DOCSLIB.ORG

A Snapshot of the World's Water Quality: Towards a Global Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Snapshot of the World's Water Quality: Towards a Global Assessment www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: +254 20 762 1234 Fax: +254 20 762 3927 e-mail: [email protected] www.unep.org A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment Quality: Towards Water World’s of the A Snapshot UNEP report UNEP report A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment | UNEP report XIV Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 14 09.05.16 17:12 Table of Contents A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: +254 20 762 1234 Fax: +254 20 762 3927 e-mail: [email protected] www.unep.org I Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 1 09.05.16 17:12 A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment | UNEP report Copyright © 2016, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ISBN Number: 978-92-807-3555-0 Job Number: DEW/1975/NA Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For general guidance on matters relating to the use of maps in publications please go to:http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ english/htmain.htm Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme. Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Suggested Citation UNEP 2016. A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. 162pp Cover Design Audrey Ringler UNEP Design & Layout Audrey Ringler UNEP & Ogarit Uhlmann F&U confirm, Leipzig Credits © Maps, photos, and illustrations as specified. Cover image front: iStock photo ID:23936695 Bartosz Hadyniak Cover image back: iStock photo ID:49215240 Ilona Budzbon This report in the form of PDF can be viewed and downloaded at http://www.unep.org/publications/ UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This report is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled fibre. The paper is chlorine free and the inks vegetable-based. II Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 2 09.05.16 17:12 Table of Contents Acknowledgements UNEP Coordination Hartwig Kremer, Norberto Fernandez (until 2013), Patrick Mmayi, Keith Alverson & Thomas Chiramba (until 2015) Project Coordination Dietrich Borchardt & Ilona Bärlund Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Chief Editor Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Scientific Editors Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel & Dietrich Borchardt Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Technical Editor Ilona Bärlund Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Contributing Authors Chapter 1 Deborah V. Chapman UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Chapter 2 Jeanette Völker, Désirée Dietrich & Dietrich Borchardt Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Philipp Saile UNEP GEMS/Water Data Centre, International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, German Federal Institute of Hydrology Angela Lausch Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Thomas Heege EOMAP GmbH & Co.KG Chapter 3 Martina Flörke, Joseph Alcamo, Marcus Malsy, Klara Reder, Gabriel Fink & Julia Fink Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Jeanette Völker & Dietrich Borchardt Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Karsten Rinke Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Chapter 4 Ilona Bärlund Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Marcelo Pires da Costa National Water Agency of Brazil Upper Tietê Prasad Modak Environmental Management Centre LLP, Mumbai Godavari Adelina M. Mensah & Chris Gordon Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), University of Ghana Volta Mukand S. Babel Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology & Pinida Leelapanang Kamphaengthong Water Quality Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Chao Phraya Chris Dickens International Water Management Institute (IWMI), South AfricaVaal Seifeddine Jomaa Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Sihem Benabdallah Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Tunisia & Khalifa Riahi Laboratory of Chemistry and Water Quality, Department of Management and Environment, High Institute of Rural Engineering and Equipment, University of Jendouba Medjerda Gregor Ollesch Elbe River Basin Community, Magdeburg Elbe Dennis Swaney Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Karin Limburg Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science & Forestry & Kevin Farrar NY State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Environmental Remediation Hudson Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel III Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 3 09.05.16 17:12 A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment | UNEP report Chapter 5 Dietrich Borchardt Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Chris Gordon & Adelina M. Mensah Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana Jesper Goodley Dannisøe DHI Roland A. Müller Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Advisory Committee, participants of two Advisory Committee meetings March 2014 & January 2015 AC1 & AC2 Mukand Babel Asian Institute of Technology Peter Koefoed Bjørnsen UNEP-DHI, Denmark Deborah V. Chapman UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Johannes Cullmann UNESCO-IHP and German Federal Institute of Hydrology Chris Dickens International Water Management Institute (IWMI), South Africa Javier Mateo Sagasta Divina International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Sri Lanka Sarantuyaa Zandaryaa UNESCO Division of Water Science AC2 only Marcelo Pires da Costa National Water Agency of Brazil Sara Marjani Zadeh FAO AC1 only Fengting Li Tongji University, People’s Republic of China Monica Perreira Do Amaral Porto University of São Paulo Julius Wellens-Mensah WMO Department of Climate and Water Hua Xie International Food Policy Research Institute USA Reviewers Salif Diop Université CAD Dakar, Sénégal Alan Jenkins NERC-CEH, UK Mick Wilson UNEP Chief Scientist’s Office Hong Yang Eawag, Switzerland Sara Marjani Zadeh FAO Javier Mateo Sagasta Divina IWMI Kate MedlicottWHO Cecilia Scharp UNICEF Funding The Government of Norway and the Government Canada through its Environment Canada as well as UN Water are gratefully acknowledged for providing the necessary funding that made the production of this publication“A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment” possible. For more information see: www.wwqa-documentation.info IV Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 4 09.05.16 17:12 Table of Contents Foreword: A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality “Towards a global assessment” Flowing knowledge The quality of surface water in many parts of the significant risk to vital activities like inland fishing, which developed world has noticeably improved in recent accounts for some 60 million jobs and almost a third of decades, but is being challenged as economic growth, fish harvested for human consumption. demographics and climate change lead to widespread Sound knowledge is critical to understanding the and severe degradation. The need to reverse this underlying causes and developing the evidence based damage is reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable policies to improve it, including source control, waste Development, both as a dedicated goal and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Eutrophication on Stream Ecosystems
    EFFECTS OF EUTROPHICATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS Lei Zheng, PhD and Michael J. Paul, PhD Tetra Tech, Inc. Abstract This paper describes the effects of nutrient enrichment on the structure and function of stream ecosystems. It starts with the currently well documented direct effects of nutrient enrichment on algal biomass and the resulting impacts on stream chemistry. The paper continues with an explanation of the less well documented indirect ecological effects of nutrient enrichment on stream structure and function, including effects of excess growth on physical habitat, and alterations to aquatic life community structure from the microbial assemblage to fish and mammals. The paper also dicusses effects on the ecosystem level including changes to productivity, respiration, decomposition, carbon and other geochemical cycles. The paper ends by discussing the significance of these direct and indirect effects of nutrient enrichment on designated uses - especially recreational, aquatic life, and drinking water. 2 1. Introduction 1.1 Stream processes Streams are all flowing natural waters, regardless of size. To understand the processes that influence the pattern and character of streams and reduce natural variation of different streams, several stream classification systems (including ecoregional, fluvial geomorphological, and stream order classification) have been adopted by state and national programs. Ecoregional classification is based on geology, soils, geomorphology, dominant land uses, and natural vegetation (Omernik 1987). Fluvial geomorphological classification explains stream and slope processes through the application of physical principles. Rosgen (1994) classified stream channels in the United States into seven major stream types based on morphological characteristics, including entrenchment, gradient, width/depth ratio, and sinuosity in various land forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Continental and Marine Hydrobiology Environmental Impact and Ecological Status Assessment
    Continental and marine hydrobiology Environmental impact and ecological status assessment EUROFINS Hydrobiologie France is your unique partner to evaluate and monitor aquatic environments. • Evaluate the effectiveness of your installations or the impact of your discharges aquatic ecosystems • Characterize the waterbodies states according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirements Our analytical offer On continental ecosystems On marine ecosystems Benthic and pelagic microalgae Microalgae • Biological Diatom Index (IBD, NF T90-354) • Marine phytoplankton: quantitative and qualitative analyzes, • Phytoplankton in waterbodies and streams (NF EN 15204, IPLAC) detection of potentially toxic species (NF EN 15204 and NF EN 15972) • Cyanobacteria (NF EN 15204) Marine phanerogams • Conservation status of marine phanerogam meadows (Posidonia sp, Macrophytes Zostera ssp., Cymodocea sp., etc) • Macrophytic Biological Index in Rivers (IBMR, NF T90-395) • Average Index of Coverage • Macrophytic Biological Index in Lakes (IBML, XP T90-328) • Search for protected species by professional diving Invertebrates (macro and micro) Invertebrates (macro and micro) • Standardized Global Biological Index (IBGN, NF T90-350) • Zooplankton study • WFD protocols: MPCE and I2M2 (NF T90-333 and XP T90-388) • Soft bottom macrofauna communities (WFD, REBENT, NF ISO 16665, etc.) • Large streams: Adapted Global Biological Index (IBGA) • Protected species: European/international protection • Bioindication Oligochaeta Index in Sediment (IOBS)/ Bioindication • Evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Papers on “Avian Diversity and Hydrobiology”
    Selected Papers on “Avian Diversity and Hydrobiology” Dr. M. Y. Kulkarni Head Dept. of Zoology N.S.B. College, ACS Nanded – 431 602 (Ms.) Dr. R. D. Barde Head Dept. of Zoology SGB College, Purna Dist.Parbhani ________________________________________________ Siddhi Publications, Nanded Maharashtra (India) Selected Papers on Avian Diversity and Hydrobiology I 1 ISBN No. 978-81-940206-5-3 © Authors All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, in retrieved system or transmitted in any form by any means without prior written permission. Published By SIDDHI PUBLICATION HOUSE Srinagar, Nanded 431605. Mob. 9623979067 Email: [email protected] Typesetting Rajesh Umbarkar Printers Anupam Printers, Nanded. Price: 100/- First Edition : 05 Feb. 2020 Selected Papers on Avian Diversity and Hydrobiology I 2 INDEX Sr. Name of Page Title of Papers No. Authors No. 1. SYNURBIZATION - R. S. Sonwane ADAPTATION OF BIRD WILD and A. B. Harkal 4 LIFE TO NANDED URBAN DEVELOPMENT 2. CONSERVATION OF AVIAN V.S. Jadhav, DIVERSITY AT SITAKHANDI V.S. Kanwate 12 FOREST IN BHOKAR TAHSHIL and A.B. Harkal OF NANDED DISTRICT [M.S.] 3. DIVERSITY AND POPULATION P. V. Darekar OF AVIFAUNA OF SANGVIKATI A.C.Kumbhar PERCOLATION TANK, TAL. 20 TULJAPUR DIST.OSMANABAD (M.S.) 4. DEEP SEA FISHERY BIO V.S.N Raghava RESOURCES - BIODIVERSITY Rao 30 AND STOCK ASSESSMENT 5. ASSESSMENT OF GROUND M. Maqdoom WATER QUALITY IN GOKUNDA TALUKA KINWAT OF NANDED 35 DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA (INDIA). 6 LIFE BECOMES MEASURABLE J.U. Deshmukh DUE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE IN GROUND WATER NEARBY 43 NANDED CITY DISTRICT NANDED 7 STUDIES OF DISSOLVED V.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of the Value of Black Goldminers' Labour-Power in South
    Farouk Stemmet Control of the Value of Black Goldminers’ Labour-Power in South Africa in the Early Industrial Period as a Consequence of the Disjuncture between the Rising Value of Gold and its ‘Fixed Price’ Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow October, 1993. © Farouk Stemmet, MCMXCIII ProQuest Number: 13818401 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818401 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GLASGOW UNIVFRSIT7 LIBRARY Abstract The title of this thesis,Control of the Value of Black Goldminers' Labour- Power in South Africa in the Early Industrial Period as a Consequence of the Disjuncture between the Rising Value of Gold and'Fixed its Price', presents, in reverse, the sequence of arguments that make up this dissertation. The revolution which took place in the value of gold, the measure of value, in the second half of the nineteenth century, coincided with the need of international trade to hold fast the value-ratio at which the world's various paper currencies represented a definite weight of gold.
    [Show full text]
  • Paani Foundation Is a Not-For-Profit Organization Which Has Been the Brainchild of Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao
    ANNUAL REPORT PAANI FOUNDATION’S ACTIVITIES IN 2016 Background: Paani Foundation is a not-for-profit organization which has been the brainchild of Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao. The organization was registered in early 2016 in order to work towards creating a drought-free Maharashtra. The idea originated from the television show Satyameva Jayate which was being anchored by Aamir Khan , addressing various social issues . One of the crucial issues that strongly came up was the water scarcity in Maharashtra which was mainly due to the topographical pattern of large areas in existence which are drought prone and face serious lack of rain every year. India is classified globally as a water-adequate nation. It has neither abundance nor scarcity. It has enough for its needs. Yet, increasingly, more and more people do not have water to drink, more and more farmers face drought and starvation, and more and more industries shut down or cannot grow because of a shortage of water. The reason for the Water Crisis: The crisis is largely man-made and has four key causes: 1. Pollution: We have polluted our lakes and rivers. ​ 2. Over-Exploitation: We have recklessly pumped out ground water without bothering ​ to recharge the groundwater table resulting in a catastrophic fall in its level. 3. Irrational Water Management: Can be described well with the example of highly ​ water-intensive sugarcane cultivation in drought-prone areas. 4. Climate Change: Rainfall is getting compressed in both space and time. The number ​ of rain days is decreasing. Rainfall is concentrated in small areas with vast land masses subject to drought.
    [Show full text]
  • The Volt a Resettlement Experience
    The Volt a Resettlement Experience edited, by ROBERT CHAMBERS PALL MALL PRESS LONDON in association with Volta River Authority University of Science and Technology Accra Kumasi INSTITUTI OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LIBRARY Published by the Pall Mall Press Ltd 5 Cromwell Place, London swj FIRST PUBLISHED 1970 © Pall Mall Press, 1970 SBN 269 02597 9 Printed in Great Britain by Western Printing Services Ltd Bristol I CONTENTS PREFACE Xlll FOREWORD I SIR ROBERT JACKSON I. INTRODUCTION IO ROBERT CHAMBERS The Preparatory Commission Policy: Self-Help with Incentives, 12 Precedents, Pressures and Delays, 1956-62, 17 Formulating a New Policy, 1961-63, 24 2. THE ORGANISATION OF RESETTLEMENT 34 E. A. K. KALITSI Organisation and Staffing, 35 Evolution of Policy, 39 Housing and compensation policy, 39; Agricultural policy, 41; Regional planning policy, 42 Execution, 44 Demarcation, 44; Valuation, 45; Social survey, 46; Site selection, 49; Clearing and construction, 52; Evacuation, 53; Farming, 55 Costs and Achievements, 56 3. VALUATION, ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION FOR PURPOSES OF RESETTLEMENT 58 K. AMANFO SAGOE Scope and Scale of the Exercise, 59 Public and Private Rights Affected, 61 Ethical and Legal Bases for the Government's Compensation Policies, 64 Valuation and Compensation for Land, Crops and Buildings, 67 Proposals for Policy in Resettlements, 72 Conclusion, 75 v CONTENTS 4. THE SOCIAL SURVEY 78 D. A. P. BUTCHER Purposes and Preparation, 78 Executing the Survey, 80 Processing and Analysis of Data, 82 Immediate Usefulness, 83 Future Uses for the Survey Data, 86 Social Aspects of Housing and the New Towns, 88 Conclusion, 90 5. SOCIAL WELFARE IO3 G.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Conditions in the United States a Profile from the 1998 National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress
    United States Office of Water (4503F) EPA841-F-00-006 Environmental Protection Washington, DC 20460 June 2000 Agency Water Quality Conditions in the United States A Profile from the 1998 National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress States, tribes, territories, and interstate commissions report that, in 1998, about 40% of U.S. streams, lakes, and estuaries that were assessed were not clean enough to support uses such as fishing and swimming. About 32% of U.S. waters were assessed for this national inventory of water quality. Leading pollutants in impaired waters include siltation, bacteria, nutrients, and metals. Runoff from agricultural lands and urban areas are the primary sources of these pollu- tants. Although the United States has made significant progress in cleaning up polluted waters over the past 30 years, much remains to be done to restore and protect the nation’s waters. Findings States also found that 96% of assessed Great Lakes shoreline miles are impaired, primarily due to pollut- Recent water quality data find that more than ants in fish tissue at levels that exceed standards to 291,000 miles of assessed rivers and streams do not protect human health. States assessed 90% of Great meet water quality standards. Across all types of water- Lakes shoreline miles. bodies, states, territories, tribes, and other jurisdictions report that poor water quality affects aquatic life, fish Wetlands are being lost in the contiguous United consumption, swimming, and drinking water. In their States at a rate of about 100,000 acres per year. Eleven 1998 reports, states assessed 840,000 miles of rivers states and tribes listed sources of recent wetland loss; and 17.4 million acres of lakes, including 150,000 conversion for agricultural uses, road construction, and more river miles and 600,000 more lake acres than residential development are leading reasons for loss.
    [Show full text]
  • UPPER VAAL WATER MANAGEMENT AREA (WMA No 8)
    Report Number: P WMA 08/000/00/0304 DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY Directorate: National Water Resource Planning IInntteerrnnaall SSttrraatteeggiicc PPeerrssppeeccttiivvee UUppppeerr VVaaaall WWaateterr MMaannaaggeemmeenntt AArreeaa March 2004 Compiled by: W A T E R R E S O U R C E P L A N N I N G A N D C O N S E FC071R V A T I O N WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd, Reg. No. 98/16706/07 WRP_FC332 ISP : UPPER VAAL WMA _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Directorate National Water Resource Planning INTERNAL STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE FOR THE UPPER VAAL WATER MANAGEMENT AREA (WMA No 8) APPROVAL Title : Upper Vaal Water Management Area: Internal Strategic Perspective DWAF Report No : P WMA 08/000/00/0304 Consultants : PDNA, WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd, WMB and Kwezi-V3 Report Status : Version 1 Version Controller : Mr Walther van der Westhuizen Date : March 2004 Approved for Consultants by: DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY Directorate National Water Resource Planning Approved for Department of Water Affairs and Forestry by: ISP : UPPER VAAL WMA _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ REFERENCE This report is to be referred to in bibliographies as: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 2004. Upper Vaal Water Management Area: Internal Strategic Perspective. Prepared by PDNA, WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd, WMB and Kwezi-V3 on behalf of the Directorate: National Water Resource Planning. DWAF Report No P WMA 08/000/00/0304. INVITATION TO COMMENT This report will be updated on a regular basis until it is eventually superceded by the Catchment Management Strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Volta-Hycos Project
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANISATION Weather • Climate • Water VOLTA-HYCOS PROJECT SUB-COMPONENT OF THE AOC-HYCOS PROJECT PROJECT DOCUMENT SEPTEMBER 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………….v 1 WORLD HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OBSERVING SYSTEM (WHYCOS)……………1 2. BACKGROUNG TO DEVELOPMENT OF VOLTA-HYCOS…………………………... 3 2.1 AOC-HYCOS PILOT PROJECT............................................................................................... 3 2.2 OBJECTIVES OF AOC HYCOS PROJECT ................................................................................ 3 2.2.1 General objective........................................................................................................................ 3 2.2.2 Immediate objectives .................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 LESSONS LEARNT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AOC-HYCOS BASED ON LARGE BASINS......... 4 3. THE VOLTA BASIN FRAMEWORK……………………………………………………... 7 3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS....................................................................................................... 7 3.2 COUNTRIES OF THE VOLTA BASIN ......................................................................................... 8 3.3 RAINFALL............................................................................................................................. 10 3.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE VOLTA BASIN.............................................................. 11 3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Water Quality Report
    2021 WATER QUALITY REPORT 2021 WATER QUALITY REPORT CITY OF NEWARK: SOUTH WELL FIELD TREATMENT PLANT AIR STRIPPER BUILDING Annual Water Quality Report The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Newark meets or exceeds the water quality requires public water suppliers to provide standards of the Delaware Division of Public consumer confidence reports (CCR) to their Health Office of Drinking Water and the customers . These reports are also known as Environmental Protection Agency. The tables on annual water quality reports. The below report pages 4-6 of this report list those substances summarizes information regarding the sources found in our finished water during calendar year used (i.e. rivers, reservoirs, or aquifers), any 2020. detected contaminants, compliance and educational efforts. How the Water is Treated The City’s 317 million gallon reservoir provides a Drinking water, including bottled water, may At the Curtis Water Treatment Plant (CWTP), reliable source of raw water which can be treated reasonably be expected to contain at least small water from the White Clay Creek is clarified with and ready for drinking in times of heavy rain or amounts of some substances. The presence of alum and polymer and then filtered to remove drought. In an effort to keep sediment these substances does not necessarily indicate impurities. Chlorine is added to kill harmful accumulation in our water mains to a minimum, that water poses a health risk. In order to ensure bacteria and viruses. Finally, fluoride is added to we flush the entire system yearly. that tap water is safe to drink, the EPA prescribes the water to protect your teeth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Cumulative Impacts on Biotic Diversity of Wetland Vertebrates
    The Nature of Cumulative Impacts on Biotic Diversity of Wetland Vertebrates I.ARRu D. HARRIS about--makes using food chain support as a variable for Department of Wildlife and Range Sciences predicting environmental impacts very questionable. School of Forest Resources and Conservation Historical instances illustrate the effects of the accumula- University of Florida tion of impacts on vertebrates. At present it is nearly impos- Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA sible to predict the result of three or more different kinds of perturbations, although long-range effects can be observed. One case in point is waterfowl; while their ingestion of lead ABSTRACT/There is no longer any doubt that cumulative shot, harvesting by hunters during migration, and loss of impacts have important effects on wetland vertebrates. Inter- habitat have caused waterfowl populations to decline, the actions of species diversity and community structure produce proportional responsibility of these factors has not been de- a complex pattern in which environmental impacts can play termined. a highly significant role. Various examples show how wet- Further examples show muttiplicative effects of similar ac- lands maintain the biotic diversity within and among verte- tions, effects with long time lags, diffuse processes in the brate populations, and some of the ways that environmental landscape that may have concentrated effects on a compo- perturbations can interact to reduce this diversity. nent subsystem, and a variety of other interactions of in- The trophic and habitat pyramids are useful organizing creasing complexity. Not only is more information needed at concepts. Habitat fragmentation can have severe effects at all levels; impacts must be assessed on a landscape or re- all levels, reducing the usable range of the larger habitat gional scale to produce informed management decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Living in Two Places : Permanent Transiency In
    living in two places: permanent transiency in the magadan region Elena Khlinovskaya Rockhill Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK; [email protected] abstract Some individuals in the Kolyma region of Northeast Russia describe their way of life as “permanently temporary.” This mode of living involves constant movements and the work of imagination while liv- ing between two places, the “island” of Kolyma and the materik, or mainland. In the Soviet era people maintained connections to the materik through visits, correspondence and telephone conversations. Today, living in the Kolyma means living in some distant future, constantly keeping the materik in mind, without fully inhabiting the Kolyma. People’s lives embody various mythologies that have been at work throughout Soviet Kolyma history. Some of these models are being transformed, while oth- ers persist. Underlying the opportunities afforded by high mobility, both government practices and individual plans reveal an ideal of permanency and rootedness. KEYWORDS: Siberia, gulag, Soviet Union, industrialism, migration, mobility, post-Soviet The Magadan oblast’1 has enjoyed only modest attention the mid-seventeenth century, the history of its prishloye in arctic anthropology. Located in northeast Russia, it be- naseleniye3 started in the 1920s when the Kolyma region longs to the Far Eastern Federal Okrug along with eight became known for gold mining and Stalinist forced-labor other regions, okrugs and krais. Among these, Magadan camps. oblast' is somewhat peculiar. First, although this territory These regional peculiarities—a small indigenous pop- has been inhabited by various Native groups for centu- ulation and a distinct industrial Soviet history—partly ries, compared to neighboring Chukotka and the Sakha account for the dearth of anthropological research con- Republic (Yakutia), the Magadan oblast' does not have a ducted in Magadan.
    [Show full text]