A Guide to the Wildflowers of the Landon Community Trail

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A GUIDE TO THE WILDFLOWERS OF THE LANDON COMMUNITY TRAIL

South Hero, VT

Charles L. Hulse

South Hero, VT

Charles L. Hulse

Lakeview Road South Hero, VT 05486

Dedicated to:

Molly, Eli and Anna

Special thanks to:

The South Hero Land Trust, the Lake Champlain Land Trust, the owners / farmers of Landon Farm and the volunteers who helped create the Landon Community Trail.

And to Sean Beckett, Emily Alger and Katy Lord for there assistance in the creation of this guide.

CONTENTS

Introduction Prologue i Brief History i Map ii Methodology iii Future iv

The Wildflowers 1

Resources 106 Wildflower Checklist 107 Wildflowers by Family 110 Index 115

INTRODUCTION

Prologue:

This guide is not meant to be an authoritative field guide to be used to identify or classify the myriad wildflowers of Vermont. It is more an aid to assist in a better understanding the wildflowers that one might encounter while walking on the Landon Community Trail, gazing across adjoining meadows or even standing in the parking lot.

The guide is arranged as the wildflowers were observed. Thus spring wildflowers appear first. Fall wildflowers appear last. Summer wildflowers appear somewhere in between. The order the wildflowers may be seen by a user of this guide will depend on where they are on the trail and what time of the year they are there.

A Brief History of the Landon Community Trail: The Landon Farm was purchased in 2001 through a partnership of the South Hero Land Trust, the Lake Champlain Land Trust, the Vermont Land Trust, the Nature Conservancy and the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board.

In 2003 the Landon Farm was sold to the original owners/farmers and conserved. The Landon Community Trail was constructed in 2011 through a collaboration of the South Hero Land Trust, the Lake Champlain Land Trust and the original owners/farmers.

In 2015, East Shore Vineyard took over the management of the Landon Farm and committed to protecting and maintaining the Landon Farm Community Trail.

i Map of the Landon Community Trail:

(Courtesy of the South Hero Land Trust)

ii Methodology:

The methodology for creating this guide was simple. For the 2015 season, starting in May and ending in October, I attempted to walk the Landon Community Trail at least three times a week – usually every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. I normally visited in the morning.

My daily journeys consisted of a walk around the edge of the parking lot and a hike on the trail in both directions – focusing on one side of the trail with each passing – with stops at the overlooks onto the adjacent meadows.

I focused only on the flowering “wildflowers”. I did not include flowering trees, shrubs, woody vines, grasses, reeds or sedges.

As each wildflower presented itself for the first time, I photographed it using a Nikon D50 digital camera equipped with a Nikkor AF-S DX 18-200 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR II lens and a Canon 500D Close Up Filter. All photos were taken at ISO 200, f22 and 1/250 second using a Sigma EM-140 DG iTTL Ring Flash. Focus and flash were adjusted manually. Post-production manipulation of RAW images utilized Lightroom 5. JPEG images are included in the guide.

The wildflowers were identified using Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide. For consistency, information regarding the Common Name, Scientific Name and Common Family Name was also obtained from Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide. When there was ambiguity, other resources such as The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Eastern Region (1979) and the USDA’s Plant Database were consulted.

iii. General information about the wildflowers was gathered from a variety of sources. The location of first observation – woods, meadow or roadside (parking lot) – is noted.

The Future:

As mentioned previously, this is not an authoritative guide to the wildflowers of Vermont. I have, to the best of my ability, attempted to provide the most accurate identification, naming and information for each of the wildflowers presented. If there are errors, I would appreciate hearing about them so that future editions are as accurate as possible.

Also, if in your travels of the Landon Community Trail, you see a wildflower that is missing from this guide, please let me know so that I can add it to the guide. One year’s observations does not a complete guide make!

I hope that this work makes your experience of the Landon Community Trail more enjoyable.

Respectfully,

Charles L. Hulse

iv.

“In every walk with Nature one receives far more than he seeks.” – John Muir

THE WILDFLOWERS

Bloodroot Poppy Family Sanguinaria canadensis Woods

Single white flower with yellow center grows between lobes of the basal leaf. Name derived from the red to orange colored “juice” that is produced by the “blood- red” roots.

Coltsfoot Composite Family Tussilago farfara Roadside

Single “dandelion-like” flower on a scaly stalk. Heart- shaped basal leaves are usually absent when plant is flowering. Name derived from the shape of the basal leaves that resemble a colt’s foot.

Sharp-lobed Hepatica Buttercup Family Hepatica acutiloba Woods

Single pink, white, blue or lavender flowers grow on hairy stalks, supported by three light to dark green bracts. Basal leaves resemble a liver in that they have three lobes.

Trout Lily Lily Family Erythronium americanum Woods

Nodding yellow flowers. Basal leaves are mottled like the sides of a trout. Trout lilies are also known as Dogtooth Violets, although not violets at all. The “Trout Lily” is also known as the Yellow Adder’s Tongue.

Wild Ginger Birthwort Family Asarum canadense Woods

The dark purple-brown flower is found close to the ground sometimes under the leaf litter. A pair of distinctive heart-shaped leaves rises above. Although not related to domesticated ginger, the roots of this flower produce a ginger like aroma when crushed.

Bellwort Lily Family Uvularia perfoliata Woods

Nodding yellow bell-shaped flowers. There are several common species of Bellwort inhabit our area. The leaves of this bellwort are hairless and surround the stem. Green seed capsules replace the flowers on foliage that persist into the fall.

Blue Cohosh Barberry Family Caulophyllum thalictroides Woods

Clusters of greenish-bluish-purplish flowers with yellow centers arise with three compound leaves with 2 to 5 leaflets. Dark blue seed pods form in late spring.

Downy Yellow Violet Violet Family Viola pubescens Woods

Single yellow flower and leaves originating from same stem. Downy Yellow Violet and Smooth Yellow Violet (V. pensylvanica) maybe one in the same. They are distinguished by the hairiness of their stems and leaves.

Large-flowered Trillium Lily Family Trillium grandiflorum Woods

Single large white flower of three leaves with three smaller green bracts on same stem as three large broad leaves. Flowers turn slightly pink with time.

Purple Trillium Lily Family Trillium erectum Woods

Single purple flower of three leaves with three smaller dark bracts on same stem as three larger leaves. Has an unpleasant odor that attracts pollinators. Also known as the Wake Robin or Birthroot.

Early Meadow Rue Buttercup Family Thalictrum dioicum Woods

Female flowers (above) with simple purple pistils and male flowers (below) with shaggy yellow stamens grow on different plants. Three leafs are divided into three leaflets that are further divided into three lobes.

Small-flowered Crowfoot Buttercup Family Ranunculus abortivus Woods

Very small yellow flowers at tips of branched stems. Basal leaves are kidney-shaped. Leaves on stems are divided into several lobes.

Common Dandelion Composite Family Taraxacum officinale Roadside

Single yellow flower on single stalk. Basal leaves sharply toothed. Seed pods are familiar white-gray puffs.

Common Blue Violet Violet Family Viola papilionacea Woods

Single white or blue flower on a separate stalk from leaves. This species is distinguished from the Dog Violet (V. conspersa) that has light-blue to purple flowers on the same stalk as leaves.

Garlic Mustard Mustard Family Alliaria officinalis Woods

Clusters of small white flowers with four petals on the same stem as leaves. Roots have odor of horseradish while leaves and seeds smell of garlic. Multiple, long erect seed capsules replace flowers in late spring.

Jack-in-the-pulpit Arum Family Arisaema atrorubens Woods

A dark erect spadix sits inside and under the hood of a green to purple mottled spathe. Two large three segmented leaves grow over the platn. In the fall, a cluster of red berries replace the spadix. Also known as the Indian Turnip.

Wild Sarsaparilla Ginseng Family Aralia nudicaulis Woods

Three green-white spherical flower clusters on stem separate from three compound leaves. Fruits are purple-black berries. Roots of Wild Sarsaparilla have an odor similar to the roots of true sarsaparilla (Smilax regelii), a plant native to Mexico and Central America.

Common Wintercress Mustard Family Barbarea vulgaris Woods

Clusters of yellow flowers that are shaped like crosses on several stems. Multiple erect seed capsules replace flowers. Also known as Yellow Rocket.

White Baneberry Buttercup Family Actaea pachypoda Woods

A cluster of tiny white flowers sits above lower compound leaves. Distinctive cluster of white berries with black dots on red stalks replace flowers lending to the common name – Doll’s Eyes.

False Solomon Seal Lily Family Smilacina racemosa Woods

A cluster of tiny white flowers droops from the end of ladder-like leaves. A cluster of red berries replace flowers in fall.

Wild Geranium Geranium Family Geranium maculatum Woods

Single flowers with five lavender petals on an individual stem. Leaves are divided into three to five deeply clefted lobes. Also known as Spotted Cranesbill.

Wild Madder Bedstraw Family Galium mollugo Field

One of several species of Bedstraw is the area. Clusters of tiny flowers with four white petals on stems with whorls of six to eight very narrow leaves. Tends to form large patches in meadows.

Common Fleabane Composite Family Erigeron philadelphicus Field

Multiple flowers consisting of 100 to 150 white to pink bristle-like rays surrounding yellow central disk. Alternate lance-shaped leaves clasp the stem. Also known as Philadelphia Fleabane.

Red Clover Pea Family Trifolium pratense Field

Clusters of tiny purple-white flowers on top of stems. Leaves with three leaflets. Leaflets have a white “V” in center.

Tall Buttercup Buttercup Family Ranunculus acris Field

Yellow flowers on tall erect stalks. Sepals do not bend down toward stems. Leaves are divided into three to seven deeply forked lobes.

Low Hop Clover Pea Family Trifolium procumbens Field

Small yellow flower in small clusters. Leaves with three leaflets. Middle leaflet with obvious stalk.

Cow Vetch Pea Family Vicia cracca Field

Purple-blue flowers in one-sided clusters. Leaves divided into ladder like leaflets. Curly tendrils at ends of leaves.

White Clover Pea Family Trifolium repens Field

Very small white to pink flowers in round head on separate stem. Leaves with three leaflets. Leaflets with finely toothed.

Yellow Goatsbeard Composite Family Tragopogon pratensis Roadside

Large yellow dandelion-like flowers on tall stalks Tips of rays with fine teeth. Flowers close by noon to mid- day. Flowers turn to large fluff-balls. Long narrow leaves clasp the stem.

Oxeye Daisy Composite Family Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Field

Single large flower with white rays surrounding an orange-yellow central disk on long stalk. Leaves are deeply cut.

Yellow Sweet Clover Pea Family Melilotus officinalis Field

Yellow flowers in one-sided clusters. Leaves divided into three sharply toothed leaflets.

Rough Cinquefoil Rose Family Potentilla norvegica Field

Tall plant with bright yellow flowers with five petals. Stems and leaves are hairy. Leaves divided into three leaflets that are toothed.

Bladder Campion Pink Family Silene cucubalus Field

White flowers with deep clefts atop swollen bladder. Stems smooth. Leaves are opposite.

Field Hawkweed Composite Family Hieracium pratense Field

Clusters of yellow dandelion-like flowers on tall hairy stem. Hairy leaves only found at base of plant.

Yellow Wood Sorrel Wood Sorrel Family Oxalis europaea Field

Yellow flowers with five petals. Leaves divided into three leaflets that are notched at ends. Stalks and flower stems point upward.

White Campion Pink Family Silene alba Woods

White to pink flowers with small cleft atop a swollen bladder. Stems and upper leaves are hairy.

Shepard’s Purse Mustard Family Capsella bursa-pastoris Roadside

Small white flowers in loose terminal clusters. Leaves are lance-shaped and clasp the stems. Basal leaves deeply lobed. Distinctive triangular seed pods.

Common Knotgrass Buckwheat Family Polygonum aviculare Roadside

Flowers are white or pink with green centers. Stems jointed. Grows either as a mat on the ground or as a semi-erect plant. Also known as Doorweed.

Pineapple Weed Composite Family Matricaria matricarioides Roadside

Pale yellow flowers in tight clusters at end of branches. Leaves are finely divided. Plant has pineapple odor when crushed or damaged.

Birdsfoot Trefoil Pea Family Lotus corniculatus Roadside

A whorl of bright yellow flowers and end of branches. Leaves with five leaflets.

Wild Licorice Bedstraw Family Galium ciraezans Field

Flowers with four green-white petals. Leaves in whorls of four. Leaves with three prominent veins. Fruit bristly.

Curled Dock Buckwheat Family Rumex crispus Field

Large clusters of drooping whorls of green-white flowers. Leaves are lance-shaped with wavy edges. Plants turn dark brown early in season.

Common Milkweed Milkweed Family Asclepias syriaca Field

Clusters of large starbursts of pink flowers. Thick leathery leaves. Stems exude milky juice when injured. Long, horn-shaped dry seed pods filled with brown seeds and puffs.

Yarrow Composite Family Achillea millefolium Field

Clusters of yellow-white flowers that have four to six white rays. Leaves are lance-shaped and finely divided.

Common St. Johnswort St. Johnswort Family Hypericum perforatum Field

Loose clusters of yellow flowers with five petals. Small black dots at edges of petals. Lance-shaped opposite leaves.

Rough-fruited Cinquefoil Rose Family Potenilla recta Field

Pale yellow flowers with bracts smaller than petals. Leaves are divided into five to seven highly toothed lanced-shaped leaflets. Also known as Sulfur Cinquefoil.

Field Bindweed Morning Glory Family Convolvulus arvensis Field

Large white or pink funnel-shaped flowers with two small leaves on stem below flower. Heart-shaped leaves on vines.

Bush Clover Pea Family Lespedeza spp. Field

White, yellow, pink or purple flowers in clusters or heads at end of erect stalks. Leaves divided into three leaflets. Multiple species in area – most escaped from cultivation.

Bittersweet Nightshade Nightshade Family Solanum dulcamara Woods

Clusters of star-shaped flowers with purple petals that fold backwards. Leaves divided into one large and two smaller lobes. Vine. Fruit is a red berry.

Daisy Fleabane Composite Family Erigeron annuus Field

Flowers with yellow center surrounded by white bristle-like rays. Hairy, toothed leaves do not clasp stem. Stems hairy.

Lesser Stitchwort Pink Family Stellaria graminea Field

White flowers consist of five petals divided to their base. Short lance-shaped leaves.

Tall Cinquefoil Rose Family Potentilla arguta Field

White flowers with widely spaced petals. Green sepals equal in length to petals. Bottom leaves with seven to eleven toothed leaflets. Upper leaves with three toothed leaflets.

Crown Vetch Pea Family Coronilla varia Roadside

Crown-shaped cluster of pink and white flowers that grown on separate. Leaves with multiple leaflets.

Black-eyed Susan Composite Family Rudbeckia serotina Field

Flowers with dark central disk surrounded by yellow- orange petals. Leaves slightly toothed and hairy.

Wild Parsnip Parsley Family Pastinaca sativa Roadside

Multiple smaller clusters of small yellow flowers form an umbrella-shaped umbel. Leaves are highly divided with five to fifteen leaflets.

Enchanter’s Nightshade Evening Primrose Family Circaea quadrisulcata Woods

Spikes of small white flowers with two lobed petals. Leaves slightly toothed. Fruits sticky.

Common Mullein Figwort Family Verbascum thapsus Roadside

Biennial. Dense spike of yellow flowers with five petals. Large soft-velvety basal leaves first year. Second year, tall stalk with smaller upper leaves.

Purple Loosestrife Loosestrife Family Lythrum salicaria Roadside

Dense spike of purple flowers with 5 or 6 petals. Lance-shaped leaves in pairs or whorls of three.

Stinging Nettle Nettle Family Urtica dioica Woods

Greenish flowers on drooping stalks. Stems and leave edges covered with stinging hairs.

Deptford Pink Pink Family Dianthus armeria Field

Delicate deep pink flowers with white dots. Slender leaves.

Canada Thistle Composite Family Cirsium arvense Field

Multiple shaggy purple flower heads. Leaves are highly divided with prickly edges.

Chicory Composite Family Cichorium intybus Roadside

Flowers composed of blue petals with toothed tips. Flowers open and close. Leaves partly clasping.

Pink Knotweed Buckwheat Family Polygonnum pensylvanicum Woods

Tight clusters of very small pink or white flowers. Leaves lance shaped.

Squawroot Broomrape Family Conopholis americana Woods

Yellowish flowers grow between scales. Lacks chlorophyll. Parasitic on tree roots.

Shaggy Soldier Composite Family Galinsoga quadriradiata Roadside

Small flowers with yellow center surrounded by five toothed petals. Stems and leaves hairy.

Queen Anne’s Lace Parsley Family Daucus carota Field

Multiple smaller clusters of small white flowers form an umbel. Black spot in center. Leaves lacy. In fall, dries into “bird nest”. Also known as Wild Carrot or Bird’s Nest.

White Sweet Clover Pea Family Melilotus alba Roadside

White flowers in one-sided clusters. Leaves divided into three sharply toothed leaflets. Middle leaflet distinctly stalked.

Sow Thistle Composite Family Sonchus spp. Field

Yellow dandelion-like flowers and spiney leaves. Two species common to the area. Field Sow Thistle (S. arvensis) and Common Sow Thistle (S. oleraceus) distinguished by the shape of the leaves and color of the flowers.

Lopseed Lopseed Family Phryma leptostachya Woods

Purple flowers arranged in pairs along long spike. Old flowers form pairs along stems like lop ears.

Motherwort Mint Family Leonurus cardiaca Woods

Pale purple flowers in whorls around axils. Leaves with three finger-like lobes.

Common Hedge Nettle Mint Family Stachys tenuifolia Woods

Spikes of purple and white flowers in whorls. Leaves are toothed. Stem and flowers hairy.

Bull Thistle Composite Family Cirsium vulgare Field

Biennial. Prickly basal leaves overwinter. Large purple flower heads. Prickly leaves and stems.

White Vervain Vervain Family Verbena urticifolia Field

Delicate white flowers on long slender stalks. Leaves coarsely toothed. Stems hairy.

Virginia Stickseed Borage Family Hackelia virginiana Woods

Flowers white with indented centers. Fruit forms prickly bur that sticks to clothing. Also known as Beggar’s Lice.

Pointed-leaved Tick Trefoil Pea Family Desmodium glutinosum Woods

Purple / pink spikes of pea-like flowers. Leaves are compound with three broad leaflets. Middle leaflet pointed. Seed pods are covered with short hooked hairs.

Spotted Touch-me-not Touch-me-not Family Impatiens capensis Woods

Orange flowers with brown spots dangle from long stalks. Touch-me-nots are also know as Jewelweeds.

Helleborine Orchid Family Epipactis helleborine Woods

Greenish-purple flower in loose spike. Leaves clasp stems.

Gray Goldenrod Goldenrod Family Solidago nemoralis Field

Small yellow flowers in terminal clusters. Large heart- shaped basal leaves with teeth. Upper leaves narrow and lance-shaped.

Common Burdock Composite Family Arctium minus Field

Flowers prickly purple clusters. Leaves heart shaped, without prickles. Dried burs stick to clothes.

Agrimony Rose Family Agrimonia gryposepala Woods

Spikes of small yellow flowers with five petals. Leaves compound with five to seven leaflets. Fruits bristly.

Pale-leaved Sunflower Composite Family Helianthus strumosus Woods

Large yellow flowers. Leaves with short stems and prominent veins.

Spotted Knapweed Composite Family Centaurea maculosa Field

Thistle-like flowers with pinkish-white frilly petals. Leaves are finely divided.

Pigweed Goosefoot Family Chenopodium album Roadside

Clusters of ball-shaped greenish-white flowers along stem and in terminal spike. Lower leaves with broad v-shaped base and irregular teeth. Also known as Lamb’s Quarters.

Selfheal Mint Family Prunella vulgaris Woods

Purplish-white flowers in dense clusters or spikes. Also know as Heal-all.

Indian Tobacco Lobelia Family Lobelia inflata Woods

Light blue flowers with two upper lobes and three lower lobes. Seed pods become inflated as fruit develops.

Butter and Eggs Figwort Family Linaria vulgaris Roadside

Clusters of yellow and white flowers. Leaves narrow and numerous.

Indian Pipe Pyrola Family Monotropa uniflora Woods

White (lacking chlorophyll) plant and flower. Plants begin nodding and then stand erect. Stems turn black when touched. Also called Corpse Plant.

Black Nightshade Nightshade Family Solanum nigrum Woods

Star-shaped drooping white flowers in loose clusters. Fruits are black berries.

Spikenard Ginseng Family Aralia racemosa Woods

Tall plant. Tiny green-white flowers in large clusters. Leaves divided into three compound leaflets.

Common Ragweed Composite Family Ambrosia artemisiifolia Roadside

Green flowers in large upright spikes. Leaves highly divided.

White Wood Aster Composite Family Aster divaricatus Woods

Yellow flower discs with delicate white rays. Leaves heart shaped, toothed, long stalks.

Hemp Nettle Mint Family Galeopsis tetrahit Woods

Purple flowers in hairy whorls. Leaves toothed. Stems hairy.

Hog Peanut Pea Family Amphicarpa bracteata Woods

Vine. Purple white pea-like flowers in loose clusters. Leaves with three leaflets. Pods contain single seed.

Large-leaved Aster Composite Family Aster macrophyllus Woods

Dark flower disks with lavender rays. Basal leaves large heart shapes with teeth and long stems.

Rattlesnake Root Composite Family Prenathes spp. Woods

Nodding bell-shaped creamy white flowers. Two species in area. Tall White Lettuce (Prenathes altissima) and Rattlesnake Root (Prenathes trifoliate). Tall White Lettuce leaves are heatshaped. Rattlesnake Root leaves have three lobes.

Small White Aster Composite Family Aster vimineus Woods

Small yellow central disks with short white rays. Narrow lance shaped leaves. Lower leaves are longer and may be toothed.

Smooth Hawksbeard Composite Family Crepis capillaris Woods

Pale yellow flowers with toothed edges. Leaves clasping stems.

Blue-stem Goldenrod Goldenrod Family Solidago caesia Woods

Small yellow clusters of flowers where leaves meet stem. Stem is bluish purple. Leaves lance-shaped.

Lady’s Thumb Buckwheat Family Polygonum persicaria Woods

Clusters of pink white flowers. Leaves with dark spot in center of leaf. Stems jointed.

Common Mugwort Composite Family Ambrosia vulgaris Roadside

Very tall plant. Spikes of small green-white flowers. Leaves finely divided leaves dusty white in color.

100

Beechdrops Broomrape Family Epifagus virginiana Woods

Purple white flowers on leafless stems. Lacks chlorophyll. Parasite on beech trees.

101

Beggar Ticks Composite Family Bidens frondosa Woods

Orange flower surrounded by 5 to 9 narrow green bracts. Pronged seeds stick to clothing.

102

Sweet Goldenrod Goldenrod Family Solidago odora Woods

Small yellow flowers forming large terminal cluster. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped without three veins.

103

Zig-zag Goldenrod Goldenrod Family Solidago flexicaulis Woods

Yellow flowers in sparse clusters where leaves meet stems and as terminal cluster. Leaves heart-shaped and toothed. Stems appear somewhat zig-zagged.

104

New England Aster Composite Family Aster novae-angliae Meadow

Purple flowers with yellow centers. Leaves lance- shaped and clasping stem.

105 RESOURCES

Newcomb, L., Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide, 1977, Little Brown and Company, New York.

Niering, W. A. and N. C. Olmstead, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Eastern Region, 1979, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA Plants Database, accessed 2016, http://plants.usda.gov/java/.

106 WILDFLOWER CHECKLIST o Bloodroot o Coltsfoot o Sharp-lobed Hepatica o Trout Lily o Wild Ginger o Bellwort o Blue Cohosh o Downy Yellow Violet o Large-flowered Trillium o Purple Trillium o Early Meadow Rue o Small-flowered Crowfoot o Common Dandelion o Common Blue Violet o Garlic Mustard o Jack-in-the-pulpit o Wild Sarsaparilla o Common Wintercress o White Baneberry o False Solomon Seal o Wild Geranium o Wild Madder o Common Fleabane o Red Clover o Common Buttercup o Low Hop Clover o Cow Vetch o White Clover o Yellow Goatsbeard o Oxeye Daisy o Yellow Sweet Clover o Rough Cinquefoil o Bladder Campion o Field Hawkweed o Yellow Wood Sorrel o White Campion o Shepard’s Purse o Common Knotweed o Pineapple Weed

107 o Birdsfoot Trefoil o Wild Licorice o Curled Dock o Common Milkweed o Yarrow o Common St. Johnswort o Rough-fruited Cinquefoil o Field Bindweed o Bush Clover o Bittersweet Nightshade o Daisy Fleabane o Lesser Stitchwort o Tall Cinquefoil o Crown Vetch o Black-eyed Susan o Wild Parsnip o Enchanter’s Nightshade o Common Mullein o Purple Loosestrife o Stinging Nettle o Deptford Pink o Canada Thistle o Chicory o Pink Knotweed o Squawroot o Shaggy Soldier o Queen Anne’s Lace o White Sweet Clover o Sow Thistle o Lopseed o Motherwort o Common Hedge Nettle o Bull Thistle o White Vervain o Virginia Stickseed o Pointed-leaved Tick Trefoil o Spotted Touch-me-not o Helleborine o Gray Goldenrod o Common Burdock o Agrimony

108 o Pale-leaved Sunflower o Spotted Knapweed o Pigweed o Selfheal o Indian Tobacco o Butter and Eggs o Indian Pipe o Black Nightshade o Spikenard o Common Ragweed o White Wood Aster o Hemp Nettle o Hog Peanut o Large-leaved Aster o Rattlesnake Root o Small White Aster o Smooth Hawksbeard o Blue-stemmed Goldenrod o Lady’s Thumb o Common Mugwort o Beechdrops o Beggar Ticks o Sweet Goldenrod o Zig-zag Goldenrod o New England Aster

109 Wildflowers by Family

Arum Family Jack-in-the-pulpit

Barberry Family Blue Cohosh

Bedstraw Family Wild Madder Wild Licorice

Birthwort Family Wild Ginger

Borage Family Virginia Stickseed

Broomrape Family Squawroot Beechdrops

Buckwheat Family Common Knotgrass Curled Dock Pink Knotweed Lady’s Thumb

Buttercup Family Sharp-lobed Hepatica Early Meadow Rue Small-flowered Crowfoot White Baneberry Tall Buttercup

Composite Family Coltsfoot Common Dandelion Common Fleabane Yellow Goatsbeard Oxeye Daisy

110 Composite Family (Continued) Field Hawkweed Pineapple Weed Yarrow Daisy Fleabane Black-eyed Susan Canada Thistle Chicory Shaggy Soldier Sow Thistle Bull Thistle Common Burdock Pale-leaved Sunflower Spotted Knapweed Common Ragweed White Wood Aster Large-leaved Aster Rattlesnake Root Small White Aster Smooth Hawksbeard Common Mugwort Beggar Ticks New England Aster

Evening Primrose Family Enchanter’s Nightshade

Figwort Family Common Mullein Butter and Eggs

Geranium Family Wild Geranium

Ginseng Family Wild Sarsaparilla Spikenard

Goldenrod Family Gray Goldenrod Blue-stem Goldenrod

111 Goldenrod Family (Continued) Sweet Goldenrod Zig-zag Goldenrod

Goosefoot Family Pigweed

Lily Family Trout Lily Bellwort Large-flowered Trillium Purple Trillium False Solomon Seal

Lobelia Family Indian Tobacco

Loosestrife Family Purple Loosestrife

Lopseed Family Lopseed

Milkweed Family Common Milkweed

Mint Family Motherwort Common Hedge Nettle Selfheal Hemp Nettle

Morning Glory Family Field Bindweed

Mustard Family Garlic Mustard Common Wintercress Shepard’s Purse

Nettle Family Stinging Nettle 112 Nightshade Family Bittersweet Nightshade Black Nightshade

Orchid Family Helleborine

Parsley Family Wild Parsnip Queen Anne’s Lace

Pea Family Red Clover Low Hop Clover Cow Vetch White Clover Yellow Sweet Clover Birdsfoot Trefoil Bush Clover Crown Vetch White Sweet Clover Pointed-leaved Tick Trefoil Hog Peanut

Pink Family Bladder Campion White Campion Lesser Stitchwort Deptford Pink

Poppy Family Bloodroot

Pyrola Family Indian Pipe

Rose Family Rough Cinquefoil Rough-fruited Cinquefoil Tall Cinquefoil Agrimony

113 St. Johnswort Family Common St. Johnswort

Touch-me-not Family Spotted Touch-me-not

Vervain Family White Vervain

Violet Family Downy Yellow Violet Common Blue Violet

Wood Sorrel Family Yellow Wood Sorrel

114 INDEX

Agrimony, 80 Aster, Large-leaved, 94 Aster, New England, 105 Aster, Small White, 96 Aster, White Wood, 91 Baneberry, White, 19 Beechdrops, 101 Beggar Ticks, 102 Bellwort, 6 Bindweed, Field, 47 Black-eyed Susan, 54 Bloodroot, 1 Burdock, Common, 79 Butter and Eggs, 86 Buttercup, Common, 25 Campion, Bladder, 33 Campion, White, 36 Chicory, 62 Cinquefoil, Rough-fruited, 46 Cinquefoil, Rough, 32 Cinquefoil, Tall, 52 Clover, Bush, 48 Clover, Low Hop, 26 Clover, Red, 24 Clover, White Sweet, 67 Clover, White, 28 Clover, Yellow Sweet, 31 Cohosh, Blue, 7 Coltsfoot, 2 Crowfoot, Small-flowered, 12 Dandelion, Common, 13 Dock, Curled, 42 Fleabane, Common, 23 Fleabane, Daisy, 50 Geranium, Wild, 21 Ginger, Wild, 5 Goatsbeard, Yellow, 29 Goldenrod, Blue-stemmed, 98 Goldenrod, Gray, 78

115 Goldenrod, Sweet, 103 Goldenrod, Zig-zag, 104 Hawkweed, Field, 34 Helleborine, 77 Hepatica, Sharp-lobed, 3 Hog Peanut, 93 Indian Pipe, 87 Indian Tobacco, 85 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 16 Knapweed, Spotted, 82 Knotweed, Common, 38 Knotweed, Pink, 63 Lady’s Thumb, 99 Licorice, Wild, 41 Loosestrife, Purple, 58 Lopseed, 69 Madder, Wild, 22 Milkweed, Common, 43 Motherwort, 70 Mugwort, Common, 100 Mullein, Common, 57 Mustard, Garlic, 15 Nettle, Common Hedge, 71 Nettle, Hemp, 92 Nettle, Stinging, 59 Nightshade, Bittersweet, 49 Nightshade, Black, 88 Nightshade, Enchanter’s, 56 Oxeye Daisy, 30 Parsnip, Wild, 55 Pigweed, 83 Pineapple Weed, 39 Pink, Deptford, 60 Queen Anne’s Lace, 66 Ragweed, Common, 90 Rattlesnake Root, 95 Rue, Early Meadow, 11 Sarsaparilla, Wild, 17 Selfheal, 84 Shaggy Soldier, 65 Shepard’s Purse, 37

116 Smooth Hawksbeard, 97, Solomon Seal, False, 20 Sow Thistle, 68 Spikenard, 89 Squawroot, 64 St. Johnswort, Common, 45 Stickseed, Virginia, 74 Stitchwort, Lesser, 51 Sunflower, Pale-leaved, 81 Thistle, Bull, 72 Thistle, Canada, 61 Tick Trefoil, Pointed-leaved, 75 Touch-me-not, Spotted, 76 Trefoil, Birdsfoot, 40 Trillium, Large-flowered, 9 Trillium, Purple, 10 Trout Lily, 4 Vervain, White, 73 Vetch, Cow, 27 Vetch, Crown, 53 Violet, Common Blue, 14 Violet, Downy Yellow, 8 Wintercress, Common, 18 Wood Sorrel, Yellow, 35 Yarrow, 44

117