Some factors affecting the primary production of phytoplankton in Lake Burullus
Item Type Journal Contribution
Authors Radwan, A.M.
Citation Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 31 (2), p. 72-88
Publisher Alexandria: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
Download date 26/09/2021 21:44:00
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/1306 EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC RESEARCH 1687-4285 VOL.31NO. 2, 2005: 72-88.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
ABDEL –AZIZ M.RADWAN
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Baltim Research Station
Keywords: Lake Burullus - Primary production – Phytoplankton – Physico-chemical conditions.
ABSTRACT
This study which was carried out at the different stations and sectors of Lake Burullus during the period from January till December 2000 showed that the identified species of phytoplankton community in Lake Burullus during the period of study included the classes of Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae. The total number of species recorded during this period was 65 species. The standing crop and primary production of phytoplankton showed pronounced variations at different stations and months correlated with physicochemical conditions of water especially phosphate , nitrate and silicate contents. Stations 6,10 and 15 were the most productive in the eastern sector ,the middle sector, and the western sector respectively. The productivity was lower at stations nearby the drains mouth. Positive correlation was observed between the transparency and the net production. Levels of temperature and dissolved oxygen are among the factors affecting the productivity. In general, the dominance of Bacillariophyceae in the lake plays an important role in productivity, where it represented more than 65 % to the total count of phytoplankton during the period of study. The results obtained indicated that, Lake Burullus harboured lower phytoplankton standing crop and primary production as compared with that previously recorded .
INTRODUCTION Aboul Ezz (1988) carried out preliminary study on phytoplankton-zooplankton It is very important to study the northern relationship, Kobbia (1982) studied the Delta lakes which represent a considerable standing crop and primary production of source of fish production in Egypt. The role phytoplankton and El-Sherif (1993) studied of phytoplankton as the main source of food the phytoplankton standing crop, diversity supply for fish is well known, thus it is and statistical multispecies analysis. necessary to study the primary production The site diagnosis and the standing crop of phytoplankton in Lake Burullus is situated at the northern Lake Burullus which is considered one of the part of the Nile Delta between the two Nile most important northern lakes. branches. Its area during the period of The phytoplankton population in Lake investigation was about 410 km2.Thislakeis Burullus was investigated by many authors. separated from the Mediterranean Sea at the Anon (1980) studied the seasonal variation of north by sand dunes and sand bars and is different species; El-Sherif (1983) Studied connected to the sea with Boughaz El- the limnological conditions affecting the Burullus. The eastern and southern borders aquatic plants in Lake Burullus in relation to are characterized by agricultural lands and the environmental conditions, El- Sherif and fish farms (Fig. 1). SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
Large amounts of agricultural water enter increasing productivity of phytoplankton and the lake via several drains which are the community structure. considered as the main source responsible for Fig . 1 : Map of Lake Burullus showing sampling locations
ABDEL –AZIZ M.RADWAN
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Rate of respiration (mg O2/m /hr)= IB − DB Water samples were collected monthly x1000 during the period January-December 2000, t at fifteen stations covering three sectors of Where: the lake for estimating the standing crop IB = Oxygen concentration as ml per liter for through cell counts and measuring of the initial bottle. chlorophyll-a content of the phytoplankton CB= Oxygen concentration as ml per liter for spectrophometrically according to Moss ( the transparent bottle. 1967). DB= Oxygen concentration as ml per liter for Water temperature was measured by a dark bottle. thermometer accurate to 0.1oC, transparency t = The period of incubation in hours. by Secchi disc (diameter of 30 cm), dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, nutrient salts Description of stations (Phosphate, Silicate & Nitrate) were Lake Burullus is affected mainly by determined according to standard method agricultural drainage water mixed with described in APHA (1989). different types of wastes from fish farms The concentrated phytoplankton samples (Terra drain, drain 7, drain 8 and drain 11), by sedimentation technique were measured industrial effluents (Terra drain , drain 7 and after siphonation and subsample one ml each, El - Gharbia drain) as well as domestic was transferred into counting cell for drainage water discharged mainly from El - counting the phytoplankton cells or coenobia Gharbia drain and drain 11. or filaments per liter AsShowninfigure(1),thedifferentstations The identification of phytoplankton was can be identified as follows: carried out by using a binocular research 1- Station 1, located in front of Boughaz EL- microscope. For the identifications of Burullus. phytoplankton species, the following 2-Station 2, located in front of EL-Burullus references were consulted: El-Nayal (1935 drain. and 1936), Prescott (1962 , 1978), Bold and 3- Station 3, located in front of EL-Hawiss Wynne (1978) and Vinyard (1979). gate. Measurements of oxygen changes in dark 4- Station 4, located in front of Nasser drain. and transparent bottles were used to 5- Station 5, located near to Mish Khilla determine the primary production at the island. different stations of the lake according to 6- Station 6, located in front of drain No. 7. Strikland and Parson (1972). 7- Station 7, located in the middle of the The following equations were used for eastern sector. determination of gross and net primary 8- Station 8, located in the middle sector of production as well as the rate of respiration. the lake (EL- Zanka zone). Gross primary production (mg C/m3/hr)= 9- Station 9, located in front of drain No. 8. 10- Station 10, located in the middle sector at CB − DB 12 x x1000 EL – Tawila zone. t 32 11- Station 11, located in the western side of Net primary production (mg C/m3/hr)= the middle sector (Abou – Amer) CB − IB 12 12- Station 12, located in the northern side of x x1000 the lake (EL- Maksabah zone). t 32 13- Station 13, located in the western sector of the lake, in front of Brimbal canal. 14- Station 14, located in front of drain No. 11 (western sector).
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
15- Station 15, located in the middle of the 3) due to the difference between the algal western sector. communities and their succession from season to season. This observation is in Statistical analysis agreement with Brehrendt (1990) who Correlation coefficient at confidence limit mentioned that the effect of temperature 95% (n = 180) was estimated for all lake variations on phytoplankton is mostly area. manifested on periodicity and communities succession of algae. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION 2- Water Transparency I – physico – chemical Conditions The values of secchi disc readings showed 1-Temperature that the thickness of the euphotic zone ranged The water temperature of the lake varied between 10– 55cm at the investigated stations from season to season. The maximum throughout the period of study. The average average values of temp. (29.1 C<< )were minimum value (21.7 cm) was recorded recorded in June and July , while the during January (Fig. 3) while the average minimum one (16 C<< ) was recorded in maximum one (40 cm) was noticed during February ( Fig.2). The temperature plays an October. Station 4 recorded the lowest value important role in the distribution and (21.8 cm as an average), while the highest productivity of phytoplankton with one ( 43 cm) was recorded at station 15 populations variations in the levels of nutrient (Table 1). salts. Transparency values showed a It was found that the temperature changes pronounced significant positive correlation during the period of investigation have a with total count of phytoplankton , pronounced effect on the total count of chlorophyll a and net production in the phytoplankton and chlorophyll a in summer different months and stations (Tables 2 & 3), months (July, August and September) where the photosynthetic activities increased together with the increase in the levels of with the increase of transparency. This nutrient salts in front of the mouths of drains. observation is in agreement with Alleem and This coincides with Kobbia (1982) who Samaan (1969) who illustrated a linear reported that the temperature variations had relation between phytoplankton production great influence on standing crop and and Secchi disc reading in Lake Mariut. productivity. The highest value of net production recorded in November was due to 3- Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) predominance of diatoms during this month. PH value plays an important role in many Statistical analysis of the results in life processes. It may also reflect the redox different months showed a significant potential productivity and pollution level of positive correlation between the total count of the aquatic environments. The pH values in phytoplankton, chlorophyll a and water the present study were found to lie on temperature (Table 2), while the relation was alkaline side. insignificant in the different stations (Table
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
ABDEL –AZIZ M.RADWAN
Table (2). Correlation coefficient between the total count of phytoplankton , chlorophyll a, net production, respiration rate and some phsico –chemical parameters of Lake Burullus at the different months.
Variables Tr . PO4 NO3 SiO2 T.Alk. DO Temp.
Total phyt. count +. 793* +.600* -. 420 +. 211 +. 356 +.620 * - . 088 Chlorophyll a +. 660* +. 637* -. 501 +. 159 +. 468 +. 649 * +. 159 Net prod . +. 248 +. 198 +. 031 +. 375 -. 047 + . 144 +. 539 Respiration rate . +. 541 -. 393 +. 535 -. 691 * -. 573 - . 563 -. 563
Table (3). Correlation coefficient between the total count of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, net production, respiration rate and some phsico –chemical parameters of Lake Burullus at the different stations .
Variables Tr . NO3 SiO2 T.Alk. DO Temp. PO4 +. 065 Total phyt. count +. 007 -. 459 -. 002 +. 265 -. 145 + . 065 +. 140 Chlorophyll a +. 305 +. 338 -. 293 +. 482 -. 159 +. 140 +. 125 Net prod . +. 144 +. 457 -. 250 +. 407 -. 198 +. 125 +. 077 Respiration rate -. 034 -. 262 - 471 -. 477 -. 150 +. 077
Tr. Transparency
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
In Lake Burullus, the maximum average lakes because it is essential to the metabolism value of pH (8.6) was recorded at station 12. of all aquatic organisms. The high surface pH – value at this station is In Lake Burullus, the dissolved oxygen in mainly related to the increase in the total the surface water ranged between 6.6 and 9.8 count of phytoplankton . On the other hand, mg O2/l. The seasonal variations of dissolved the low value of pH (7.60) at station 9 due to oxygen in Lake Burullus indicated that, the effect of discharges from drain 8 (Table increase was observed in late autumn and 1). winter due to the water movement by wind action and to the decrease in water 4- Total Alkalinity temperature and increasing oxygen solubility. The total alkalinity values in Lake On the other hand, a pronounced decrease of Burullus during the study period revealed that dissolved oxygen occurred in summer the highest values were recorded during (August) due to low solubility of oxygen and autumn months, while the lowest value was increased rate of its utilization through recorded in March (Fig. 4). The average biochemical reactions at high temperature maximum value of Ca CO3 (307.5 mg /l) was (Fig. 5). determined at station 9, while the minimum The dissolved oxygen varied clearly from (187.6 mg Ca CO3 /l) was recorded at station the stations nearby the mouth of drains to the 15 (Table 1). other stations far from the drains. The The total alkalinity in Lake Burullus maximum average value of dissolved oxygen differed from one station to the other. The (9.8 mg O2/l) during the period of high average values were observed at stations investigation was recorded at station 13 (in near to the mouth of drains especially in the the western sector infront of Brimbal Canal). eastern sector, due to the discharge of On the other hand, the minimum average strongly alkaline wastes. The low values of value (6.6 mg O2 /l) was determined at station total alkalinity were recorded after 4 (in front of Nasser drain in the eastern flourishing of phytoplankton in some stations sector) as shown in Table (1). and months. These results agreed with Halim The relation between dissolved oxygen et al (1976) who mentioned that a low total (DO) and total count of phytoplankton, alkalinity values were recorded after the chlorophyll a and net production showed a flourish of phytoplankton in the Egyptian positive correlation (Tables 3 & 2) and Delta lakes . coinciding with Abdalla et al. (1991) who In this context, the total alkalinity cleared found that high DO is a result high a significant positive correlation with the phytoplankton density at the examined total count of phytoplankton and chlorophyll stations of Lake Mariut. a in the different months (Table2), where the high average values of alkalinity were 6- Nutrient Salts associated with high density of phytoplankton The relation between DO and total count coinciding with Radwan (1994). On the other of phytoplankton chlorophyll a and net hand, the relation was negative at the production showed a positive correlation and different stations (Table 3), where it coinciding with Abdalla et al. 1991. found correlated with the discharges at each station that high DO is a result of the obtained results indicate that the primary production and 5- Dissolved Oxygen standing crop in Lake Burullus are controlled Oxygen is often considered one of the by the nutrients discharged from the drains in most fundamental water quality parameters of addition to the other physicochemical factors.
ABDEL –AZIZ M.RADWAN
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
The environmental importance of was recorded at station 7,13 and 15 (Table). phosphate arises out of its role as a major On the other hand , the maximum average nutrient for both plants and microorganisms was determined in May. While the minimum in addition to it is very important and limiting one was observed during September (Fig. 6). factor for the production of phytoplankton. The maximum amounts of phosphate i–Nitrate were demonstrated at stations 6, 10, 11 and Nitrate is the most stable form of 12, giving remarkable growth of inorganic nitrogen in oxygenated water. It is phytoplankton counts and chlorophyll a. This the end product of nitrification process in agrees with Radwan (1994) who mentioned natural water. The main source of nitrate in that highly significant positive correlation Lake Burullus is the agricultural drainage exists between phosphate concentration and water and fish farms neighbouring to the phytoplankton numbers and Pieterse and lake. Toerien (1978) who found, statistically The maximum amount of nitrates (3.8 μg presence of significant correlation between – at/l as an average) was measured at stations chlorophyll a and phosphorus. 3 and 4, while the minimum (0.6 μg – at/l as The statistical analysis revealed an average) was measured at station 1 (Table insignificant correlation between the total 1). At the same time their highest count of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, net concentrations were observed during winter production and phosphate at the stations. and autumn (Fig. 6), while the lowest ones (Table 3) correlated with the amount of were observed in spring. agricultural drainage which increases the The importance of nitrates as nitrogen phosphate content according to the site of source for phytoplankton and primary stations from the drains. On the other hand, a production in fresh and brackish water negative correlation was observed between habitats has been studied by Fayed & Shehata the total count of phytoplankton and Chl.a (1980) and kobbia (1982). They revealed that and phosphate through months (Table 2) in absence or deficiency of nitrate, the .This coincided with Abdalla et al (1991) production decreases. who reported that the depletion in phosphate Nitrates content in the studied stations content was due to high density of showed a negative correlation with the total phytoplankton in Lake Mariut (negative count of phytoplankton (Table 3), while the correlation). relation was positive in the different months iii – Silicon (Table 2) depending on the amount of Silicon is the second most abundant discharges from the drains and the location of element in the earth's crust . There are each station from the point of discharge. innumerable mineral sources of silica for ii - Phosphate natural waters, but most are quite resistant to Phosphate is known to be the main chemical processes (Faust and Aly 1981). limiting nutrient for the growth of The maximum amount of silicates (30.6 phytoplankton and chlorophyll a. The μg – at / l as an average) was recorded at presence of high and moderate phosphorus at station 15, while the minimum value (10.5 μg some stations was accompanied in most cases –at/lasanaverage)wasobservedatstation by increase in phytoplankton count and 1 (Table 1). The highest concentrations of chlorophyll a. silicates were determined during autumn The maximum concentration of months, while the lowest ones were estimated phosphates (3.4 μg – at /l ) was determined at during spring season (Fig .6). station 6. The minimum value (0.8 μg – at /l)
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
Fig. (6): Average monthly variations of nutrient salts (Nitrate, Phosphate and Silicate)
ABDEL –AZIZ M.RADWAN
The importance of silicates seemed to be of water, seasonal fluctuations, in addition to of specific effect particularly for diatoms. In the different sources of pollution especially at the present study, Bacillariophyceae was the station 6 (infront of drain 7) in the eastern most productive class. Thus a positive sector. The total phytoplankton at this station correlation exists between silica and diatom ware recorded in high counts due to the organisms and the standing crop of flourish of diatoms especially species phytoplankton, as well as chlorophyll a Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz which (Tables 2&3). This coincides with Kobbia, represent the most dominant among diatoms (1982) who reported that during the period of population at this station due to the heavy increasing water level when nutrients are load of organic pollution and nutrient salts sufficient and phytoplankton population is discharged from drain 7. This observation undergoing rapid growth, chlorophyll a tends was coincided with Abdalla et al. (1991) who to accumulate in the euphotic zone. reported that this species developed in Lake Mariut with the increase of the organic load. II- Phytoplankton Standing Crop In the middle and western sectors, the i- Community composition highest counts of phytoplankton were The total number of identified and recorded at station 12 in the middle sector recorded phytoplankton species at all the and15inthewesternsectorduetothe investigated stations during the period of flourish of diatoms with the increase of study 65 species (Appendix A) belonging to 5 silicate concentration (Table 1). classes namely; Bacillariophyceae (28), The dominance of diatoms especially at Cyanophyceae (15), Chlorophyceae (15), stations 6, 12 and 15 may be attributed to the Euglenophyceae (5) and Dinophyceae (2). increased concentrations of silicon with the The maximum count of phytoplankton was effect of fresh water discharged from drain 7 recorded at station 6 in the eastern sector (St. 6) as well as the levels of salinity at (2585 x 103 unit/l as an average), followed stations 12 &15. by station 12 in the middle sector (1615 x Regarding the distribution and monthly 103 unit/ l as an average), while the least variations, the total counts of phytoplankton number occurred at station 9 in the middle in Lake Burullus showed maximum sector ( 152 x 103 unit / l as an average) existence in summer season. (Table 1). (July , August and September) It was generally observed that the accompanied with the highest values of maximum number of counted species was phosphate and nitrate leads to the belonging to class Bacillariophyceae which development of phytoplankton and the represent the most productive group at all minimum count was recorded in winter stations during the period of study. In (February and March ) due to the low levels addition, the distribution and frequency of of nutrient salts ( Fig.7). algal species along all sites showed that From the data obtained its obvious that, Bacillariophyceae together with some species the community composition reduced to 65 of Chlorophyceae were always dominant species recorded in Lake Burullus during the especially at stations 6 (eastern sector), 12 study period, including 28 diatoms, 15 blue- (middle sector) and 15 (western sector). green algae, 15 green algae and 7 species of other forms , while the previous data ii- Distribution and monthly variations recorded 124 species ( El-Sherif, 1983 ) and Study of phytoplankton population at the 198 species ( El-Sherif, 1988 ) different sectors and stations in Lake Generally, a pronounced decrease in the Burullus revealed that, the community was community composition and standing crop of affected by the physico-chemical conditions phytoplankton in Lake Burullus as compared
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
with the previous data. In the present study species and their numbers. Hence the the standing crop of phytoplankton was presence of a high percentage and number of 2,745,364 unit/l during 1978, 3,429,582 unit/l Bacillariophyceae which represented the first during 1979 and 1,039,641 unit /l ( El-Sherif, productive group as mentioned before. 1988) during 1987. Furthermore, the shallow lake water leads to a rapid change in the productivity with the III- Chlorophyll a change in physico-chemical conditions of From the results obtained for Chlorophyll water. a contents of the phytoplankton at the The average level of respiration rate in 3 different surveyed stations of the three Lake Burullus water was 510 mg O2 /m /hr. sectors was more or less similar to the pattern The maximum rate of respiration was of phytoplankton counts (Table 1). The recorded in June and July (659 and 639 mg 3 maximum average contents of chlorophyll a O2 /m / hr respectively), while the were determined during summer season minimum value was noticed in February (379 3 (July) at station 6 (21.7 )g/1)whilethe mg O2 /m /hr) asshowninFigure(10). average minimum values of chlorophyll a The results obtained at the different were measured during winter (February) at stations revealed that the maximum rate of 3 station 9 (1.3 )g /l) in the middle sector. In respiration (719 mg O2/m /hr) was reported general, stations nearby the drains recorded at station 1(in the eastern sector in front of the lowest content of chlorophyll a. El- Boughaz), while the minimum value ( 3 Otherwise, no significant differences were 372 mg O2/m/hr)wasdeterminedatstation recorded in the average values of chlorophyll 15 (in the middle of the western sector) a during summer or autumn (Fig. 8 ). (Table 1). The rate of respiration in the lake during IV- Net Production and Respiration Rate the period of investigation attained the The primary production of phytoplankton highest value at station 1 in front of El- at the studied stations was indicated by net Boughaz, due to the effect of drainage water production from January to December 2000 discharged from the different drains around in figure (9) and table (1).The maximum this station. These effluents enhance the value of production ( 333 mg C/ m3 /hr) was biological activities of bacteria, especially in recorded at station 6 during November, while summer months due to the decomposition of the minimum value 151 mg C/ m3/hr was organic matter. This observation agree with reported at station 9 during February. The El-Sherif & Aboul Ezz (1988) who reported mean primary production for winter season that the lowest standing crop at the stations was186 mg C/ m3/hr, while for summer it which lie nearby the Boughaz area due to the was 218 mg C/ m3/hr. high density of zooplankton in addition to the It is worthy to mention that the primary low counts of phytoplankton at stations 1,2,3 production in Lake Burullus varied from one and 4 in the vicinity of El-Boughaz opening season to another and with the load of resulting from the grazing effect of nutrient salts, in addition to phytoplankton zooplankton on phytoplankton .
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
ABDEL –AZIZ M.RADWAN
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION positive correlation was observed in the different months . The Egyptian Northern Delta lakes has - The correlation of total alkalinity with the been subjected in the last few years to a total count of phytoplankton and chlorophyll drastic rate of pollution due to the high loads a, was positive. of discharges leading to a pronounced - The relation of silicate in the different changes in physico-chemical conditions and months and stations was correlated with the phytoplankton community . density of Bacillariophycea . The study of some physico-chemical From the data obtained, Lake Burullus is parameters and their impacts on the standing considered as an slightly eutrophic due to crop of phytoplankton and primary nutrient levels which not reach to over production indicated that: fertility and a few species of phytoplankton 1- The maximum number of phytoplankton are usually responsible for increased numbers species counted was belonging to class of the community especially infront of drains. Bacillariophyceae which represents the first It very important to mentioned that, the productive one. source of pollution in Lake Burullus 2- Chlorophyll a content is more or less originated mainly from the drains and fish similar to the pattern of phytoplankton counts farms neighbouring to the lake. . The stations nearby the drains recorded the lowest content of chlorophyll a. REFERENCES 3- The primary production (net production ) in Lake Burullus varied from season to Abdalla, R.R, Samaan, A.A and Ghabrial, another and with the load of nutrient salts in M.G (1991). Eutrophication in Lake addition to phytoplankton species and their Mariut Bull. Nat. Ins. Oceanogr. and numbers . Fish., ARE , 17 (1): 157 – 166. 4- The maximum rate of respiration was Aleem, A.A., Samaan, A.A, (1969): estimated in the eastern sector, while the productivityof Lake Maruit. Part1- minimum one in the western sector due to Physical and Chemical Aspicts. Int. the level of pollution . Revue, ges. Hydrbiol. 54, 3: 313 – 335. 5- Physicochemical conditions affected the Part 11 – Primary production . Int Revu . primary production with different patterns ges Hydrobiol 34 (4): 491 – 527. according to the results of statistical analysis American Public Health (APHA) (1989): as the following : Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water 17 th Ed. New - Significant positive correlation between the York, 626 pp. total count of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a Anon, 1980. Investigation of levels and and water temperature through months,while effects of pollutants in saline lakes and the relation was insignificant at the stations . littoral marine environments. II. Studies - Transparency exhibited significant positive on lake Burullus. A.S.R.T., Institute of correlation with the total count of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, phytoplankton, chlorophyll a and net 1980. production at all months. Behrendt, H., (1990): The chemical - Phosphate and dissolved oxygen showed a composition of phytoplankton and significant positive correlation with the zooplankton in trophic shallow Lakes. primary production while nitrate exhibited Arch Hydrobiology . 118 (2) 129 – 145. negative correlation with the total count of Bold, H.C. and Wynne, M.J. (1978): phytoplankton at different stations, and a Introduction to the algae structure and
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
reproduction. Prentic-Hall, Inc. Englwood E. Sakshaug). The Association of Cliffs, New Jersy 07632. Norwegian Ocean ographers.Oslo ,153 - El – Nayal , A.A., 1935. Egyptian fresh water 164. algae. Bull. Sci. Cairo, ( 4 ) : 106 pp. Kobbia,I.A.1982:Thestandingcropand El – Nayal , A.A., 1936. Contribution of our primary production of phytoplankton in knowledge of the fresh water algae of Lake Burullus. Bot. Depart. Facul. of Sci. Egypt. Bull. Sci. Cairo. Part, 1 (9): 31 pp Cairo Univ. Egypt. J. Bot.25, No.1-3 El-Sherif, Z.M., 1983. Limnological (1982). investigation on the aquatic plants in Lake Moss, B. (1967). A spectro Burullus in relations to the environmental photometricmethod for the estimation of conditions. Ph.D.Thesis, Cairo University, percentage degradation of chlorophylls to 385 pp. pheopigments in extracts of algae El- Sherif, Z.M., and S.M. Aboul Ezz ,1988. Limnol.Oceanogr.,12, 335. Preliminary study on phytoplankton- Prescott, G.W. (1962): Algae of Western zooplanktonrelationshipinLake Great Lake AREA. W.M.C. Brown Burullus. Egypt. Bull. .Inst.Oceanogr. Co.Inc., Dubuque. Iowa. U.S.A Fish. A.R.E., 14 (1). 1988: 23-30. Prescott, G.W. (1978): How to know fresh El- Sherif, Z.M. 1993. Phytoplankton water algae W.M.C. Brown Co.Dubuque. standing crop, diversity and statistical Iowa. U.S.A multispecies analysis in Lake Burullus. Pieterse, A.J.H. and Toerien, D.F. (1978) The Bull.Nat. Inst.Oceanogr. and fixh. ARE, phosphorus chlorophyll a relationship in (19): 213- 233. Roodepaat Dam . Water S.A., 4, 105 . Faust, S.D. and O.M. Aly, 1981: in Radwan , A.M.1994 . study on the pollution "Chemistry of Natural Waters", Am of Damietta branch and its effects on the Arbor Science Publishers. Inc., Michigan phytoplankton. Ph. D. Thesis Tanta Univ. Fayed, S.E. and Shehata. S.A. (1980). Faculty of Science. 289 pp. Nutritional status of Nile water in relation Strikland , J.D.H. and Parson, T.R. 1972: A to phytoplankton papulation. Aisser und practical Hand book of sea water analysis Abwasser Forschung 13, 45. fisheries research of Canada. Ottawa Halim, Y., Samaan, A. and Zaghloul, F.A. Bulletin 167, 2 nd ed 310 pp.vinyard (1976): Estuarine plankton of the Nile and Vinyard, W.C. (1979): Diatoms of North the effect of fresh water phytoplankton. America Textbook, New York Third In: fresh water on the sea (Eds., S. edition, 293 pp. Skreslet, R., Leinbo, J.B.L. Matthews and
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE BURULLUS
Appendix A: Check List of phytoplankton Spirulina sp. species recorded in Lake Burullus during Oscillatoria princeps Voucher the period of investigation : Anabaena sp. 1- Bacillariophyceae : Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. 3- Chlorophyceae : Cyclotella kutzingiana Thwait. Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp)Bréb Cyclotella opaerculata ( Ag. ) Scenedesmus bijugatus ( Turp Kütz ) Nitzschia palea (Kütz.)W.Sm. Scenedesmus acuminatus ( Largerh ) Nitzschia longissima ( Breb ) Ralfs. Chodat Nitzschia closterium (Ehr.)W.Sm. Actinastrum hantzschii Lagerh. Navicula humerosa Breb. Chlorella vulgaris Beij. Navicula cryptocephala Kütz. Pediastrum duplex Meyen. Navicula schizonemoids H.Van. Pediastrum simplex ( Meyen ) Lemm. Navicula yarrensis Grun. Pediastrum boryanum ( Turp. ) Menegh Navicula cuspidata Kütz. Botryococcus braunii Kütz . Navicula viridula Kütz. Chlorococcum humicola (Nag.) Navicula gracilis Ehr. Closterium kuetzingii Bréb Synedra tabulata Kütz. Staurastrum tetracerum Ralfs Synedra ulna Nitzsch. Volvox sp. Synedra longissima W.Sm. Ankistrodesmus falcatus Var. spiriformis G Diatoma hiemale .S West . Diploneis bombus A.S. Spirogyra sp. Pleurosigma delicatulum Sm. Synedra acus (Kütz.) 4- Euglenophyceae : Surirella stratula ( Turp. ) Euglena acus Ehr. Melosira granulata ( Ehr.) Ralfs. Euglena gracilis Kelbs . Cymbella affinis Kütz. Euglena sp. Cocconeis placentule Ehr. Phacus longicauda ( Ehr. ) Dujadin. Diploneis didyma Ehr. Phacus pleuronectes (Muell) Dujardin . Amphora ovalis kütz. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel. 5- Peridiniaceae : Melosira varians Ag. Gymnodinium sp. Peridinium sp. 2- Cyanophyceae : Chroococcus dispersus (Keissl.)Lemmer. Chroococcus turgidus Kütz. Chroococcus limneticus Lemm. Gloeocapsa rupestris kuetzing . Kütz . Microcystis incerta Lemm. Microcystis aerioginosa .kutz. ; emend . Elenkin . Merismopedia punctata Meyen .
Mrismopedia tenuissima Lemm . Merismopedia minima Beck. Anabaenopsis circularis (F.S.West.)Wol& Miller . Oscillatoria limnetica Lemm. Nostoc sp.