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www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: +254 20 762 1234 Fax: +254 20 762 3927 e-mail: [email protected] www.unep.org A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment Quality: Towards Water World’s of the A Snapshot UNEP report UNEP report A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment | UNEP report XIV Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 14 09.05.16 17:12 Table of Contents A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: +254 20 762 1234 Fax: +254 20 762 3927 e-mail: [email protected] www.unep.org I Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 1 09.05.16 17:12 A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment | UNEP report Copyright © 2016, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ISBN Number: 978-92-807-3555-0 Job Number: DEW/1975/NA Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For general guidance on matters relating to the use of maps in publications please go to:http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/ english/htmain.htm Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme. Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Suggested Citation UNEP 2016. A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. 162pp Cover Design Audrey Ringler UNEP Design & Layout Audrey Ringler UNEP & Ogarit Uhlmann F&U confirm, Leipzig Credits © Maps, photos, and illustrations as specified. Cover image front: iStock photo ID:23936695 Bartosz Hadyniak Cover image back: iStock photo ID:49215240 Ilona Budzbon This report in the form of PDF can be viewed and downloaded at http://www.unep.org/publications/ UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This report is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled fibre. The paper is chlorine free and the inks vegetable-based. II Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 2 09.05.16 17:12 Table of Contents Acknowledgements UNEP Coordination Hartwig Kremer, Norberto Fernandez (until 2013), Patrick Mmayi, Keith Alverson & Thomas Chiramba (until 2015) Project Coordination Dietrich Borchardt & Ilona Bärlund Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Chief Editor Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Scientific Editors Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel & Dietrich Borchardt Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Technical Editor Ilona Bärlund Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Contributing Authors Chapter 1 Deborah V. Chapman UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Chapter 2 Jeanette Völker, Désirée Dietrich & Dietrich Borchardt Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Philipp Saile UNEP GEMS/Water Data Centre, International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, German Federal Institute of Hydrology Angela Lausch Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Thomas Heege EOMAP GmbH & Co.KG Chapter 3 Martina Flörke, Joseph Alcamo, Marcus Malsy, Klara Reder, Gabriel Fink & Julia Fink Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Jeanette Völker & Dietrich Borchardt Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Karsten Rinke Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Chapter 4 Ilona Bärlund Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Marcelo Pires da Costa National Water Agency of Brazil Upper Tietê Prasad Modak Environmental Management Centre LLP, Mumbai Godavari Adelina M. Mensah & Chris Gordon Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), University of Ghana Volta Mukand S. Babel Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology & Pinida Leelapanang Kamphaengthong Water Quality Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Chao Phraya Chris Dickens International Water Management Institute (IWMI), South AfricaVaal Seifeddine Jomaa Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Sihem Benabdallah Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Tunisia & Khalifa Riahi Laboratory of Chemistry and Water Quality, Department of Management and Environment, High Institute of Rural Engineering and Equipment, University of Jendouba Medjerda Gregor Ollesch Elbe River Basin Community, Magdeburg Elbe Dennis Swaney Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Karin Limburg Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science & Forestry & Kevin Farrar NY State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Environmental Remediation Hudson Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel III Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 3 09.05.16 17:12 A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment | UNEP report Chapter 5 Dietrich Borchardt Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Chris Gordon & Adelina M. Mensah Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana Jesper Goodley Dannisøe DHI Roland A. Müller Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Joseph Alcamo Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel Advisory Committee, participants of two Advisory Committee meetings March 2014 & January 2015 AC1 & AC2 Mukand Babel Asian Institute of Technology Peter Koefoed Bjørnsen UNEP-DHI, Denmark Deborah V. Chapman UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Johannes Cullmann UNESCO-IHP and German Federal Institute of Hydrology Chris Dickens International Water Management Institute (IWMI), South Africa Javier Mateo Sagasta Divina International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Sri Lanka Sarantuyaa Zandaryaa UNESCO Division of Water Science AC2 only Marcelo Pires da Costa National Water Agency of Brazil Sara Marjani Zadeh FAO AC1 only Fengting Li Tongji University, People’s Republic of China Monica Perreira Do Amaral Porto University of São Paulo Julius Wellens-Mensah WMO Department of Climate and Water Hua Xie International Food Policy Research Institute USA Reviewers Salif Diop Université CAD Dakar, Sénégal Alan Jenkins NERC-CEH, UK Mick Wilson UNEP Chief Scientist’s Office Hong Yang Eawag, Switzerland Sara Marjani Zadeh FAO Javier Mateo Sagasta Divina IWMI Kate MedlicottWHO Cecilia Scharp UNICEF Funding The Government of Norway and the Government Canada through its Environment Canada as well as UN Water are gratefully acknowledged for providing the necessary funding that made the production of this publication“A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a global assessment” possible. For more information see: www.wwqa-documentation.info IV Buch_UNEP_vordere_Kapitel_1504.indb 4 09.05.16 17:12 Table of Contents Foreword: A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality “Towards a global assessment” Flowing knowledge The quality of surface water in many parts of the significant risk to vital activities like inland fishing, which developed world has noticeably improved in recent accounts for some 60 million jobs and almost a third of decades, but is being challenged as economic growth, fish harvested for human consumption. demographics and climate change lead to widespread Sound knowledge is critical to understanding the and severe degradation. The need to reverse this underlying causes and developing the evidence based damage is reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable policies to improve it, including source control, waste Development, both as a dedicated goal and
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