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Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Appalachian Highlands Network National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Appalachian Highlands Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/APHN/NRTR—2007/008 ON THE COVER Blue Ridge Parkway Photograph copyrighted by Patrick Flaherty Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Appalachian Highlands Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/APHN/NRTR—2007/008 WRCC Report 2007-04 Christopher A. Davey, Kelly T. Redmond, and David B. Simeral Western Regional Climate Center Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, Nevada 89512-1095 April 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the National Park Service conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resources Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that address natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer-reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia. Views and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policies of the National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM) on the Internet or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as follows: Davey, C. A., K. T. Redmond, and D. B. Simeral. 2007. Weather and Climate Inventory, National Park Service, Appalachian Highlands Network. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/APHN/NRTR—2007/008. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS/APHN/NRTR—2007/008, April 2007 ii Contents Page Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v Tables ........................................................................................................................................... vi Appendixes ................................................................................................................................. vii Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xii 1.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Network Terminology ...................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Weather versus Climate Definitions ................................................................................ 2 1.3. Purpose of Measurements ................................................................................................ 4 1.4. Design of Climate-Monitoring Programs ........................................................................ 4 2.0. Climate Background ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1. Climate and the APHN Environment .............................................................................. 9 2.2. Spatial Variability .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Temporal Variability ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Parameter Regression on Independent Slopes Model .................................................... 16 3.0. Methods ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.1. Metadata Retrieval ......................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Criteria for Locating Stations ......................................................................................... 21 4.0. Station Inventory ................................................................................................................... 23 4.1. Climate and Weather Networks ..................................................................................... 23 4.2. Station Locations ........................................................................................................... 25 iii Contents (continued) Page 5.0. Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 40 5.1. Appalachian Highlands Inventory and Monitoring Network ........................................ 40 5.2. Spatial Variations in Mean Climate ............................................................................... 41 5.3. Climate Change Detection ............................................................................................. 41 5.4. Aesthetics ....................................................................................................................... 42 5.5. Information Access ........................................................................................................ 42 5.6. Summarized Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................... 43 6.0. Literature Cited ..................................................................................................................... 44 iv Figures Page Figure 1.1. Map of the Appalachian Highlands Network ............................................................ 3 Figure 2.1. Mean annual precipitation, 1961–1990, for the APHN ........................................... 11 Figure 2.2. Mean monthly precipitation at selected locations in the APHN .............................. 12 Figure 2.3. Mean annual temperature, 1961–1990, for the APHN ............................................ 13 Figure 2.4. Mean July maximum temperature, 1961–1990, for the APHN ............................... 14 Figure 2.5. Mean January minimum temperature, 1961–1990, for the APHN .......................... 15 Figure 2.6. Precipitation time series, 1895-2005, for selected regions in the APHN ............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 2.7. Temperature time series, 1895-2005, for selected regions in the APHN ............................................................................................................. 18 Figure 4.1. Station locations for Great Smoky Mountains National Park .................................. 30 Figure 4.2. Station locations for the APHN ............................................................................... 36 v Tables Page Table 1.1. Park units in the Appalachian Highlands Network ...................................................... 2 Table 3.1. Primary metadata fields for APHN weather/climate stations .................................... 20 Table 4.1. Weather/climate networks represented within the APHN ......................................... 23 Table 4.2. Number of stations within or nearby APHN park units ............................................. 26 Table 4.3. Weather/climate stations for Great Smoky Mountains National Park ....................... 26 Table 4.4. Weather/climate stations for the Blue Ridge Parkway .............................................. 32 Table 4.5. Weather/climate stations for the APHN park units in eastern Tennessee ....................................................................................................... 37 vi Appendixes Page Appendix A. Glossary ............................................................................................................... 47 Appendix B. Climate-monitoring principles ............................................................................. 49 Appendix C. Factors in operating a climate network ................................................................ 52 Appendix D. General design considerations for weather/climate-monitoring programs
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