sign in sign up
<<
Home , 1 News, Associated TeleVision, Breakfast television, Brian Tesler, Broadcasting Act 1980, Broadcasting Act 1981

Appendix A: Non-Executive Directors of 1981–92

The Rt. Hon. Edmund Dell (Chairman 1981–87) Sir (Deputy Chairman 1981–86) (Director 1987) (Chairman 1988–91) George Russell (Deputy Chairman 1 Jan 1987–88) Sir Brian Bailey (1 July 1985–89) (Deputy Chairman 1990) Sir Michael Bishop CBE (Deputy Chairman 1991) (Chairman 1992–) (Deputy Chairman 1992–) Lord Blake (1 Sept 1983–87) William Brown (1981–85) Carmen Callil (1 July 1985–90) Jennifer d’Abo (1 April 1986–87) Richard Dunn (1 Jan 1989–90) (11 April 1988–90) Paul Fox (1 July 1985–87) James Gatward (1 July 1984–89) John Gau (1 July 1984–88) (1981–85) Bert Hardy (1992–) Dr Glyn Tegai Hughes (1983–86) Eleri Wynne Jones (22 Jan 1987–90) Anne Lapping (1 Jan 1989–) Mary McAleese (1992–) David McCall (1981–85) John McGrath (1990–) The Hon. Mrs Sara Morrison (1983–85) Sir David Nicholas CBE (1992–) Anthony Pragnell (1 July 1983–88) Usha Prashar (1991–) Peter Rogers (1982–91) Michael Scott (1 July 1984–87) Anthony Smith (1981–84) Anne Sofer (1981–84) (1981–85) Professor David Vines (1 Jan 1987–91) Joy Whitby (1981–84)

435 Appendix B: Channel 4 Major Programme Awards 1983–92

British Academy of Film and Arts (BAFTA)

1983: The Snowman – Best Children’s Programme – Drama 1984: Another Audience With Dame Edna – Best Light Entertainment 1987: Channel 4 – Best News or Outside Broadcast Coverage 1987: The Lowest of the Low – Special Award for Foreign Documentary 1987: Network 7 – Special Award for Originality 1987: The Sacrifice – Best Foreign Language Film 1987: Wish You Were Here – Best Original Screenplay 1988: The Storyteller: Hans my Hedgehog – Best Children’s Programme, Entertainment and Drama 1988: Tanner ’88 – Best Foreign TV Programme 1988: A Very British Coup – Best Drama Series 1989: – Best News or Outside Broadcast Coverage 1989: Traffik – Best Drama Series 1991: Channel 4 News – Best News or Outside Broadcast Coverage 1991: Whose Line Is It Anyway? – Best Light Entertainment Programme 1992: J’Accuse – Citizen Kane – Award For Best Arts Progrmme 1992: Jim Henson’s Greek Myths – Best Children’s Programme, Fiction 1992: ’ Big Night Out – Special Award for Originality

Royal Television Society (RTS)

1984: The Skin Horse – Original Programme Award 1986: Maids and Madams – Current Affairs, International 1986: – Judges’ Award 1986: Max Headroom – Original Programme Award 1987: Channel 4 News – King’s Cross Fire – Home News Award 1987: Channel 4 News – Zeebrugge Disaster – Best News and Outside Broadcast Coverage 1987: Dispatches – Aids: The Unheard Voices – Current Affairs, Journalism International 1988: Aids : The Quest for Control – Adult Continuing Education Award 1988: Channel 4 News – The Bush Tapes – News, Topical Feature Award 1988: Shoah – Special Commendation 1988: V – Original Programme Award 1989: The Carers: Moving Out – Adult Continuing Education Award 1989: The Comic Strip Presents … The Strike – Best Situation Comedy 1989: Hard News – Journalism, Topical Feature Award 1989: The Secret Life Of … The Washing Machine – Education Awards, Special Commendation 1989: A Very British Coup – Best Drama Serial 1990: Nobody Here But Us Chickens – Best Single Drama

436 Appendix B 437

1990: Whose Line Is It Anyway? – Best Light Entertainment 1991: Channel 4 News: Iraqi Weapons Link – Journalism, Topical Feature Award 1991: Cutting Edge: Island of Outcasts – Journalism, Best International Current Affairs 1991: Hello, Do You Hear Us? – Best Documentary Series 1991: Poetry In Motion: John Betjeman – Adult Education, Continuing Studies Award 1992: As It Happens – Moscow New Year – Best Outside Broadcast 1992: Channel 4 News – Orkney Satanic Abuse – Home News Award 1992: Channel 4 News – The Secret City – News Topical Feature Award 1992: Secret History – Best Documentary Series 1992: Vic Reeves’ Big Night Out – Best Entertainment Programme 1992: True Stories – The Leader, His Driver And The Driver’s Wife – Best Single Documentary

The Golden Rose of Montreux (Light Entertainment)

1988: The Comic Strip Presents … The Strike – Golden Rose and The Press Prize 1990: Norbert Smith – A Life – Silver Rose 1992: Whose Line Is It Anyway? – Bronze Rose 1992: S&M – Special Mention

Prix Italia

1984: The Tragedy of Carmen – Music Award 1986: Maids and Madams – Documentary 1987: Behind the Mask: Perspectives on the Music of Harrison Birtwistle – Regione Veneto Prize 1988: The Good Father – Fiction 1989: Arctic Tragedy – Ecology Prize 1990: Una Stravaganza Dei Medici – Arts, Special Prize 1991: A TV Dante: Cantos 3 & 4 – Special Prize

Film Festivals

1984: Almonds and Raisins – Berlin – Certificate of Merit 1984: Laughterhouse – Venice – Joint Winner TV 1984: Voyage to Cythera – Cannes – International Critics Prize 1985: Vagabonde – Venice – Golden Lion 1986: Caravaggio – Berlin – Silver Bear 1986: The Sacrifice – Cannes – International Critics Prize 1987: Wish You Were Here – Cannes – International Critics Prize 1987: Channel 4 Television – Cannes – Roberto Rossellini Award for ‘contribution to the progress of cinema in the past year’ 1988: The Debt – Berlin – Silver Bear 1988: Distant Voices, Still Lives – Cannes – International Critics Prize 1988: High Hopes – Venice – Critics Award (shared) 1991: Riff Raff – Cannes – Critics Prize 1991: Riff Raff – Berlin – European Film of the Year 1992: The Best Intentions – Cannes – Palme d’Or [: Channel 4 Annual Reports] Appendix C: Channel 4 – The Commissioning Structure

438 Bibliography

1. Government and Parliamentary publications (a) Acts of Parliament (b) Government White Papers (c) Government Committee of Inquiry and Working Party Reports (d) Parliamentary Select Committee Reports (e) Advisory Committee Reports (f) Government Departmental Reports and Studies (g) Licences to broadcast granted to the IBA/ITC (h) European Directives and Convention

2. Independent Broadcasting Authority/Independent Television Commission

3. Channel 4 (a) Fourth television channel (b) Channel 4

4. Breakfast-time television (a) General breakfast-time television (b) TV-am

5.

6. Satellite television (a) General satellite broadcasting (b) British Satellite Broadcasting – BSB (c) British Broadcasting – BSkyB

7. Personalities: Biographies, autobiographies and memoirs

8. Additions to Volume 5 bibliography

This bibliography for Volume 6 of Independent Television in Britain contains a list of publications published in (or covering) the period 1981 to 1992. However, due to pressure of space, this will only cover selected government and parliamentary publications, together with books specifically on those topics covered by this volume – IBA/ITC, Channel 4, breakfast-time television, cable television, satellite television, biographical works on the broadcasters and politicians involved, and a few important works related to the coverage of Volume 5 that have been published since its publication. Readers are otherwise recommended to refer back to the full bibliography in Volume 5 for books on broadcasting and society, the television industry, the political background, regulation, ITV and its companies, advertising, broadcasting research, and programmes. Books specifically and solely about the BBC are not included. They can be found listed in British broadcasting 1922–1982: a selected bibliography (: BBC Data Publications, 1983), and The in the , by Asa Briggs (Vols 1–5. : Oxford University Press, 1961–95).

439 440 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

1. Government and Parliamentary Publications

(Listed in chronological order in each section)

(a) Acts of Parliament

Broadcasting Act 1980. . (Consolidating Act) Cable and Broadcasting Act 1984. Telecommunications Act 1984. Video Recordings Act 1984. Broadcasting Act 1987. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. .

(b) Government White Papers

HOME OFFICE. Broadcasting. (Cmnd 7294) London: HMSO, 1978. HOME OFFICE and WELSH OFFICE. Second report from the Committee on Welsh Affairs, Session 1980–81. Broadcasting in the Welsh language and the implications for Welsh and non-Welsh language speaking viewers and listeners. Observations by the Secretary of State for the Home Department and the Secretary of State for … (Cmnd 8649) London: HMSO, 1982. HOME OFFICE and DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY. The development of cable systems and services. (Cmnd 8866) London: HMSO, 1983. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Film policy. (Cmnd 9319) London: HMSO, 1984. HOME OFFICE. Broadcasting in the ’90s: competition, choice and quality. The Government’s plans for broadcasting legislation. (Cm 517) London: HMSO, 1988. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Competition and choice: telecommunications policy for the 1990s. (Cm 1461) London: HMSO, 1991.

(c) Government Committee of Inquiry and Working Party Reports

Report of the Committee on Broadcasting, 1960. (Chairman: Sir Harry Pilkington) (Cmnd 1753) London: HMSO, 1962. Report of the Committee on Broadcasting Coverage. (Chairman: Sir Stewart Crawford) (Cmnd 5774) London: HMSO, 1974. Report of the Working Party on a Fourth Television Service in Wales. (Chairman: J.W.N. Siberry) (Cmnd 6209) London: HMSO, 1975. Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting. (Chairman: Lord Annan) (Cmnd 6753) London: HMSO, 1977. Report of the Working Party on the Welsh Television Fourth Channel Project. (Chairman: D.J. Trevelyan, later Mrs S. Littler) London: HMSO, 1978. Report of the Inquiry into Cable Expansion and Broadcasting Policy. (Chairman: Lord Hunt of Tanworth) (Cmnd 8679) London: HMSO, 1982. Report of the Committee on Financing the BBC. (Chairman: Professor Alan Peacock) (Cmnd 9824) London: HMSO, 1986. Enquiry into Standards of Cross Media Promotion. Report to the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. (Chairman: John Sadler) (Cm 1436) London: HMSO, 1991. Bibliography 441

(d) Parliamentary Select Committee Reports

HOUSE OF COMMONS. Second report from the Committee on Welsh Affairs, together with proceedings of the Committee thereon, the minutes of evidence and appendices. Broadcasting in the Welsh language and the implications for Welsh and non-Welsh speaking viewers and listeners. (Session 1980–81: HC 448--II) London: HMSO, 1981. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Fourth report from the Select Committee on European Legislation, together with the proceedings of the Committee. (EC Green Paper: Television without frontiers) (Session 1984–85: HC 5-iv) London: HMSO, 1984. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Thirtieth report from the Select Committee on European Legislation, together with the proceedings of the Committee. (Session 1984–85: HC 5-xxx) (Transmission standards for Direct Broadcasting via Satellite) London: HMSO, 1985. . Select Committee on the European Communities. Fourth report. Television without frontiers. With evidence. (Session 1985–86: HL 43) London: HMSO, 1985. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Fifteenth report from the Select Committee on European Legislation, together with the proceedings of the Committee. (Transmission standards for Direct Broadcasting via Satellite) (Sessions 1985–86: HC 21-xv) London: HMSO, 1986. HOUSE OF LORDS. Select Committee on the European Communities. Fourth Report. European broadcasting. (EC draft Directive on broadcasting (6739/86 COR 1 COM (86) 146) (Session 1986–87: HL 67) London: HMSO, 1987. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Home Affairs Committee. Third report. The future of broadcasting. (Session 1987–88: HC 262-I, HC 262-II) London: HMSO, 1988. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Select Committee on European Legislation. Seventeenth report, together with the proceedings of the Committee on 5 April 1989. (Draft EC Directive on broadcasting (5574/88 COM (88) 554)) (Session 1988–89: HC 15-xvii) London: HMSO, 1989. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Select Committee on European Legislation. Twenty-first report, together with proceedings of the Committee on 10 May 1989. (Session 1988–89: HC 15 xxi) London: HMSO, 1989. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Select Committee on European Legislation. Twenty-fourth report, together with the proceedings of the Committee on 7 June 1989. (Session 1988–89: HC 15 - xxiv) London: HMSO, 1989. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Home Affairs Committee. Second Report. The financing of Channel 4. (Session 1988–89: HC 185) London: HMSO, 1989.

(e) Advisory Committee Reports

CABINET OFFICE: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY PANEL. Report on cable systems. London: HMSO, 1982. HOME OFFICE. Independent Review of the Radio Spectrum (30–960 MHz). Interim report. The future use of the television bands I and III. (Chairman: Dr J.H.H. Merriman) (Cmnd 8666) London: HMSO, 1982. HOME OFFICE and DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY. Direct Broadcasting by Satellite. Report of the Advisory Panel on Technical Transmission Standards. (Chairman: Sir Antony Part) (Cmnd 8751) London: HMSO, 1982.

(f) Government Departmental Reports and Studies

HOME OFFICE. Direct Broadcasting by Satellite. London: HMSO, 1981. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Deregulation of the radio spectrum in the UK. (CSP International) London: HMSO, 1987. 442 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

HOME OFFICE. Subscription television: a study for the Home Office. London: HMSO, 1987. HOME OFFICE and DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Options for privatising the and radio transmission networks. (Price Waterhouse) London: HMSO, 1989. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Competition and choice: telecommunications policy for the 1990’s: a consultative document. (Cm 133) London: HMSO, 1990.

(g) Licences to broadcast granted to the IBA/ITC

Terms Licence 1979–81 Broadcasting. (Cmnd 7616) London: HMSO, 1979. 1982–96 Broadcasting. (Cmnd 8467) London: HMSO, 1982.

(h) European Directives and Convention

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Television without frontiers. Green paper on the establishment of the Common Market for broadcasting, especially by satellite and cable. (COM (84) 300 Final). : The Commission, 1984. COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Council Directive of 3 October 1989 on the co-ordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of activities. (89/552/EEC). Official Journal. L298, 17 October 1989. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. European Convention on transfrontier television. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1989. COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Directive on the co-ordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission. (93/ 83/ EEC) Brussels: The Commission, 1993.

2. Independent Broadcasting Authority/Independent Television Commission

BONNER, Paul, with ASTON, Lesley. Independent Television in Britain. Volume 5: ITV and IBA, 1981–92: The old relationship changes. London: Macmillan, 1998. xviii, 542pp. BRIGGS, Asa, and SPICER, Joanna. The franchise affair: creating fortunes and failures in Independent Television. London: Century Hutchinson, 1986. 226pp. COOPERS & LYBRAND. Licensing approach to broadcasting regulation in the 1990s. London: Coopers & Lybrand, 1988. 38pp. COOPERS & LYBRAND. Regulatory functions of an Independent Television Commission. London: Coopers & Lybrand, n.d. 23pp. DAVIDSON, Andrew. Under the hammer: the inside of the 1991 ITV franchise battle. London: Heinemann, 1992. xvi, 318pp. INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. A portrait of the IBA, by J. Mallory Wober. London: IBA, 1983. 15pp. (IBA Audience Research Department special report) POTTER, Jeremy. Independent Television in Britain. Volume 3: Politics and control, 1968–80. London: Macmillan, 1989. ix, 352pp. POTTER, Jeremy. Independent Television in Britain. Volume 4: Companies and programmes, 1968–80. London: Macmillan, 1990. xi, 428pp. SENDALL, Bernard. Independent Television in Britain. Volume 1: Origin and foundation, 1946–62. London: Macmillan, 1982. xviii, 418pp. Bibliography 443

SENDALL, Bernard. Independent Television in Britain. Volume 2: Expansion and change, 1958–68. London: Macmillan, 1983. xvii, 429pp. VELJANOVSKI, Cento, ed. Regulators and the market: an assessment of the growth of regulation in the UK. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1991. xi, 243pp.

A full account of the activities and finances of the IBA, then the ITC appears each year in the IBA annual report and accounts (1955–90), and the ITC annual report and accounts (1991–). Summaries of the Annual Performance Reviews of the , Channel 4, and Teletext services conducted by the ITC appear in the ITC annual report and accounts. Publications of the IBA were listed in the IBA annual report and accounts, the IBA’s yearbook Television and radio (1963–88), and IBA factfile (1988–89, 1989–90); those of the ITC are listed in ITC factfile (1991–).

A selection of IBA and ITC publications for the period are listed below.

(a) Independent Broadcasting Authority

Additional payments by programme contractors: statement of principles under the Broadcasting Act 1981. London: IBA, various editions. Airwaves. Quarterly. London: IBA, 1984–90. Attitudes to broadcasting London: ITA/IBA, 1970–91. (formerly Attitudes to television) Attitudes to broadcasting over the years, by Barrie Gunter and Michael Svennevig. London: John Libbey, 1988. 77pp. (Television research monograph) Broadcasting in the ’90s: competition, choice and quality. The IBA’s response to the White Paper. London: IBA, 1989. 68pp. Deregulation of TV in the UK: the public’s view, by Michael Svennevig. London: IBA, 1989. 18pp. (IBA Research) Evidence to the Inquiry into Cable Expansion and Broadcasting. London: IBA, 1982. 15pp. IBA code of advertising standards and practice. London: ITA/IBA, 1964–90. (Regular revisions and reprints) IBA code of teletext transmissions. London: IBA, 1984. IBA evidence to the Committee on Financing the BBC. London: IBA, 1985. 44pp. IBA Technical Review. Issues 1–24. Court, : IBA, 1972–88. Independent Broadcasting. Quarterly. London: IBA, 1974–84. Independent Television in the 1990s. London: IBA, 1988. 51pp. Independent Television now – and in the ’90s. London: IBA, 1988. 15pp. Television and radio. (formerly ITV) Annual. London: IBA, 1963–88. Television programme guidelines. London: IBA, 1978–90. (Regular revisions and reprints) TV Take-up. London: IBA. (Regular booklets giving advance information on learning resources for adults on ITV and Channel 4)

(b) Independent Television Commission

Factfile. Annual. London: 1991–. Invitation to apply for the national Channel 3 breakfast-time licence. London: ITC, 1991. 75pp. Invitation to apply for regional Channel 3 licences. London: ITC, 1991. 100pp. The ITC code of advertising standards and practice. London: ITC, 1991–. (Regular revisions and reprints) The ITC code of programme sponsorship. London: ITC, 1991–. (Regular revisions and reprints) The ITC programme code. London: ITC, 1991–. (Regular revisions and reprints) 444 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

ITC rules on advertising breaks. London: ITC, 1992–. (Regular revisions and reprints) Memorandum to the National Heritage Select Committee on the operation of the Broadcasting Act 1990. London: ITC, 1993. Qualifying revenue: statement of principles under the Broadcasting Act 1990. 1st edition. London: ITC, 1993. Spectrum. Quarterly. London: ITC, 1991–97. Television: the public’s view. Annual. London: John Libbey, 1992–4; London: ITC, 1995– (formerly Attitudes to television, then Attitudes to broadcasting London: IBA, 1970–90) Television across the years: the public’s view, by Michael Svennevig. London: University of Press, 1998.

3. Channel 4

(a) Fourth television channel

ASSOCIATION OF CINEMATOGRAPH, TELEVISION AND ALLIED TECHNICIANS. Television in Wales: the fifth channel solution: a policy document on the future of television in Wales. : ACTT HTV Shop, 1973. 29pp. HENRY, Harry. The commercial implications of a second (and complementary) Independent Television channel. London: Admap Publications, 1979. 28pp. INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. The fourth channel: production facilities: an edited summary of a Consultation held at the IBA, 20th May 1980. London: IBA, 1980. 40pp. INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. The fourth channel: the Authority’s proposals. in INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. Annual report and accounts, 1979–80. London: IBA, 1980. INDEPENDENT TELEVISION AUTHORITY. ITV2: a submission to the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications by Television Authority. London: ITA, 1971. 24pp. INDEPENDENT TELEVISION COMPANIES ASSOCIATION. A fair deal for broadcasting: the case for ITV2. London: ITCA, 1978. n.p. TV4 CAMPAIGN. Opportunities for the fourth channel: a memorandum on TV4. London: TV4 Campaign, 1971. 18pp. WILLIAMS, Gwyn Alfred. When was Wales? London: BBC, 1979. 23pp. (Annual radio lectures, British Broadcasting , Welsh Region)

(b) Channel 4

BIRMINGHAM FILM WORKSHOP. Four on 4: transcriptions from Four Open Forums on the new television channel. : Arts, 1982. 90pp. BLANCHARD, Simon, and MORLEY, David, (eds). What’s this Channel Fo(u)r?: an alternative report. London: Comedia, 1982. 186pp. BOW GROUP. Safety net or stranglehold? The impact of Channel 4’s funding formula. London: Bow Publications, 1994. 5pp. BROADCAST. Ten years of Channel 4. London: International Thomson, 1992. 50pp. CATTERELL, Peter, (ed.). The making of Channel 4. London: Frank Cass, 1999. 172pp. CHANNEL FOUR TELEVISION. Annual report and accounts, 1982–. London: Channel Four Television, 1983–. CHANNEL FOUR TELEVISION. A review of educational programming 1990. London: Channel Four, 1990. Bibliography 445

CHANNEL FOUR TELEVISION. The Channel Four funding formula – the case for abolition. London: Channel Four, 1994. 14pp. DOCHERTY, David, MORRISON, David M., and TRACEY, Michael. Keeping faith?: Channel Four and its audience. London: John Libbey, 1988. 184pp. INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. Channel 4: the audience’s response, by Jacob Wakshlag. London: IBA, 1985. 54pp. (IBA Research Department) INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. Why we broadcast ‘V’: a case study on how the IBA made its decision, and how the public responded. London: IBA, 1988. 23pp. (IBA Research Department) ISAACS, Jeremy. Storm over 4: a personal account. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989. viii, 215pp. KUSTOW, Michael. One in Four: a year in the life of a Channel Four Commissioning Editor. London: Chatto & Windus, 1987. viii, 248pp. LAMBERT, Stephen. Channel Four: television with a difference. London: , 1982. vi, 178pp. LAMBIE-NAIRN, Martin. Brand Identity for Television, with knobs on. London: Phaidon, 1997. 240pp. McPHILEMY, Sean. The Committee, political assassination in . Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, 1998. 418pp. NATIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH ASSOCIATES. The options for Channel 4: a report prepared by NERA for Channel 4. London: NERA, 1989. 118pp. PYM, John. Film on Four 1982–1991: a survey. London: British Film Institute, 1992. 224pp. REDMOND, Phil. Brookside: the official companion. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. 114pp. SARGANT, Naomi. Learners and television: the next ten years. London: Royal Society of Arts, 1987. SARGANT, Naomi. Adult learners, broadcasting and Channel 4. London: BBS for Channel Four, 1992. TIBBALLS, Geoff. Brookside: the first ten years. London: Boxtree, 1992. 128pp. VELJANOVSKI, Cento. Privatisation of Channel 4. London: European Media Forum-Case Associates, 1997. 40pp.

4. Breakfast-time television

(a) General breakfast-time television

INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. An audience for , by Barrie Gunter. London: IBA, 1984. 32pp. (IBA Research Department research paper) INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. The audience and , by Barrie Gunter. London: IBA, 1984. 17pp. (IBA Research Department research paper) INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. Viewers’ reactions to breakfast television, by Barrie Gunter. London: IBA, 1985. 94pp. (IBA Research Department research paper)

(b) TV-am

INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. The audience for TV-am, by Barrie Gunter. London: IBA, 1986. iii, 51pp. (IBA Research Department) LEAPMAN, Michael. Treachery?: the power struggle at TV-am. London: Allen & Unwin, 1984. xi, 211pp. 446 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

5. Cable television

BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION. The cable debate: the BBC’s response to the Hunt report. London: BBC, 1982. 43pp. BURKITT, Alan. Cable and satellite TV. London: W.H. Allen, 1986. 154pp. CABLE AUTHORITY. Annual report and accounts, 1984–90. London: Cable Authority, 1985–91. CABLE TELEVISION ASSOCIATION. The guide to UK cable television. London: CTA, 1991. CABLE TELEVISION ASSOCIATION. The case for cable. London: CTA, 1993. 21pp. CHANNEL 40. Channel 40: community access cable television in Milton Keynes. Milton Keynes: Channel 40, 1976. CROLL, Paul, and HUSBAND, Charles. Communication and community: a study of the community television experiment. : Centre for Mass Communication Research, University of Leicester. 1975. 49pp. CSE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP. Hunt on cable: chaos or coherence? London: Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom, 1982. 76pp. DUNN, Richard. Swindon Viewpoint: a community television service. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1977. 34pp. GOODHART, Philip. Pay cable: the television revolution that is coming to Great Britain. London: Bow Publications, 1982. 21pp. (A Bow Group paper) ECONOMIC POLICY GROUP. Cabling in Britain. London: GLC, 1982. 119pp. HALLORAN, James D. The development of cable television in the United Kingdom: problems and possibilities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1975. HOLLINS, Timothy. Beyond broadcasting: into the cable age. London: British Film Institute, 1984. 385pp. HOWKINS, John. New technologies, new policies? London: British Film Institute, 1982. 74pp. HUNT OF TANWORTH, Lord. Cable and the individual – menace or opportunity? in The Granada Guildhall Lectures: 1982: The liberty of the citizen. London: Granada, 1983. 93pp. HUTCHINSON, Robert. Cable, DBS and the arts. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1984. 104pp. INDEPENDENT BROADCASTING AUTHORITY. The cable broadcasting debate: more channels – more choice? Implications of the proposals of the Hunt Inquiry: the views of the Independent Broadcasting Authority. London: IBA, 1982. 8pp. LEWIS, Peter M. Knowle West and Channel TV: a study in community programming on a cable television network. (CCC/DC (75) 35) Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1975. 26pp. LEWIS, Peter M. Bristol Channel and community television. London: Independent Broadcasting Authority, 1976. (IBA Fellowship report) LEWIS, Peter M. Community television and cable in Britain. London: British Film Institute, 1978. 83pp. LEWIS, Peter M., (ed.). Media for people in cities: a study of community media in the urban context. (COM.84/ WS-7) : Unesco, 1984. vii, 239pp. NATIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH ASSOCIATES. Can cabling Britain be profitable? London: NERA, 1983. 49pp. NIGG, , and WADE, Graham. Community media. Community communication in the UK: video, local TV, film and photography. Zurich: Regenbogen-Verlag, 1980. 269pp. PROGRAMME ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (PICT). Cable systems and the geography of UK telecommunications, by James Cornford and Andrew Gillespie. London: Economic and Social Research Centre, 1992. 37pp. (PICT policy research paper, 21) Bibliography 447

RAVAT, Raymond. Cable: political options and socio-cultural implications in France, Great Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1975. (CCC/DC (75)27) 53pp. REDIFFUSION . Cablevision: the Bristol experiment. London: Rediffusion, 1974. 66pp. RUSHTON, Dave. Noisy channels: a local government report on cable, the local economy and local television. : Institute of Local Television, 1990. RUSHTON, Dave (ed.). Citizen television: a local dimension to public service broadcasting. London: John Libbey, 1993. xviii, 232pp. (ILT Research Monograph 1989–1993) RUSHTON, Dave. Local television reviewed: essays on local television 1982–1993. Edinburgh: Institute of Local Television, 1994. 64pp. STANDING CONFERENCE ON BROADCASTING (SCOB). Cable: an examination of the social and political implications of cable TV. Report of a conference held at the Festival Hall, London November 1973. London: SCOB, 1973. SWINDON VIEWPOINT/ EMI. Swindon Viewpoint: an experiment in community television. Swindon: Swindon Viewpoint, 1975. THOMPSON, Vincent (ed.). Education and social action programming for cable: papers from a Seminar held at the Polytechnic of the South Bank, 8 December 1983. London: Council For Educational Technology, 1984. 49pp. VELJANOVSKI, Cento. Regulatory options for cable TV in the UK. London: Butterworth, 1984. VELJANOVSKI, Cento. Cable and satellite – the market for programmes. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1987. 37pp. (Discussion paper series: 176) VELJANOVSKI, Cento, and BISHOP, W.D. Choice by cable: the economics of a new era in television. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1983. 120pp. (Hobart Paper: 96) WILSON, Roger. Local television: finding a voice. Church Stretton, Shropshire: Dragonflair, 1994. 175pp. WILSON, Roger. Our TV: the local alternative. Church Stretton, Shropshire: Dragonflair, 1994. YOUNG, Ian. Local access television in Milton Keynes – Channel 40. London: Communications Studies & Planning, 1978. 53pp.

6. Satellite television

(a) General satellite broadcasting

BLUMLER, Jay G., and NOSSITER, T.J. Broadcasting finance in transition. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. vi, 443pp. CLARKE, Neville, and RIDDELL, Edwin. The sky barons. London: Methuen, 1992. 246pp. COLLINS, Richard. Satellite television in Western Europe. Rev. edn. London: John Libbey, 1992. 129pp. (Academia Research Monograph: 1) EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR THE MEDIA. Events and issues relevant competition in satellite television between British Satellite Broadcasting and News International. : EIM, 1989. 101pp. (Research programme on multi-media concentration and the free flow of information: case study No. 1) HOLDEN, Windsor. ‘The history of the development of British satellite broadcasting policy, 1977–1992’. 308pp. (Thesis for a PhD at the Institute of Communications Studies, University of , July 1998) NEGRINE, Ralph (ed.). Satellite broadcasting: the politics and implications of the new media. London: Routledge, 1988. 276pp. 448 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

POWELL, Jon. International broadcasting by satellite: issues of regulation, barriers to commu- nication. London: Quorum Books, 1985. WOOD, James. Satellite communications and DBS systems. Oxford: Focal Press, 1992. 279pp.

(b) British Satellite Broadcasting – BSB

CHIPPINDALE, Peter, and FRANKS, Suzanne. Dished!: the rise and fall of British Satellite Broadcasting. London: Simon & Schuster, 1991. xviii, 329pp.

(c) British Sky Broadcasting – BSkyB

HORSMAN, Mathew. Sky high: the inside story of BSkyB. London: Orion, 1997. xvi, 240pp. NEIL, Andrew. Full disclosure. London: Macmillan, 1996. 481pp.

7. Personalities: biographies, autobiographies and memoirs

BAKER, Kenneth. The turbulent years: my life in politics. London: Faber & Faber, 1993. 498pp. BOSE, Mihir. : screening the image. London: Virgin Publishing, 1992. viii, 296pp. COOK, John R. : a life on screen. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995. x, 368pp. DAVIES, Hunter. The Grades: the first family of British entertainment. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981. xv, 268pp. FROST, David. An autobiography: Part One – From congregations to audiences. London: HarperCollins, 1993. xiii, 542pp. GRADE, Michael. It seemed like a good idea at the time. London: Macmillan, 1999. xii, 432pp. HOWE, Geoffrey. Conflict of loyalty. London: Macmillan, 1994. xxii, 736pp. HUSSEY, Marmaduke. Chance governs all. London: Macmillan, 2001. 326pp. LAWSON, Nigel. The view from No 11: the memoirs of a Tory radical. London: Bantam Press, 1992. xxxi, 1119pp. MACDONALD, Trevor. Fortunate circumstances. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993. MILNE, Alasdair. DG: the memoirs of a British broadcaster. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1988. xi, 237pp. POTTER, Dennis. Potter on Potter, edited by Graham Fuller. London: Faber & Faber, 1993. xviii, 171pp. SHAWCROSS, William. : ringmaster of the information circus. London: Chatto & Windus, 1992. xiv, 616pp. SNODDY, Raymond. Greenfinger: the rise of Michael Green and . London: Faber & Faber, 1996. xiv, 239pp. THATCHER, Margaret. The Downing Street years. London: HarperCollins, 1993. xiv, 914pp. TUCCILLE, Jerome. Murdoch: a biography. London: Piatkus, 1989. xvi, 284pp. WHITEHOUSE, Mary. Quite contrary: an autobiography by . London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1993. vii, 239pp. WHITELAW, William. The Whitelaw memoirs. London: Aurum Press, 1989. vii, 280pp. YOUNG, Lord. The enterprise years: a businessman in the Cabinet. London: Headline, 1990. 338pp. Bibliography 449

8. Additions to the volume 5 bibliography

BIGNELL, Jonathan (ed.) et al. British television drama: past, present and future. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000. xi, 200pp. BUCKINGHAM, David, and others. Children’s television in Britain: history, discourse and policy. London: British Film Institute, 1999. 200pp. COX, Geoffrey. Pioneering television news. London: John Libbey, 1995. x, 236pp. HOGAN, James. From demi-gods to democrats? – the television revolution. London: LSE, 1996. PHILLIPS, Geoff. Memories of Tyne Tees Television. Durham: G.P. Electronic Services, 1998. SHAW, Colin. Deciding what we watch: taste, decency and media ethics in the UK and the USA. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. xii, 184pp. STANLEY, David. News at Ten: a celebration of 32 years of television news. London: Boxtree, 1999. 192pp. TRACEY, Michael. The decline and fall of public service broadcasting. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. xvii, 295pp. Index

Compiled by Barrie MacDonald

ABC (US television network), 299, 424 advertising agencies, 54, 74, 81–2, 323 ACAS, see Advisory, Conciliation and Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service Arbitration Service (ACAS), 320, 363 ACTT, see Association of advisory councils and committees, Cinematograph,Television, and Allied educational broadcasting, 56 Technicians religious broadcasting, 100, 169, 173 AGB, see Audits of Great Britain Africa, 181 AM Television, 305, 340 Africar, 183 AMTV, 302 After Image, 260 ATV, see Associated Television Agland, Phil, 180–1, 256 Cable, 389 Agran, Linda, 137 Aberdeen Investments, 333 Aida, 123 access programmes, 402 Aids Now, 436 Accounts, 105 airtime sales, 81, 116, 149, 231, 289–92 Ace (Asian Channel for Entertainment), 425 Aitken, Jonathan, x, 303, 307, 322, 323, 326, 334 Acts of Parliament, 440 (list) as Chief Executive, (acting), TV-am, 328, see also individual Acts, eg. Broadcasting Act 329–31, 337–8, 339, 341; appointment, 1980 328; and Kerry Packer, 346–7; and Peter additional payments, see Exchequer Levy Jay, 327; as an MP, 330, 371; Saudi The Adult Channel, 425 connections, 369–71, 372–4 adult films on television, 94, 425 Aitken, Timothy, 302, 303, 322 Adult Literacy Broadcasts Support Unit, 178 as Director, TV-am, 323, 330, 332–3; and Adult Literacy Services Fund, 178 financial crisis, 327, 332–3; and ITN advertisers, negotiations, 306, 355 and Channel 4, 86, 100; TV-am, 358 as Chief Executive, TV-am, 333, 339, 341, advertising, 342, 347; and the Famous Five presenters, advertisements: food, 358; medical products, 333–4 358; religious, 172; toys, 358 as Chairman, TV-am, 348, 351, 353, 359, 370, controls: Code of advertising standards and 373; and Saudi connections, 369–71; and practice, IBA/ ITC, 172, 443 ownership, 366–7, 367–9; and industry: IPA-Equity dispute, 103, 107, 116, dispute, 360 121, 133, 193, 320, 323, 339, 357 Aitken English Co Ltd, 322, 331, 333, 367, 369 Peacock Committee proposals: advertising on Aitken Hume, 322, 330, 333, 347, 370 the BBC, 416; Channel 4 to sell own Aitken International SA, 367 airtime, 149, 231 Aitken Telecommunications Holdings, 331, 339, revenue from, 116, 234, 284, 357; Channel 4, 357, 366–7, 369, 370, 371–2 100, 116, 149, 237, 239, 241–2, 289–92; Al-Bilad (UK), 368–9, 370, 372–4 sales, 239; Net Advertising Revenue Alderton, John, 130 (NAR), 59, 80, 236, 241, 242, 243, 291, Alexander Hughes and Associates, 102 357; sponsorship, 52, 55, 211, 240, 424; Ali, Tariq, 206, 254 TV-am, 116, 265, 319–20, 322–3, 356, 357, Ali, Waheed, 261 358 Allaun, Frank, 331 White Paper, 1988, proposals, 239–40 Allen, Keith, 202

450 Index 451

Allen, Ronald, 114 Associated Television (ATV), 28, 346 Allen & Overy, 157, 341 Association of Broadcasting Staffs (ABS), 4, 70, Almonds and Raisons, 437 71–2, 83 Alter Image, 123 Association of Cinematograph, Television and Alva Investment Trust, 323, 339 Allied Technicians (ACTT), 62, 101, 155 Alvarez, Al, 118 and Channel 4, 60, 63, 70, 71–2, 80, 83, 85, Amber Films, 216 93, 97, 101, 103–4, 215, American football on television, 53, 70, 94, 210 and TV-am, 337, 345, 360–1, 363 , 31 Association of Directors and Producers (ADP), 10 Amstrad Consumer Electronics, 431 Association of Independent Producers, 4 Angel, 56, 94, 198 Aston, Lesley, vii, 27, 33 Angelopoulos, Theo, 201 Astra satellite, 432 Anglesey, Marchioness of, 305 At the Edge of the Union, 228 Anglia Television, athletics on television, 209, 211 company: and BSB, 431; and Super Channel, Attenborough, Sir Richard, 429 as Deputy Chairman, Channel Four Television programmes: natural history, 181; sports, 213, Company, 1981–86, 27, 41, 50, 80, 86, 214; supply to Channel 4, 174, 213, 214 151, 217; appointment, 23–4; and ITN The Animals Film, 105–6, 116 negotiations, 70, 142 Annan, Noel (Lord Annan), 8, 186, 402 as Chairman, Channel Four Television Annan Committee on the Future of Company, 1987–92: appointment, 220, Broadcasting, 1974, 3–4, 389, 390, 394 237; and appointment of Michael Grade, membership, 6 220–4, 230; and Broadcasting Bill, 246; evidence to, 4, 8, 10–11 character, 217, 220; end of term, 282–3; Report (Cmnd 6753), 1977, 11, 402, 440 and ‘golden handcuffs’ controversy, 293; recommendations: cable television, 402; and the ITC, 272; and , 219 fourth television channel, 3–4, 8, 10–11 Attwell, Michael, 165, 255, 438 parliamentary debates, 9 audience research, responses to, 391 findings, 117, 124, 132, 147, 180, 212, 263, Another Audience with Dame Edna, 436 325–6, 332, 337, 359 Ansorge, Peter, 193, 254, 278, 279, 438 methods, 56 Antelope Films, 170 Antenne 2, 211 organisations: AGB/ BARB, 117, 132, 141; Apted, Michael, 197 Channel 4, 47, 94, 141, 147, 212, 296; archery on television, 210 IBA/ITC, 124, 355 Arctic Tragedy, 437 audiences, 10, Arms and the Man, 117, 123, 192 BBC, 296, 325–6, 337, 355 Armstrong, Alun, 52 breakfast-time television, 299 Armstrong, Karen, 167–8 Channel 4, 100, 144, 147, 180, 192, 263, 279, Arthur Andersen, 303, 323 296 Artifax, 205 TV-am, 325–6, 332, 337, 355, 359, 362, 382 The Arts Channel, 416, 424 Audits of Great Britain (AGB), 132 arts programmes, 68, 70, 82, 94, 110, 111–12, Aukin, David, 201, 277, 438 117–8, 123, 182, 207–9, 265 Austin, Robert, 205 As It Happens, 437 Australia, 113, 210, 346, 377 Ashforth, Peter, 382 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal, 346 Ashton, Paul, 258, 438 Australian Rugby League, 210 Asian Channel for Entertainment (Ace), 425 Australian Rules Football, 210 Associated , 381 award-winning programmes, 102, 114, 127, Associated Rediffusion (later Rediffusion 165–6, 180–1, 201, 207, 254, 436–7 (lists) Television), 391, 392 Aylett, Holly, 154 452 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

BAFTA, see British Academy of Film and Beaverbrook Investments, 367, 370, 371, 372, Television Arts 373 BARB, see Broadcasters’Audience Research The Beer Hunter, 180 Board The Beggar’s Opera, 192 BBC, see British Broadcasting Corporation Behind the Mask: Perspectives on the Music of BBC Enterprises, 392, 428 Harrison Birtwistle, 437 BBC , 316 Beighton, Richard, 182 BCCI, 294 Bell, Tim, 82, 323 BET, see British ElectricTraction The Belly of the Architect, 201 BFI, see British Film Institute Beloff, Michael, 277 BSB, see British Satellite Broadcasting Benedictus, David, 131, 193 BSkyB, see British Sky Broadcasting Benn, Tony, 22 Bad Hats, 198 Bennett, Cyril, 226, 252 bad language on television, 68, 112–13 Berger, John, 118 badminton on television, 210 Berlin Film Festival, 437 Baerentz, Lars, 191 Bernstein, David (The Creative Business), 81 Bailey, Sir Brian, 231, 435 Bernstein, David (Levitt Bernstein Associates), Bain, Nick, 214 63 Baka – People of the Rain Forest, 180–1 Bertish, Suzanne, 52 The Best Intentions, 437 Baker, Kenneth, 95, 393, 394, 426, 448 Beta TV, 429 Balfour, Jane, 200 Bevan, Tim, 198–9 Ballantyne, Ali, 134 Beveridge, William (Lord Beveridge), 388 Ballard, Anne, 406 Beveridge Broadcasting Committee, 388 ballet on television, 94, 123, 134–5 Bewitched, 133 Bamborough, Karin, 193, 250, 254 ‘bias against understanding’, 28–9, 300 Bandit Queen, 254 , 266–7 Bandung File, 206 The Big Lebowski, 199 Banks-Smith, Nancy, 117 billiards on television, 210 Banned (Channel 4 season), 268–72 Billington, Kevin, 197 banned programmes, 31–2, 268–72 Billy Elliott, 199 Barclay, Humphrey, 206 Bingham, Bill, 134 Merchant Bank, 303, 322, 323, 328, Birchall, Andy, 425 339, 378 Bird, Isabel, 289 Baring Brothers, 431 Birt, John, 11, Barlow, David, 166 ‘a bias against understanding’, 28–9, 300 Barlow, Patrick, 205 applicant for Chief Executive, Channel 4, Barnes, Andy, 291 28–9, 32–3 Barnett, Steven, 209 as Director of Programmes, LWT, 227, and Barr, Andrew, 171 Jesus – the evidence, 169; and news Barrett, Michael, 389 analysis, 28–9, 313, 314 Barrymore, Michael, 202 as Deputy Director General, BBC, 1987–92, Barwise, Patrick, 88 229–30; and Michael Grade, 229–30 baseball on television, 210 Birtwistle, Harrison, 207–8, 437 basketball on television, 86, 212 Bishop, Sir Michael, Batman, 361, 362 as Deputy Chairman, Channel Four Television Bausch, Pina, 205, 209 Company, 1991–2, 272, 282–3, 435; Bean, 199 background, 283 Beaton, Norman, 206 as Chairman, Channel Four Television Beaverbrook, Lord, 322, 366 Corporation, 1992- , 289, 295 Index 453

Bishop, W. D., 403, 447 215; science programmes, 161–5; and ‘black box’ switches for commercials’ sports programmes, 211, 212; and 20/20 transmission, 62, 101, 103–4 Vision: MI5’s Official Secrets, 156, 159–60 Black Entertainment Network, 207 Book Four, 110, 111–12, 117 Black Theatre Co-operative, 131 Boorman, John, 56 Blackeyes, 279 Border Television, Blake, Howard, 118 company, 62; and Channel 4, 105 Blake, Lord, 231, 435 finance, 105 Blakeway, Roger, x, 412 programmes: religious, 167, 170; supply to Blakstad, Michael, 163 Channel 4, 167, 170 Bland, Mrs J., 328 staff: industrial relations, 105 blasphemy in programmes, 208, 269 , Sarah, 111, 154 Bleasdale, Alan, 278–9 Bough, Frank, 317, 326 Blood Wedding, 117, 123 Boulton, Jeremy, x Bluebeard’s Castle, 209 Bovis Construction, 288 Bluff, Peter, 138 bowls on television, 210 Blyth, Kenneth, 13, 24–5, 34, 41, 55, 57, 58 Box Office, 265, 266 Blyton, Enid, 114, 116 Box Productions, 272, 273–4, 275, 276 Bo Goehring Aviation, 103 boxing on television, 209, 210 Bodnarec, Veronyka, 111 Boyce, Max, 53 The Body Show, 110, 111, 179 Boyd, Alan, 73 Boff, Clodovis, and Leonardo, 170 Boyd, William, 122 Boland, Murray, 260 Boyle, Danny, 278 Bolland, Mike, x, 65, 66, 114, 131, 136, 201–2, Boys From the Blackstuff, 278 204–5, 215, 250, 253, 254, 255, 438 Bradbury, Malcolm, 192 Bolton, Roger, 137 , Barbara Taylor, 192 Bond, Alan, 365, 368, 372, 377 Bragard, Jean-Claude, 168, 170 Bond Corporation Holdings Ltd, 365–6, 437 Bragg, Melvyn, 123, 280–1 Bond Media UK Ltd, 365, 368–9, 372 Braithwaite-Exley, Gillian, 180, 253, 257 Bonner, Paul, 28, 30, 33, 397 Branagh, Kenneth, 278 as author, vii, 26, 27 as Channel Controller, Channel 4, 26, 34, 36, Brandon, Derek, 210 40–2, 46, 53, 54, 69, 93; appointment, Branson, Richard, 429 33–4, 41, 42; appointment of commission- Brassed Off, 277 ing editors, 39, 54, 56–7, 65, 66–7, 131–2, Bravo, 420, 425 151; and Channel 4 onscreen identity, Breakfast Time, 317–18, 325–6, 337, 351, 355 73–5, 84, 102–3, 133–4; devising internal breakfast-time television, 63, 299, 358 structure, 36; and independent producers, audiences, 325–6, 332, 337, 355, 359, 362 40, 73; and Opening Day, 107; and BBC service, 92, 309, 315, 317–18, 325–6, programme finance, 82, 84; and 337 programme policy, 47, 53, 85, 120, 124, Channel 4 service, 262–7 125, 126, 133–4, 135, 136, 144, 201, 204; ITV/Channel 3 service: 63, 93, 300–83; and scheduling, 89, 94, 97, 132, 134–5, contract, 1983–92, 304, 305, 312, 315, 354, 180, 256 and selection: of advertising 376, 382; licence, 1993–, 378–9 agency, 81; of headquarters, 42, 48–50, see also TV-am; GMTV 51–2; of playout system, 60, 61, 62–3 Bredin, James, 105 as Programme Controller, Channel 4, Brideshead Revisited, 428 appointment, 151–2; and Broadcasting Bridget Jones’ Diary, 199 Support Services, 178; and Budd Report, Briggs, Raymond, 118 233, 234; and community programming, Bristol cable service, 389, 390, 447 454 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Oxygen: Computer Services Division, (BAFTA), 12, 394 awards, 127, 260, 436–7 (list) British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB), 250, 257, British Actors Equity Association, 101, 103, 105, 267, 392, 401, 431–3 107, 116, 121, 133, 193, 320, 323, 339, 428 British Screen (Finance Ltd), 196, 198, 277 British Aerospace, 430 British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), 258, 381, British Board of Film Classification, 270, 271, 433–4 400, 423–4 programme channels, 425, 433–4 British Broadcasting Corporation, British Telecom, 63, 392, 396, 398, 405, 415, advertising on, 416, 417, 418, 424, 430 advisory councils and committees, 100, 169, British Videogram, 196 173 Brittan, Leon, 203–4, 431 audiences, 11, 296, 309, 315, 325–6, 337, 355 broadband cable television, 390, 395, 408, 424–6 Corporation: and cable relay distribution, 388; Broadcast, 86, 90, 299, 317 competition with Channel 4, 134–5; Broadcasters’Audience Research Board competition with ITV, 226, 227, 288, 317; (BARB), 117, 132, 141 duopoly with Independent Broadcasting, 8; , 151, 440 and Hunt Inquiry Report, 401, 446; on Bill, 13, 16–17, 26–7 Tripartite Working Party on satellite provisions: fourth television channel, 16–17, 18, 27, 41, 76: due impartiality, 145; television, 430–1 educational programmes, 37, 174; IBA finance: revenue from the Licence Fee, 416 regulation, 16, 41, 59, 324; independent Peacock Committee: Report recommenda- production, 17, 18, 213; innovation in tions, 416 programmes, 87, 129; interests not catered Pilkington Committee: Report recommenda- for by ITV, 87, 109, 154; news, 306; tions, 3 programme remit, 87, 109, 129, 154; programmes: arts, 134–5; banned, 269; religious advertising, 172; Welsh language breakfast-time, 92, 309, 315, 316–18, channel, 18, 27 325–6, 337; children’s, 26, 181; Broadcasting Act 1981, 106, 118, 124, 145, 151, community, 66, 177, 215, 389; documen- 154, 172, 241, 242, 324, 339–40, 344, 365, taries, 34, 269; drama, 37; educational, 369, 440 412; natural history, 181; news and current Broadcasting Act 1987, 440 affairs, 31, 51, 112, 229; religious, 171; Broadcasting Act 1990, 248, 268, 440 science, 163; sports, 209–10; on Super Bill, 236, 238, 241, 243, 245–6, 246–8, 376; Channel, 428, 429 IBA briefings and input, 242; Standing radio services, 134, 139, 316–17 Committee, 246, 289 television services, 3, 135; BBC1, 92; BBC2, debates: House of Commons, 248; House of 26, 108, 110, 112, 117, 134–5, 296; Lords, 247–8 breakfast-time, 92, 309, 315, 316–18, provisions: advertising, 249; cable television, 325–6, 337; competition with ITV, 226, 417; Channel 4, 244–5, 245–6, 248–9, 266, 227, 228, 317; ‘Radiovision’ proposal, 282, 283, 289; educational programmes, 316–17; satellite, 401, 405, 428, 438 258; ITC, 245; impartiality, 246–8; British Cycling Federation, 211 licensing selection process, 240, 376, British Electric Traction (BET), 21 377–8; Obscene Publications Act, 246; British Film and Television Producers ownership, 344; police access to Association (BFTPA), 101, 105 broadcasters’ records, 246; quality British Film Fund Agency, 194 threshold, 377 British Film Institute (BFI), 4, 45, 66, 97–8, 127, reactions to the Act, 380 194, 200–1, 215, 224, 269 Broadcasting Act 1996, 380 British Insulated Callender Cables (BICC), 396 ‘Broadcasting Ban’ on terrorist interviews, 269 Index 455

Broadcasting in the ’90s: competition, choice origins, 387–8; relay services, 387–8, 390 and quality, 1988, 239–40, 376, 422, 440 operators, 397, 399, 400, 407, 412; ownership, Broadcasting Press Guild, 9 410; US interest, 418 Broadcasting Support Services, 178–9 regulation, 398, 402, 404, 406–7, 418, 421–4; Broadside, 89, 154, 184 ‘must carry’ rules, 395, 397, 400 Brook, Peter, 208 services: broadband multi-channel services, Brook Productions, 153–4 390, 395, 408, 424–6; community, 389–90; Brookside, 83, 86, 87, 94, 106, 110, 112–13, 115, data, 395, 396, 426; interactive, 403, 414; 117, 122, 124, 192, 258, 436 , 389, 390, 391, 392–3, 399, Broomfield, Nick, 256, 269 400, 404, 408, 424; programme channels, Brown, Cecilie, 115 392–3, 416, 420–1; telephony, 405, 414, Brown, Karen, 252, 259, 276, 438 426 Brown, Maggie, 383 technology: broadband, 390, 395, 408, 424–6; Brown, Sir William (Bill), 17, 25, 33–4, 65, 79, cable laying, 411, 414, 415; digital, 395; 96, 435 fibre optics, 396, 412–14; satellite Brynford-Jones, John, 82 distribution, 416; switched-star operations, Budd, Professor Alan, 232–3 413–14, 415–16; Budd Report on Peacock Committee recommen- Cable Television Association, 390–1, 394, 403, dations for Channel 4, 232–3, 234 446 Burgess, Anthony, 171 Cablevision, 392 Burke, Syd, 111 Cain, John, 178 Burnet, Alastair, 138–9, 304 Caine, Sir Michael, 263 Burton, Richard H., 406, 410 Caird, Rod, 176 Business Daily, 265, 266 Calendar, 110, 335 The Business Programe, 132 Callaghan, James, 21, 174, 327, 394 Business Television Productions, 266 Callender, Colin, 52 Butterfield, Stewart, x, 290–1 Callil, Carmen, 221, 232, 295, 435 Buxton, Lord, 69, 141, 306, 355 Cambridge University: Computing Service, 394 Buzz, 168 Camden Council, 52, 57 By the Seaside, 336–7 Camoys, Lord, 303, 323, 327–8 Campaign, 319, 325, 331 CBS, 299, 307 Cannes Film Festival, 102, 201, 277, 437 CRAC, see Central Religious Advisory canoeing on television, 210 Committee Corporation, viii Cabinet, 268, 269 Capital Radio, 23, 24, 86, 89 Cabinet Committee, 269 Caplan, Jonathan, 157, 275, 282 Cabinet Office: Information Technology Unit, Capon, Susanna, 181 393, 394–9, 400, 441 Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, 199 Cable and Broadcasting Act 1984, 395, 405, 406, A Car for Africa, 183 408, 410, 417, 431, 440 The Carers: Moving Out, 436 Cable Authority, 232, 402, 404, 405, 406–12, Caring Christmas, 361 416–17, 418, 421–3, 424, 446 Carla’s Song, 277 Cable Jukebox, 425 Carr, Robert (Lord Carr), 21, 22 Cable News Network (CNN), 307, 393, 416, 425 Caravaggio, 437 cable television, 95, 387–427 , advertising, 391, 423; sponsorship, 424 company: membership of Daybreak finance, 400, 403, 404, 409–11 Television, 378 see also Green, Michael licensing, 400, 404, 407–8, 422, 424; licence, Channel 3, London Weekday, 1993– , franchise areas, 407, 409, 410–11, 422 257, 294 manufacturers, 396, 397, 412 Carrott, Jasper, 202 456 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Carteret, Anna, 114 136, 253; press launch, 100; start date, 63, Cassidy, Seamus, 205, 254, 438 93, 96, 103, 107–8, 110–17 Casson, Philip, 53 company, see Channel Four Television Catholic Herald, 173 Company Cathy Come Home, 127 engineering, 36–7, 40, 42, 47, 50, 61; teletext Catterell, Peter, 13, 218, 444 service, 55, 64; tuning television sets to Cawston, Richard, 165 receive channel; 100, 107 censorship, 31–2, 127–9, 169, 268–72 finance, 9, 10–2, 47, 57, 60, 63, 68, 84, 106, Central Independent Television, 116, 231–6, 241–2; controls, 65–6, 84; company: 28, 128, 359; Super Channel; 429 costs, 45, 52, 53, 55, 80, 83, 84–5, 96, 98, finance: terms of trade with Channel 4, 87 232, 264; revenue, 100, 116; safety net programmes: documentaries, 127–8; from ITV (post 1993), 244, 246; subscrip- educational, 176; natural history, 181; tions from ITV, 57, 58, 59, 77, 79, 80, 96, science, 161; supply to Channel 4, 127–8, 98, 251; subscriptions from TV-am, 262, 161, 176, 181, 267 263; tax, 77–8, 98 Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), 394 hours of broadcasting, 60, 100, 106, 257, 258, Central Religious Advisory Committee (CRAC), 263 100, 169, 173 Opening Day, 63, 93, 96, 103, 107–8, 110–17; Ceta Video, 91 audience, 109, 111, 115, 117; comment, 111, 114, 115–16; opinion polls, Challenge for Change, 215 116; preparations for, 107–8 Channel 3 (ITV), Peacock Committee: evidence by Channel 4, Broadcasting Act 1990 provisions, 240, 245, 231; recommendations: Channel to sell 376, 377–8 own airtime, 149, 231–6, 237–8, 337–8, licences: selection process, 240, 376, 377–8; 242–3, 257, 266; privatisation, 221, 234 ownership, 376 programme categories: adult films, 94; news provision, 29, 137, 138, 140, 266 animation, 64, 118, 126–7, 265, 436; see also Independent Television (ITV) archive, 130; arts, 68, 70, 82, 94, 110, Channel 4, vii–viii, 3–296 111–12, 117–18, 123, 182, 207–9, 265; advertising, 62: advertisements, 103, 116; banned, 268–72; comedy, 52–3, 94, 110, agency for Channel 4, 54, 74, 81–2, 93; 113, 114, 131, 132–3; community, 87; , 86, 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116–17; consumer, 179, 265; controversial, 124–5, sponsorship, 55, 211 181–4, 184–92, 229, 268–72, 272–7; audiences, 100, 120, 124, 125, 133, 140–1, current affairs, 19, 37, 38–9, 50–1, 64, 68, 144, 147, 180, 192, 263, 279, 296; ratings, 87, 89, 94, 112, 144–9, 153–6, 259, 272–7; 117, 180, 132, 140–1 147, 180, 279; documentaries, 65, 82, 87, 94, 105–6, 110, research, 47, 56, 94, 117, 124, 180, 212, 111, 118, 127–8, 130, 184–92, 251, 255–6; 263 drama, 37, 52, 56, 86, 87, 94, 113–14, 117, breakfast-time television service, 262–7 123, 192–201, 277–81; educational, 15, 17, Broadcasting Act 1980: provisions for fourth 19, 37–8, 50, 55, 64, 65, 68, 79, 80, 82–3, channel,16–17, 18, 27, 41, 76, 87, 109, 86, 87, 94, 100, 111, 175–7, 179–81, 129, 154; programme remit, 87, 109, 129, 181–4, 258–9; entertainment, 65, 67, 114, 154 201–5, 205–7; factual, 37; fiction, 37; Broadcasting Act 1990: provisions for films, 94, 102, 135; games shows, 94, Channel 4, 244–5, 245–6, 248–9, 266, 282, 110–11, 118, 130, 265; information, 43; 283, 289 magazine, 86; multicultural, 44, 65, 67, Channel: logo, 74–5, 84, 102–3; name, 75, 119, 126, 131, 181, 206; music, 44, 65, 67, 96–7; on-screen identity, 54, 62, 73–4, 94, 207–9; natural history, 180–1; news, 74–5, 84, 90, 102–3; presentation, 36, 73, 15, 19, 29, 38–9, 50–1, 64, 69–70, 79, 80, 83, 90, 102, 107–8, 111, 120–1, 133–4, 94, 97, 105, 112, 133, 137–44, 264; Index 457

political, 44, 112, 153–4; presentation, 36, relationship with the IBA; 76–7; selection 73, 83, 90, 102, 107–8, 111, 120–1, 133–4, of Michael Grade, 221–4; terms of 136, 253; prize-winning, 102, 114, 127, reference; 76, 78, 93 165, 181, 201, 254, 259, 436–7 (list); Channel, see Channel 4 religious, 19, 50, 100, 166–74; schools, committees and councils, 84–5; Audit 258–9; science, 160–6; soap operas, 83, 87, Committee, 99; Budget Review Sub- 86, 94, 110, 112–14, 115, 117, 122, 124, Committee, 80; Finance Committee, 84; 192, 258, 436; sport, 68, 70, 209–10, 265; Management Committee, 85; Programme support materials, 111, 177–9; women’s, Committee, 85; Programme Finance 44, 89, 114, 119, 154–5, 182–3; workshop, Committee, 84, 164, 183–4; Programme 65, 79, 87, 97–8, 99, 214–17, 254; youth, Management Group, 73; Selection 44, 65, 66, 86, 87, 114, 131, 201, 259–62 Committee ( for Chief Executive), 221–4 programming: budgets, 66, 80, 82, 84; com- Company, 14, 18–20, 36–40, 40–3; charitable missioning, 16, 36, 52–4, 55–6, 60, 64–7, donations, 94; contempt of court 82, 84, 86–7, 149–53, 252–4; complemen- proceeding against, 272, 274–5, 280; incor- tarity with ITV, 68, 78, 100, 120, 121; poration, 40–1, 282–4; position as copyright, 77, 96, 98, 100; costs, 45, 55, subsidiary of IBA, 58, 231, 236, 239, 248 83, 84–5, 93, 96, 98, 192, 196, 198, 214, engineering: automated presentation, 83; 215; , 59; playout system, 60, 61, 83; telecine impartiality, 145, 189, 218, 246–8; operation, 91; transmission, 83, 98–9; independent producers, 15–16, 20, 39–40, videotape formats, 62, 102 66, 73, 79, 94–5, 215, 249; innovation, 17, finance, 47, 50, 55, 60–1, 63, 68, 93, 106; 19, 45, 113, 118, 124, 127, 129, 145, 147, controls, 65–6, 84; costs, 45, 52, 53, 96, 98; 153, 253, 255; left wing bias, 147, 217, financial systems, 83, 84; rental to the IBA, 218; minority interests, 118; policy, 18, 67; 233; subscriptions from ITV, 57, 77–8, 79, programme remit, 121, 15, 17,18–20, 44–5, 80, 96, 98; tax, 77–8, 95 56, 87, 91, 109, 127, 129, 221, 234, 239, Licence, 1993–, 244, 244–5, 248–9, 284–5 241, 242, 245, 253; red triangle policy strategy and development experiment, 125–6; sales, 200; scheduling; conferences: Ascot, 121–2, 122, 134, 152, 16, 17, 9, 89, 94, 96, 99, 120, 122–3, 180; Lane End, 64, 67–8, 74, 78, 100; 132–3, 134–5, 255–8; strategy, 60; terms of Minster Lovell, 81, 86–7; Nuneham trade, 79, 87–8, 93 Courtenay, 249; Selsdon Park, 252–4 transmission, 40, 50, 57, 61, 62–3 publications, 444–5 White Paper, 1988: recommendations, 240, 246 staff, 36, 47, 60, 101, 106, 264; announcers, Channel 4 Campaign Group, 242 111; commissioning editors 438 (structure Channel Four, see Channel 4 chart); ‘golden handcuffs’, 292–5; Channel Four Comment, 110, 112 industrial relations, 57, 60, 62, 77, 80, 83, The Channel Four Daily, 264–6 88, 93, 101, 103; pension scheme, 57, 88, Channel Four Group, 4, 16, 25 93, 98; press office, 134; trade union Channel Four International, 200 recognition, 60, 70, 71, 77, 83, 93; women, Channel Four News, 69, 94, 97, 100, 105, 112, 56 133, 137–44, 147, 249, 436, 437 Channel Four Television Corporation, Channel Four Television Company, accommodation; search for new headquarters, accommodation, 36, 40, 42, 48, 55, 57, 62, 63, 285–9 83–4, 89–90, 96, 106; video box, 136–7 Board, 284 advertisers, relations with, 86, 100 Broadcasting Act 1990 provisions, 244–5, Board: 14, 20, 21–6, 40–3, 76, 87, 99, 102, 245–6, 248–9, 266, 282, 283, 289 284; Directors, 435 (list); powers; 78; rec- Corporation: incorporation, 40–1, 282–4; ommendations of: the Budd Report, 234–5, terms of reference, 283 Peacock Committee Report, 231; engineering: transmission, 285 458 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

finance: airtime sales, 285, 286, 288–92; ITV climbing on television, 210 safety net, 284, 291 Clive, Nigel, 189, 191 Licence, 1993–, 284–5; compliance with ITC ‘closed period’ for religious broadcasting, 100 codes, 285 Closedown, 110, 111 programming: policy statement, 283 Club of 21, 430–1 staff: ‘golden handcuffs’, 292–5 Club X, 260–1 Channel 5, 240, 258, 381, 383 Code of Advertising Standards and Practice Channel 9 (Australia), 346 (IBA/ITC), 172, 443 Channel Television, Code of Programme Sponsorship (ITC), 443 company, 176 codes of practice: advertising, 172, 443 programmes: educational, 176; supply to programmes, 247, 269; programme Channel 4, 176 sponsorship, 443 Chaos, 166 Coia, Paul, 111 Chargeurs, 431 Cole, Cherry, 253 Chariots of Fire, 195 Coltrane, Robbie, 202 Charlton, Michael, 166–7 The Comedy Channel, 434 Chasing Shadows, 171 comedy programmes, 52–3, 94, 110, 113, 114, Chasing the Rainbow: the Life of Josephine 131, 132–3, 201–2, 249, 278, 434, 436, Baker, 181 437 Chataway, Christopher, 21, 305–6, 340, 389 Comic Book, 265 Chatsworth Productions, 130 The Comic Strip, 114 Checkland, Michael, 219, 229, 230 Comic Strip Presents…, 110, 114, 117, 131, Cheerleader Productions, 210, 212 201–2, 249, 278, 436, 437 Cheers, 132–3 commercials, Chelsom, Peter, 278 IPA-Equity actors dispute, 103, 107, 116, 121, children’s programmes, 336, 352, 356, 359, 363, 133 416, 424, 425 see also advertising The Children’s Channel, 416, 424, 425 The Committee, 272–7, 282 The Chips are Down, 394 committees and councils, see advisory councils Chips Comic, 133, 181 and committes Choice, 74 Committees of Inquiry, see Annan Committee; Christian, Terry, 261–2 Beveridge Committee; Hunt Committee; Christian Television Centre, 171 Peacock Committee Christopher, A.M.G. (Tony), 131, 305, 340 Community Programmes Unit (BBC), 389 Christopher, Don, 188–90, 204, 271 Companies Acts, 324 Church Times, 168 competition, 231–6 Ciano, Count Galeazo, 3 advertising airtime sales, 239 Cinecom, 277 BBC and ITV, 226, 227, 228, 317 Cinema Action, 216 BSB and Sky Television, 433 Cinema Exhibitors Association, 197 Channel 4 and ITV, 233, 236, 237 Cinema, Sex and the Generals, 269 TV-am: and ILR, 315; and ITV, 315 Cintel, 91 telecommunications sector, 417–18 Clapham, Adam, 260 compliance with ITC licence conditions, 285 Clark, Michael, 205 The Computer Programme, 412 Clarke, Jane, x Comrades, 201 Clarke, Lawrence Gordon, 197 Conolly, Yvonne, 346 Clarke, Peter, 148 Conservative Party, 4, 229, 234, 236, 252, 389 Clarkson, Mr Justice, 275 bomb explosion at conference, 354–5 Clayton, Andrew, 266 Central Office Seminar on broadcasting, 9 Cledwyn, Lord, 21 Media Committee, 10 Index 459

Consolidated Media Projects, 346 Cunningham, Merce, 205 Consolidated , 339, 343–4, 346, curling on television, 210 357, 365, 370 current affairs programmes, 19, 37, 38–9, 50–1, Consolidated Satellite Broadcasting, 430 64, 68, 87, 89, 94, 112, 144–9, 153–60, consumer programmes, 74, 179 259, 272–7, 356, Continuities, 147 Currie, Tony, 407 Cook, Peter, 202 The Cut Price Comedy Show, 130 Cook, Tom, 308 Cutting Edge, 256, 437 Cooking with Mossiman, 180 Cvitanovich, Frank, 197 Coopers & Lybrand, 68, 232–3 cycling on television, 210, 211 Coote, Anna, 145 Cyriax, George, 316 copyright in programme schedules, 77, 96, 100 Corbett, Robin, 245 D-MAC, 432, 433 Corbin, Jane, 139 DBS, see Direct Broadcasting by Satellite Cordle, Charles, 172, 174 d’Abo, Jennifer, 435 Cordle, John, 172, 174 Dacre, Nigel, 266 Cory Films, 200 , 115–16, 138, 322, 333, 339, 357, costs, 403 Channel 4, 45, 52, 53, 80, 83, 84–5, 96, 98, , 119, 134, 293 232, 264 , 226, 293 TV-am, 323 Daily Telegraph, 115, 186, 264, 318, 378 Cotton, Bill, 227, 229, 401 Daish, Judy, 280 Coulson, Ann, 319 Daley Thompson’s Body Shop, 214 , 94, 108, 110–11, 117, 130 Dalyell, Tam, 158, 159 Countdown Masters, 265, 266 Damage, 278 courts on television, 110–11 Dancing at Lughnasa, 278 Cousins, Jane, 161 Darlow, Michael, 198 Cowan, David, 81 Darwin, Philip, 406 Cowan, Rex, 166 Daubney, Chris, 285 Cowan and Bellew, 134 Davey, Jon, x, 398–9, 400–1 Cowell, Gervase, vii as Director General, Cable Authority, 406–7, Cox, Barry, 169 408, 409, 410, 417, 422–3 Cox, Patrick, 393 as Director of Cable and Satellite, ITC, 423 Cox, Tim, 81 Davies, Terence, 201 Cox Vision Mixers, 92 Davis, Nicky, 200 Coyne, Larry, 102, 200 Davison, Ian Hay, 303, 323 Crawley, Aidan, 330 Day-Lewis, Daniel, 199 Creasey, Richard, 161 Daybreak, 314 The Creative Business, 81 Daybreak Television, 378, 379 cricket on television, 209, 210 Days of Hope, 123 Critchley, Julian, 9–10 Daytime consortium, 319 Crockfords, viii, 381 de Cadenet, Amanda, 262 croquet on television, 210 de Savary, Peter, 372 Cross, Chris, 206 Deakin, Michael, x, 302, 313, 314, 322, 326 328, Crossroads, 113, 332, 335, 340–1, 342, 351–2 Croupier, 278 Dear, Pamela, ix Crown Prosecution Service, 282 Death and the Maiden, 278 Crowson, Sue, 57 , 269 Crucible, 161–2, 164, 166, 217 Death Wish II, 271 Cummins, John, 131, 259, 260 The Debt, 437 460 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Deehan, Geoff, 165 Director of Public Prosecutions, 272 Deighton, Len, 112 , 420, 426 Dell, Edmund, x Dispatches, 272–3, 276, 436 as Chairman, Channel 4, 1981–87; Distant Voices, Still Lives, 201, 437 appointment, 22–4; background, 21; and Diverse Productions, 144–9, 171 appointment of Chief Executive; 27, 28–9, Diverse Reports, 148–9, 260 32–3, 34; and financial matters, 57, 95, 96, diving on television, 210 98; and The Friday Alternative, 145, 147, documentary programmes, 65, 82, 87, 94, 105–6, 149; and Home Affairs Committee, 242; on 110, 111, 118, 127–8, 130, 184–92, 251, impartiality, 89, 145, 147, 149, 152, 218; 255–6 and the Independent Broadcasting Trust, Donohoe, Walter, 64, 193 86; and news and current affairs, 28, 89, Donnegan (programme sales), 200 138, 141–2, 145, 147, 149, 162; on the Don’t Forget Your Toothbrush, 205, 267 position as subsidiary of the IBA, 58–9, 76, Dors, Diana, 336 78, 99, 149; on programme policy, 149–53; Dougal, Robert, 179–80 and Questions of Leadership, 128; reaction Douglas, Bill, 201 to Peacock Committee Report, 231, 232, Douglas, Torin, 318–19 235, 237; relationships with: Jeremy Isaacs, Downham, Roy, 57 32–3, 34, 41–2, 78, 108, 150, 151–3, Downie, Nick, 183 217–19; with Justin Dukes, 46; on Downing Street Seminar, 238–9 schedules, 94; selection of headquarters, Downs, Jane, 52 49–50; senior staff appointments, 65, 70–1; drama programmes, 37, 52, 56, 86, 87, 94, setting up the company, 41; and 20/20 113–14, 117, 123, 192–201, 277–81 Vision: MI5’s Official Secrets, 156–7; and single plays, 56, 64 trade unions, 103, 128 soap operas, 83, 94, 110, 112–13 Denton, Charles, 28, 128 The Draughtsman’s Contract, 201 Department of Industry, 398, 403, 405 dressage on television, 210 Department of Trade and Industry, 194, 393, , 202, 205 408, 430 Drowning by Numbers, 201 Derkow, Barbara, 114 du Sautoy, Carmen, 117 Derry Film & Video Workshop, 269 Dukes, Justin, x, 46 Des lettres et des chiffres, 110 as Managing Director, and Chief Executive, Development Education Group, 50 Channel Four Television Company; Devilliers, 200 appointment; 46–7; and audience research, Devereux, Richard, 429 100; and the breakfast-time service, 263, Dhondy, Farrukh, 131, 206, 252, 254, 291 265; and company headquarters, 50, 63, 94, Diamond, Anne, 336, 337, 338, 345, 359 96, 102; and copyright, 100; and Diamantides, Dimos, 191 engineering, 107; and financial matters, 54, Diary of a Young Man, 127 59, 60–1, 68, 89, 93, 95, 98, 106, 250; and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 83, 92 industrial relations, 72, 77, 80, 83, 88, 93; Digital Paint Box, 90 leaves Channel 4, 250–1; and legal issues, , 414, 426 54, 157, 159–60; and marketing, 71, 74, 81, Dimbleby Lecture, 122 86, 88, 92, 96, 116–17; and Michael Grade, Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS), 392, 222–3, 230; reaction to Peacock 395, 419, 429–33 Committee Report, 231, 232, 233; and companies, 250, 257, 267, 392, 401, 431–3 sports negotiations, 213, 214; and staff contracts, 431, 433 matters, 57, 88, 106; and teletext service, engineering, 427, 429–30, 432 55, 64, on terms of trade, 68–9, 79 finance, 433 Duncan, Lindsay, 279 programme services, 392–3, 432–3 Dundas, David, 103 Index 461

Dunkley, Christopher, 119–20, 182–3, 325, 326, Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and 364 Plumbing Union (EETPU), 361 Dunn, Richard, 435 Electronic Visuals, 92 as Managing Director, Swindon Viewpoint, Electrophone Company, 387 389, 446 Eleventh Hour, 163, 214, 215–17, 256 as Managing Director (subsequently Chief Elizabeth, 199 Executive) , 242 Elliott, Nicholas, 302, 313 as Chairman, ITV Council: and the Home Elliott, Sue, 382 Affairs Committee, 242 Elstein, David, 11, 153, 387, 402 duopoly, BBC/IBA, 8 Elton, Ben, 202 duopoly review of telecommunications sector, Embarrassing Illnesses, 259 417–18 Emery, Richard, 235, 242 Dutson, Barclay, 81 Empire State, 216 Duval, Robin, 382, 423–4 encryption systems, 412, 430, 432 Dyke, Greg, x, 332, 435 Enfield, Harry, 202 as Editor-in-Chief, later Director of Enfield, Vicountess, 302 Programmes, TV-am, 163, 304, 331, Engel, Andi, 197 335–8, 342, 345, 347, 349–50, 360 engineering, as Director of Programmes, TVS, 188, 350 cable television, 390, 395, 396, 411, 412–14, 415–16 Dynamic Technology, 92 fourth television channel, 36–7, 40, 42, 47, 50, 60, 61, 83, 91 EBU, see European Broadcasting Union research, 100, 107 ECS, 427 satellite television, 427, 429, 430, 432 EETPU, see Electrical, Electronic, teletext, 55, 64, 381 Telecommunication and Plumbing Union transmission, 40, 47, 50, 57, 61, 62–3, 83, 90, ER, 258 98–9, 101, 102, 103–5, 107 ESPN, 424 see also Independent Broadcasting Authority, ‘Eady Levy’ for British films, 194–5 engineering Eastern Counties Newspapers Group Ltd, 322, Enigma Films, 70, 198 339 English, Bob, 134, 165 Eckersley, Peter, 388 English Basketball Association, 86 The Economist, 138, 139, 403 , 117 Eden, Sir John, 4 The Entertainment Network (TEN), 425 Edgar, David, 52 Equinox, 164–6, 256 Edinburgh Film Festival, 199 Equity see British Actors Equity Association Edinburgh International Television Festival, 30, ethnic minorities on television, 38, 44, 65, 67, 72–3, 97, 237, 247, 393 118 Edmondson, Adrian, 114, 202 European Broadcasting Union (EBU), 93, 214, Educational Advisory Committee (IBA), 432, 434 56, European Co-Finance Consortium, 194 educational broadcasting, 174–5 European Commission, advisory councils and committees, 56 Green Paper: Television without frontiers, programmes, 15, 17, 19, 37–8, 50, 55, 64, 65, 44 68, 79, 80, 82–3, 86, 87, 94, 100, 111, European Communities, 175–7, 179–81, 181–4, ownership rules, 371, 373 support materials, 177–9 European Court of Justice, 160 Edwards, Owen, 55 European Television Networks, 425 Edwards, Ralph, 111 (satellite channel), 214, 426, 432, 434 Ehrenburg, Professor Andrew, 88 Evans, Chris, 267 462 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Evans, Harold, 340 TV-am, 262–3, 303, 320, 322–3, 324, 333, , 260–1, 317, 322 339, 345–6, 356, 358–60 An Evening with Max Wall, 53 Finance for Industry, 339 Ever Thought of Sport?, 214 , 46, 57, 64, 86, 119, 138, 139, Everybody Here, 181 237, 238, 325, 332, 342, 349, 358, 363, Evil, 170 364, 371, 372 Ewart, Keith, 308–9 Financial Weekly, 335 Exchequer Levy on ITV companies, 11, 15 Fintel, 64 Eyre, Richard, 198 The First Christian, 167 First Love, 117, 198 Face the Press, 87, 89, 154, 237, 243 Community Association, 57 facilities houses, 9, 99 Five Go Mad in , 110, 114, 116 Fahd, Prince Mohamed bin, 370 Flackfield, Eric, 88–9, 94, 125, 132, 180 Fair, Bronwen, 13, 16 Fleet Holdings, 339,343–4, 345, 346, 348, 357, Fairbrother, Ian, 289 359, 369 Fairley, John, 213, 214 Flextech, 420 Falklands conflict, 94, 144–6, 155, 159, 197, 228 Flipper, 362 A Farewell to Arms, 148 Floyd, Mr, 13 Farrell, Mairead, 269 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 109, 122 Farrell, Terry, 309, 310, 311 Fonseca, Reina, 115 Father Ted, 205 football on television, 53, 70, 94, 209–10 Father’s Day, 130 Ford, Anna, 73, 302, 314, 322, 323, 333, 334 Fawkes, Richard, 182 Ford Foundation, 178 Fellowship, IBA, 177 Forgan, Liz, x Fellner, Eric, 199 as Senior Commissioning Editor, Current fencing on television, 199 Affairs, Channel 4: appointment, 38–9, 41, Ferrers, Earl, 247 42; and the Banned season, 268, 271–2; fibre optic technology, 396, 412–14, 415 and commissioning editors, 64, 131–2, 165, Fiddick, Peter, 295–6 223; and The Committee, 274, 276; Fides (Trust Company), 369 contribution to the channel, 295–6; and fifth television channel, 240, 258, 381, 383 current affairs, 89, 122, 144, 153, 176; and see also Channel 5 the Early Morning Television project, 263; 51% Productions, 111 and The Friday Alternative, 144–5, 146–7, Figgis, Mike, 198 149; and impartiality, 247; and independent Film Four International, 200 productions, 155–6; and ITV companies, Film Funding Consortium, 195 61–2; leaves Channel 4, 295; and Michael Film Policy (White Paper), 194–5 Grade, 230; and news, 69–70, 97, 137–8; Film on Four, 56, 94, 100, 102, 105, 110, and programme commissions, 55–6, 161, 113–14, 117, 123, 124, 192–201, 249, 249; and Right to Reply, 136, 261; and 277–8 20/20 Vision: MI5s’Official Secrets, films on television, 56, 94, 100, 102, 105, 110, 156–60; and women’s representation, 120 113–14, 117, 123, 124, 135, 192–201, 249, as Director of Programmes, Channel 4, 438; 277–8, 432, 433 appointment, 250; departure, 295; on finance, impartiality, 247; improving the commis- BBC, 416 sioning process, 253; media planning, 290; Channel 4, 9, 10–12, 14, 47, 57, 60, 63, 68, and Network 7, 261; selection of new 84, headquarters, 286 IBA/ITC, 10, 232, 263, 323–5, 358 Forman, Sir Denis, 17, 31, 37, 304 ITV, 11, 14, 57, 59, 79, 80, 96, 234, 237, 244, Fountain, Alan, x, 65, 66–7, 79, 215, 252, 254, 246, 284, 357 291, 438 Index 463

Four American Composers, 207 GMTV, 379 Four Weddings and a Funeral, 199, 278 Gabriel, Jane, 154, 184–92 fourth television channel, viii, 3–20 Gaelic football on television, 210 financing, 5, 10–12, 14 Galaxy, 432 programme supply, 12, 18 Gallery, 139 proposals for: Annan Committee, 3–4, 8–10, Gambles, Lyn, 89, 156–8, 164 10–11; Hugh Carleton Greene, 6–7; games shows, 94, 110–11, 118, 130, 265 Pilkington Committee, 3, Anthony Smith, Gandhi, 195 4–6 Gardam, Tim, 259 regulation, 4–5, 6, 19 Gardener’s Calendar, 180 transmission, 40 gardening programmes, 180 in Wales, 11, 18 Garrett, Stephen, 252, 254, 260, 261 see also Channel 4; Channel Four Television Gatward, James, 232, 435 Company; Sianel Pedwar Cymru (); Gau, John, x, 165, 204, 221, 231, 317, 435 Welsh Fourth Channel Authority Geldof, Bob, 266–7 4 What it’s Worth, 179 General Elections, Fox, Sir Paul, 435 1979, 8, 391 as Managing Director, YTV, 307: and TV-am/ 1987, 153, 234 ITN negotiations, 307 Gervasi, Milli, 114 as Chairman, ITCA, 104–5, Gibbs, Mark, 214, 283 as Director, Channel 4 Board, 1985–87, 221, Gibraltar killings of IRA terrorists, 269 224, 231–2, 236, 435 Giles, Belinda, 171 and Daybreak Television, 378 Gill, Eric, 171 Fragile Earth, 181 Gimme Health, 259 Francis, Clive, 280 Glass, Dee Dee, 154 Francis, Raymond, 114 Glass, Philip, 207 Franklin, Andrew, 214 Gleeson, Rosie, ix Fraser, Nicholas, 271 Glencross, David, Frears, Stephen, 113–14, 197, 198–9, 277 as Deputy Director of Television, IBA, 304, Free Communications Group, 4 308, 318, 340: on the applicants for the Freeman, Catherine, 176 breakfast time television contract, 304, Freeman, John, 16, 28, 226–7, 304, 307 340; on the TV-am start date, 318; on TV- French, Dawn, 114, 202 am negotiations with ITN, 308 Fricke, Ron, 207 as Director of Television, IBA, 234; and The Friday Alternative, 89, 120, 122, 144–9, Channel 4 controversial programmes, 125, 163, 217 128, 156, 160, on ‘due impartiality’, 247; Friday Night Live, 202 and TV-am, 342, 351–2, 352–4, 374, 380 Friday Perspective, 89, 93–4 as Chief Executive, ITC, 272 Friedmann, Julian, 183 Glyndebourne Opera, 87, 207 , 258 Gnostics, 170–1 Friends of John McCarthy, 423 Goddard, Jim, 52 Frost, David, 302, 303, 307, 311, 314, 316, 322, Godolphin Productions, 183 328, 333, 448 Gold, Jack, 197 The Frost Interview – the Shah, 313 Gold, Michael, 82 Fry, Stephen, 202 Gold Greenlees Trott, 81–2 Frye, Roger, 332, 342 Goldcrest, 198 Fuji (electronics), 397 Golden Girls, 133 ‘golden hours’ (trade union rules), 361 GBH, 278–9 golf on television, 210 GEC, 396 The Gong Show, 130 464 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

The Good Father, 437 staff: industrial disputes, 116 (ABC), 299, 317 Granada Guildhall Lectures, 6–7 Good Morning Australia, 317 Granada TV Rentals, 430 Good Morning Britain, 314, 325, 359 Granada Television, Goodman, Arnold (Lord Goodman), 366, 368 company: and BSB, 431 Goodman, Elinor, 139 finance: terms of trade with Channel 4, 87–8 Gordon, Bruce, 362 programmes: community, 389; current affairs, Gosling, Sir Donald, 49 154, 269; drama, 37; educational, 176; film governments, purchasing, 135; sport, 213; supply to 1951–63 (Conservative), 389 Channel 4, 176, 213 1970–74 (Conservative), 4, 8, 389 Grandstand, 209 1974–79 (Labour), 4, 8, 10, 40, 391, 394 , 112, 181 1979–97 (Conservative), 8, 10, 194, 202, Grantham, Roy, 355 236–7, 238, 422; broadcast ban on graphic design for television, 74–5, 84, 90, 102–3 interviews with terrorists, 269; Grattan, Don, 178 Broadcasting Act 1990, 236, 238; Downing Greece: The Hidden Truth, 184–92, 272 Street broadcast seminar, 238–9; and Greece: A Search for Truth, 191–2 information technology, 393, 394, 403; and Green, Bernard, x satellite television, 427, 430; and the White Green, Michael, 448 Paper, 1988, 239–40 as Chairman, Carlton Communications, 257, Grade, Leslie, 226–7 294; application for Channel 3 London Grade, Lew (Lord Grade), 226 weekday licence, 257 Grade, Michael, x, 448 Greenaway, Peter, 198, 201, 207 as Deputy Controller of Programmes Greene, Sir Hugh Carleton, 6–7, 11 (Entertainment), LWT, 227, 228 Cablevision, 389, 390, 396, 419 as Controller, BBC1, 227–8, 278 Griffin-Beale, Chris, ix, 86, 90–1, 100, 107, 134 as Director of Programmes, BBC Television, Griffiths, Professor Brian, 241, 243 222, 228–30, 237, 278 Griffiths, Ellis, x, 47, 48–50, 51–2, 60, 61, 85, as Chief Executive, Channel 4: appointment, 89–90, 98–9, 107, 108, 116–17, 250 220–3, 238; background and character, Griffiths, Stanley, 52 220, 223, 224, 225–30; and the Banned Groombridge, Brian, 177 season, 270–1, 272; and breakfast-time Gryn, Rabbi Hugo, 171 service, 266–7; and the Broadcasting Bill, Gryn, Naomi, 171 245, 246, 247; on commissioning, 252–3, , 4, 38, 42, 114, 115, 117, 119, 128–9, 285; and The Commmittee, 274, 277; and 154, 158, 211, 237, 324, 331, 379, 383 drama, 278–81; and ‘golden handcuffs’, , 378 393–4; at the Home Affairs Committee, Guild Sound and Vision, 179 241–2; and incorporation, 284; and Liz Guinery, John, 318 Forgan, 295–6; and Mrs Thatcher , 243–4; Gutteridge, Tom, 266 and sales of airtime, 290, 292; and gymnastics on television, 210 scheduling, 256–8; at Selsdon Park, 252–3; Gyngell, Bruce, x, 346–8 and workshop programmes, 216–17 as Managing Director, TV-am: appointment, Graef, Roger, x, 26, 29, 31, 33–4, 46, 53, 65, 70, 348–50; editorial role, 352, 378; and Greg 77, 79, 80, 88, 100, 106, 133, 223–4, 435 Dyke, 349–50; attack, 362; on the Graham, David, 122, 145, 147, 149 licensing process, 377–8; relations with the Graham, James, 105 IBA, 352, 356, 358, and trade unions, , 360–4, 380 advertising, 116 as Chairman, TV-am, 378; on losing the company, 62 breakfast-time licence, 379–81 programmes: supply to Channel 4, 176 obituary, 383 Index 465

HTV, Highton, David, 178 company, 143 Higson, Charlie, 202 programmes: natural history, 181; supply to Hilary, Bill, 438 Channel 4, 176, 181 Hill, Ashley, x, 258 Haddaway, Tom, 216 Hill, Bernard, 280 Hall, Peter, 70, 205 Hill, Derek, 46, 71, 86, 91, 125, 197 Halliwell, Leslie, 67, 86, 135, 255 Hills, Julia, 202 Hamilton, Andy, 202 Hird, Christopher, 148 Hamilton, Ben, 277 A History of Nature, 161 Hamlyn, Paul, 302 Hobson, Dorothy, x, 126 Hammond, Anthony, 13–14 Hobson, Sir Ronald, 49 Hammond, Nicholas, 191 Hodges, Mike, 278 handball on television, 210 Hodgson, Godfrey, 139, 160 handicapped sports on television, 210 Hodgson, Sir Maurice, 398 Hanna, Vincent, 154 Hoffman, Leonard, 354 Happy Days, 362 Hogan, Paul, 110, 113 Hard News, 436 Hogg, Sarah, 94, 139 Hardy, Bert, 284, 302, 435 Holden, Windsor, ix, 447 Hargreaves, David, 178 Holder, Ram Jam, 206–7 Harries, Andy, 156 Holland, Jools, 266 Harrison, Keith, 111 Hollick, Clive (Lord Hollick), 126, 392 Harrison, Tony, 208 Hollingsworth, Mike, 351, 352, 354 Hart, Romaine, 197, 199 Hollins, Timothy, 387, 446 Haselwood, John, 107 Hollywood, 118 Haslam, Carol, x, 65, 67, 176, 180–1, 183, Holmans, Peter, 130 186–7, 259, 428, 438 Holmes Associates, 202 Hat Trick Productions, 202 Home, Lord, 169 Havel, Vaclav, 6 Home Affairs Committee, 13, 239, 241–2, 243, Haviaras, Stratis, 191 422 Hawke, John, 183 Reports: The Financing of Channel 4, 241–2, Haws, Chris, 164, 166 The Future of Broadcasting Hayman, Helene, 167 243, 441; , 239, Haynes, Brian, 392 441 Hear My Song, 278 Home Box Office (HBO), 420 The Heart of the Dragon, 170, 181 Home Office, 8, 16, 24, 240–1, 398, 401 Heath, Edward, 252, 389 and the Broadcasting Bill, 245–6 Hello, Do You Hear Us?,437 cable television licences, 391, 393, 395, 398, Hemingway, John, 367–8, 373 403, 406 Hennessy, Peter, 23 and Channel Four, 13, 146, 235 Henry, Harry, 319 and the Hunt Committee, 398, 401 Henshall, Douglas, 280 and the White Paper, 1988, 240 Herman, Mark, 277 and satellite television, 430 Heseltine, Michael, 280 Home Video Channel, 420, 425 Hewitt, Anthony, x, 424 Honeycombe, Gordon, 345 Hewland, Jane, 259 Hooper, Richard, 428, 429 Hewlett, Steve, 145 Horizon, 163, 425 Heyworth, Malcolm, 130 Horlock, John, 80 Hi-Ovis fibre optic cable experiment, 397 Horrox, Alan, 176 Hicks, Carolyn, 183 horse racing on television, 209, 211, 212–14 High Hopes, 437 Hosking, Barbara, 124 466 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92 hours of broadcasting, 60, 100, 106, 257, 263, ITV Association (ITVA), 242, 391 299, 313 see also Independent Television Companies The House, 198 Association (ITCA) House of Commons, 9, 248 ITV Council, 17, 25 House of Lords, 247–8 ‘ITV2’, 3, 7, 11, 15, 25, 31 Howard, Anthony, 184, 187–8 I Love Lucy, 133 Howard, George, 228 I Shall not Die, but Live, 171 Howards End, 278 I’m Not Ill… I’m Pregnant, 161 Howarth, Anthony, 183–4 Ian Breakwell’s Diaries,127 Howe, Darcus, 206, 254 Iatrides, John, 191 Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 11, 154, 448 Ibbotson, Peter, x, 229, 240, 244 Hubicka, Olga, 111 Idomineo, 123 Hudd, Roy, 280 impartiality in programmes, 145, 189, 218, Huffty, 262 246–8 Hughes, Glyn Tegai, x, 26, 33, 50, 55, 68, 76, 3, In Dialogue with Malcolm Muggeridge, 167 100, 219, 232, 435 In the , 110, 114, 119 Hume Corporation, 333 Incorporated Society of British Advertisers Hume Investment Trust Co Ltd, 322 (ISBA), 242 Hunt of Tanworth, Lord, 398 The Independent, 208, 238, 260, 276, 292 Hunt Committee of Inquiry in Cable Expansion The Independent on , 294 and Broadcasting Policy, 95, 387, 398, 399 Independent Broadcasting evidence to, 399 duopoly with BBC, 8 Report (Cmnd 8679), 399–400, 440 see also Independent Broadcasting Authority; recommendations, 400 ; Independent responses to, 401–5 Television Hunter, Bob, 314 Independent Broadcasting Authority, 8 Hurd, Douglas, advertising control: airtime sales, 3; Channel as : 238, 364; Broadcasting 4, 103–5; codes, 172, 404, 443; religious; Bill,, 244–5; and Channel 4; 174, 238, 244, 172; sponsorship, 211 245; Channel 3 quality threshold, 244 advisory councils and committees, 56 Hussey, Marmaduke, 219, 229, 448 Annan Committee: proposals for the IBA, 8 Hyks, Veronica, 134 audience research, 124, 355, 445 Hytner, Nicholas, 278 Authority: criticism of, 330; and BSB-Sky merger, 423, 433; and Judicial Review by IBA, see Independent Broadcasting Authority the ACTT, 363; licence to broadcast, 442; IBA Code of Advertising Standards and relationship with Channel 4 Board, 76–7, Practice, 172, 443 190–2, 218, 272; response to Hunt Inquiry IEA, see Institute of Economic Affairs Report, 404, 446; right of removal of IRA, see Irish Republican Army contract of service, 339–40; and TV-am ISBA, see Incorporated Society of British crisis, 329–31, 338, 339–46; Tripartite Advertisers Working Party on satellite television, 430–1 ISDN, see Integrated Services Digital Network breakfast-time television service: attitude to, ITAP, see Information TechnologyAdvisory Panel 299, 300, 314, 340; contracts: applications, ITC, see Independent Television Commission 314; award to TV-am, 300, 305; interviews, ITC code of programme sponsorship, 443 300, 301–2, 305, 308, 313, 315, 316, 319, ITCA, see Independent Television Companies 322; Judicial Review of IBAaward, 363; Association mid-term review of TV-am, 355; news ITN, see Independent Television News requirement, 304–5, 306; rentals deferred, ITP, see Independent Television Publications 323–5; and the start date for TV-am, 314–16, ITV, see Independent Television 318–19; share structure, 339, 365–7 Index 467

Broadcasting Bill: preparations, 8; input and Independent Programme Producers Association briefings, 242 see also Broadcasting Act (IPPA), 45, 61, 66, 68–9, 77, 79, 87–8, 93, 1990 94, 155, 192, 242 engineering, 91; transmission, 40, 63, 83, 101, Independent Television (ITV), 430 advertising: copy clearance, 404; industrial finance: Exchequer Levy,11, 15; fourth dispute, 103, 107, 116, 121, 133, 193, 20; channel subscriptions, 10, 57, 59, 77–8, 98; revenue, 59, 80, 236, 241, 242, 243, 291, rentals from companies; 232, 263, 323–5 357; sales of Channel 4 advertising, 100, fourth television channel, 7–8, 10, 17, 47, 58, 116, 149, 237, 239, 241–2, 289–92 76–7, 99; The Fourth Channel Programme Channel 4: competition, 233, 236, 237; com- Policy Statement, 79, 109, 118, 154, 160, plementarity of programming, 18–19, 68, 166, 175, 258; as subsidiary of the IBA, 58, 78, 100, 120, 121 236 contracts, 1982–92, 14 see also licences Home Affairs Committee: evidence to, 242; competition: with BBC, 226, 227, 228, 317; proposals, 239 with Channel 4, 233, 236, 239 Hunt Inquiry, response to, 402 engineering: transmission, 40, 63, 83; Peacock Committee: evidence to, 58; videotape formats; 62 proposals on the IBA, 231 finance: fourth channel subscriptions, 11, 14, programme companies: foreign ownership, 57, 59, 79, 80, 96; rentals to the IBA, 232, 263, 323–5; revenue, 59, 80, 236, 241, 242, 331, 365, 369, 371, 373–5; mid-term 243, 291, 357; safety net for Channel 4, reviews, 355–6; newspaper shareholdings, 244, 246, 284 344–6, 356–8; relations with ITV, 17, 218 hours of broadcasting, 60 programme control, 105–6, 124–5, 128, licences, Channel 3 (ITV): competitive 156–8, 168–9, 188–91, 208–9, 239, 269, tendering, 376 443; banned programmes, 31–2, 171, 269, Peacock Committee, 231, 416–17 270; censorship, 59, 105–6; codes; 269, programmes: adult education, 179; comple- 443; educational, 56, 174–5, 177, 389; due mentarity with Channel 4, 79, 120, 121; impartiality, 145, 247; independent documentaries, 251; films, 135; news, 29, production, 213; news, 19, 28–9, 304–8; 137, 138, 140, 266; religious, 100; scheduling, 96 scheduling, 3, 120; sports, 210, 211, publications, 443 212–13 radio services, 8, 315, 342 second television service (ITV2), 3, 7, 11, 15, staff: trade union representation, 71–2 25, 31 television services: breakfast-time television, staff, 63; industrial relations, 47, 57, 62, 63, 299–383 passim; Channel 4, 3–296 passim; 80, 103–5; trade union national ITV, 11, 14, 18–19, 57, 59, 60, 61–2, 79, agreements, 71–2; ITV disputes, 80, 100 80, 96, 120, 121, 234, 237, 357; satellite White Paper, 1988, proposals, 103–5, 239 television, 427–34 passim Independent Television Authority (ITA), 3, 7 White Paper 1988; proposals, 239 Independent Television Commission, Independent Broadcasting Authority Act 1973, 14 advertising and sponsorship regulation: Independent Broadcasting AuthorityAct 1979, 40 banned advertisements, 423; codes, 443–4 Independent Broadcasting Trust, 86 advisory councils and committees, 62 Independent Communications Associates audience research, 174 (InCA), 164, 165, 166 Broadcasting Act 1990 provisions, 242, 247, Independent Film-makers Association, 66–7, 215 270 Independent Local Radio, 8, 315, 342 cable/ local delivery television services, 418, independent producers, 15–16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 421–4 31, 39–40, 43, 61, 66, 73, 79, 97, 101, Commission, 239, 376; ethos, 423; functions, 154–6, 249 376; relations with Channel 4, 272 468 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

digital television services, 423 Channel 4, 57, 60, 62, 77, 80, 83, 88, 93, 101, licensees: Channel 4, 244, 284–5, 292 103 licensing procedures, 240, 376; assessment, disputes, 103, 107, 116, 121, 133, 193, 320, 270, 376, 378–9; competitive tendering, 360–4 376, 377–8; compliance with codes, 285; ITV, 80, 100 exceptional circumstances, 379; Invitation national agreements, 77 to Apply, 378; quality threshold, 244, 376, TV-am, 116, 319–20, 335–6, 345, 360–4 377; selection process, 378–9 Information International Inc, 103 programme content regulation, 262, 270–2, Information Technology Advisory Panel (ITAP), 276, 381–2; compliance, 285; lighter touch, 394–9, 400, 441 423; integration of terrestrial, satellite and Inglis, Brian, 171 cable content regulation, 423–4 Ingham, Bernard, 146 publications: codes, 247, 443–4 Ingham, Chris, Associates, 289 satellite television services, 430 Ingrams, Richard, 168 terrestrial television services, 378 Channel 4, Inland Revenue, 77–8, 95 244–5, 248–9 Channel 5, 38 Insolvency Act 1986, 427 Independent Television Companies Association Institute of Contemporary Arts, 46, 70 (ITCA), 101, 180, 343 Institute of Contemporary British History, 13, and the Budd Report , 235 158, 217, 444 and Channel 4, 68, 79, 87, 93, 100, 101, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), 403 104–5 Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), copy clearance, 404 103, 107, 116, 121, 133, 193, 319–20, 323, and TV-am, 310–12, 356 339 and the Peacock Committee,232 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 414 Terms of Trade with Channel 4, 79, 87–8, Inter-Action, 178 93 International Management Group, 211 see also ITV Association; ITV Council Internet, 426 Independent Television News (ITN), 15, 19, , 143 50–1, 69–70 Ireland – A Television History, 34, 46 company: application for the breakfast- time The Irish R M, 86, 97, 117, 123, 192 television licence, 304; Board, 304; Irish Republican Army (IRA), 31, 269, 273 membership of Daybreak Television Irvine, Ian, 339, 348, 359, 371 consortium, 378, 379; provision of Channel Irvine, Jane, 337 4 news, 69–70, 79, 80, 137–8; relationship Irwin, Christopher, x 431 with TV-am, 304, 354–5 Isaacs, Jeremy, x, 445 finance, 140; costs, 69–70, 79, 80, 306 as Controller of Features, Thames Television, news bulletins: awards, 436, 437; 7–8, 31–2, 34, 135 Conservative Party conference bomb as Chief Executive, Channel 4, 1981–87, 36, explosion, 354; Falklands crisis coverage, 73, 74, 49, 438; appointment, 28, 30–4, 41, 144–6; Iranian Embassy siege, 143 218; BBC Director General, application news services, Channel 3, 29, 137, 138, 140, for, 192, 219, 229; and Brookside, 112–13; 260; Channel 4, 69, 94, 97, 100, 105, 110, and budgeting, 80, 82, 84; and controver- 112, 133, 137–44, 147, 249, 264, 266, 267, sial programmes, 105–6, 122, 127–9, 436, 437; Super Channel, 429 144–9, 186–92, 203–4; departure from staff, 140; trade unions, 101 Channel 4, 219, 237; and drama, 193–201 studios, 140 passim; and educational broadcasting, Independent Television Publications (ITP), 96, 174–5, 179; and Greece: the Hidden 100 War,186–92; and independent producers, Indra Dhnush, 426 43–5, 73, 94–5, 215; leaves Channel 4, industrial relations, 345 219, 237; and music programmes, 207; and Index 469

news, 69–70, 80, 137–44; on the Opening Johnson, Hugh, 291 Day of Channel 4, 107, 115; and Michael Johnson, Julia Migenes, 130 Grade, 222; and Peacock Committee Johnson, Paul, 122, 406 Report, 231, 232; and political Johnston, Sue, 113 broadcasting, 153–4; portrait, 35; and Jones, Clive, x, 306, 314, 335, 337–8, 349–50 programme policy, 120–2, 151, 166, 201; Jones, Derek, 177 and public service broadcasting, 95–6, 238; Jones, Eleri Wynne, 435 and Right to Reply, 136; relations with Jones, Joyce, x, 34, 40, 54, 57, 89, 94, 125, 180 Edmund Dell, 32–3, 34, 41–2, 78, 108, Jones, Michael, 271 150–3, 217–19; and scheduling, 89, 97, 99, Jones, Vanessa, viii 120, 122–3, 132, 180; and senior staff Jones-Davies, Sue, 114 appointments, 37–40, 41, 45–6, 54–5, Jordan, Neil, 56, 198 56–7, 64–7, 88; and terms of trade, 87–8, Jowitt, Juliet, 346 93; and workshops, 99 Judicial Review of IBA/ITC, Ivory, James, 278 ACTT, 363 judo on television, 210 J’Accuse – Citizen Kane, 436 Juvenile Liaison 2, 269 Jackson, Judy, 154, 155 Jackson, Michael, 25, 118, 277 The Kabbalah, 171 Jackson, Mick, 278 Keating, Tom, 182 Jackson, Paul, 202 Kee, Robert, 167, 314, 322, 333 Jaffrey, Saeed, 199 Kellogg’s, 211 James, C. L. R., 163 Kelly, Jude, 205 James, Howell, 314 Kemp, David, 157 James, P. D., 171 Kennedy, Bob, 424 James, Roger, 127 , Bruce, 154 Jankel, Annabel, 206 , 207 Januszczak, Waldemar, 255, 288 Kermode, Frank, 118 Japan Satellite TV, 426 Kerr, Deborah, 192 Jay, Peter, x, 28–9, 153, 300, 301–2, 313, 334 Kes, 127 ‘bias against understanding’ articles, 28–9 Kickback, 265 ‘mission to explain’ philosophy, 300, 342 Kid in the Corner, 259 as Chairman and Chief Executive, TV-am, and King, Anthony, 153 company finances, 319, 324; IBA right of King Priam, 207 interruption of service, 311–12; negotiations King-Hamilton, Judge Alan, 111 with ITN, 305–8, 354; on news, 300, 314; Kings Cross fire disaster, 436 and studio premises, 308–10; relationship Kingsley, Ben, 171 with the IBA, 310, 312, 342; resignation, , 345, 347, 358, 372 326–9; and senior staff, 313–14, 334 Kleinwort Grieveson, 358 Jefford, Barbara, 113 Korer, Cecil, 65, 67, 111, 126, 129, 130, 438 Jeffrey, Peter, 280 , 207 Jelley, Chris, 167, 176 Kristofferson, Kris, 124 Jeopardy, 130 Kureishi, Hanif, 198, 277 Jesus – the evidence, 168, 170 Kustow, Michael, 70–1, 77, 182, 205, 207–9, Jesus Christ Movie Star, 171 254, 438, 445 Jesus – Then and Now, 171–4 The Jewel in the Crown, 37 Labour Party, 229, 245, 362, 363 Jim Henson’s Greek Myths, 436 labour relations, 345 John Gau Productions, 165 disputes, 103, 107, 116, 121, 133, 193, 320, Johnny Go Home, 251, 313 360–4 470 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Channel 4, 54, 60, 62, 77, 80, 83, 88, 93, 101, Limehouse Studios, 160, 202 103 Lindsay, Robert, 279 ITV strike, 80 Link TV, 339 national agreements, 77 Lipstick On Your Collar, 279–81 TV-am, 116, 319–20, 335–6, 345, 360–4 The Listener, 42, 43, 236, 397 lacrosse on television, 210 Littler, Shirley (Lady), Ladbrokes, 424 at the Home Office, 13–15 Lambert, Verity, 279 as Deputy Director, IBA, 1986–9, 105, 233–4, Lambie-Nairn, Martin, 74–5, 84, 90, 102–3, 445 242, 247; and Home Affairs Committee, Lanchin, Wendy, 291 242 Land Girls, 278 as Director General, IBA, 1990; and the Landleisure, 372 Broadcasting Bill, 247 Landscape Channel, 426 , 178 Lanning, Greg, 216 Livingstone, Ken, 154 Lapotaire, Jane, 171 Lloyd, David, x, 250, 252, 254, 264, 276, 293, Lapping, Anne, 153, 284, 295, 435 438 Lasko, Claire, 156 Lloyd-Roberts, Sue, 154, 155 The Last Resort, 205 Loach, Ken, 127, 128–9, 277 Latimer, Clare, 134 London, Bishop of, 169, 173 Laughterhouse, 437 London Business School, 88, 232 Laurie, Hugh, 202 London Films, 392 Lawrence, Josie, 202 London Merchant Securities, 431 Lawson, Hilary, 191, 314, 326, 339 London Programme, 332 Lawson, Nigel, 448 London Scientific Films, 165 Leapman, Michael, 321, 326, 445 London Video, 53 The Learning Channel, 420 London Television, Ledgard, Andrew, ix company, 226, 252; and Super Channel, 429; Lee, Hermione, 111–12 membership of Sunrise Television (later Leigh, Mike, 198, 278 GMTV) consortium, 378; negotiation with Leith, William, 294 Channel 4 on news provision, 378 Leland, David, 199, 278 finance, 226, 359; terms of trade with Channel Lella, 172 4, 87 Lenya, Lotte, 124 programmes: arts, 111–12; comedy, 206; Letter to Brezhnev, 193 community information, 389; features, 313; Letterman, David, 204–5 light entertainment, 202; news, 51, 69–70, Letters from an Indian Clerk, 165 313; religious, 168–9; sport, 213, 214; Leventhal, Colin, x, 57, 65, 84, 85, 107, 157, youth, 259 159–60, 193–5, 196, 200, 250, 251, 290 staff, 26 Lever, Harold, 302 The Long Search, 171 Levin, Bernard, 168 Looks and Smiles, 127 Levison, Charles, 428, 429 The Love of Three Oranges, 123 Levitt Bernstein Associates, 63 The Lowest of the Low, 436 Lewis, Peter, 389–90, 446 Lowy, Frank, 377 Liberal Party, 246 Luckwell, Mike, 372 Licence Fee (BBC), 416 Ludford, Bill, 351, 378 A Life Less Ordinary, 278 Luke, Colin, 56 The Life of Brian, 171, 268, 269 Lunghi, Cherie, 117 Lifestyle, 416, 424, 426 Lustig, Robin, 69, 71, 79–80, 81 light entertainment programmes, 65, 67, 114, 201–5, 205–7 MAC, see Multiplexed Analogue Component Index 471

MAI plc, 126, 378, 392 Maitland, Sir Donald, 224 MIDEM, 200 Makavejev, Dusan, 269 MI5’s Official Secrets (20/20 Vision), 156–8, 275 Malinowski, Tomasz, 252, 268 MORI, 318, 325 Malle, Louis, 278 MTV, 381, 426 Malone, John, 420 McAleese, Mary, 284, 435 Mamet, David, 278 McCall, David, 25, 51, 79, 80, 96, 106, 141, 304, Mannion, David, 266 435 Manpower Services Commission, 83 McCann Erickson, 290 Marckus, Melvyn, 369 McCowan, Mr Justice, 159 Marconi, 92, 430 McCormack, Mark, 211 Marcopolo satellite, 432–3 Macdonald, Angus (Gus) (Lord Macdonald), Margolyes, Miriam, 181 136–7 Market Research Enterprises, 318 MacDonald, Barrie, ix Marketing Week, 318–19 Macdonald, Graeme, 134–5 Marsh, Sir Richard (Lord Marsh), x, 302, 303, Macdonald, Mairi, 255 307, 322, 326–7 McDonald, Trevor, 139, 448 as Deputy Chairman, TV-am, 322 Macdonald-Brown, Elizabeth, 406 as Chairman, TV-am, 328, 339, 342–3, 346–8 Macfarquar, Emily, 153 Marshall, Ray, 53 McGettigan, Frank, x, 57, 71–2, 85, 107, 131, Marvel Superheroes, 352 234–5, 250, 251, 285–9, 290 The Mary Tyler Moore Show, 133 McGinty, Lawrence, 139 The Mask of Orpheus, 208 McGrath, John, x, 284, 295, 435 Massiter, Cathy, 156–8 McGrath, Rory, 202, 203, 204 Masters, Pam, 73–5, 90, 98, 102–3, 107, 108, McGregor, Ewan, 280 116–18, 125, 133–4 McHugh, Peter, 351, 352 Mathew, John, 157 McIntosh, Andrew, 37 Maton, A. W., 387 McIvor, Jill, 342 Max Headroom, 206, 249, 346 McKee, Paul, 69, 142, 304 Maxwell, Robert, 392, 425, 429 McKellan, Ian, 113 Mayall, Rik, 202 McKeon, Simon, ix Meadowcroft, (later Brookside), 83, 86, 87 McKeown, Allan, 392 Mechanical Copyright Society, 391 McKittrick, David, 276 Media Week, 260, 429 Maclennan, Robert, 246 Melancholia, 217 Macmillan, Keith, 259 Melchett, Lady, 334 MacNeil/ Lehrer Report, 138 Mellersh, Nicolas, x, 391 McPhilemy, Sean, 275, 277, 445 Mellor, David, McRory, Avril, 255, 438 as Minister of State, Home Office: MacTaggart, James, 30 and the Broadcasting Bill, 246, 247, 248 Mad Lizzie, 336 Mentorn Films, 266 Madam, 123 Mercer, Derrik, 94, 105, 138, 142 Maddocks, Fiona, 112 Mercer, Edward, 407 Maddox, Bronwen, 372 Merchant Navy Officers Pension Fund, 323, 339 The Madness of King George, 278 Mercury Asset Management, 378 Maggie’s Militant Tendency, 229 Mercury Communications, 405, 411, 418 The Magnificent One, 123 Meridian Broadcasting, Mahabharata, 208 company, 126 Mahoney, John, 138 licence, Channel 3, South and South East Maids and Madams, 436, 437 , 1993–, 126, 392 Mainline Films, 197 Metcalfe, Adrian, x, 53, 70, 77, 209–14, 254, 438 472 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Metropolitan Opera, New York, 207 Moving Picture Company, 182 Midgeley, Robin, 134 Mowbray, Lord, 169 Midsummer Marriage, 207 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 167 Mighty Moments from World History, 205 Muggs, J. Fred, 300, 307, 336 Miles, Keith, 407 Mulholland, Clare, 270, 352 Miles, Sarah, 205 Mullard, 394, 396 Miller, Jonathan, 117, 163 Mullin, Chris, 278 Miller, Mike, 214, 255, 438 Mulloy, Phil, 216 Milligan, Spike, 202 multi-cultural programmes, 44, 119, 126, 206–7 Milne, Alasdair, 219, 228, 317, 401, 448 Multiplexed Analogue Component (MAC) Milne, Claudia, 89, 156–8, 164 systems, 430, 432, 433 Milton Keynes cable, 389, 390, 392, 396, 415 Mulville, Jimmy, 202, 203, 204 Mini Pops, 117, 130–1 Munroe, Carmen, 206 Minster Lovell conference, 81, 86–7 The Munsters, 132 Mirrorvision, 425 Murdoch, Rupert, 302, 393, 395–6, 448 and Sky Mishcon, Lord, 406 Television, 393, 424, 432 and BSkyB, 433 “mission to explain”, 300, 342 Murphy, Mike, 211, 213 Mitchells Do Fly in IMC, 183 Murray, James, 116 Mobil Showcase, 52 Murun Buchstansangur, 127 Molinaire, 393 Music Box, 424 The Money Programme, 38 Music Channel, 428 Monks, Gill, 339 music programmes, 44, 65, 67, 94, 207–9 Monopolies and Mergers Commission, 357 My Beautiful Launderette, 198–9 Monotype Corporation, 74 Myer, Carole, 200 Montagnon, Peter, 87, 170, 181 Myers, Edmund, 186, 189 Montreux International Television Festival, 61 Golden Rose Award, 114, 437 (list) NAR, see Net Advertising Revenue Monty Python’s Flying Circus, 202, 269 NATTKE, see National Association of Moonlighting, 94, 102 Theatrical, Television and Kine Employees Moore, Adrian, 351, 361, 362 NBC (US television network), 299, 378, 429 Moore, Lawrence, 162 NERA, see National Economic Research Moore, Peter, 255, 438 Associates Morahan, Christopher, 37, 114 NHK, 212 Morison, Stanley, 74 NTSC colour television standard, 61 Moritz, Reiner, 52, 200, 207 NUJ, see National Union of Morning (CBS), 299 Nabarro, David, 366, 368 Morphy, Lesley, 178 Nandy, Dipak, 403 Morris, Michael, 142 The Nation’s Health, 86 Morris, Roger, 53 National Advisory Group on the Social Uses of Morrison, John, 138 Broadcasting, 389 Morrison, Kevin, 407 National Association of Broadcasters, 60 Morrison, Hon Sara, x, 21, 26, 33, 65, 76, 147, National Association of Theatrical, Television and 389, 435 Kine Employees (NATTKE), 83, 93, 361 Morton, A. W., 387 National Car Parks, 49 Morton, Rocky, 206 National Economic Research Associates Moses and Aaron, 207 (NERA), 286 Moth, Peter, 154 National Film Board of Canada, 215 Mother Ireland, 269 National Film Finance Corporation (NFFC), 194, motor racing on television, 209 196 The Movie Channel, 432, 433 , 53 Index 473

National Television Foundation proposal, 4–6, 7, Nicholas Nickleby, 52, 117, 123, 192 10, 36, 48 Nicholson, Geoffrey, 211 National Theatre, 70 Nicholson, Mavis, 181 National Theatre of Brent, 205 Nine Broadcasting, 360, 365, 366 National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 160,337, The Nine O’Clock News, 140 360, 361 No Problem!, 131, 206 National Westminster Bank, 50 Nobody Here But Us Chickens, 436 Nationwide, 31 Norbert Smith – A Life, 437 natural history programmes, 180–1 Norridge, Julian, 168–9 Naylor, Thea, 115 Norrington, John, 367–9 Neal, Gub, 259 Norris, Cresta, 172, 176 Neave, Airey, 393 Northern Ireland, 31, 228, 272–7 , 228 Not On Sunday, 171 Neil, Andrew, 403, 448 Notting Hill, 199 Neil, Ron, 317 Now, 432 Nelly’s Version, 105 Now Eat This, 165 Net Advertising Revenue (NAR), 59, 80, 236, Nuclear State, 162 241, 242, 243, 291, 357 Nunn, Trevor, 52 netball on television, 210 Nupen, Christopher, 26, 118 Network Programme Committee (NPC), 62, 79, 94, 96 OFT, see Office of Fair Trading Network 7, 259–61, 436 OFTEL, see Office of Telecommunications, Neve (Sound Engineers), 92 O’Connor, Jack, 60, 72, 278 The New Enlightenment, 149 O’Donoghue, Denise, 202 New Scientist, 139 Observer, 139, 211, 330, 331, 369, 370, 371, 374 New York Ripper, 271, 272 Ocampo, Yvonne, 111, 179 Newell, Mike, 278 Octopus Publishing Group, 322, 339, 371 Newman, Gordon (G.F.), 86 Office of Fair Trading (OFT), 433 News at Ten, 29, 137, 138, 140, 266 Office of Telecommunications (OFTEL), 407, News International, 302, 395, 424, 432 417, 423 , 361 Official Secrets Acts, 156–9 news programmes, 28–9 awards, 143, 436–7 Ogilvy & Mather, 81–2 Channel 3, 29, 137, 138, 140, 266 Oleanna, 278 Channel 4, 15, 19, 29, 38–9, 50–1, 112, Olsen, L. N. G., 323 137–44, 264–6 , 349–50, 361 coverage: Conservative Party Brighton On The Move, 178 Conference bomb explosion, 354–5; On The Razzle, 123 Falklands conflict, 94, 144–6, 155, 159, Open Broadcasting Authority, proposal, 6, 8, 10 197, 228; Iranian Embassy siege, 143; Open College, 80, 258 Kings Cross fire, 436; Zebrugge ferry Open Door, 177 disaster, 361, 436 Open University, 37, 67, 80, 83, 92, 178 TV-am, 314, 304–8 Opera on 4, 207 see also Channel Four News; Independent opera on television, 94, 117, 123, 134–5, 207 Television News opinion polls, 318 , 106, 112, 138 Opinions, 122, 163, 167 Newspaper Publishers Association, 322, 346 Opix Films, 53 Next Group, 431 optical fibre technology, 396, 412–14, 415 Nicholas, Sir David, 284, 435 Oracle Teletext, 55 as Editor & Chief Executive, ITN, 69 93–4, Oresteia, 205 137–9, 142, 144, 304, 306, 307 Orr-Ewing, Lord, 190, 247 474 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Ortega, Pascal, 198 Perkins, Steve, 382 Oscars, 254 Perlman Plays Beethoven, 117–18 Ove Arup & Partners, 288 Perriss, John, 82 Owen, Nick, 331, 337, 338, 345, 359 Perth, Lord, 169 Peter’s Friends, 278 PAL (transmission standard), 61, 432 Petherbridge, Edward, 52 PBS (US television network), 138 Peyton Place, 299 Packer, Kerry, 339, 346–7, 351, 360, 362, 365 Philips (Electronics), 392 Paine, Peter, 17, 406 Philips, Stephen, 139 Palin, Michael, 279 Phillips, Michael, 382 Panorama, 156, 227, 229 Phillips & Drew Fund Management, 378 Panoptic Productions, 271 Piggott-Smith, Tim, 170 The Paradox of the Papacy, 170 Pilkington, Sir Harry (Lord Pilkington), 3 Paramount Pictures, 362 Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting, 1960, 3, Park, Andy, 65, 67, 206, 207, 438 7, 109, 389, 390 Park, Daphne, 192 Report, (Cmnd 1653) 1962, 440 Parkinson, Michael, 302, 314, 322, 333 recommendations: third television channel, 3; Parliament, see House of Commons; House of pay television, 389 Lords Pill, Mr Justice, 275 Parliament, Members of, on television, 112 Planer, Nigel, 202 Parliamentary Channel, 426 Planet 24, 205, 266–7 Party Political Broadcasts, 80 The Planning Partnership, 263 Parsons, Charlie, 260, 261, 267 Plantin, Marcus, 202 Pasco, Rowanne, 356 Plants for Free, 180 Pasquale, Joe, 202 Plater, Alan, 278 Pay-TV Ltd, 389 Plessey, 416 pay television, 389, 390, 391, 392–3, 404, 408 Ploughman’s Lunch, 196 Peacock, Professor Sir Alan, 230, 416 Plowden, Bridget (Lady Plowden), Peacock, Michael, 26, 61 as Chairman, IBA, 1975–80, 17, 22, 24, 41, Peacock Committee on Financing the BBC, 301–2, 305, 315 1986, 230, Plowden, Edwin (Lord Plowden), 22 evidence to, 58, 149, 231, 232 Plowright, David, x Report, 1986, (Cmnd 9824), 149, 230, 416, as Deputy Chairman, ‘shadow’ Board, 440 Channel Four Television Corporation, 284, recommendations, 231; BBC advertising, 416; 435 cable television, 416–17, 422; Channel 4 to Poetry in Motion: John Betjeman, 437 sell own airtime, 149, 231–6; competitive Polanski, Roman, 278 tendering, 416 Poliakoff, Stephen, 56 reactions to, 416–17 political broadcasting, 80, 89, 112, Pearson Longman, 344 The Politics Show, 89 Pearson Television, 430, 431 polo on television, 210 Peat Marwick Mitchell & Co, 47, 57, 101 Ponelle, Jean Pierre, 207 Peck, Ron, 216 Ponting, Clive, 158, 159–60, 275 Peiser, Fuller, 288 Pope, Phil, 202 Pennies From Heaven, 279 Pope, Stephen, 260 People Get Ready, 171 Porter, Sir George, 40 People to People, 216, 217 Porterhouse Blue, 192, 193, 278 People’s Court, 110, 111 Portillo, Michael, 153 Performing Rights Society, 391 Portman Productions, 192 Perkins, Geoff, 202 Posner, Geoff, 202 Index 475

Post Office, 415 Quilts in Women’s Lives, 182 Postle, Denis, 162 Quinlan, Chris, 407 Postma, Laurens, 181 Quinn, Andrew, x, 431 Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of, 4–5, 7–8, 389 RPM (independent production company), 86 Potter, Dennis, 279–81, 448 Racecourse Association, 213 Powell, Chris, 81 racing, see horse racing; motor racing Powell, Enoch, 122 Radclyffe, Sarah, 198–9 Power, Gerry, 382 Radio Central Exchanges Ltd, 388 The Power Station, 267, 432 Radio Rentals, 389, 392 Pragnell, Anthony, 13, 231, 312, 435 radio services, 8, 134, 139, 315, 316–17, 342, Prashar, Ushar, 284, 435 388 The Praying Mantis, 117 see also BBC, radio services; Independent Premier Cablevision, 419 Local Radio Premiere, 416, 425 , 388 Press Council, 208 Radio Normandy, 388 Preston, Tony, 213 Raggett, Hugh, 176 Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) The Rakes Progress, 123 Act 1989, 273, 275 Ralling, Christopher, 87, 181 Preview Four, 110, 111 Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 165 Price, Richard, 52, 200 Ramsey, Arthur Michael, Archbishop of Priestland, Gerald, 167 Canterbury, 169 Priestland Right and Wrong, 167 Rampton – the Secret Hospital, 313 Primetime TV, 52 Ranelagh, John, x, 46, 51, 53, 55, 68, 76, 122, Pritchard, Gwynn, 254, 258–9 163, 164–5, 166–70, 235, 438 Pritchett, Tony, 103 Rank Organisation, 91–2, 196, 416 Private Eye, 138, 167, 168, 202 Rantzen, Esther, 322 privatisation, Rat on the Road, 336 Channel 4, 221, 234, 240 The Raving Beauties’ In the Pink, 110, 114 prize-winning programmes, 102, 114, 127, Rawnsley, Andrew, 154 165–6, 180–1, 201, 207, 254, 259, 436–7 Redbrick, 260 (lists) Redhead, Brian, 171 Prix Italia, 166, 207, 437 (list) Rediffusion, 388, 389–90, 392, 394, 396, 416, Propaganda War, 269 447 Protheroe, Alan, 146 Rediffusion Television (formerly Associated Proudfoot, Michael, 165 Rediffusion), 86 Prubache, 368 Redley, Michael, 244 Prudential Assurance Co, 323, 339 Redmond, Phil, 87, 112, 122, 181, 192, 445 public service broadcasting, 342, 399, 400 Reed International, 431 Purvis, Stewart, 142–4 Rees, Merlyn, 391 Puttnam, David, 56, 70, 117, 198 Rees, Roger, 52 Reggio, Godfrey, 207 quality threshold (Channel 3 licensing process), regional broadcasting, 244, 376, 377 TV-am regional opt-outs, 312 Quanta, 165 Reid, Jimmy, 163 Quantel, 90, 91 Reid, Mike, 68 Quantum Overseas NV, 365, 366, 368, 378 Reith, Lord, 388 Qube fibre optic experiment, 397 Relay Services Association of Great Britain, 390 Queen, H.M. The, 214 religious broadcasting, 166–74 Questions of Leadership, 127 advertising, 172 476 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

advisory councils and committees, 100, 169, Rook, Jean, 333, 334 173 Rory Bremner – Who Else?, 205 programmes, 100, 166–74 Rose, David, Relph, Simon, 196 as Senior Commissioning Editor, Drama, Remembrance, 94, 102, 124, 197 Channel 4, 37, 41, 52, 55–6, 64, 94, 113, Rennie, Barbara, 198 114, 131, 193, 196, 198, 254, 438 Renton, Timothy, 241 Rosen, Michael, 181 Report to the Nation, 89 Rosenberg, Michael, 181, 302, 303, 322 research, Roslin, Gaby, 267 audience, 47, 94, 117, 124, 134, 147, 180, Ross, Ian, 139 212, 263, 296, 325–6, 332, 337, 355, 359 Ross, Jonathan, 205 market, 318, 325 Ross, Nick, 326 Revelations, 167 Ross, Violet (‘Martin’), 86 Reynolds, Burt, 124 Rothschild, J, 328, 333 Reynolds, Gillian, 67 Rothschilds, 339 Rice, Anneka, 130 rowing on television, Rich Kids, 117 Royal Institute of International Affairs, 112, 138, Richard, Emily, 52 185 Richard Price Television Associates, 52, 200 Royal Institution, 112–13, 252 Richard Pryor Live in Concert, 125 Royal Opera House, 219 Richard Rogers Partnership, 288–9 Royal Shakespeare Company, 52, 64, 70 Richards, Susan, 70 Royal Society, 166 Richardson, Peter, 114, 202 Royal Society of Arts, 95 Richter, Heinz, 191 , 13, 149, 22, 235, 238, Riddell, Sir John, 341, 354 243, 251, 295–6 Ridley, Paula, x, 341, 343–5, 346, 355, 356, 375 awards, 436–7 (list) Riff Raff, 437 Royal Ulster Constabulary, 273, 274, 275–6 Right to Reply, 135–7, 168, 191, 261 Rudd, Lewis, 176 Rigoletto, 117, 123 rugby on television, 209 Ring, Professor James, 308, 398, 406 Ruggheimer, Gunnar, 392 Rink, John, 157 Russell, George (later Sir George), Rippon, Angela, 314, 322, 326, 331, 333, 334 as Member, IBA, 99 Robert Stigwood Corp Ltd, 322, 339 as Deputy Chairman, Channel 4, 1987–88, Robertson, Geoffrey, 159–60 221, 435 Robinson, Jancis, 180 as Chairman, ITC, 272 Robinson, Tony, 202, 203, 204, 259 Ryan, Robert, 48 Robinson Lambie-Nairn, 90 Ryan, Terry, 53 Robson, Eric, 167 Robson, Tom, 312 S & M, 437 Rodgers, William (Bill), 22 SES, see Société Européenne des Satellites Rogers, Peter, S4C, see Sianel Pedwar Cymru as Director of Finance, IBA, 234 STV, see as Director, Board, Channel 4: and TV-am Saatchi & Saatchi, Garland Compton, 81–2, 323 finances, 263, 324–5, 328–9, 357, 374–5 Sabbagh, Karl, 163–4 as Chief Executive, ITC, 231, 423 The Sabbath Bride, 171 Rogers, Richard, 288 Sacred Hearts, 198 Roland Rat, 336, 352 The Sacrifice, 277, 436, 437 Rolfe, David, 168 Sainsbury, John, 22 Romer, John, 169–70 Salaam Bombay, 254 Rook, Bryan, 26, 41, 305, 344, 367 Sammy and Rosie Get Laid, 199, 277 Index 477

Samuel Montague & Co Ltd, 288 Scott, Selina, 317 Sanderson Vere Crane, 91 Scott, Sir Walter, 220 Sands, Bobby, 269 Scottish Amicable Investment Managers Ltd, Sansom, Stuart, 47 378 Sapper, Alan, 361 Scottish Television, Sargant, Naomi, x advertising, 116 as Senior Commissioning Editor, Educational company 33, 62, 137; membership of Sunrise Programming, Channel 4, 37–8, 41, 45, 55, Television (later GMTV) consortium, 378 56, 64, 67, 79, 80, 94, 174–7, 180, 181–2, programmes: documentaries, 34; religious, 214, 254, 258, 438, 445 171; sport, 213; supply to Channel 4, 171, Satellite Broadcasting Board, 431 176, 213 satellite television, 419, 427–34 staff: industrial disputes, 116 contracts, 431, 433 Screen Sport, 424, 426 finance, 428 Seacoal, 216 manufacturers, 430–1 Seagrove, Jenny, 192 programme channels, 392–3, 428, 432, 433–4; Sebastiane, 271 news, 429 Secret History, 256, 437 regulation, 427 The Secret Life of…the Washing Machine, 436 satellites: high-powered, 429, 432; low- Secret Places, 196 powered, 427, 429; transponders, 428 Secret Society: Cabinet, 268, 269 technology, 430, 432; aerials, 432; analogue, Secrets and Lies, 278 427; encryption, 430, 432; digital, 426 security services, 156–60, 275 see also Direct Broadcasting by Satellite Seed, Geoff, 156 Satellite Television plc, 393 See4, 178–9 Saturday Live, 202 Select TV, 392 Satyagraha, 207 Selkirk, Communications (Canada), 419 Saudia Arabia, Selsdon, Park conference, 252–4 business connections with TV-am, 367–9, Semi-Tough, 124 369–72 A Sense of Freedom, 34 Saunders, Jennifer, 114, 202 Serota, Nicholas, 288 Saura, Carlos, 117 Seven Days, 166–7 Sautoy, Carmen du, 117 Sex and the Censors, 270–1 Saville, Philip, 198 Sex in Our Time, 269 Sayle, Alexei, 202 sexual portrayal on television, 68, 125 Scargill, Arthur, 163 Seymour, David, 13 Schoenberg, Arnold, 207 Shah, Eddy, 363 Schonfeld, Victor, 105–6 Sharpe, Tom, 192 Schweitzer, Albert, 169 Shaw, Colin, x, 13, 16, 18, 20, 41, 50, 55, 124, schools broadcasting, 145–6, 174, 283, 340, 343, 448 advisory councils and committees, 56 Shaw, David, 235 programmes, 258–9 cable, 340 Sci-Tech Award, 165 Sheffield Morning Telegraph, 357 Science in Society Unit, 161 Shegog, Rev Eric, 356 science programmes, 160–6 Shell Richard Cawston Award, 165 Scorey, Michael, 330, 333, 369, 370, 373 Shelmerdine, Mark, 392 Scott, David, x, 47, 54, 55, 57, 66, 81, 84, 85, Shoah, 436 107, 193, 194, 195, 196, 233, 241, 244, shooting sports on television, 210 245, 250, 251, 286, 290, 294 show jumping on television, 210 Scott, Michael, 435 Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C), vii, 59, 106, 232 Scott, Sebastian, 267 Sim, Kevin, 314, 326 478 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Simmons, Tim, 99, 108 programmes, 209–14, 432 Simonds-Gooding, Anthony, x, 433 rights, 405, 419, 433 Sims, Monica, 316 sponsored events, 211 Singer, Adam, x, 410, 415, 420–1, 423 Sports Channel, 432 single plays, 56, 64 Sports Council, 40 Sissons, Peter, 94, 139 Spry, Caroline, 216 The 6 O’Clock Show, 332 Spycatcher, 160, 275 The Sixties, 118 Standard Radio Relay Services Ltd, 388 Skase, Christopher, 377 Stapleton, John, 337, 345 skating on television, 210, 211 Stark, Freya, 56 The Skin Horse, 436 Starview, 392 Skinner, Dennis, 362–3 Stellman, Marcel, 110 Sky Movies, 432 Steltzer, Max, 74 , 425, 432, 433 Stephen, Jaci, 260–1 , 432, 433 Stephens, Elinor, 155 , 433 Sterling, Sir Jeffrey, 243 Sky Television, 257, 393, 396, 402, 424, 432 Stevens, Jocelyn, 272 Slater Walker (Middle East) Ltd, 322 Stevenson, D., 339 Small, Jane, x, 200 Stewart, William G., 267 Smith, Anthony, x, 4, 20, Stewart-Hunter, David, 82 ‘National Television Foundation’ proposal, Stocken, Oliver, 302 4–6, 7, 10, 26, 36, 48 Stoessel, Sue, 88, 92, 97, 100, 116–17, 126, 132, as Consultant, then Director, Board, Channel 134, 140, 180, 234, 257 4, 26, 29, 33, 50, 59, 64–5, 70, 77, 86, 88, Stokes, E., 339 97–8, 100, 142, 147, 148, 200, 209, Stoller, Jacky, 114 216–18, 223–4, 292–3, 435 Stone, Norman, 163 Smith, Frank, 110 Stoneman, Rod, 216 Smith, Keith, 178 Stoney, George, 215 Smith, W. H., 424 Stott, Martin, ix Snell, Andrew, 205 The Storyteller: Hans My Hedghog, 436 Snoddy, Raymond, 238, 429, 448 snooker on television, 210, 211 Strand Nominees Ltd, 360, 369 The Snowman, 118, 123, 126, 436 Una Stravanza dei Medici, 437 soap operas, 83, 86, 87, 94, 106, 110, 112–13, Street-Porter, Janet, 259 115, 117, 122, 124, 192, 258, 435 Streetwise, 265 see also individual soap operas, eg Brookside Stroud, John, 205 Société Européenne des Satellites (SES), 432 Sturridge, Charles, 197 Sofer, Anne, 26, 41, 64–5, 83, 86, 435 subscription television, 399 Somerville, Edith, 86 Sullivan, Lorana, 369 Sontag, Susan, 118 Summers, Sue, 317, 348 Sony Broadcast, 62, 91, 92 Summerskill, Shirley, 331 Sound & Vision Ltd, 388 sumo wrestling on television, 210, 211 , 123 Sun, 162 Soviet Spring, 268 , 115, 119, 134, 202, 208, 243–4, 334, Spectator, 168 363 Spencer, Stanley, 171 Sunday Express, 276, 339, 357 Spencer Stuart, 303 , 183 sponsorship, 55, 211 Sunday Productions, 259 sports and broadcasting, 209 Sunday Times, 138, 139, 148, 228, 276, 348, 354, listed national sporting events, 405 356, 361, 364 Index 479

Sunrise Television (later renamed GMTV), 378, hours of broadcasting, 313 379 Licence, 1993–: application, 378–9; Super Channel, 427–9 assessment, 378–9; cash bid, 379, 380–1; Super Station, 393 unsuccessful, 379–81 Superchannel, 426 programmes, 314, 338, 363; cartoons, 336, Survive, 183 352, 361; children’s, 336, 352, 356, 359, swearing in programmes, 68, 112–13. 119, 122, 363; consumer, 352; current affairs, 356; 124–5, 208 news, 304–8, 314, 326, 338, 340, 352, 353, Swedish Film Institute, 277 354–5, 356, 359, 363, 379; outside Swindon Viewpoint, 389, 396, 408, 446, 447 broadcasts, 336–7, 382; phone-ins, 382; swimming on television, 210 presentation, 363; quizzes, 382; regional Sykes, Chris, 165 opt-outs, 312, 352, 356, 363; religious, 356; sport, 356; weather, 336 TFI Friday, 267 Opening Day, 93, 95, 122, 301, 312, 314–19 TSL, 211, 213 staff, 313–14, 321, 323, 324, 354, 356, 360–1, TSW, see West 381, 382; costs, 339; industrial disputes, TUC, see Trades Union Congress 116, 319–20, 335–6, 345, 360–4; industrial TV-am, viii, 300–83 tribunal, 363; lock-out, 361–2; overtime advertising, 103, 319–20; advertisers, 358; earnings (‘golden hours’), 333, 361; agency for Channel 4, 323; airtime sales, redundancies, 343; trade union 265 negotiations, 360 audiences, 325–6, 332, 337, 355, 359, 362, studios, 308–10, 311, 381 382 TV-am (News), 306–7 company, 262–3; Articles of Association, 365; A TV Dante: Cantos 3 & 4, 437 Board, 302; Chief Executive role, 301–4; TV Eye, 393 ‘insolvency’, 324–5, 335; licence TV Times, 43, 96, 98, 100, 112 applications for: Channel 5, 381; Public TV Today, 361 Teletext Service, 381; INR 381; relations TVS, see Television South with: IBA, 323–5, 329–31, 339–46, 352–4, Tait, Richard, 144 359; ITCA, 310–12, 356; ITN, 304–8, 326, Take Six Cooks, 180 354–5; restructuring (1984), 356–7; share- Tammes, Diane, 154 holdings: 322–3, 339, 343–4, 345, 346–7, Tanner ’88, 436 356–8, 358–60, 365–7; newspaper Taormina Festival, 102 interests, 344, 356–8; Saudi connections, Tarkovsky, Andrei, 201, 277 367–9, 369–72, 372–5; stock market Tarrant, Chris, 336–7 flotation, 263, 358–60, 370; on Unlisted Taxi, 132 Securities Market, 358–60, 370 Taylor, Kim, 55, 56, 174–5 contract, national breakfast-time, 1983–92, Taylor, Laurie, 167 304, 305, 312, 315, 354, 376; applications, Taylor Woodrow, 378 300, 303, 314, 321, 353, 354, 374; Teitlebaum, Amon, 167 interviews with IBA, 300, 301–2, 305, 308, Tele-Communications Inc, 419 313, 315, 316, 319, 322; mid-term review Telecommunications Act 1984, 407, 440 by IBA, 355–6; right by IBA to interrupt Telefusion, 389 service, 311–12 Telekation International, 86, 181 finance, 262–3, 303, 320, 322–3, 324, 333, telephony services by cable television, 414 339, 345–6, 356, 358–60; costs, 323; fourth teletext services, 381 channel subscriptions, 262, 263; Levy, 358; Channel 4, 55, 64, 381 rentals to the IBA, 263, 323–5, 358; ITC licence, 381 revenue, 116, 319–20, 322–3, 339, 356, Teletext UK, 381 357, 358 Televised Racing Limited, 213 480 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Television (RTS), 295–6 and industrial relations in television: the TV- Television History Workshop, 216 am dispute, 364 Television South (TVS), and information technology, 393, 394 company, 341, 359; and Super Channel, 429 and Super Channel, 427 programmes: documentaries, 184–92; opera, and television licensing, 379 207; religious, 167, 171; supply to Channel on TV-am’s loss of licence, 379–80 4, 167, 171, 176, 184–92 Third Wave, 181 (TSW), This is Your Life, 111 programmes: supply to Channel, 130 This Week, 31–2, 139, 15, 269 Television without frontiers, 442 Thomas, Mairede, 130 Telewest Communications, 410, 420 Thomas, Marie, 271 Tellex Monitors, 154 Thomas, Quentin, 240–1 Tempest Films, 114 Thompson, E. P., 122, 163 on television, 209, 210 Thompson, Emma, 202 Terms of Trade with Channel, (ITCA), 79, 77, 93 Thomson, Caroline, 131–2, 165, 255 Tesler, Brian, x Thomson, D.C., 424 as Chairman, and Managing Director, LWT, Thomson, George, (Lord Thomson of 25, 29–30, 31–2, 79, 93, 122, 227, 252 Monifieth), as Consultant, then Director, Board, as Deputy Chairman, IBA, 1980, 23, 301–2 Channel 4, 25, 51, 65, 68, 70, 76–7, 79, 93, as Chairman, IBA, 1981–88: and Channel 4, 96, 100, 106, 120–1, 148, 152, 217, 435; 58–9, 103–5, 131, 157, 222, 224, 233–4 and appointment of Chief Executive, and Satellite Broadcasting Board, 431 29–30, 31–2, 32–3, 34, and TV-am, 315–16, 320, 331, 332, 341, 342, as Chairman, Super Channel, 428 343, 345, 363, 366, 367–9, 372 Testament, 169–70 Thomson, Ken, 134 Thames News, 139 Thorn-EMI, 196, 389, 424, 425, 431 Thames Television, 21 Threlfall, David, 52 company, 21, 392; Through an Unknown Land, 216 finance: terms of trade with Channel 4, 87 Time Out, 317 programmes: censored by IBA, 31–2, 269; Time Team, 259 community, 389; consumer, 179; current , 23, 28, 74, 168, 183, 236, 238, 317, affairs, 31–2, 139, 269, 393; documen- 318, 331, 333, 338, 363, 371 taries, 118, 269; educational, 176, 269; Tippett, Michael, 207 local news, 139; sports, 213, 214; supply to Tisdall, Sarah, 159 Channel 4, 86, 118, 176, 179, 213, 214, Today (BBC Radio 4), 266, 316–17 269 Today (NBC), 299–300, 336 staff: industrial relations, 63 Tom Keating on Painters, 182 transmission, 47 Tom Keating on Impressionists, 182 Thane, Sarah, 423 Tomalin, Jan, 276–7 Tharp, Twyla, 205 Tomlinson, Ricky, 113 That Was The Week That Was, 202 Tomorrow’s World, 163 Thatcher, Carol, 364 Top Cs and Tiaras, 130 Thatcher, Margaret, 163, 202, 236, 241, 243–4, Tour de France coverage, 211 248, 252, 448 Tours, Ivan, 362 attitude to: the BBC, 228 ; to Channel 4, 236, Towler, Robert, x, 170–4, 255 238, 243–4; ITV/IBA, 269 Townsend, Maurice, 389 and broadcasting reform, 236, 241, 248, Townsend, Pete, 260 379–80 Townson, Mike, 327 Downing Street Seminar, 238–9 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 362, 363 Index 481 trades unions, 38, 47, 57, 60, 62, 71–2, 77, 80, cable television, 418–21 85, 93, 101, 103–4, 107, 116, 133, 155, television programmes, 111, 138, 258 216, 337, 345, 360–1, 363 Information Agency, 425 in television programmes, 38, 127 Unitel, 207 Traffik, 436 The Universe, 168, 356 The Tragedy of Carmen, 437 Unlisted Securities Market (USM), 358 transmission, 40, 47, 63, 98–9 Upstairs, Downstairs, 117, 193 Trans World International (TWI), 211 Ure, Midge, 206 Treasure Hunt, 118, 130 Treasury, 11, 15, 244 ‘V’, 208, 436 Trethowan, Sir Ian, 122 Vagabonde, 437 Trinity Trust, 172–3 Van Der Valk, 428 Troake, Paul, ix Varieties of Religious Experience, 168 Tron, 103 Veljanovski, Cento, 403, 447 True Stories, 256, 269, 437 Venice Film Festival, 437 The Tube, 94, 131, 144, 201, 249, 255, 262, 266 Venner, Brian, x, 211 Turner, Ted, 393, 433 A Very British Coup, 193, 278, 436 Turney, Alan, 16 Vic Reeves Night Out, 436, 437 Twentieth Century Fox, 362 Vickers, Tony, 339, 347, 359 20/20 Television, 158 Video, 309 20/20 Vision, 89, 156–8, 275 Video Arts, 89, 200 Twigg, Barbara, 167 Video Box (Channel 4), 136–7 Tyne Tees Television, Video Visuals, 259 company: 62; newspaper shareholdings, 357 ‘video-on-demand’, 413, 416 finance: terms of trade with Channel 4, 357 videotape formats, 62 programmes: breakfast-time television, Viner, Fanny, 114 experiment, 299; current affairs; 154; pop Vines, David, 435 music, 255; supply to Channel 4, 94, 154, Vinten, 92 176, 255, 260 Virgin Communications, 381, 424 Virgin Records, 427, 428, 429 UIP, 416 Vision Broadcasting Communications, 426 UK Press Gazette, 364, 371 UPITN, 307 Visionhire, 389, 392, 416 UTV, see Ulster Television Visions, 269 Uden, Patrick, 163 Visnews, 51, 359 Uden Associates Ltd, 163, 165 Voices, 118 Ulster Central Co-ordinating Committee, 272–3 Volcano Productions, 165 Ulster Defence Regiment, 273 volleyball on television, 210 Ulster Television, Voorhaus, David, 165 advertising, 116 Voyage to Cythera, 437 programmes: supply to Channel 4, 86 staff: industrial dispute; 116 W. R. – Mysteries of the Organism, 269 , 206 Waddington, David, 174 Unisat, see United Satellites Wade, Graham, 309 United , 420, 426 Wagg, Peter, 206 United Cable Programmes, 416 Wakeling, T., 339 United Medical Enterprises, 322 Wales: fourth television channel, 18 United Newspapers, 357–8 Wall, Max, 52–3 United Satellites (Unisat), 430 Wallington, Jeremy, 202 United States, Walt Disney Company Ltd, 378 breakfast-time television, 299–300 Walter, 110, 113–14, 115, 117 482 New Developments in Independent Television 1981–92

Walters, Julie, 279 Whitelaw, William, (Lord Whitelaw), 8–10, Wapner, Joseph A., 111 15–16, 20, 23, 27, 50, 51, 107, 174, 218, Ware McGregor Partnership, 52, 63 391, 448 Warnecke, Gordon, 199 Whiteley, Richard, 110–11 Warren, Ian, 192 Whitney, John, Warren, Peter, 82 as Director General, IBA, 1982–9: and water polo on television, 210 Channel 4, 263; at the Home Affairs Watson, Canon David, 172 Committee; 242; and TV-am, 312, 320, Watson, Dr Lyall, 212 324, 343, 352–3, 366, 368–9 Watt, Alison, 24, 28, 41 Who Dares Wins, 202–4 Watt, David, 112, 138 Whose Line Is It Anyway, 436, 437 Watt, J., 339 Whyte, Michael, 161 Wattis, Nigel, 281 Widdecombe, Gillian, 207 Waugh, Auberon, 168 , 359 weather forecasts, 336 Wight, Tim, 361 Webber, Anne, 154 Wildscreen (Natural history television festival), A Week in Politics, 89, 153–4 181 Weekend World, 28, 74, 313, 332 Williams, Peter, 184 Weil, Simone, 171 Willis, John, x Welcome to Sarajevo, 278 as Deputy Director of Programmes, Channel Welding, Dee, 114 4, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256–7, 259, 276, Weldon, Fay, 112 286, 438; and Banned season, 268, 271–2 Wellingborough cable system, 390, 392 Willis, Ted (Lord Willis), 23 Wells, John, 356 Willis, Wincey, 336, 337 Welsh Fourth Channel Authority, 11, 26, 50, 55, Wilson, Harold, 6 59, 98 Wilson, Nick, 351 Welsh language broadcasting, 18 Wiltshier Ltd, 310 Wenders, Wim, 201 Windlesham, David (Lord Windlesham), 28 Wenham, Brian, 73, 223 The Wine Programme, 180 West, Morris, 170 Wingate, Roger, 197 Westheimer, Ruth, 425 Winter, Sara, ix Westminster Cable, 412, 415–16, 425 Winterbottom, Michael, 278 Westminster City Council, 289 Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949, 146 Weston, Dame Margaret, 22 Wish You Were Here, 199, 436, 437 What the Papers Say, 154 Without Walls, 281 Whatever You Want, 205 Witness, 256 Wheeler, John, 239 Wolf, Richard, 424 Wheldon, Huw, 33 Wolff Olins, 74 Whitby, Joy, 25–6, 33, 89, 435 A Woman of Substance, 192 White, Vivian, 153 Women on Film, 216 White Papers on broadcasting: women on television, 38, 44 1962, (Cmnd 1893), 389 Wonfor, Andrea, 255, 266, 438 1978, (Cmnd 7294), 10, 391, 440 Wood, Anne, 336 1983, (Cmnd 8866), 403–5, 406, 413–14, 440 Wood, David, 181 1984, (Cmnd 9319), 194–5, 440 Wood, Elizabeth, 115 1988, (Cm 517), 239–40, 376, 422, 440 Woodfield, Philip, 13, 15, 23 1991, (Cm 1461), 416, 417–18, 440 Woodford, Sue, 65, 67, 126, 131, 206, 254, 438 Whitehead, Phillip, 6 Woodhouse, Hon Christopher Montague, 185, Whitehouse, Mary, 448 186, 188, 189 Whitehouse, Paul, 202 Woodvine, John, 52 Index 483

Woolf, Dennis, 159–60 Yentob, Alan, 221 Woolf, Lord Justice, 275 York University, 111 The Word, 261–2, 267 Yorkshire Post, 344, 357 Workhouse, 165 Yorkshire Television, Working Title Films, 198, 277 company: and Music Box; 424; newspaper workshop programmes, 47, 65, 66–7, 79, 97–8, holdings, 344, 357; shareholdings in Super 214, 254 Channel, 429 World at War, 176 finance: terms of trade with Channel 4, 87 , 31, 156, 228, 269 programmes: breakfast-time television , 265, 266 experiment, 299; current affairs, 251; docu- World of Sport, 211 mentaries, 111, 251, 313; educational, 176; The World This Week, 259 games shows, 94, 110–11, 266; news, 306; World Wide, 171 religious, 166–7; sports, 213, 214, 335; World’s Edge Films, 166 supply to Channel 4, 94, 110–11, 166–7, Worldnet, 425, 426 176, 213, 214, 266 Wotton, John, 58 Young, Sir Brian, 236–7 wrestling on television, 210 as Director General, ITA/IBA, 1970–82, Wright, Peter, 160 11–12, 13, 15, 23, 24, 174, 302–3, 307, Write On!, 136 307, 312, 316 Wyatt, Will, 223–4 Young, Ian Moo, 74 Wyatt, Sir Woodrow (Lord Wyatt), 236, 247, 295 Young, Robert, 161 Young, Stuart, 228 yaching on television, 210 youth programmes, 259–62 Yan Tan Tethera, 207 Yancey, William, 220 Zebrugge ferry disaster, 361, 436 Yates, Paula, 266, 267 A Zed and Two Naughts, 201 The Year of the French, 123 Zen and the Art of TV Manufacture, 165 Years Ahead, 133, 178, 179–80, 181 Zographos, Stratis, 359