Proposal to Encode Cantonese Bopomofo Characters 1
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Background I. Names
Background I. Names 1. China It used to be thought that the name ‘China’ derived from the name of China’s early Qin dynasty (Chin or Ch’in in older transcriptions), whose rulers conquered all rivals and initiated the dynasty in 221 BC. But, as Wilkinson notes (Chinese History: A Manual: 753, and fn 7), the original pronunciation of the name ‘Qin’ was rather different, and would make it an unlikely source for the name China. Instead, China is thought to derive from a Persian root, and was, apparently, first used for porcelain, and only later applied to the country from which the finest examples of that material came. Another name, Cathay, now rather poetic in English, but surviving as the regular name for the country in languages such as Russian (Kitai), is said to derive from the name of the Khitan Tarters, who formed the Liao dynasty in north China in the 10th century. The Khitan dynasty was the first to make a capital on the site of Beijing. The Chinese now call their country Zhōngguó, often translated as ‘Middle Kingdom’. Originally, this name meant the central – or royal – state of the many that occupied the region prior to the unification of Qin. Other names were used before Zhōngguó became current. One of the earliest was Huá (or Huáxià, combining Huá with the name of the earliest dynasty, the Xià). Xià, in fact, combined with the Zhōng of Zhōngguó, appears in the modern official names of the country, as we see below. 2. Chinese places a) The People’s Republic of China (PRC) [Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó] This is the political entity proclaimed by Máo Zédōng when he gave his speech (‘China has risen again’) at the Gate of Heavenly Peace [Tiān’ān Mén] in Beijing on October 1, 1949. -
Example Sentences
English 中文 harmony Opening/ Home page Tap on a button in the loading pentagon to dive into that Upon opening the app, the world. Pressing the yin yang user will see “English” and in the center takes you to the “中文” merge into a yin app’s “About” page. yang. That reflects the goal of harmony - to help the user Most things are labeled learn Cantonese and/or in English and Chinese to Mandarin through a bilingual help the user learn Chinese experience without getting more quickly, but this (and too stressed. Soothing colors, many other things) can be pleasing visuals, and relaxing changed in the settings and music keep the user at peace. preferences. harmony (Icons in top navigation bar, from left to right: home button, help button, and harmony settings button.) Dictionary (initial) When you first open the By default, the app only shows dictionary, it shows the items you the last 15 items you you last looked at - your looked at, but you can change history. The green tabs along this in the settings menu. the bottom allow you to swipe between items you recently The search bar is fixed as you viewed, items you starred, or scroll so you can search at any items most popular with other point (instead of having to harmony users. scroll back up to the top). Here, all the characters are in Traditional Chinese because the user left the “Traditional Chinese” checkbox in the search bar checked. The app remembers your choice even after you leave the dictionary section. harmony Choosing Typing in type of input your query To begin your search, you’ll Tapping the search field will want to first choose your make the keyboard pop up type of input by pressing the and allow you to type in your button next to the search field. -
Localizing Into Chinese: the Two Most Common Questions White Paper Answered
Localizing into Chinese: the two most common questions White Paper answered Different writing systems, a variety of languages and dialects, political and cultural sensitivities and, of course, the ever-evolving nature of language itself. ALPHA CRC LTD It’s no wonder that localizing in Chinese can seem complicated to the uninitiated. St Andrew’s House For a start, there is no single “Chinese” language to localize into. St Andrew’s Road Cambridge CB4 1DL United Kingdom Most Westerners referring to the Chinese language probably mean Mandarin; but @alpha_crc you should definitely not assume this as the de facto language for all audiences both within and outside mainland China. alphacrc.com To clear up any confusion, we talked to our regional language experts to find out the most definitive and useful answers to two of the most commonly asked questions when localizing into Chinese. 1. What’s the difference between Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese? 2. Does localizing into “Chinese” mean localizing into Mandarin, Cantonese or both? Actually, these are really pertinent questions because they get to the heart of some of the linguistic, political and cultural complexities that need to be taken into account when localizing for this region. Because of the important nature of these issues, we’ve gone a little more in depth than some of the articles on related themes elsewhere on the internet. We think you’ll find the answers a useful starting point for any considerations about localizing for the Chinese-language market. And, taking in linguistic nuances and cultural history, we hope you’ll find them an interesting read too. -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding A
Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding Adobe-Symbol-Encoding csHPPSMath Adobe-Zapf-Dingbats-Encoding csZapfDingbats Arabic ISO-8859-6, csISOLatinArabic, iso-ir-127, ECMA-114, ASMO-708 ASCII US-ASCII, ANSI_X3.4-1968, iso-ir-6, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, csASCI big-endian ISO-10646-UCS-2, BigEndian, 68k, PowerPC, Mac, Macintosh Big5 csBig5, cn-big5, x-x-big5 Big5Plus Big5+, csBig5Plus BMP ISO-10646-UCS-2, BMPstring CCSID-1027 csCCSID1027, IBM1027 CCSID-1047 csCCSID1047, IBM1047 CCSID-290 csCCSID290, CCSID290, IBM290 CCSID-300 csCCSID300, CCSID300, IBM300 CCSID-930 csCCSID930, CCSID930, IBM930 CCSID-935 csCCSID935, CCSID935, IBM935 CCSID-937 csCCSID937, CCSID937, IBM937 CCSID-939 csCCSID939, CCSID939, IBM939 CCSID-942 csCCSID942, CCSID942, IBM942 ChineseAutoDetect csChineseAutoDetect: Candidate encodings: GB2312, Big5, GB18030, UTF32:UTF8, UCS2, UTF32 EUC-H, csCNS11643EUC, EUC-TW, TW-EUC, H-EUC, CNS-11643-1992, EUC-H-1992, csCNS11643-1992-EUC, EUC-TW-1992, CNS-11643 TW-EUC-1992, H-EUC-1992 CNS-11643-1986 EUC-H-1986, csCNS11643_1986_EUC, EUC-TW-1986, TW-EUC-1986, H-EUC-1986 CP10000 csCP10000, windows-10000 CP10001 csCP10001, windows-10001 CP10002 csCP10002, windows-10002 CP10003 csCP10003, windows-10003 CP10004 csCP10004, windows-10004 CP10005 csCP10005, windows-10005 CP10006 csCP10006, windows-10006 CP10007 csCP10007, windows-10007 CP10008 csCP10008, windows-10008 CP10010 csCP10010, windows-10010 CP10017 csCP10017, windows-10017 CP10029 csCP10029, windows-10029 CP10079 csCP10079, windows-10079 -
Bopomofo Extended Range: 31A0–31BF
Bopomofo Extended Range: 31A0–31BF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
Implement Bopomofo by Opentype Font Feature.Key
Implement Bopomofo by OpenType font feature Bobby Tung 董福興 @W3C Digital Publishing Workshop KEIO Univ. Mita campus 2018/9/19 What is Bopomofo? • A phonetic system for Mandarin education in Taiwan. • Major input method for Han characters. → Layout Rules for Bopomofo • Bopomofo Ruby - implement and requirement W3C ebooks and i18n workshop 2013/6/4 https://bit.ly/2w3LEph • "The Manual of The Phonetic Symbols of Mandarin Chinese" Ministry of Education, Taiwan https://bit.ly/2htvssE HTML Markup Light tone <ruby>過<rt>˙ㄍㄨㄛ</rt></ruby> 2nd, 3rd, 4th tone marks <ruby>醒<rt>ㄒㄧㄥˇ</rt></ruby> Tabular ruby markup model(Only support by Firefox) <ruby><rb>你<rb>好<rb>嗎<rt>ㄋㄧˇ<rt>ㄏㄠˇ<rt>˙ㄇㄚ</ruby> → HTML Ruby Markup Extensions CSS Ruby Layout Module ruby-position: inter-character; is support by Webkit. Glyph issue Helvetica Source Han Sans ˙ U+02D9 DOT ABOVE ˊ U+02CA MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT ˇ U+02C7 CARON ˋ U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT Source Han Sans traditional Chinese build fixed the glyphs of tone marks Last step: position of tone marks on browser spec on browser spec Tone marks' position when Bopomofo placed on the top It's ok but not readable for readers Last step: position of tone marks on browser spec on browser spec Tone marks' position when Bopomofo placed on the right side 2nd, 3rd, 4th tone marks should be placed to right side OpenType feature? • Which OpenType feature should we use? • Should we apply for new feature? • Do browsers support those features? Take a try! Hard to imply with Layout Ask expert for advice. -
International Language Environments Guide
International Language Environments Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 806–6642–10 May, 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, Java, XView, ToolTalk, Solstice AdminTools, SunVideo and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. SunOS, Solaris, X11, SPARC, UNIX, PostScript, OpenWindows, AnswerBook, SunExpress, SPARCprinter, JumpStart, Xlib The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. -
Homophones and Tonal Patterns in English-Chinese Transliteration
Homophones and Tonal Patterns in English-Chinese Transliteration Oi Yee Kwong Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong [email protected] to overcome the problem and model the charac- Abstract ter choice directly. Meanwhile, Chinese is a typical tonal language and the tone information The abundance of homophones in Chinese can help distinguish certain homophones. Pho- significantly increases the number of similarly neme mapping studies seldom make use of tone acceptable candidates in English-to-Chinese information. Transliteration is also an open transliteration (E2C ). The dialectal factor also problem, as new names come up everyday and leads to different transliteration practice. We there is no absolute or one-to-one transliterated compare E2C between Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, and report work in progress for version for any name. Although direct ortho- dealing with homophones and tonal patterns graphic mapping has implicitly or partially mod- despite potential skewed distributions of indi- elled the tone information via individual charac- vidual Chinese characters in the training data. ters, the model nevertheless heavily depends on the availability of training data and could be 1 Introduction skewed by the distribution of a certain homo- phone and thus precludes an acceptable translit- This paper addresses the problem of automatic eration alternative. We therefore propose to English-Chinese forward transliteration (referred model the sound and tone together in E2C . In to as E2C hereafter). this way we attempt to deal with homophones There are only a few hundred Chinese charac- more reasonably especially when the training ters commonly used in names, but their combina- data is limited. -
A Note on Orthography and Transcription
A Note on Orthography and Transcription there are two major problems with transcribing Cantonese speech on paper. The first is the lack of a fully standardized Cantonese script. In this book, I have done my best to produce the transcripts in ways that I think reflect common existing practices.I n 1999, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government published a Chinese character set known as the Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS). The latest version of the HKSCS (2001) contains 4,818 Chi- nese characters that are specific to the Hong Kong environment (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, Information Technol- ogy Services Department 2004). This character set can be seen as a first step toward a standardized Cantonese script. As a rule, all the characters used in my transcriptions are taken from the HKSCS. The second is the problem of romanization. Several romanization schemes for Cantonese are in circulation. The Yale and Meyer-Wempe systems appear to be the most commonly adopted in the English-language literature. In this book, I follow the new Cantonese Romanization Scheme, or Jyutping system, promoted by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. Jyutping is intuitive to Cantonese speakers. It is also convenient, because it is based solely on alphanumeric characters (unlike the Yale system, for example, which uses diacritics). But Jyutping is a relatively new system; readers who are familiar with the Yale system may find the new system difficult to follow in the beginning. The key features of the Jyutping sys- tem are the following. 1 . Consonants. In Cantonese, consonants (shown in Table 1), are di- vided into initial consonants, or onsets (those that occupy the initial position of a syllable), and final consonants, or codas (those that oc- cupy the final position of a syllable). -
Cantonese As a World Language from Pearl River and Beyond
Volume 10 Issue 2 (2021) Cantonese as a World Language From Pearl River and Beyond Jiaqing Zeng1 and Asif Agha2 1St. Paul’s School, Concord, NH, USA 2University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA DOI: https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i2.1435 ABSTRACT In this paper, I will be comparing different registers of Cantonese from all around the world, mainly focusing on the Pearl River Delta region after the 1800s. Yet my larger purpose is to draw attention to how these different registers relate to the cultural values and social lives of the people living in those places. Max Weinreich, a pioneer sociolinguist and Yiddish scholar once said, “a language is a dialect with an army and a navy (Fishman).” Cantonese is no exception, and the state of this language has been dependent upon four factors: the geographic distribution of the Cantonese- speaking population, the economic development of Cantonese-speaking regions, official status, and international sig- nificance. Introduction Cantonese is one of the Chinese dialects and the mother tongue for the Guangfu people of Han Chinese, who were originally from China’s Lingnan region. The language has a complete set of nine tones, retaining many features of Middle Ancient Chinese since the area seldom suffered from wars and was unaffected by the nomadic minorities in northern China. It has a complete series of characters that can be expressed independently from other Chinese lan- guages, and it is the only Chinese language that has been studied in foreign universities in addition to Mandarin. It originated from Canton (Guangzhou) because of the important role that Canton had played in China’s important pol- itics, economy, and culture since ancient times, and it still has official status in Hong Kong and Macau today.