Why the World Needs a Time-Out on High Seas Bottom Trawling
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Time Out_English_final 20/5/05 12:19 PM Page 2 Why the world needs a time-out on high-seas bottom trawling L.E. Morgan Marine Conservation Biology Institute, USA E.A. Norse Marine Conservation Biology Institute, USA A.D. Rogers British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, an alliance of over 40 international R.L. Haedrich organizations, representing millions of people in countries around the world, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada is calling for a moratorium on high seas bottom trawling. S.M. Maxwell For further information about the Coalition visit: www.savethehighseas.org Marine Conservation Biology Institute, USA Published June 2005 DSCC Introduction Fishing on the high seas far from land is dangerous and expensive, and it consumes large amounts of fossil fuel. Fishermen would be unlikely to venture out on the high seas if fish Contents were still abundant in more productive nearshore waters. High-seas bottom trawling (HSBT) is a relatively new industry, having begun in the 1950s when an increasing number Introduction 2 of nations over-fished their coastal fisheries. They built larger and more powerful vessels Six reasons why high-seas bottom trawling needs an immediate time-out. 3 and developed fishing gears that were more robust, such as rockhopper trawls, huge nets 1. Although high-seas bottom trawling has spread rapidly, it is of minor economic 3 and stronger cables. Governments further fueled this move with grants and subsidies. 1 importance 2. Bottom trawling is the world’s most destructive type of fishing 4 Now fishermen are increasingly trawling in the least-known and least-protected place 3. Deep-sea fish are inherently vulnerable to over-fishing 7 on Earth, the deep sea beyond nations’ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Sixty-four 4. Deep-sea ecosystems are severely damaged by bottom trawling 9 percent of the world’s oceans fall outside the boundaries of EEZs and few agreements 5. Scientific understanding is inadequate for sustainable deep-sea bottom-trawl 11 exist to manage deep-sea fish stocks in this vast realm. Deep-sea environments are fisheries particularly vulnerable to bottom trawling, because conditions there are typically stable 6. Management and governance are inadequate for sustainable deep-sea 13 and unchanging. When changes or disturbances come (as with trawling), the organisms bottom-trawl fisheries are poorly equipped to adapt or respond to them. 2 It is especially unfortunate that Summary 14 nearshore over-fishing and habitat destruction have shifted fishing to the last places on Earth where marketable fish with firm white flesh are found: seamounts, mid-ocean ridges, continental slopes and banks in the deep sea. Populations of deep-sea fish that are targeted by bottom trawlers and populations of those caught incidentally as bycatch, are especially vulnerable to trawling damage. 3 Crucial habitat-forming animals in the deep sea are similarly vulnerable but are often overlooked. In addition, many of these seamounts, and other hard, rocky surfaces which rise above the muddy seafloor, are thought to host a richness of species rivaling that of tropical rainforests, with many species restricted in range to a single geographic region, a seamount chain, or even a single seamount location. 4 There are clear and increasing signs that high-seas bottom-trawl fisheries are causing unprecedented damage to some of the most vulnerable ecosystems on our planet. In this paper, we present the arguments that have motivated 1,136 scientists from 69 nations to publicly call for an immediate worldwide moratorium – a time-out – on the most destructive fishing method (deep-sea bottom trawling) in the least protected place on Earth (the high seas). 1 Roberts, C.M. (2002). Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea. Trends In Ecology and Evolution 17(5): 242-245 2 NRC (National Research Council) (2002). Effects of trawling and dredging on seafloor habitat . National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC 3 Gordon, J.D.M., et al (1995). Environmental and biological aspects of slope-dwelling fish. pp.1-30 in A.G. Hopper ed., Deep Water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Oceanic Slope , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 4 Richer de Forges, B., et al. (2000). Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific. Nature 405: 944-947 Why the world needs a time -out on high -seas bottom trawling – Deep Sea Conservation Coalition 1 Why the world needs a time -out on high -seas bottom trawling – Deep Sea Conservation Coalition 2 borealis ), roundnose grenadier ( Coryphaenoides rupestris ), Greenland halibut ( Reinhardtius Six reasons why high-seas bottom trawling needs hippoglossoides ), rockfish ( Sebastes spp.), smoothheads ( Alepocephalus spp.), orange roughy an immediate time-out (Hoplostethus atlanticus ), blue ling ( Molva dypterygia ), alfonsinos ( Beryx spp.), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides ) and roughhead grenadier ( Macrourus berglax ). 13 Landings from Scientists tend to be reluctant to prescribe actions unless there is an overwhelming need to do HSBT make up 80 percent of high-seas bottom fishing, yet the habitats on which bottom trawling occurs – the rocky substrates of mid-oceanic ridges, seamounts, and submarine canyons – are so. We would not be calling for an immediate moratorium on high-seas bottom trawling if there 14 were significant uncertainty about the effectiveness of this course of action or if there were time to rare, occupying less than four percent of the seafloor. examine the issue at a more leisurely pace. There are six major reasons why we believe an Globally, the market impact of HSBT is tiny: it constituted only a fraction of one percent of the immediate moratorium on high-seas bottom trawling is in order: reported total marine fish catch in 2001 by volume and value. The world’s high-seas bottom- trawling fleet consists of several hundred vessels at most. The catch level in 2001 would at best support between 100 and 200 vessels operating on a year-round equivalent basis. This compares 1. Although high-seas bottom trawling has spread rapidly, it is to a global fishing fleet of approximately 3.1 million vessels. 15 In 2001, HSBT contributed roughly of minor economic importance 200 thousand tons 16 to the worldwide 80-million-ton marine fish catch. Just 11 countries accounted for 95 percent of the reported high-seas bottom-trawl catch: Spain, Russia, Portugal, 17 The former USSR was one of the first nations to initiate high-seas bottom trawling, beginning in Norway, Estonia, Denmark/Faroe Islands, Japan, Lithuania, Iceland, New Zealand, and Latvia. 18 the Pacific in the late 1950s and in the Atlantic in the early 1970s. 5 The discovery of substantial European Union (EU) countries took approximately 60 percent of the reported HSBT catch, with orange roughy populations around New Zealand brought bottom-trawl fishing to the deeper Spain accounting for over 65 percent of the reported EU catch and 40 percent of the global HSBT 19 slopes and seamounts of the Southeast Pacific in the late 1970s. 6 Elsewhere, other countries catch in 2001. To put this in perspective, the combined value of the reported HSBT catch in the 20 started fishing on slopes and seamounts in the 1980s and ‘90s, and today they are continuing Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans in 2001 was roughly US$300-400 million, equivalent to the to fish even more deeply. 7 Rather than fishing deep-sea fish sustainably, commercial bottom revenue from one blockbuster movie (for example, Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ ) or to trawlers reflect a typical pattern of serial over-fishing that is best summarized as “plunder and the value of the State of Florida’s annual commercial seafood imports. push on”. High-seas bottom trawling – as currently practiced– quickly renders localized deep- sea fish populations commercially extinct, whereupon fishing vessels move on to the next Significantly, the majority of the high-seas bottom-trawl catch is destined for markets in the most affluent nations, namely the USA, Europe, and Japan, negating claims that HSBT fishing ground. Glover and Smith predict that all deep-sea fisheries present in 2003 will be 21 commercially extinct by 2025. 8 Furthermore, because of the high level of unique species found contributes to global food security. HSBT fishing is a boutique fishery, temporarily benefiting on many seamounts, the potential for extinction through trawl damage is high. 9 only wealthy nations and wealthy consumers while trashing the global environment for a very long time (decades to centuries). Restrictions on these fisheries will have no major social impact but Across the globe, from the North Atlantic to Namibia, and from the Southwest Indian Ocean will have very important environmental benefits. to the international waters surrounding New Zealand and Australia, HSBT has expanded in the last two decades, driven by the depletion of coastal resources and shelf-fisheries and by the resulting increased restrictiveness of fisheries regulations within national waters. At the same time, demand for fish in developed countries has increased whilst effective regulation on the 2. Bottom trawling is the world’s most destructive type 10 high seas is lacking. Exploratory fishing is now occurring in all oceans – sponsored by a of fishing variety of nations – to such an extent that it is likely that commercial fishing has had an impact 11 on nearly all of the known seamounts with summits shallower than 1,000 meters.