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Of the Verkhoyansk Fold-And-Thrust Belt (Northeast Asia) and the Structural Setting of the Dyandi Gold Ore Cluster

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Of the Verkhoyansk Fold-And-Thrust Belt (Northeast Asia) and the Structural Setting of the Dyandi Gold Ore Cluster Polarforschung 69, 169 - 176, 1999 (erschienen 2001) Some Aspects of the Teetonics of the Verkhoyansk Fold-and-Thrust Belt (Northeast Asia) and the Structural Setting of the Dyandi Gold Ore Cluster BYAndrei V. Prokopiev', Valeriy Yu. Fridovsky- and Alexei V. Deikunenko' THEME 10: Metallogenetic Provinces in the Circum-Arctic pattern, based on the example of the Dyandi ore cluster in the Region NW-Verkhoyansk sector of the fold belt. Summary: Different types of thrust fronts alternate along strike in the Verk­ hoyansk fold-and-thrust belt along its boundary to the Siberian platfonn in CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRONTAL ZONE OF THE northeast Asia. From south to north, strongly emergent fronts are replaced by buried ones with passive roof duplexes which, in turn, are substituted by fold­ VERKHOYANSK FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT thrusts and frontal monoclines. This sequence of principal structures is then repeated northward. A relationship can be established between the gold mine­ The structures of thrust assemblages in the West Verkhoyansk ralization of the Dyandi gold ore cluster in the north of the belt and disloca­ sector differ from those in the South Verkhoyansk sector. In tions developed in the zone of roof-thrusts of the Kharaulakh blind autochthonous roof duplex. the West Verkhoyansk sector, a frontal, middle, and inner zones are distinguished. • The frontal zone includes mainly fold-thrusts. • The middle zone contains a passive roof duplex. Main de­ INTRODUCTION tachment in these zones occur at the base of the Late Paleo­ zoic-Mesozoic Verkhoyansk clastic complex. The Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt extends along the east­ • The inner zone represents a blind autochthonous roof duplex ern margin of the Siberian platform and belongs to the extern­ of the Late Precambrian-Middle Paleozoic carbonate com­ al zone of the Verkhoyansk-Chersky collisional orogenic belt plex and imbricate fans and pop-up structures in the Verkho­ (Fig.l). The fold-and-thrust belt is subdivided into the West yansk clastic complex. Verkhoyansk and South Verkhoyansk sectors and has a typical miogeoclinal structure (PROKOPIEV 1998). Upper Proterozoic The structure of the South Verkhoyansk sector is defined to Mesozoic sediments of the Verkhoyansk belt belong to the • by the high-amplitude Kyllakh thrust and Verkhoyansk passive continental margin of the North Asia • by an allochthonous roof duplex in its central part (Fig.2). craton. Along the front of the belt, the Late Jurassie to Creta­ ceous Priverkhoyansk foredeep is developed. A frontal zone (front) of a fold-and-thrust belt is an area in the outer part of an orogen, normally at the boundary between belt Folding in the fold belt region resulted from the collision of and foredeep (including, in some cases, the foredeep rocks) 01' the North Asia craton with the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane undeformed platform formations. Two classifications of thrust and the Okhotsk terrane which occurred in Late Jurassie to fronts are known, one proposed by VANN et al. (1986) and the Neocomian times. Two major phases of deformation can be other by MORLEY (1986) (Fig.3A); both complement each recognized: early collisional and late collisional. In the fold other. MORLEY (1986) distinguishes two classes of thrust belt area, two groups of gold ore deposits can also be distin­ fronts: emergent and buried. Emergent fronts are subdivided guished as early and late collisional. The early collisional into strongly and weakly emergent. In the emergent thrust mineralization is older than collision-related granitoids in the fronts, the displacement of thrust sheets on the detachment axial part of the belt which are dated at 120-90 Ma. The early results in the overlapping of submarine 01' subaerial paleo­ collisional, up to 100 km wide, belt of gold deposits coincides erosion surfaces. In the submarine environment, syntectonic with the axial part of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt. deposition may occur on thrust sheets 01' ahead of the thrust Mineralization is concentrated in ore zones and clusters. The front in foredeep basins. Under subaerial conditions, the front late collisional group includes deposits related to the peak of of the moving thrust sheet is likely to undergo syntectonic the collision in the Early Cretaceous. In this paper, we present erosion and to ride over its own debris. Various relations a classification of the frontal structures of the Verkhoyansk between the rates of sheet motion and those of front destruc­ fold-and-thrust belt, which may be of economic interest since tion were discussed by LEONOV (1970). Strongly emergent the region is promising for hydrocarbons. We also discuss the thrust fronts are characterized by a deep erosion level and by tectonic control of the early collisional gold mineralization characteristic klippen and erosional tectonic windows. Emergent fronts are analogous to thrust fronts of type 1 and 3 , Institute of Geological Sciences, Siberian Departrnent, Russian Academy of Seienees, 39 Lenin Av., Yakutsk, 677891 Russia. <[email protected]> from the classification of VANN et al. (Fig.3A). In buried thrust , Yakut State University, Yakutsk, Russia fronts (after MORLEY 1986), the detachment level is not Manuscript received 29 January 2000, accepted 06 March 2001 exposed at the erosion surface and displacement on the de- 169 0 0 120 144 68' 1320 NORTH ASIA CRATON -----., Siberian plattorrn 1+++1 Granites ~ Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt [.". 1Foreland basin I I Kular-Nera slate belt fg-0:~-~:·~~-~:~'1 Okhotsk terrane KOLYMA-OMOLON SUPERTERRANE Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic Inner part of superterrane k?;t:;S1 belt I 'I Fig. 1: Teetonic map of the Verkho­ Late Cenozoic cover yansk-Chersky orogenie bell. The _ Amalgamation units f········,., !. reetangle marks the loeation of the sehematie geologieal map of the nort­ 1'liJ11 i1j Foreare basin 1~1 Yana-Indigirka suture hern part of the West Verkhoyansk sector (see Fig. 4). Straight lines show Thrust (1), strlke-sllp (2) loeations of a geologieal cross seetion AA A Uyandina-Yasachnaya magmatic are b(1 pi I I I and gravity profile in the northem part of the West Verkhoyansk sector (see Ophiolites CO I. • .1 Fig. 7), and struetural cross seetions in the West Verkhoyansk (see Fig. 2A) and South Verkhoyansk sectors (see Fig. 2B). tachment horizon dies out towards the foreland and is lost in The front of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt is one of the the tip-line (a limit of the thrust) in which horizontal dis­ largest in Northeast Asia, extending more than 2000 km along placement is zero. Fronts of this type are either passive-roof the Siberian platform margin. It is divided into a number of duplexes (tectonic wedge) or frontal monoclines, or fold­ branches (Fig. 3B) which, in some cases, coincide with thrusts. Buried fronts correspond to thrust fronts of type 2 and western terminations of previously established segments 4 from the classification of VANN et al. (Fig. 3A). (PARFENOV et al. 1995). 170 WEST VERKHOYANSK SECTOR A FRONTAL MIDDLE I NN E R ZONE ZONE ZONE IMBRICATE FANS & FRONTAL FOLD-THRUST PASSIVE ROOF DUPLEX "POP-UP" STRUCTURE (Verkhoyansk c1astic (Verkhoyansk clastic (Verkhoyansk clastic complex) complex) complex) ~AST WEST~ .... f E ~ Late Paleozoic- ~ :" }~o~~~~cclastic ~.~~ _--'--"'-'--~"'-"'::"""""""';::..L._~,,--::;JLate Precambnan- Middle Paleozoic BLIND AUTOCHTHONOUS ROOF DUPLEX carbonate complex (Carbonate complex) B SOUTH VERKHOYANSK SECTOR WEST EAST Kyllakh thrust l,rÜ;;, I I !II!~ ',I,": _ ALLOCHTHONOUS ROOF DUPLEX Fig. 2: Schematic structure of the West Verkhoyansk (A) and South Verkhoyansk (B) sectors of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt. See Fig. I for locations. TYPE I Propagation of thrust front into the foreland (type 2 by Venn et al., 1986) Emergent Ihrust front (by Morley, 1986) A Jura. Mackenzie Mts.(Alaska),South Verkhoyansk brsnch, North - Orulgan brsnch TYPE 11 Back thrusts (type 2 byVann et al., 1986) Burled thrust fronts (triangla zone) (by Morlay, 1986) ...... - ... ' .... , , ~a Pakistan, Peru, Brooks Range, Rocky Mts., Kharaulakh and Baraya branches TYPE 111 Burled emergent thrusts (type 3 by Vann et al., 1986) Weakly emergent fronts (by Morley, 1986) ~~~ AlpS Maritimes, Pyrenees. Kitchan and Baraya branches TYPE IV Rapid loss of dlsplacernent along thrust (type 4 by Vann et al.. 1986) Burled Ihrust fronts (frontal monocllnes, fold-thrust structures) (by Morley, 1986) Brooks Range (Alaska). Rocky Mts., Lena-Anabar, Kharaulakh and South- Orulgan branches Fig. 3: Classifications of thrust fronts of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt. A: main types of thrust fronts (after VANN et al. 1986, MORLEY 1986 with additions and modifications); B: tectonic branches of the Verkhoyansk thrust front. 171 al monoclines where a tip-line occurs. Detachment occurs LAPTEV along the crystalline basement surface where it either dies out SEA 40 or rises out of sequence to upper stratigraphic horizons. The I level on which the displacement is lost is at the boundary be­ tween the Riphean - Lower Paleozoic carbonate and the Up­ per Paleozoic terrigeneaus rock units with their different l;;l '0 Q .0.<;> 0 '""'aULkUR ;"0 competency. Repetition of the carbonate camplex section Q jV!,TLCId'tE'", results in the formation of rootless folds. o ,0. 0: :0,.0 ·'0.0 71°30' QQo~obo~Q.() °0°c> 0000..'0' ,0. 0 The Kharaulakh branch has a similar structure but is charac­ terized by a deeper erosion level. Here, Riphean and Cambrian carbonate deposits are exposed at the surface in the cores of the Bulkur and Chekurovka anticlines (Fig. 4). The detach­ ment first follows the surface of the crystalline basement, then rises to upper levels and dies out in the tip-Iine, also at the boundary of the carbonate and terrigeneous rock units. In the southern Kharaulakh branch, there are thrusts with a vergence opposite to tectonic transport which compensates the hori­ zontal movement in the wedge-type structures (passive-roof duplexes) or triangle zones.
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