. para. 65. 14. Ibid. para. 70. 15. Pilkington Report para. 45. 16. Letter to David Wilson dated 3 October 1972 ITA File 3055111. 17. Observer leader, 1 October 1972. 18. Letter to Hon. David Astor dated 2 October 1972 ITA File 3055111. 19. Daily Telegraph, 28 September 1972. 20. The Times, 28 September 1972. 21. Daily Mirror, 28 September 1972. REFERENCES 325

22. Financial Times, 3 October 1972. 23. Independent Broadcasting Authority (formerly Independent Television Authority) (HMSO, March 1973 (Cmnd. 5244) p. 7. 24. Ibid. p.8. 25. Ibid. p.9. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid. p. 16. 28. Cmnd. 5244. 29. H of C May 1973 Col. 1538.

CHAPTER 5: THE FRUITS OF DERESTRICTION

1. Volume 2 p. xiv. 2. Ibid. p. 365. 3. Letter dated 14 October 1970 ITA File 3006. 4. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1971-72 p.2. 5. PPC Minutes 31(72). 6. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1972-73 p. 9. 7. Letter Lord Aylestone to Christopher Chataway MP dated 2 June 1971 ITA File 3006. 8. GAC Paper 12(73). 9. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1972-73 p. 9. 10. Ibid. 11. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1973-74 p. 12. 12. See Burton Paulu, Television and Radio in the United Kingdom (The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1981) p.262 and pp.26~9. 13. Television & Radio 1977 (Independent Broadcasting Authority/Independent Television Publications Ltd.) p. 63. 14. Letter Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to IBA dated 14 Decem- ber 1973 IBA File 3006. 15. The Times, 8 January 1974. 16. Letter in The Times, 14 January 1974. 17. IBA File 3006. 18. lIT Evidence to the Annan Committee (Independent Television Books Ltd., March 1975) pp. 131 and 132. 19. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1973-74 p.5. 20. IBA Paper 72(75) Appendix I. 21. SCC Paper 7(75) Attachment I. 22. Christopher Rowley, lTV's Programme Balance 1970--75 in Independent Broadcasting 6, November 1975, pp.2-4.

CHAPTER 6: THE AUTHORITY

1. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1970--71 p.9. 2. Peter Black, The Mirror in the Corner, p. 70. 3. Lord Clark, The Other Half (John Murray, 1977) p. 139. 4. Peter Black, The Mirror in the Corner, p. 135. 5. E. G. Wedell, Broadcasting and Public Policy (Michael Joseph, 1968) p. 197. 6. Speech to the Manchester Luncheon Club, 17 May 1960. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. Quoted in Volume I p. 317. 326 REFERENCES

9. Speech at farewell staff party, 7 October 1970. 10. Kenneth Adam, Evening News, 13 April 1971. 11. See Chapter 14. 12. Speech at Chelsea College, 10 February 1977. 13. The Watt Club Lecture 1983, Heriot Watt University. 14. BBC radio interview with Robin Day, 9 November 1972. 15. Harold Wilson to R. H. S. Crossman as recorded in Crossman's Diaries Volume 2 (Hamish Hamilton & Jonathan Cape, 1976) pp. 442-3. 16. Letter Lord Aylestone to Bernard Sendall dated 4 March 1980. 17. Lord Aylestone in conversation with the author, 4 February 1987. 18. Annan Report paras. 5.23 and 5.24. 19. Letter Lord Aylestone to Roy Mason MP dated 24 June 1968 ITA File 200. 20. Ibid. Letter K. Hind to A. W. Pragnell dated 24 July 1968. 21. Christopher Bland, Independent Broadcasting 4, May 1975. 22. Lady Plowden in conversation with the author, 8 December 1987. 23. See Chapter 11. 24. See Chapter 2. 25. IBA Memorandum dated 9 March 1978 IBA File 3055111. 26. Annan Report para. 6.13. 27. Letter from Sir Brian Young dated 3 July 1980 IBA File 5010. 28. See Chapter 8. 29. EBU Statutes, Article 2. 30. Viscount Whitelaw in conversation with the author, 12 November 1987.

CHAPTER 7: EDITORIAL CONTROL OR CENSORSHIP 1. Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973 Section 2. 2. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1974--75 p. 11. 3. Appendix to IBA Paper 283(77). 4. IBA Paper 172(72). 5. IBA Paper 2(73). 6. IBA Minutes 305(73). 7. IBA Minutes 310(73). 8. Letter Brian Young to John Freeman dated 30 April 1973 IBA File 5000/1/8. 9. IBA Paper 1(73). 10. IBA Paper 231(80). 11. Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973 Section 8(6). 12. Ibid. Section 8(7) (c). 13. Ibid. Section 4(1 )(f). 14. Section 4(2). 15. Annan Report para. 17.9. 16. 14 November 1973. 17. IBA Paper 157(77). 18. Letter dated 15 February 1977 IBA File 5096/2/3. 19. Ibid. Letter from Lady Plowden dated 29 March 1977. 20. Letter to the author dated 16 November 1987. 21. PPC Paper 4(78). 22. Sunday Times, 11 June 1978. 23. in conversation with the author, 12 November 1987. 24. Memorandum DDT to Director General dated 19 June 1978. 25. The Times, 14 June 1978. 26. H of L 19 May 1977 Col. 961. REFERENCES 327

27. Volume 2 p. 301. 28. Independent Broadcasting 6, November 1975, p. 14. 29. Volume 2 p. 297. 30. H of C 28 November 1974 Col. 780. 31. Annan Report para. 13.11. 32. See Chapter 8. 33. Geoffrey Robertson & Andrew G. L. Nicol, Media Law (Oyez Longman Publishing, 1984) p. 390.

CHAPTER 8: WARHOL AND POULSON

1. Letter Brian Young to Mary Whitehouse dated 15 March 1973 IBA File 3078/2/7911. 2. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1972-73 pp. to3--5. 3. Court of Appeal Judgment dated 5 February 1973 IBA File 3078/2/79. 4. Letter Lord Aylestone to Lord Shawcross dated 22 January 1973 IBA File 3078/2/79/2. 5. Letter Brian Young to R. H. Mitchell dated 3 April 1973 IBA File 3078/2/ 79/1. 6. H of C 3 May 1973 Cols. 1495 and 1520. 7. IBA Paper 31(73). 8. Sunday Times, 4 February 1973. 9. Socialist Worker, 3 February 1973. to. Guardian, 30 April and 30 May 1973; The Times, 30 April 1973.

CHAPTER 9: VIOLENCE, SEX AND BAD LANGUAGE

1. Pilkington Report para. 156. 2. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1976--77 Appendix XIII. 3. Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973 Section 5(I)(a). 4. Statement by the Eisenhower Commission on Violence in Television Pro- grammes - Attachment to PPC Paper 6(69). 5. PPC Paper 1(70). 6. Attachment to ITA Paper 55(70). 7. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1971-72 Appendix IX. 8. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1972-73 Appendix XIV. 9. Daily Mail, 1 September 1973. to. Portrayal of Violence on Television, Independent Broadcasting 3, February 1975. 11. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1974-75 Appendix XIII. 12. Annan Report paras. 16.19 and 16.20. 13. Information from Joseph Weltman, October 1987. 14. IBA Paper 286(74). 15. Annan Report para. 16.5. 16. Ibid. para. 16.22. 17. PPC Minutes 51(77). 18. IBA Paper 272(77). 19. IBA Minutes 417(77). 20. Stephen Brody, Screen Violence and Film Censorship (HMSO, 1977) p. 10. 21. Ibid. p.125. 328 REFERENCES

22. William Belson, Television Violence and the Adolescent Boy (Saxon House, 1978) p. 15. 23. H. J. Eysenck and D. K. B. Nias, Sex, Violence and the Media (Maurice Temple Smith, 1978) p.252. 24. Barrie Gunter, Plenty of evidence, very little proof in The Listener, 23 January 1986. 25. Barrie Gunter, Injury Time in The Listener, 14 March 1985. 26. Sunday Times, 25 February 1973. 27. PPC Paper 5(70). 28. SCC Paper 52(70). 29. SCC Minutes 152(71). 30. Memorandum dated \0 April 1972 IBA File 3057/12. 31. PPC Paper 5(72). 32. PPC Minutes 30(72). 33. Memorandum dated 28 June 1972 IBA File 3\01. 34. PPC Paper 6(73). 35. See Chapter 8. 36. Dated 6 January 1973. 37. Letter dated 18 January 1973 ITA File 3057C. 38. Ibid. Letter Brian Young to D.J. Trevelyan dated 20 October 1976. 39. IBA Paper 160(76). 40. IBA Paper 209(76). 41. IBA Paper 252(76). 42. IBA Memorandum: SPO to HPS dated 6 August 1976 IBA File 5096/2/32. 43. Speech at Chelsea College, \0 February 1977. 44. PPC Paper 8(78). 45. Letter dated 18 April 1977 IBA File 3057/2. 46. PPC Paper 2(78). 47. PPC Paper 11(79). 48. PPC Paper 9(82). 49. Annan Report paras. 16.4 and 16.5.

CHAPTER 10: POLITICAL PROPAGANDA 1. Algorithm and notes dated 29 October 1973 - Attachment to SCC Paper 22(73). 2. Party Political Broadcasting, BBc/IBA Paper dated 22 March 1982 IBA File 5012/1. 3. Patrick Gordon-Walker MP - see Volume I p.239. 4. IBA Minutes 287(71). 5. PPB Committee Minutes dated II September 1974 IBA File 50121111. 6. ITA Minutes 151(70). 7. Memorandum DDG(PS) to DG dated 29 January 1971 IBA File 5012/1. 8. The Times, 10 May 1974. 9. The Times, 9 May 1974. to. Guardian, 9 May 1974. II. Memorandum A. H. Warren to Lord Aylestone dated 3 July 1974 IBA File 5012/1. 12. Ibid. Note for File by Bryan Rook dated 24 May 1972. 13. H of C 23 October 1972 Col. 797. 14. The Times, II October 1973. 15. Robert Mellish MPto A. H. Warren dated 15 October 1973 IBA File 501211/1. REFERENCES 329

16. Evening Standard, 11 October 1973. 17. Letter dated 7 November 1974 IBA File 5012/1. 18. SCC Minutes 198(75). 19. Reported by Alan Watkins, New Statesman, 6 July 1973. 20. Memorandum DDG to DG dated 3 December 1980. 21. Letter dated 18 April 1969 ITA File 5012/1. 22. IBA Paper 44(73). 23. PPB Committee Minutes dated 14 January 1974 IBA File 501211/1. 24. IBA Paper 59(74) and IBA Minutes 333(74). 25. Speech at London Press Centre. 26. Referendum on United Kingdom Membership of the European Community (HMSO, February 1975) (Cmnd. 5925). 27. PPC Paper 1(75). 28. Cmnd. 5925 para. 33. 29. Studies of the Impact of the Radio and Television Coverage of the EEC Referendum Campaign (British Broadcasting Corporation, January 1976) IBA File 5013/1. 30. Daily Telegraph, 9 June 1975. 31. IBA Paper 50(79). 32. Glasgow Herald, 9 February 1979. 33. Letter dated 22 February 1979 IBA File 5012/1. 34. PPC Paper 9(79). 35. IBA Paper 43(77).

CHAPTER 11: ENGINEERING: THE SYSTEM TRANSFORMED 1. Evidence to the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting under the Chair­ manship of Lord Annan (Independent Broadcasting Authority, September 1974) para. 250. 2. Ibid. para. 251. 3. Television Act 1964 Section 1(3). 4. ITA Memorandum to the House of Commons Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, November 1971, para. 2.3. 5. See Volume 2 pp. 324-9. 6. SCC Paper 2(74). 7. Howard Steele, The Story of Television 1967-77 in Television, Journal of the Royal Television Society, November-December 1977. 8. Annan Report para 24.23. 9. SCC Paper 22(68). 10. Report of the Committee on Broadcasting Coverage (HMSO, November 1974) (Cmnd.5774). 11. Pat Hawker, Television Coverage - The Next Steps in BKSTS Journal, November 1980. 12. IBA Engineering Progress, September 1978. 13. Crawford Report para. 64. 14. Ibid. para. 62. 15. Ibid. para. 68. 16. IBA News Release, 3 February 1975. 17. Patrick Halliday, The Story behind Teletext in Television & Home Video, July 1979. 18. Annan Report para. 25.29. 19. Independent Broadcasting 29, June 1981 pp. 18--20. 330 REFERENCES

20. Annan Report para. 24.24. 21. Ibid. para. 24.12. 22. Letter dated 6 August 1976 IBA File 3056.

CHAPTER 12: DOMESTICATED ADVERTISING 1. British Television Advertising: The First Thirty Years ed. Brian Henry (Century Benham, 1986). 2. IBA Evidence to Annan paras. 34 and 35. 3. Brian Young, How Should Broadcasting be Financed? In Independent Broadcasting 5, August 1975. 4. Volume 1 p.99. 5. Annan Report para. 12.4. 6. Ibid. 7. Anthony Pragnell in British Television Advertising p. 326. 8. Campaign, 22 June 1973. 9. IBA Minutes 316(73). 10. IBA Paper 172(73). 11. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries Minutes of Evidence para. 993. 12. Annan Report para. 12.8. 13. lTV 1974 (Independent Broadcasting Authority, January 1974) p. 13!. 14. Peter Woodhouse in British Television Advertising p. 370. 15. IBA Paper 147(72). 16. Peter Woodhouse in British Television Advertising p. 363. 17. Ibid. p.37!. 18. Television Act 1964, Schedule 2 para. 8. 19. IBA Paper 182(72). 20. IBA Paper 242(75). 21. lTV 1974 pp. 129-39. 22. IBA Minutes 327(74). 23. IBA Paper 194(78). 24. Observer, 10 June 1973. 25. IBA Paper 118(73). 26. Annan Report para. 12.4. 27. Ibid. para. 12.6. 28. Ibid. para. 12.5. 29. Ibid. para. 12.10. 30. IBA Paper 198(76). 31. ITCA Aide-mcmoire to IBA dated 22 July 1976 IBA File 8033. 32. IBA Paper 147(77). 33. IBA Paper 111(78) and PPC Minutes 57(78). 34. SCC Minutes 171 (72). 35. Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973, Schedule 2 para. 7. 36. British Television Advertising p. 124. 37. IBA Paper 219(77). 38. British Television Advertising Appendix M. 39. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries p. 231. 40. Tenth Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries (HMSO, July 1978) Minutes of Evidence para. 573. 41. IPA 8017, 9 October 1979. 42. Speech at Royal Television Society Convention in Cambridge, 1979. REFERENCES 331

43. IBA Paper 219(77). 44. British Television Advertising p. 411. 45. IBA Paper 343(80). 46. IBA Paper 84(73); SCC Paper 1(73). 47. IBA Minutes 314(73.). 48. SCC Minutes 176(73) and 179(73). 49. Letter A. Graham to R.A. Fleming dated 2 Oetober 1973 IBA File 8059. 50. See Sir Ronald Halstead, The Effect of Television on Marketing in British Television Advertising. 51. Ibid. p.411. 52. Ibid. p.408. 53. Tim Bell in British Television Advertising p. 440. 54. Jo Gable, The Tuppenny Punch and Judy Show (Michael Joseph, 1980) p.32. 55. Ibid. pp. 83-90.

CHAPTER 13: ASPECTS OF RESEARCH

1. Pilkington Report p. 292. 2. William Belson, The Impact of Television (Crosby Lockwood & Son, 1967) p. 1. 3. Television Act 1964 Section 24. 4. Roger Beeson, But I Happen to Like Charles Laughton in Newspaper Stories in Admap, January 1973 p. 4. 5. IBA Paper 11(76). 6. See Chapter 9. 7. J .M. Wober, TV's Menu: The Viewers' Order in IBA Research Department Working Paper, May 1984. 8. G.J. Goodhardt, A.S.C. Ehrenberg, M.A. Collins and Aske Research Ltd., The Television Audience: Patterns of Viewing (Saxon House/Lexington Books, 1975). 9. Annan Report paras. 29.6 and 29.7. 10. IBA Paper 298(75). II. Attitudes to lTV: Report on a National Survey (The British Market Research Bureau Ltd., BMRB/RJG.90338, June 1979). 12. IBA Paper 298(75). 13. Letter to David Wilson dated 18 December 1973 IBA File 9012/8. 14. Annan Report para. 29.15. 15. The lTV Strike: Its Effect on Sales (D'Arcy McManus and Masius). 16. Letter to the Rt Hon. Merlyn Rees MP, Secretary of State for the Home Department, dated 14 April 1978 - attached to IBA Paper 100(78).

CHAPTER 14: ANNAN: PREAMBLE AND EVIDENCE

1. Memorandum dated 14 January 1970 IBA File 3056. 2. H of L 25 February 1970 Col. 451. 3. H of C 14 May 1970 Col. 1455. 4. H of L 14 May 1970 Col. 728. 5. Lord Annan, The Politics of a Broadcasting Enquiry, The 1981 Ulster Television Lecture delivered at the Queen's University of Belfast on 29 May 1981 (Ulster Television) p. 1. 332 REFERENCES

h. H of C IS December 1971 Col. 572. 7. Tom Carbery, Independent Broadcasting 6, November 1975, p. 9. X. Ibid. 9. p.49. 10. Annan Report para. 1.1. II. Letter dated 14 August 1974 IBA File 3056. 12. Ibid. Letter dated 30 August 1974. 13. The Politics of a Broadcasting Enquiry p. X. 14. Report of the 1910 Balfour Committee of Enquiry into Royal Commissions quoted in The Politics of a Broadcasting Enquiry p. 6. IS. Inside the Annan Committee in New Statesman, 25 March 1977. I h. Evidence to the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting under the Chair- manship of Lord Annan (IBA, September 1974). 17. Ibid. para. 37. I X. Ibid. para. 42. 19. Ibid. Appendix III para. 1. 20. lTV Evidence to the Annan Committee (!TCA, March 1975). 21. Sir Ian Trethowan, The Split Screen (Hamish Hamilton, 1984) pp. 145-6. 22. The People and the Media (Labour Party, 1974) p. II. 23. Ibid. pp.5 and 6. 24. Peter Fiddiek in Guardian, 2 June 1975. 25. Broadcasting in the UK: An Agenda for Discussion p. 1. 26. Tom Carbery, Independent Broadcasting 6, November 1975, p. 9. 27. The Times, 2X June 1975. 2X. Campaign, 4 July 1975. 29. Phillip Whitehead, Inside the Annan Committee In New Statesman, 25 March 1977. 30. In conversation with the author, 25 March 1987. 31. The Politics of a Broadcasting Enquiry p. 10. 32. Ibid.

CHAPTER 15: ANNAN: REPORT AND DEBATE

I. Cmnd.6753. 2. Speech by Lord Annan at press conference on 24 March 1977 IBA File 3056. 3. The Annan Report: An lTV View (Indpendent Television Companies Association, June 1977). p.7. 4. Ibid. p. 6. 5. Speech by Lord Annan at press conference on 24 March 1977 IBA File 3056. 6. Annan Report para. 4.24. 7. Ibid. p.70. 8. Ibid. para.4.11. 9. Ibid. para. 4. 10. 10. Ibid. para. 6.13. 11. IBA Comments on the Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting (Independent Broadcasting Authority, June 1977) para. 2.16. 12. Annan Report para. 4.7. 13. Ibid. para. 3.20. 14. Ibid. para. 3.21. 15. Lord Clark, The Other Half p. 138. 16. Annan Report para. 2.26. 17. Ibid. para. 2.28. REFERENCES 333

18. Ibid. para. 3.23. 19. Ibid. para.3.16. quoting Richard Lecture. Royal Institution. October 1975. 20. Ibid. para. 3.25. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. para. 13.46. 23. Ibid. para. 11.7. 24. Ibid. para. 11.10. 25. Ibid. para. 4.3. 26. Summary of the Annan Report p. 14 IBA File 3056. 27. Annan Report para. 13.44. 28. Ibid. para. 13.45. 29. Granada Guildhall Lecture. 30. Annan Report Recommendation 47. 31. Ibid. para. 13.43. 32. The Annan Report: An lTV View paras. II and 12. 33. Ibid. para. 14. 34. The Media Reporter Vol. I No.3 1977. 35. IBA Comments on the Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting para. 1.3. 36. Annan Report Recommendation 136. 37. Ibid. Recommendation 41. 38. Ibid. Recommendation 55. 39. Ibid. para.3.14. 40. Ibid. Recommendation 58. 41. The Politics of a Broadcasting Enquiry p. 17. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. p. 15. 44. Ibid. pp. 12 and 13. 45. New Statesman. 25 March 1977. 46. Lord Annan in conversation with the author. 25 March 1987. 47. H of L 19 May 1977 Col. 886. 48. H of C 23 May 1977 Col. 1038. 49. Phillip Whitehead in conversation with the author, 19 November 1987. 50. Cmnd.7294 (HMSO, July 1978). 51. Ibid. para. 53. 52. Colin Shaw in Independent Broadcasting 18, November 1978. 53. Comments on the White Paper on Broadcasting (Independent Television Companies Association, 1978). 54. SCC Paper 20(78}. 55. Sir Ian Trethowan, The Split Screen p. 180. 56. The Politics of a Broadcasting Enquiry p. 18.

CHAPTER 16: PROSPERITY AND UNCERTAINTY, 1976-80 1. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1975-76 p. 7. 2. Independent Broadcasting 9, September 1976. p. 6. 3. Independent Broadcasting 10, December 1976, p. 2. 4. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 197fr-77 p. 15. 5. Annan Report para. 11.9. 6. Independent Broadcasting 4, May 1975, p. 10. 7. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 197fr-77 p. 8. 334 REFERENCES

H. Ibid. p. 14. 9. Appendix XIII. 10. Sir Brian Young in evidence to SCNI, 5 July 1978: see Tenth Reportfrom the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries Minutes of Evidence para. 987. II. Letter from Aubrey Buxton to Lord Aylestone dated 13 March 1975 IBA File 29. 12. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1977-78 p. 8. 13. Annan Report para. 12.47. 14. Cmnd.7294 para. 151. 15. Sir Donald Kaberry, SCNI Minutes of Evidence, 5 July 1978: see Tenth Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries para. 991. 16. See Chapter 4. 17. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1978-79 p. 7. IH. IBA Paper 33(79). 19. Letter dated 29 November 1978 IBA File 5003. 20. SCC Paper 5(81). 21. See Volume I Chapter 17. 22. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1977-78 Appendix X. 23. Cmnd.7294 paras. 114 and 115. 24. British Television Advertising: The First Thirty Years ed. Brian Henry pp. 189, 192 and 193. 25. Reprinted as Appendix XIV in IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1979-80. 26. Ibid. Appendix XIII. 27. Broadcasting Act 1980 Section 18(1). 28. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1980-81 p.5. 29. Ibid. p. 10. 30. Independent Broadcasting Act 1973 Section 22(3). 31. Broadcasting Act 1980 Section 19(4)(a). 32. Television and Radio 1981 p.215. 33. lTV Evidence to the Annan Committee p. 132: table extended by Paul Young, Senior External Finance Officer, IBA.

CHAPTER 17: THE EMPTY CHANNEL I. Cmnd3169 (HMSO, December 1966). 2. Television Act 1964 Section 25. 3. SCC Minutes 145(70). 4. lTV's Second Channel in Sunday Times, 5 July 1970. 5. Cmnd.4524 para. 135. 6. Report on Consultation on lTV 2; see Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries Appendix 6 p. 324. 7. lTV 2 (Independent Television Authority, December 1971) para. 17. 8. Ibid. para. 26. 9. The Times, 9 December 1971. 10. See Chapter 4. 11. Second Report from the Select Committee on Nationalised Industries para. 106. 12. H of C 19 January 1972 Col. 479. 13. IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1973-74 Appendex XIII. 14. Evidence to the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting para. 143. 15. Sir Charles Curran, The Fourth Television Network: A Question of Priorities (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1974). REFERENCES 335

16. Independent Broadcasting 3, February 1975 p.l{. 17. Attachment to IBA Paper \08(76). 18. lTV Evidence to the Annan Committee Appendix C. 19. Anthony Smith, The Shadow in the Cave (Quartet Books, 1976, first published by George Allen & Unwin, 1973) p. 296. 20. Guardian. 13 August 1973. 21. lTV Evidence to the Annan Committee para. 97. 22. The Annan Report: An lTV View p. 36. 23. Annan Report paras. 15.8. 11.27, 15.32. 15.19. 11.27. 24. 28 April 1977. 25. H of C 23 May 1977 Col. \037. 26. Annan Report para. 15.32. 27. The Annan Report: An lTV View p. 40. 28. Ibid. p.25. 29. Ibid. p.24. 30. Ibid. p.22. 31. IBA Paper 154(77). 32. H of L 19 May 1977 Col. 941. 33. IBA Paper 18(78). 34. Sec Chapter 15. 35. Cmnd.7294 para. 15. 36. Ibid. para. 16. 37. IBA Comments on the Proposals about the Fourth Television Channel in the 1978 White Paper on Broadcasting (IBA, September 1978) para. 2. 38. Cmnd.7294 para. 24. 39. Comments on the White Paper on Broadcasting paras. 14 and 12. 40. Ibid. para. 16. 41. Paul Fox in The Listener, 17 August 1978. 42. Letter from Lady Plowden to the Rt Hon. William Whitelaw MP dated 27 July 1979, IBA File 3200. 43. Film and Television Technician, June 1979, p. 12. 44. Home Office news release dated 14 September 1979 IBA File 3200. 45. ITV2: The Fourth Channel: ITCA memorandum dated October 1979 attached to IBA Paper 282(79). 46. SCC Paper 18(79). 47. IBA Paper 281(79). 48. IBA Paper 262(79). 49. Reprinted in IBA Annual Report and Accounts 1979-80 as Appendix XIV. 50. Ibid. para. 17. 51. Ibid. paras. 20 and 21. 52. Ibid. paras. 33-8. See p. 206. 53. Broadcasting Act 1980 Part III. 54. See Volume 2 Chapter 8. 55. Stephen Lambert, Channel Four: Television with a Difference? (BFI Pub- lishing, 1982) Appendix 1. 56. Reprinted in Independent Broadcasting 27, January 1981. 57. CF Paper 42(81). 58. Channel Four - A Message from the Director General, 3 November 1982 IBA File 320517. 59. Lord Windlesham, Broadcasting in a Free Society (Basil Blackwell, 1980) pp.72-5. INDEX

ABC Television events, 109; spot advertising, 294; company, 15; merger with Rediffusion to subliminal, 198 form , 18 legislation and recommendation: Annan contract, lTV, Midlands and the North Committee, 195,200,201-2; weekend service, 1956-68, 188-9 Broadcasting Act 1980,299,300-1, engineering, 188 302; Pilkington Committee, 200, 232, staff, 18 236 studios, 188-9 products and services, 195-6,204-5; ACIT, see Association of Cinematograph, alcoholic drinks, 200, 209; children's Television and Allied Technicians toys, 201; cigarettes, 109, 200, 202, AGB, see Audits of Great Britain 209; financial services, 198; fireworks, A TV, see Associated Television 201; football pools, 198; medicines, AURA (Audience Research Assessment), 198 212-13,214 revenue from, 2, 20, 25-6, 70, 78-82,101, Abbreviations, 320-1 206,217,265-70,277-8; competition Aberdare of Duffryn, Lord, 309 in sales of advertising, 205; Net About Britain, 76 Advertising Revenue (NAR), 36, Adams, Cliff, 209 278; Net Advertising Revenue After Adams, Mary, 93, 311 Levy (NARAL), 36, 50; Oracle, 188; Additional payments, see Exchequer Levy rate cards, 202-3; sales, 202-8 Adult education programmes, 72, 76-7, 250, Advertising Advisory Committee (ITA/ 279,284 IBA), 197-8, 200 Advertising, 192-210 Advertising Liaison Committee, 206, 298 controls, 2, 104, 193-202, 206; advisory Advertising Standards Authority, 206 councils and committees, 197-8, 199, Advisory councils and committees, ITA/ 200; amount and length of IBA lTV, 61, 73, 96-7,104 advertisements, 193-4; and children advertising, 96, 197-8, 199,200 198, 201, 216; Code of Advertising appeals on television, 97, 111 Standards and Practice, 198, 199,201; audience research, 213-14 copy clearance, 199; distinction educational broadcasting, 73, 96-7, 104 between advertisements and engineering, 58, 67, 181, 222-3 programmes to be clear, 193, 199- programme planning and policy, 67, 73, 200; government campaigns, 197; 99,105,114-15,138,141,144,147, 'legal, decent, honest and truthful', 149, 161, 202 195-6; natural breaks, 194-5; religious broadcasting, 97, 104, 194 Principles for Television Advertising, Age Concern, 112 198; and religious programmes, 194, Agnew, Spiro, 122 201-2; unacceptable products and Aide-memoires on political broadcasts, 154- services, 195-7 5,161,316-17,318-19 forms of advertising: commercials, 209- Akenfield, 107,264 10; on consumer advice programmes, Alcoholic drinks, advertising of, 200, 209 108; sponsorship, 109, 288; at sports Ali, Mohammed, 122

336 INDEX 337

Ali, Tariq, 122 Associated-Rediffusion (later Rediffusion American, Film Festival, 263 Television), Amin, Idi, 117 company, 15; merger with ABC Television Amnesty International, 111, 115 to form Thames Television, 18 Anderson, Betty Harvie, 169 contract, lTV, London weekday service, Anderson, Lindsay, 209 1955-68, 18 Anderson, W.C., 312 staff, 18, 36, 37 Anglesey, Lady, 94, 312 studios, 37 Anglia Television Associated Television (ATV) company, 15, 17,59 company, 15, 16, 18, 45, 61; proposal to contract, lTV, East of England, 15, 17 acquire control of LWT, 45-7 programmes, 129, 130; documentaries, 76, contract, lTV, Midlands, 1968-81,15,16,18 83, 113; natural history, 76, 83; quiz programmes, 19,29,65,140; awards, 263, shows, 82, 83 documentaries, 75,111,114-15,118, transmitters: population coverage, 182-3 120,124,276-7; drama, 78, 106, 107, Annan, Lord, 7, 13, 57, 201, 222, 223, 225, 195; opera, 106-7 228, 229, 241-2, 248, 250, 253-4, 256, studios, 190 258,287-8,290,331 Association of Broadcasting Staffs, 268 Annan Committee on the Future of Association of Cinematograph, Television Broadcasting, 1974,4,7,32,57,60,69, and Allied Technicians, 19,37,43,77, 82,95,221-42,243-60,261 115, 126, 133, 134, 150, 268, 295 aims and terms of reference, 225 Astor, Hon. David, 36 evidence to, 12,87,141,176,188,191, At the Haunted End of the Day, 272 192, 196,229-42 passim Attenborough, David, 60, 211-20 Members, 225-9, 303 Attenborough, Sir Richard, 303 Report (Cmnd 6753), 1977,243-60 Attitudes to Broadcasting (IBA), 213 passim, 324; accountability, 244-5; Attlee, Clement, 161 advertising, 195,200,201-2,216; Attorney General, 148 audience research, 140, 141, 214, Audience Research 218-19; BBC, 248, 249, 254; advisory committees, 213-14 Broadcasting Complaints findings: 213; Party Political Broadcasts, Commission, 244, 245, 259,260,275; 163 competition, 248; engineering, 179, legislation and recommendations: Annan 186; fourth television channel, 251, Committee, 140, 141,214,218,219; 253,254,257,258,260,280,283,286- Pilkington Committee, 210 96; IBA, 55, 92, 123,248-9,259,287; methods, 218; Appreciation Index, 212; ITN, 249; lTV, 226-8, 243, 249, 251- AURA (Audience Research 2,259; industrial relations, 255; Local Assessment), 212-13, 214; Television Broadcasting Authority, 243, 248, Audience Programme Evaluation 253; Open Broadcasting Authority, 7, (TAPE), 213 243,251,253,257,258,259,273,287; organisations: ITA, 60, 63; ITCA, 218, programme range and quality, 152, 219,220; Joint Industry Committee 264; Public Enquiry Board, 243, 244, for Television Advertising Research 245-6, 253, 254; shareholdings in (JICTAR), 218 lTV, 242; Telecommunications types of research: academic, 213-14; Advisory Committee, 244 marketing surveys, 216-7 response to the Report, 116, 245, 249-50, Audiences, 12, 20 251,253,255-8,288-9 and BBC programmes, 20 Antony and Cleopatra, 106, 264 and lTV programmes, 19,20,35,74 Antrim, Lord, 17 Audits of Great Britain (AGB), 19, 218 Appeals on television, 97, 111 Award winning programmes, 4, 76, 149,234, Appreciation Index (AI), 212 263,275 Aquarius, 104, 106, 262 Aylestone, Lord (formerly Herbert Armstrong, Robert, 291 Bowden), as Chairman, ITA/IBA, Armstrong, Sir William, 57 1967-75,5,39,42-3,53,70,71,78,88- Arts Council, 12 90,92,93, 127, 129, 133, 147, 196,282, Arts programmes, 104, 106,264,271-2 307; and the Annan Committee, 222, Aske Research Ltd, 214, 216 256; and the Select Committee on Associated Newspapers, 15 Nationalised Industries, 65 338 INDEX

BARB, see Broadcasters' Audience see also Border Television Research Board Boston of Faversham, Lord, 256 BBC, see British Broadcasting Corporation Bowden, Herbert, see Lord Aylestone BICC, 180 Bowater Paper Corporation, 49 Bad language, 144-5, 148, 152 Bowen, John, 143,271 Bailey, David, 124,210 Bragg, Melvin, 271, 272 Baldwin, John, 187 Braine, John, 122,271 Banglestein's Boys, 148 Breakfast-time television, 72, 73, 274 Barber, Anthony, 78 Bredin, James, 17 Barker, Ronnie, 38 Bridge, Justice, 165, 166 Barnard, Christian, 122 British Broadcasting Corporation Be a Sport with , 109 audiences, 20; research, 214, 218, 219, 220 Beauty, Bonny, Daisy, Violet, Grace and Corporation: and the Annan Committee, Geoffrey Morton, 149,263 226, 239, 245, 248, 249; examination Beard, W.B., 311 by Parliamentary committee, 57; Belson, William, 143, 211, 328, 331 governors, 91-2; independence from Benn, Anthony Wedgwood, 14,56, 163, 167, government, 1,8; Royal Charter, 57 194, 224, 258, 306 engineering, 179; teletext, 187 Bennett, Alan, 271 finance: from the licence fee, 27,71,192, Bennett, Cyril, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 54 265, 269; programme costs, 270 Benny Hill Show, The, 146, 148, 263 hours of broadcasting, 70, 270 Bernstein, Cecil, 16 programmes: complaints about, 97, 245; Bernstein, Sydney (later Lord Bernstein), news and current affairs, 248, 249; 16,218,256 political, 154-75 passim Bevan, Aneurin, 9 staff: labour relations, 7; loss to the lTV Beveridge Committee on Broadcasting, companies, 36, 270 1949, Report (Cmnd 8116),1951, 1,322 television services, 3, 20, 178, 179; Bevins, Reginald, 306 competition with lTV, 3, 20; in Bible for Children, The, 196 Wales, 185,302 Bible Today, The, 196 British Bureau of Television Advertising, 25, Big Breadwinner Hog, 138-9 217 Bill Brand, 149 Broadcast, 299 Birmingham Evening Mail, 140 Broadcasters' Audience Research Board Birnberg, Benedict, 118 (BARB),220 Birt, John, 9-10, 304 Broadcasting Black, Peter, 322 accountability, 57, 224, 233, 241, 245 Blade on the Feather, 148 bias and impartiality, 9, 64, 112-23, 154, Blake, Brian, 95 173 Bland, Christopher, 93, 94, 97,135,308,326 control: programmes, 1,60,61,63,66-7, Blasphemy on television, 148, 152 103-23, 137-52, 238, 264-5 Blease, W.J., 310 coverage, 182, 217 Bless Me Father, 271 duopoly,3,14,244,254,257,260,285,287 Blumler, Jay, 214, 240, 254 and Government, 59 Blyth, Kenneth, 95 independence, 1,8,245 Blyton, John, 42 monopoly, 279 Bolt, Robert, 78 Broadcasting (Cmnd 1779), 1972,279 Bonner, Paul, 303-4 Broadcasting (Cmnd 1893), 1962, 279 Booker, Christopher, 322 Broadcasting (Cmnd 3169), 1966, 279 Border Television Broadcasting (Cmnd 7294), 1978, 258-60, company, 15, 17 265, 269, 275, 291 contract, lTV, The Borders, 1961, 15, 17 Broadcasting Act, 1980, 33, 95, 274-5, 303, finance, 80 305 programmes: local, 174 Broadcasting Act, 1981, 112,214,274, 299 transmitting stations, 184; population Broadcasting Complaints Commission, 244, coverage, 17 245, 259, 260, 275, 275 Borders, lTV, contract area, 17 Broadcasting Gallery (ITA/IBA), 98-9 programme company, 15, 17 Broadcasting Press Guild, 294 transmitting stations, 184; population Brody, Stephen, 327 coverage, 17 Bromley, John, 42 INDEX 339

Brontes of Haworth, The, 78 Channel Four Television Company, 297-8, Brook, Tony, 95 303-4 Brooke of Cumnor, Lord (formerly Henry Channel Islands, lTV contract area, 17 Brooke), 222 contract, 1962- ,15 Brown, Lord George, 169 programme company, 15, 17 Brown, William, 16, 23, 60, 115,234, 303 see also Channel Television Bruce's Big Night Out, 271 Channel Television Bryan, Sir Paul, 68, 222, 257 company, 15, 17 Bryans, Dame Anne, 311 contract, lTV, Channel Islands, 1962- Budgets and Broadcasting, 162 15,17 Budgie, 147 finance, 21, 80 Burgess, Sir John, 17, 129 studios, 189 Burton, Baroness, 93, 256, 371 Charles, HRH The Prince of Wales, 11 Burton, Humphrey, 42, 43 Chataway, Christopher, 24, 27-8, 51, 53, 58, Burton, Richard, 19 70,71,222,223.282,306 Buxton, Aubrey (later Lord Buxton), 17,73, Cheevers, W.H., 17 81 Chichester, Lt-Col. Arthur, 309 Children and television, 108, 201; CRAC, see Central Religious Advisory advertising, 201, 216 Committee Children of Eskdale, 75 Cable television services, 60, 273 Children's programmes, 76, 108 Cadbury, Peter, 17 Childs, Ted, 142 Caine, Sir Sydney, 18,92, 308, 322 Christopher, A.M.G., 313 Cairns, Lord Justice, 125, 127, 128 Church of England, 152 Calendar, 83, 108-9, 110 Churchill, Sir Winston, 155, 277, 306 Callaghan, James, 7, 139, 162, 258, 306 Cigarettes advertising, 109,200,202 Callan, 20 Clark, Sir Kenneth (later Lord Clark), 104, Campaign, 194 247,325 Campbell of Eskan, Lord, 36, 44, 53, 54 as Chairman, ITA, 1954-7,84,307 Canadian Radio Television Commission, 177 Clayhanger, 31,78,261 Carbery, Dr Tom, 93, 94, 309, 332 C1edwyn of Penrhos, Lord, 302 Carmen, 106 'Closed period', 72 Carmichael, Sir John, 92, 308 Cockburn, Sir Robert, 181 Carr, Robert, 24 Code of Advertising Standards and Practice Carrington, Lord, 276 (IBA), 198, 199,201 Cary, Sir Michael, 86 Code for Teletext Transmissions, The, teletext system, 187,270 (ISA),188 Celebrity Squares, 82 Code on violence, lTV, 137, 139-40, 143-4 Censorship of television programmes 104-5, Cohen, Lady, 117 115-16,120,133,134,141, ISO-I, 199 Collins, M.A., 331 Central Appeals Advisory Committee, 111 Collins, Norman, 45 Central Office ofTnformation, 110. 197,207 Colour television, 176, 178-80, 187, 189, 190 Central Religious Advisory Committee Colston, Sir Charles, 308 (CRAC), 97, 194 Coltart, James, 16 Centre for Mass Communications Research, Colville, Sir John, 112 143,213-14 Comedians, The, 236,271 Chalmers, Judith, 109 Comedy programmes, 263. 271 Champions, The, 151 Commercials, see Advertising Chancellor, Sir Christopher. 36 Committee on Broadcasting Coverage, 182-5 , 87, 295-305 Committee on Party Political Broadcasting. advertising, 298 156, 170 Board, 303, 304 Committees and councils, see Advisory engineering, 185-6, 191. 274 committees and councils finance: 33, 186, 296, 298, 302, 304,305 Committees of Inquiry, see Annan programmes: policy, 296. 298. 299. 302, Committee; Beveridge Committee; 304 Crawford Committee; Peacock see also Fourth television channel; Committee; Pilkington Committee Channel Four Television Company Commons, House of, see House of Channel Four Group, 295, 296, 298-9, 305 Commons 340 INDEX

Communications Council (Labour Party Daily Mail, 42, 150 proposal), 239, 241, 244 Daily Mirror, 3, 65, 134 Communist Party, 113, 156 Daily Telegraph, 42, 49, 65, 72, 148, 171 Competition, 295 D'Arcy, McManus & Masius, 217 lTV and BBC, 3, 20 Davies, T.G., 309 Complaints Review Board (IBA), 61, 97, Davies, Jenkin Alban, 309 149 Davies, John, 169 Connell, Brian, 113 d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Sir Henry, 61 Conservative Party, 6, 13, 14,58, 159, 167 Davis, Sir John, 17 attitudes to lTV, 1,7,8,68 Day, Sir Robin, 9,86,322 and the Annan Committee, 58 Day Before Yesterday, The, 112 party political broadcasts, 156, 157, 158, Day-Lewis, Sean, 65, 175 162, 163,317 Daysh, G.H.J., 17 Consultations, IBA/ITV, 99, 143, 144,213, De La Warr, Lord, 256, 306 263, 281, 296 Death of a Princess, 276-7 Contracts, lTV, 1968- ,4, 16-17, 18-19, Death of Adolf Hitler, 107 230-1,267 Decision, 261, 262 applications, 34-5, 37, 38,39-40 Dell, Edmund, 303 areas, 15, 16-7 Denning, Lord, 125, 127, 128, 165, 166 contract requirements, 15, 39-40 Department of Trade and Industry, 100, shareholdings, 49-53 224-5 Contracts, lTV, 1982- ,72,91,94,274, Department S, 20 305 , Lord, 18 Cooper, Tommy, 38 Devlin, Bernadette, 122 Co-operative Wholesale Society, 117 Devolution Referendum campaign, 171--4 Copplestone, Frank, 107 Diamond, Jack, 90 Corbett, Ronnie, 38 Dimbleby, Jonathan, 75, 114 Coronation Street, 145, 208, 250, 264 Direct Broadcasting by Satellite, 191 Coulson, Anne, 313 Division on Europe, 169 Country Matters, 78 Dobbie, Colonel Orde, 145 Crawford, Sir Stewart, 182,220 Documentary programmes, 8, 75-6, 107, Crawford, Committee on Broadcasting 109-10,111-19,124-36,262,263,272. Coverage, 182-5, 286, 329 275-7 Crawley, Aidan, 34-7, 41, 43, 51, 121 Dr No, 204 Creggan,272 Don Giovanni, 271 Critchley, Julian, 289, 294 Double Your Money, 19 Cropper, A.C., 311 Downham, Roy. 95 Crosland, Anthony, 110 Drama programmes, 76, 261, 263, 271, 275; Crossman, Richard, 94, 326 classical plays, 261; single plays, 100, Crossroads, 19, 108, 208, 237, 264, 275 265,271 Crown Court, 76 Dromgoole, Patrick, 60 Crowther, Lord, 86 Dunn, Richard, 108 Croydon transmitting station, 262 Duopoly, BBC-IBA, 3, 14 Crystal Palace transmitting station, 179, 182 Dunkley, Chris, 126 Cudlipp's Crusade, 116 Cunningham, Alderman Andrew, 134 EMI,I80 Curbishley, Anthony, 95 ENG, see Electronic News Gathering Curran, Charles, 156, 159, 166,284, 334 East of England lTV contract area, 15, 17 Current affairs programmes, 3, 9-10, 75, contract 1968- , 17 114,122-3,169,263,271 programme company, 15, 17 Curteis, Ian, 271 transmitting stations, 183 see also Anglia Television DAME (Digital Automatic Measuring Ecology Party, 157 Equipment), 187 Economist Newspapers, 49 DBS, see Direct Broadcasting by Satellite Edelman, Maurice, 130 DICE (Digital Intercontinental Conversion Eden, Sir Anthony, 155, 161, 306 Equipment), 186-7 Eden, Sir John, 58, 68, 228, 306 , 124 Edinburgh International Television Festival, Daily Herald, 84 303 INDEX 341

Eduard Rhein Prize, 191 diversification, 266-7; Exchequer Educational broadcasting, levy, 7, 20-33, 59, 80, 81-2, 95, 256, advisory councils and committees, 73, 96- 265,284,290 7,104 Financial Times, 42, 43, 65, 126, 151 Consultations, IBA/TTV, on, 100 Firman, Mike, 213 programmes, 29; adult education, 72, First Report, 10,74, 169 76-7; pre-school, 76 F1ackfield, Eric, 42 Edward and Mrs Simpson, 271 Fleming Memorial Lecture, 287 Edward Vl/, 31, 78, 261 Foot, Michael, 167 Ehrenburg, A.S.C., 214, 331 Football pools advertising, 198 Eisenhower, Dr Milton S., 138 Forbidden Desert of the Danakil, The, 76 Electronic News Gathering (ENG), 176 Forman, Denis (later Sir Denis), 16,48,81, Emley Moor transmitting station, 170, 180 133, 135, 147,234,262 Emmerdale Farm, 76 Forsyth, Bruce, 271 Emmy Awards, 263 Fourth television channel, 7, 33, 60, 67, 68, Engineering, television, 59, 176-91 69,71,95,205,223,228,245,254,257, advisory committees, 58, 67, 181, 222-3 258, 260, 268, 273 BBC, 178, 179, 187 in Wales, 185-6,286-7,296,299-302 Channel 4, 95, 185-6, colour television, see also Channel 4; Sianel Pedwar Cymru 176, 178-80, 187, 189, 190 Fox, Paul, 294, 335 digital techniques, 186-7 Franchises, TTV, see Contracts, TTV frequency allocations, 59, 279 Fraser, Sir Robert, as Director General, TTV, 20, 178-89 ITA, 1954-70,84-6; Aylestone, Lord, UHF 625-line, 20, 178-89 relationship with, 89-90; character, 84- VHF 405-line, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 189 5; and competition in TTV, 280; Hill, Europe: The Nation Decides, 169 Lord, relationship with, 85; and London European Broadcasting Union, 76, 100-1 Weekend Television controversy, 39, European Economic Community, 154, 167, 41-2,43,46-9; and party political 197 broadcasts, 157; on regional structure of Referendum campaign, 167-71, 197 lTV, 99; on the transmitter building Eurovision, 101 programme, 179 Evans, Gwynfor, 163 Free Communications Group, 41, 58, 223, Evans, Sir Harold, 296 282 Evening News, 124 Freeman, John, 53-4, 55, 73, 81, 86, 106, Evening Standard, 42, 51, 161 234,273 Ewing, Winifred, 163 Frequency allocations, 59, 183, 279 Exchequer levy on TTV companies, 7, 20- Frost, David, 19, 34-5, 37-8, 53, 121-2 33,59,80,81-2,95,256,265,284,290, Frost on Monday/Saturday/Sunday, 37, 148 294 Fun Factory, 108 Eysenck, H. J., 143,328 GEC, 37, 49 Facts are These, The, 148 Gable, Jo, 331 Falstaff, 271 Gaelic language programmes, 185,250 Family viewing time, 144-5, 149 Gambling, advertising, 198 Farming Diary, 169 Gangsters, The, 142 Farrer, Hon. Dame Frances, 311 Gardiner, Vic, 44 Federal Communications Commission Garnett, Tony, 42 (USA), 53, 177 General & Municipal Workers Union, 167-8 Festival of Light, 125, 126, 145-7,246 General Elections, Fiddick, Peter, 136, 226, 286 1966, 156 Films on television, quota, 74 1970, 5,-8, 156, 222 Finance 1974 (February), 75, 157, 162, 167,224 BBC: from the licence fee, 27, 71, 192, 1974 (October), 116, 157, 162, 215 265,269; programme costs, 270 1979,11,157,260,273,294 Channel 4,33, 186,296,298,302,304,305 General Strike, 107 ITA/IBA: from programme companies' Generation 3, 77 rentals, 23-4, 177 Geoffrey Parr Award, 187 TTV: from advertising revenue, 2, 20, 265- George and Mildred, 271 70,277-8; corporation tax, 30; Gill, Jack, 45 342 INDEX

Gill, Robin, 16 Greene, Sir Hugh Carleton, 3, 90, 147,238, Gilliland, David, 93, 310 283,322 Glencross, David, 95, 172,322 Greenwood, Arthur, 155 Glyndebourne Opera broadcasts, 29, 83, Griffith, Kenneth, 120-1 106, 107,271 Guardian, The, 3, 136, 151, 158, 226, 296 Golden Shot, The, 108,263 Gunter, Barrie, 143-4,328 Golding, John, 61, 69 Gyngell, Bruce, 83 Goldman, Peter, 225 Good Afternoon, 108 HTV, see Harlech Television Good Morning Britain, 72 Haldane, Dr lan, 212 Goodhardt, G.J., 214, 331 Halloran, James, 214 Goodman, Lord, 48 Hamilton, Sir Patrick, 92, 311 Goose, Jean, 226 Hard Times, 262 Gorard, A. J., 16, 60, 83 Harlech, Lord, 16 Gould, Sir Ronald, 93, 308 Harlech Television (later HTV) Government company, 15, 16,59-60,234 advertising, 197 contract, lTV, Wales and the West of and broadcasting, 8, 59, 100 England, 15, 16, 18-19 broadcasters' independence from, 1,8, finance, 23, 80 245 programmes, 23, 185; adult education, 77; powers of veto on broadcasting, 59 children's, 83; local, 174 Governments transmitting stations, 184 1951-64 (Conservative), 84 Harman Engineering Training College, 190 1964-70 (Labour), 7, 22-4, 56-7, 8/T,'221, Harris, Diana Reader, 310 306 Harris of Greenwich, Lord, 224-5, 258 1970-74 (Conservative), 7, 24-30, 58, 68, Hart, Judith, 169 77, 197,223 Hartwell, Lord, 36, 49 1974-79 (Labour), 7, 30, 82, 197,224-5, Hattersley, Roy, 169 255, 258-60, 294, 306 Hawker, Pat, 329 1979- (Conservative),7,32-3,228,255, Hayday, Sir Frederick, 93, 134,312 260, 273, 294, 306 Health Education Council, 110, 148, 209 Grade, Lew (later Lord Grade), 16, 18,40, Heath, Edward, 7, 56, 58,158,161,169,223, 45-8,59,60,65,71,106,120,147,160, 228, 306 256 Heenan, Cardinal, 122 Graef, Roger, 303 Help, 83 Graham, Archie, 199 Henderson, Douglas, 169 Graham, Sir Richard, 16 Henderson, R. Brumwell, 17 Graham-Bryce, Dame Isabel, 310 Henry, Brian, 203, 330 Grampian Television Henry, Professor Harry, 296 company, 15, 17,234 Hickory House, 76 contract, lTV, North-East Scotland, 15, 17 Hill of Luton, Lord (formerly Charles Hill) finance, 80 as Chairman, ITA, 1963-7, 19,34,70, programmes: local, 174 178,238,256,279,307 studios, 189 as Chairman, BBC, 1%7-73, 89,157,222, Granada Television 247 company, 15, 16,48,59 Hill, Jimmy, 42 contract, lTV, , 15, 16, 18, Himmelweit, Hilde, 59, 225, 240, 255 19 Hinchcliffe, Sir Henry, 310 finance, 80 Hining Town, 149 programmes: awards, 263; current affairs, Home, Sir Alec Douglas- (later Lord Home 29,73,107,112,116,131; of the Hirshel), 8, 306 documentaries, 107,276; drama, 76, Home Office, 32-3, 91, 100, 139, 143,200, 78, 263; light entertainment, 234; 225,226-7,268,275,291,399 pre-school, 76 Broadcasting Department, 100,291,294 staff, 156 , 80, 81,91, 100, 123, 139, transmitting stations, 184 194,195,205,224,274,277,291,295-6, Granada Guildhall Lectures, 283 302, 306 Granger, Derek, 42 Honeyman, DrT.J., 308 Grant, John, 69 Hosking, Barbara, 95 INDEX 343

Hours of broadcasting, 26, 59, 70-83 passim, breaks, 194-5; products and services, 268,270,314-15 195-6, 198, 200, 204-5; sales, 202-8 children's programmes, 83 advisory committees and councils, 96, 'closed period' for religious programmes, 197-8, 199,200 72 attitudes to lTV: Annan Committee, 226- Housecall, 112 8,243,249,251-2,259; Conservative House of Commons Party, 1, 7,8, 68; Labour Party, 68, broadcasting of proceedings, 8-9, 215 69, 223-4, 228; 239, 245; Pilkington Committee on Party Political Committee, 2-3, 46, 224, 228 Broadcasting, 156, 170 audiences, 19, 20, 35, 74 debates: Annan Committee Report, engineering, 20, 178-89; colour television, 256-8,289; Select Committee on 178-80,187,189,190; studios, 188-9; Nationalised Industries Report, 68-9 transmitting stations, 182-5 questions, 122, 134 finance: from advertising revenue, 2, 20, select committees, 57 70,265-70, 277-8; corporation tax, House of Lords, debates: Annan Committee 30; diversification, 266-7; Exchequer Report, 13, 116, 255-6 Levy, 7,20-33,59,80, 81-2,95,256, Howard, George, 277 265, 284, 290; programme costs, 270; Hughes, Terry, 42 see also Finance Humphreys, Hubert, 122 hours of broa<,lcasting, 14, 26, 70, 270, Hunt, Professor Hugh, 311 314-15 Hunter, Muir, 131 programme companies, 15, 16-17; contracts, lTV, 1968- ,4, 16-17, IBA, see Independent Television Authority 18-19, 34-5, 37, 38, 39-40, 49-53, (later Independent Broadcasting 230-1,267; Consultations (ITAI Authority) ITV),99, 143, 144,213,263,281,296; IPA, see Institute of Practitioners in networking arrangements, 15, 18,39- Advertising 40, 73, 268; shareholdings in, 2, 49 ISBA, see Incorporated Society of British programmes, 14, 28-9, 63, 66, 75, 232, Advertisers 261-5,270-2; balance in subject ITA, see Independent Television Authority matter, 39-40, 118; complaints about, ITCA, see Independent Television 61,97; films and foreign material, Companies Association quota, 74, 272; impartiality, 64, 112- ITN, see Independent Television News 23, 154; 'mandated', 104, 129; lTV, see Independent Television schedules, 28-9, 60, 66, 238; see also lTV Playhouse, 271 Programmes, lTV, and under Impartiality in news and current affairs individual programme categories, e.g. programmes, 64, 112-23, 154, 173 Drama programmes Imperial Tobacco Company, 49 regional structure, 230-1, 235, 238, 249 In Praise of Love, 261 second television service, 26, 60, 67, 68, In Search of the Market, 169 69,71,95,98,185,248,251,253,258, Incorporated Society of British Advertisers, 260,268,271,279-305 205, 206, 218, 268, 297 staff, 25, 37, 39, 40, 42-4, 270; industrial Independent Broadcasting, 98 disputes, 156, 160, 171, 272-3; trade Independent Broadcasting Authority, see union representation, 19,37,43,77, Independent Television Authority 115, 126, 133, 134, 150, 268, 295 Independent Broadcasting Authority Act, Television Act, 1963, provisions, 39-40 1973,95, 149, 173, 197,225 Independent Television Authority (later Independent Broadcasting Authority Act, Independent Broadcasting Authority) 1974,30,31-2,95 advertising control, 2, 104, 193-202,206; Independent Broadcasting Authority Act, Code of Advertising Standards and 1978,95 Practice, 198, 199,201; proposal for Independent Broadcasting Authority Act, sale of advertising time, 69; see also 1979,95, 186 Advertising Independent local radio, 14 advisory councils and committees, 58, 61, Independent producers, 283 73, %-7, 104, 245; advertising, %, Independent Television (lTV), advertising, 197-8,199; educational broadcasting, 192-210; amount of, 193-4; 198, 199, 73,96-7,104; medical advertising, controls, 2, 104, 193-202; natural 96, 198-9; national, 96; religious 344 INDEX

broadcasting, 97, 104, 194; see also complaints, 61, 97, 149; family Advisory councils and committees viewing time, 140, 144-5, 149; hours Annan Committee: IBA evidence to, 87, of broadcasting, 70-80; impartiality, 176,191,192,229-34,239; Report 64, 112-23, 154; intervention reports, findings on the IBA, 55, 92, 123,248- 104-5, 124,237-8; networking 9, 259, 287; IBA reactions, 226-8, arrangements, 63, 73; news provision, 251 104; political broadcasts, 154-75 audience research, 60, 63, 67, 99,149, 152, passim, programme planning, 105, 212-16; see also Audience research 114-15; religious programming, 100, Authority, 62, 68, 84-102; accountability, 104; scheduling, 60, 63, 67, 93, 99, 57,61,64,233; Chairman, 59, 88-91, 103-4, 105-8, 238; sponsored items, 99,307, see also Aylestone, Lord, 108-11; taste and decency, 137-52; Clark, Sir Kenneth, Hill of Luton, Television Programme Guidelines, Lord, Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 137, 265 and the Warhol programme, Plowden, Lady; change of name, 95; 124-30 Complaints Review Board, 61, 97,. publications, 98, 188 149,245; Director General, 84-5, 94, staff, 60, 63, 190, 191 97,99, see also.Fraser, Sir Robert, Independent Television Companies Young, Sir Brian, Whitney, John; Association (ITCA), 206, 218, 234 examination by Parliamentary Annan Committee: evidence to, 234-8, committee, 57, 58-69; IBA Lectures, 239; reactions to, 249, 250 98,264; Members, 59, 63, 91-2, 112, audience research, 218, 219, 220 269,308-13; prohibition of Members copy clearance, 199 giving personal opinions, 111-12, Independent Television News (ITN), 116; relationship with Government, company, 15, 101, 112,234,249 59, 100, 133; Television, later news bulletins and programmes, 10, 27, Broadcasting Gallery, 98 74-5; EEC Referendum campaign, engineering, 62,177-91; awards, 186, 189, 168-9 191; colour television, 178-80, 187, studios, 186, 190 189,190; Crawley Court, 191; DICE, Independent Television Publications Ltd, 186-7; digital techniques, 186-7; 234 Engineering Information Service, 98, Industrial disputes in TTV, 156, 160, 171, 190; fourth television channel, 185-6, 272-3 191,287,302; MAC, 191; Oracle, Industrial Relations Act, 1971, 160 187-8; UHF 625-line television, 28, Inigo Pipkin, 76 178-89; transmitting stations, 20-1, I nstitute of Practitioners in Advertising 28 (IPA), 205, 206, 218, 268, 297 finance: from programme company Institution of Electrical Engineers, 189 rentals, 20-1, 23-4, 28, 177; Inter-Company Production Committee, Exchequer levy, 7, 20-33, 59, 80, 73 81-2,95,256,265,284,290,294 Invasion, 276 fourth television channel, 279, 287, 289, Irving, Clive, 37, 51 291,294-5,296,297-8,299,302,303, Isaacs, Jeremy, 116,264,303-4 304,305 programme companies, 16-17; JICT AR, see Joint Industry Committee for appointments, 15, 18-19,275; Television Advertising Research breakfast-time television, 12; Jackson, Gordon, 200 contracts, 1968- ,4, 16-17, 18-19, Jackson, Tom, 225 34-5,37,38,39-40,49-53,230-1, Jay, Anthony, 225, 229 267; Consultations, 99, 143, 144,213, Jay, Douglas, 169 263,281,296; ITA and the London Jay, Peter, 9-10 Weekend Television controversy, 34, Jelly, Anthony, 17 39-40, 41, 42, 43; public hearings, 64 Jenkins, Clive, 117, 119, 169 programme control, 2, 60, 61,63,66-7, Jenkins, Roy, 81,100,123,167,169,224, 103-23, 238, 264-5; balance in 228,306 subject matter, 63, 64, 66, 103, 104, Jennie, 31, 78 105-8, 118; censorship, 104-5, 115- Jesus of Nazareth, 195 16,120,128,133,134,150-I;codeon Johnny Go Home, 107,262,263 violence, 132, 139-40, 143-4; Johnson, Johnny, 209 INDEX 345

Joint Industry Committee for Television contract, weekend service, 1968- , 16, Advertising Research, 218 46-8 Jones, Aubrey, 24 programme companies, 16,34-55 transmitting stations, 178, 179, 184 Kaberry, Sir Donald, 268, 334 see also London Weekend Television; Kee, Robert, 74 Thames Television Keelan, Barney, 95 London Programme, The, 83, 112 Show, The, 271 London Television Consortium, 34 Kerr, Russell, 58, 68 London Weekend Show, The, 83 Kestrel Publications, 42 London Weekend Television Keynes, Stephen, 93, 312 company, 15, 16, 34-55; composition, 36; Killip, K. A., 17 origins, 35 Kilmuir, Lord (formerly Sir David Maxwell contract, lTV, London weekend service, Fyfe), 305 1968- , 15, 16, 18; application, 34- King, Evelyn, 68 5,37,38,41 King, Tom, 69 finance, 36; shareholdings, 49-50; Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, as Chairman, ITA, advertising sales, 204 1957-62, 137,307 programmes, 35, 37, 38-9, 39-40, 54, Kitchen, Sir Geoffrey, 36 121-2; 272; awards, 262; arts, 262, Krichefski, Senator Wilfred, 17 272; children's, 38-9; current affairs, 9-10,29,38-9,75; documentaries, La Rue, Danny, 38 107; drama, 11,78,236,262; Public Labour Party, 5, 7, 8, 14, 167 Affairs Unit, 38-9; sports, 38, 271 attitude to lTV, 68, 69, 223-4, 228, 239, staff, 37, 39, 40, 42-4 245 studios, 49, 190 party political broadcasts, 156, 157, 158, Long Day's Journey into Night, 29, 30, 106 159-60, 161, 162, 164 Longford, Lord, 125, 145,246 Labour relations Looks Familiar, 82 BBC,7 Losey, Joseph, 209 lTV, 156, 160, 171,272-3 Love Thy Neighbour, 215, 264 Ladies Night, 149 Lund, Mary, 234 Lambert, Stephen, 335 Lyon, Alexander, 32 Lancashire lTV contract area, 16 Laski, Marghanita, 225, 245, 254, 256 MAC (Multiplex Analogue Components), Last Debate, The, 169 191 Late Call, 111 Macbeth, 30, 106, 132 Lawrence, D. G. c., 226 McCall, David, 303 Lawrence, Mrs H. M., 225 Macfarlane Gray, Dr W., 93,309 Lawton, Lord Justice, 125, 127, 128 McIvor, Jill, 310 Layton, Lord, 310 MacKay, Sir James, 225 , University of, 214 Mackenzie, Sir Compton, 209 Levin, Bernard, 53 Mackintosh Medal, 199 Lewis, A. Dewi, 225 Maclean, Murdo, 172 Liberal Party, 6, 167 Macleod of Borve, Baroness, 93, 312 party political broadcasts, 156, 157, 158, Macmillan, Harold, 306 159, 162, 317 MacMillan's Mayerling, 272 Licence fee, broadcasting, BBC income McMullan, H. W., 310 from, 3, 27, 71,192,232,239,265,269, McTaggart, James, 42 284 McWhirter, Ross, 123, 125 Light entertainment programmes, 264, 271 Magee, Bryan, 76 Consultations on, 100, 146, 263 Mahler Festival, 29 Lillie, 271 Mailer·, Norman, 122 Linehams of Fosdyke, The, 75 Main Chance, The, 147 Littler, Shirley (later Lady Littler), 291 Malraux, Andre, 1 Lombard Banking, 49 Man at the Top, 147 London Co-operative Society, 49 Man Called Intrepid, A, 276, 277 London lTV contract area Marconi Ltd, 186, 188 contract, weekday service, 1968- , 16, Margerison, Tom, 37, 44, 50, 51 46-8 Mark, Sir Robert, 11 346 INDEX

Martin, Ian Kennedy, 271 Murphy, Monsignor Brendan, III Marples, Ernest, 306 Music programmes, 271-2 Marriage of Figaro, The, 264 Marten, Neil, 169, 170 NAR, see Net Advertising Revenue Mason, Roy, 57, 92,115,306 NARAL, see Net Advertising Revenue Matthews, Sir Ronald, 308 After Levy Maudling, Reginald, 131, 169 NTSC colour television system, 178, 187, 189 Medical Advisory Panel (IBA), 96 Naked Civil Servant, The, 149, 150,261,263 Medicines Act, 197 Nandy, Dipak, 226 Meek, Professor J. M., 93, 312 National Board for Prices and Incomes Megan, Lord Justice, 165 Report on Costs and Revenues of Mellish, Bob, 158, 161, 162 Independent Television, 1970, 24-5, Mercer, David, 271 28, 36, 62, 280 Merchant of Venice, The, 106 National Broadcasting Commission, 61 Mercouri, Melina, 113 National Coal Board, 49 Merriman Committee, 181 National Commission on the Causes and Midlands lTV contract area Prevention of Violence, 138 contract, 1968- , 16, 18 National Front, 157 contract, 1982- , 274 National Television Foundation, 285 programme company, 16 National Union of Journalists, 133 transmitting stations, 178, 179 National Viewers and Listeners Association, see also Associated Television 13, 125, 126, 129, 147-8, 240, 245 Mikardo, Ian, 159 Nationwide, 116 Milne, E., 134 Nationalised industries. 57 Mind Your Language, 271 Natural breaks in programmes for Miners strike, 6, 160 advertisements, 194-5 Minister for Consumer Affairs, 295 Nearly Man, The, 261 Minister for Posts and Telecommunications, Neave. Airey, 6 24,51,58,62,70,194,197,221,306 Net Advertising Revenue (NAR), 36, 278 Ministerial broadcasts, 153-4,316 Net Advertising Revenue After Levy Ministry of Defence, 109-10 (NARAL), 36, 50 Ministry of Information, 84 Network IIV, 15. 18,39-40,73,80,105, 106 Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Network Planning Committee (lTV), 73, 105 32, 58-9, 221, 224 Network Programme Committee (lTV), 67 Miss United Kingdom, 109 Network Programme Secretariat, 105, 106 Mr and Mrs, 83 New Faces, 82 Mr Trimble, 76 New Statesman, 135 Modern Painters, 104 New York Herald Tribune, 53 Monopoly New York International Film and Television BBC, 1,279 Festival, 263 broadcasting, 279 News at One, 74 sale of advertising time, 205 News at Ten, 10, 74, 76, 82, 104, III, 160. Montagu, David, 35, 36, 54 169. 194, 262 Montagu, Samuel, 49 News of the World, 49, 50, 124. 196 Monte Carlo International Television News programmes, 3, 10, 74-5, 78, 82, 104, Festival, 262 169, 262, 271 Montreux Television Festival, Golden Rose advertising breaks, 194; of, 263 amount and timing of bulletins. 104 Morecambe and Wise, 149 see also Independent Television News Morley, Peter, 280 Newspaper Society, The, 188 Morris, Rev. Dr. W. J., 309 Nias, D. K. B., 143,328 Morris-Jones, Professor Huw, 93, 309 Nicol, Andrew, 327 Morrison, Lord. 155, 193 Nixon, Richard, 122, 186 Morrison, Sara, 226. 228-9. 255, 303 Noble, Grant, 213 Mountbatten, Earl, 6, 98 Norden, Denis, 100, 263 Muggeridge. Malcolm, 145 Normanbrook, Lord, 89 Muir. Frank. 42 lTV contract area, Mlippet Show. The. 263 contract, 1968- . • 17 Murdoch, Rupert, 48-9, 50, 53 programme company, 15, 17 INDEX 347

transmitting stations, 183, 184 Persuasion, 78 see also Tyne Tees Television Phelan, Brian, 271 North East Scotland lTV contract area, Piccadilly Radio, 112 contract, 1968- ,17 Pilger, John, 117, 119-20,215 programme company, 15, 17, 184 Pilkington, Lord, 222 transmitting stations, 184 Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting, see also Grampian Television 1960,221 Northern Ireland broadcastin'g coverage, evidence to, 97, 137 115 Report (Cmnd 1753), 1962,221,253,322; Northern Ireland, lTV contract area, advertising, 200, 232, 236; audience contract, 1968- ,17 research, 211; criticism of the ITA, programme company, 15, 17 62,64; criticism of lTV, 2, 46, 224, transmitting stations, 185 228; extension of television channels, see also Ulster Television 279; programmes, 247 Place in the Country, A, 76 O'Brien, Sir Lucius, 310 Plaid Cymru, 156, 157, 163-7,299 Observer, The, 42, 49, 65 Plater, Alan, 271 O'Connell, David, 123 Plays, see Drama programmes Office of Fair Trading, 271 Plowden, Lady, as Chairman, IBA, 1975- Olivier, Sir Laurence, 106 80,3,90-1,93-4,148,152,174,267, O'Neill, Sir Con, 170 269,307 Open Broadcasting Authority proposal, 7, Plowden, Lord, 236 243,251,253,257,258,273,287 Plowright, David, 73 Open Secret, 41 Plowright, Joan, 106 , 250, 279, 284 Plummer, Baroness, 93,312 Opium Warlords, 107,263 Point in Time, A, 147 Oppenheim, Sally, 295 Poldark (BBC), 142 Opportunity Knocks, 82 Political broadcasting, 8, 153-75, 316-17, Oracle teletext system, 187-8, 270 318-19 Other Side of the Peso, The, 115 General Elections, 153 Our Show, 83 Ministerial broadcasts, 152-4, 160-2,316 Outside broadcasts, 11 party political broadcasts, 153-4, 157-61, Oxfam, 111 162-4,171,172-4,316-17 Referendum campaigns coverage: EEC PAL colour television system, 178, 187, 189 entry, 167-71, Devolution, 171-5 Packer, Kerry, 50 Pollock, John D., 226 Page, Sir Alec, 93, 312 Popham, Miss M. E., 310 Paine, Guy, 37, 44, 51 Population coverage, lTV companies, 16-17 Paine, Peter, 234 Portrayal of Violence on Television, The, 145 Panorama, 303 Post Office, 100, 279-80 Paradine Productions, 38 and hours of broadcasting, 70-1 Parkes, G. J., 226 engineering, 179 Parliamentary debates on broadcasting, Post Office Act 1969. 62 Annan Committee Report, 13, 116, Postmaster-General. 21. 42-3. 44. 56. 57. 255-6, 256-8; Select Committee on 62.89.89,91. 198.316 Nationalised Industries Report, 68-9 Potter, Jeremy, 234 Parry, Lord, 256 Poulson, John, 124, 131-6 Party election broadcasts, 156-7, 162, 164- Powell, Dilys, 310 7,171 Powell, Enoch, 122, 169 Party political broadcasts, 153-4, 157-61, Pre-school programmes, 76 162-4,171,172-4,316-17 Press shareholdings in lTV, 15, 252-3 Paulu, Burton, 325 Press Council, 105 Peacock, Michael, 16,36-7,40-2,43,44, Pressure groups, 41, 58, 125, 145, 147-8, 54,61 223-4, 240, 295, 296, 298-9, 299 Peacock Committee, 1986, 3, 228 Price Commission, 204 Pearl Assurance, 49 Prices and Incomes Board, 204 People and the Media, The, 228, 239, 258 Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, The, 83 Personal view documentary programmes, Prior, James, 133 118-19 Prix Italia, 149, 263, 272 348 INDEX

Prix Jeunesse, 263 Programmes Complaints Commission Prize winning programmes, 4, 76, 149,234, (BBC),245 275 Public Accounts Committee, 32, 57, 267 Problems, 150 Public service broadcasting, 3, 34, 101, 103, Professionals, The, 271 248,262 Programme companies, lTV Public's Right to Know, The, 121 companies, 15, 16-17 Publications, lTV, 98, 188 contracts,1968- ,4,16-17,18-19,34-5, Purssell, A. J. R., 93,313 37, 38, 39-40, 49-53, 230-1, 267; Pye Television, 186; Colour Awards, 187 applications, 34-5, 37, 38, 38-40; Pym, Francis, 159 requirements, 15, 39-40; share holdings, 49-53 Queen, HM, The, 12, 191 contracts, 182- ,72,91,94,274,305 Quiet Mutiny, The, 117 finance: advertising revenue, 2, 20, 265- Quiz programmes, 82 70,277-8; companies profits and losses, 38-40; corporation tax, 30; Rabinowitz, Harry, 42 diversification, 266-7; Exchequer Race Relations Act, II levy, 7, 20-33, 59,80,81-2,95,256, Radical Lawyer, 118 265, 284, 290 Radio services, commercial, 14 network, 15, 73; programme , 165 arrangements, 18,39-40, \05-6; Rainbow, 76 payments for programmes, 80 Rawlinson, Sir Peter, 127 programmes, 14, 28-9, 63, 66, 75, 232, Red Under The Bed, 113 261-5, 270-2; schedules, 28-9, 60, Rediffusion Television, see Associated 66,238 Rediffusion studios, 25, 188-9, 190 Rees, Merlyn, 257, 262, 288, 291, 306 see also under names of individual Regional or local programmes, 82-3, 99, 112 programme companies, e.g. Anglia Regions, lTV, 16-17 Television Reisz, Karel, 209 Programme contractors, see Programme Religion and broadcasting, 152 companies Religious broadcasting Programme Controllers Group, 78, \05, advisory councils and committees, 97, 104, 106-7,282 194 Programme journals, lTV, 165 Consultations, ITA/lTV, 100,213 Programme Policy Committee, 67, 73, 99, IBA responsibility, 97, 100 105, 114-15, 138, 141, 144, 147, 149, programmes, 72, 111; and advertising, 161,202 194,200-1; 'closed period' 72; Programme Schedule Committee (ITA), 105 epilogues, III Programmes, lTV, 14,28-9,63,66,75,232, Renwick, Sir Robert (later Lord Renwick), 261-5,270-2 16,45 advisory committees, 67,73,99, 105, 114- Report of the Committee on Broadcasting, 15, 138, 141, 144, 147, 149, 161,202 1960 (Cmnd 1753), see Pilkington balance in subject matter, 39-40, 118 Committee, Report censorship, 104-5, 115-16, 120, 133, 134, Report of the Committee on the Future of 141,150-1,199 Broadcasting (Cmnd 6753), see Annan code on programme standards and Committee, Report practice, 137, 265 Reports Action, 112 complaints, 61, 97, 149 Representation of the People Act, 153, 159 controls, 2, 60,61,63,66-7,103-23,238, Rice, Professor David Talbot, 308 264-5 Richard, Cliff, 145 family viewing time, 144-5, 149 Richman, Stella, 44, 50-1 foreign programmes quota, 74, 272 Ring, Professor James, 93, 214, 312 hours, 26, 70-83 passim, 268, 270, 314-15 Rise and Fall of John Poulson, The, 130-6 impartiality, 64, 112-13, 154, 173 Roberts, Wyn, 258 'mandated', 104, 129 Robertson, Lord, 174 networkingarrangemeftts, 18,3~, lOS-{; Robertson, Geoffrey, 327 schedules, 28-9, 39-40, 60 Robin's Nest, 271 see also individual programme categories, Robson, Tom, 95, 191 e.g. Drama programmes Rock Follies, 261 INDEX 349

Rook, Bryan, 95 Sex In Our Time, 150-1 Rothermere, Lord, IS Sex on television, 144, 146-51 Rothschild, Evelyn de, 36, 54 Sex Pistols, lSI Rowley, Christopher, 325 Sex, violence and the media, 143 Royal Variety Performance, 40, 204 Shades of Greene, 261 Royal occasions and broadcasting, 11-12 Sharp of Hornsey, Baroness, 93, 94, 134, Royal Television Society, 22, 43, 187, 189, 135-6,312 273, 295 Shaw, Colin, 94-5, 297, 304, 333 Rubin, Jerry, 122 Shawcross, Lord, 16, 126, 129 Russell, George, 93, 313 Shore, Peter, 167, 169 Russell, Ken, 209, 271 Short, Edward, 70, 89,157,159,170,306 Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C), 185, 186 SECAM colour television system, 178, 187, Siberry, J, W. M., 185,286 189 Silkin, John, 164 S4C, see Sianel Pedwar Cymru Sims, Professor, G, D., 226 St Nicholas Cantata, 263 Smith, Anthony, 58, 241, 254, 285, 287, 303, Saints Alive, III 335 Sale of the Century, 82, 83, 264 Smith, T. Dan, 131, 134 Sam, 78 Smith, Tan, 122 Sapper, Alan, 133 Soap operas on television, 3, 19, 108, 145, Satellite drama, 191, 273 208, 237, 250, 264, 275 Saturday Drama, 271 'Social Contract', 7 Saunders, Sir Owen, 92, 311 Social Democratic Party, 6, 156, 157 Scarman, Lord, 165 Socialist Worker, 134 Schlesinger, John, 209 Sofer, Anne, 303 Schools broadcasting, 15 Something to Say, 76 advisory councils and committees, 73, 104 Sound Broadcasting Act, 1972, 58, 62, 95 programmes, 15, 148 Sound of Music, The, 270 Scientists, The, 106 South African Experience, The, 114-15 Scotland, Central, lTV contract area, South Bank Show, The, 272 contract, 1968- ,15, 16 South of England TTV contract area programme company, 15, 16 contract, 1968- , 15, 17 transmitting stations, 179, 184 contract, 1982- , 274 see also Scottish Television programme company, IS, 17 Scotland, North-East, see North-East transmitting stations, 179, 184 Scotland see also Southern Television Scott, Hardiman, 172 South Riding, 78 Scottish National Party, 156 South-West England TTV contract area party political broadcasts, 156, 157, 163-6 contract, 1968- , 15, 17 Scottish Television programme company, 15, 17 company, 15, 16,50,60,234 transmitting stations, 184 contract, TTV, Central Scotland, 1968- see also Westward Television 15,16 , University of, 188 finance, 22-3, 27 Southern Television programmes, 83; documentaries, 109,275; company, 15, 17 local news and current affairs, 174 contract, TTV, South of England, 15, 17 transmittings stations, 179, 184 finance, 80 Secondary rentals, see Exchequer levy programmes, 29, 83,140; operas, 106, 107, Select Committee on Nationalised 271-2 Industries, 57, 58-69, 97, 134, 144-5, studios, 19, 190 205,206-7,223,253,267,283,322,323, transmitting stations, 184 324,330 Special Branch, 20 Selective Employment Tax, 36 Splendour Falls, The, 77 Sendall, Bernard, 47, 72, 94, 106, 107, Sponsored broadcasting, 104, 288 139, 140, 147,216 Sports and broadcasting Sense of Freedom, 275 national and international sporting events, Sesame Street, 76 101 76 Group, The, 223, 228 sponsorship, 109 Sex Discrimination Act, 11 Sports programmes, 83, 262 350 INDEX

Sportscene, 83 Tegai Hughes, Dr Glyn, 303 Sproat, lan, 114 Teledu Cymru, 302 Staff Teletext systems, 187-8, 270 ITA/IBA, 60, 63, 190, 191 Television Act, 1963,280 lTV companies, 25, 37, 39, 40, 42-4, 270 Television Act, 1964,21,40,49,59,61,62, representation, 19, 37, 43, 77, 70,127,128,132,154,177,198,212,221 115, 126, 133, 134, 150,268,295 Television Advisory Committee, 58, 67, 181, Standing Conference on Broadcasting, 223, 222-3 228,240 Television and Radio (IBA yearbook), 98 Standing Consultative Committee Television Audience Evaluation (ITA/lTV), 72, 73, 99, 172,233,280 (TAPE), 213 Standing Working Party on the Portrayal of Television Audience Measurement (TAM), Violence, 139-40 218 Stars Look Down, The, 78, 261 Television Consumer Audit, 217 Stars on Sunday, 108 Television Gallery (ITA/IBA), 98-9 Starsky and Hutch, 141 Television (Limitation of Advertising) Bill, State of the Nation, 29, 75, 107,262,264 193 Stedman, Baroness, 312 Television Opinion Panel (TOP), 212 Steel, David, 169 Television Programme Guidelines (IBA), Steele, Howard, 95, 188-9, 329 137 Stephens, Doreen, 42 Television receivers, 178, 179, 181, 188 Stokes, Sir Donald (later Lord Stokes), 36 Television Research Committee, 213-14 Stonehouse, John, 57, 71, 221, 306 Television Safeguards Committee, 74 Strauss Family, The, 65, 78 Television services Strikes in lTV, 6, II, 19, 37,133,156,171, and society, 1-14, passim, 56, 57, 60, 137 217,272-3 colour, 176, 178-80, 187, 189, 190 Subliminal advertising, 198 fourth television channel, 7, 33, 60, 67, 68, Substitute, The, 147 69,71,95,205,223,228,245,254, Summerson, T. H., 311 257,258,260,268,273; in Wales, Sun, The, 49, 205 185-6,286-7, 296, 299-302 Sunday and Monday in Silence, 75 frequency allocations, 59, 183, 279 Sunday Drama, 271 population coverage, 16-17 see also Sunday Mirror, 124 British Broadcasting Corporation, Sunday Night at the London Palladium, 19 television services; Independent Sunday Telegraph, 132, 134 Television Sunday Times, 42, 132, 134, 280 Television sets, see Television receivers Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Tempo, 262 Committee on Television and Social Tennant, Captain lain, 17 Behaviour (USA), 138 Tesler, Brian, 59, 60, 303 Survival, 76, 83 Tewson, Sir Vincent, 92, 311 Swann, Sir Michael, 4, 86, 219, ~69 Thames Television Swearing on television, 144-5, 147, 148, 152 company, 15, 16, 59; advertising sales, Sweeney, The, 140-1, 142,271 203, 204; and London Weekend Television, 46-8 TAM, see Television Audience contract, London weekday service, 1968- Measurement , 15, 16, 18 TUC, see Trades Union Congress programmes: awards, 263; adult TV-am, 50, 72 education, 76; current affairs, 114, TV4 Campaign, 224, 282 115; documentaries, 112, 114, 121, 7VTimes, 165 149, 150, 263; drama, 107, 149; TWW (Television Wales and West) pre-school, 76, 234, 263 company, 15, 18-19 staff, 16, 18, 115, 127 contract, Wales and the West of England, studios, 190 1968-, 18-19 Thames Valley Radio, 112 finance, 50 Thank You Ron, 75 Take Your Pick, 19 That Was The Week That Was (BBC), 121 Taylor of Gryfe, Lord, 256 Thatcher, Margaret, 7, 8, 11, 13, 163,229, Taylor, Elizabeth, 19 295,306 Taylor, Teddy, 173 There'll Almost Always Be An England, 148 INDEX 351

This Week, 75, 104, 106, 111, 113. 114, 115- VHF 405·1ine television, 178, 180, 181, 182, 16, 119. 169, 237. 303 184,189 Thomas, Ben Bowen. 93. 309 Video recording, 15, 60, 191 Thomas, Gwyn Ward, 16, 48, 70 Violence on television, 137-44, 196,213- Thomas, Howard, 15, 18, 59, 60. 73 14 Thompson, John, 95 Code on. 137, 139-40, 143-4 Thomson of Monifieth, Lord, as Chairman. 'Warning Symbol', 140 IBA, 1981-88,91,206,275.308 Violent Summer, 149 Thomson, Roy (later Lord Thomson of Fleet), 23, 50 WWN, see Wales (West and North) Thorneycroft. Lord, 173-4 Wales, fourth television channel, 185-6,296, Thorneycroft, G. B., 310 299-302 3·2·1,271 Wales and the West of England lTV contract Till Death Do Us Part, (BBC), 149 area. Time for Business, 83 contract, 1968- , 15, 16 Time There Was, A, 272 programme companies, 15, 16, 18-19 Times, The, 3, 9, 42, 43, 51,65,78, 136, 161, transmitting stations, 184 232, 276, 283 see also Harlech Television; TWW Tiswas, 108 Wales (West and North) (WWN) Today at Six, 236 company, 302 Tonight, 283 contract, 1962-4, 302 Townshend of Raynham, Lord, 17, Warhol, 98, 124-30 129 Warhol, Andy, 124 Trades Descriptions Act, 197 Warnock, Mary, 93, 94, 97, 245, 312 Trades Union Congress, 167 We Have Ways of Making You Laugh, Trades unions in lTV, 19,37,43,77, 115, 37 126, 133, 134, 150,268, 295 Wedell, George, 71, 325 Transmitting stations, lTV, 179-85 Weekend World, 9, 10,29,75, 122-3, 141, Treasury, 20, 21, 26, 30, 32,258,290,291, 169, 174, 262 295,305 Weinstock, Arnold (later Lord Weinstock), Trethowan, Ian, 3 36,37,49 Trevelyan, Dennis, 100 Welles, Orson, 210 Trevor, William, 271 Welsh Fourth Channel Authority, 302 'Trial by television', 121, 132 Welsh language programmes, 23, 72, 184, Trident Television, 22, 48, 183 185,296,302 Trodd, Kenith, 42 Welsh National Party, see Plaid Cymru Tunstall, Jeremy, 250 Weltman, Joseph, 95, \06, 141 Twiss, Lady, 145 Westward Television Tyne Tees Television company, 15, 17,59,234 company, 15, 17, 131; and Yorkshire contract, lTV, South West England, 1968- Television, 22, 48 , 15, 17 contract, lTV, North·East England, 1968- finance, 80 ,15,17 programmes: adult education, 77 programmes: current affairs, 169; local, transmitting stations, 184 236 Wheldon, Huw, 72 transmitting stations, 183, 184 Whicker, Alan, 199 Whicker's World, 199-200 UHF 625·line television, 178-9, passim Whitaker, Ben, 39, 40 Ulster Television Whitby, Joy, 42, 303 company, 15, 17, 110,234,262 White Papers on broadcasting contract, lTV, Northern Ireland, 1968- 1962 (Cmnd 1770),279 15,17 1962 (Cmnd 1893),279 finance, 80 1966 (Cmnd 3169), 279 studios, 189 1978 (Cmnd 7294), 186,258-60,265,269, United States of America 275,291 broadcasting, 159, 193 Whitehead, Phillip, 61, 223, 226, 228, 240, University Challenge, 82 254,255,257-8,287, 322, 332 Upstairs, Downstairs, \1,78,200,236,261, Whitelaw, William, 100,205,257,260,273, 263,289 288, 294, 295-6, 306 352 INDEX Whitehouse, Mary, 13, 125, 140, 145, 147, Yates, Michael, 42 148, 240, 245, 246 Year Zero, 111 Whitney, John, 86 Yesterday's Men, 8 Why Defence?, 109 Yorkshire lTV contract area Williams, Shirley, 167, 258 contract, 1968- ,15, 16 Williamson of Eccleston, Lord, 311 programme company, 15, 16, 18, 22, 48 Willis, Ted (later Lord Willis), 13, 143, transmitting stations, 178, 179, 180, 182-3 255 see also Yorkshire Television Willow Cabins, 261 Yorkshire Television Wills, Sir John Spencer, 15 company, IS, 16, 18, 112; and Tyne Tees Wilson, David, 16, 70 Television, 22, 48 Wilson, Harold, 7, 8, 57, 89, 156, 160, 161, contract, lTV, Yorkshire, 1968- ,15,16, 163, 222, 224-5, 306, 326 18, 19 Windlesham, Lord, 17, 219, 234, 256, 276, finance, 18,21,27 304,335 programmes, 29, 134; documentaries, 75, Winstanley, Lord, 112 107,262,263; drama, 76, 107; local, Wireless Telegraphy Act, 59 82-3, 108, 110; pre-school, 76 Woodfield, Philip, 291 studios, 190 Woodhouse, Peter, 199,330 transmitting stations, 178, 179, 180 Workers Revolutionary Party, 157 Young, Brian (later Sir Brian), as Director World at War, 29, 31,75, 195, 236, 262, General, ITA/IBA, 1970-82, and the 303 Annan Committee, 253; attitude to the , 75, 104, 116-17, 119, 131, portrayal of sex on television, 148, 151; 237, 261 character, 86-8; on the fourth television World of Sport, 37, 104 channel, 281, 299, 304; on IBA Worsley, Sir Marcus, 226, 228 engineering, 191; and London Weekend Worsley, T. c., 43 Television, 48, 51; party political Writers' Guild of Great Britain, 255 broadcasts, 156, 159, 162, 170; on the Wyatt, Woodrow, 113 Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, 65, 334; and Warhol, 135 XYY Man, The, 142 Yr Wythnos, 169