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Cropredy Bridge WAR ZONE Cropredy Bridge Stephen Roberts visits the site of a little-known encounter Above Cropredy Bridge – a 1930s replacement of the 14th-century original that featured so of the English Civil War in the summer of 1644. heavily in the battle. Below The village sign at Cropredy, showing crossed swords, the date of the battle, and a Civil War helmet. he Battle of Cropredy position. By the 27 June Waller had Bridge, fought on 29 June reached Hanwell Castle to the west of 1644, was complex in its the River Cherwell, the King being about in the flank. Thus might he bring on a fighting, yet simple in its five miles away in Edgecote, scene of an battle that would extend across several origin. If ever a battle was earlier battle during the Wars of the miles of countryside. Tfought simply because there were two Roses. On 28 June the King moved to Battle was joined at about 1pm opposing armies close to one another Banbury, resolved on a fight, although and lasted until sunset. The Royalists and able and willing to fight, this was it. Waller held the high ground. probably had the larger army, between The war had been going badly for 9,000 and 10,000 troops, with Waller the Royalists, and the King had been The approach to battle having around 6,000. Some sources, in great danger of coming under siege On Saturday 29 June the King began however, claim that the strength of in Oxford, with Parliamentarian armies marching his force northwards along under Sir William Waller and the Earl a ridge east of the River Cherwell. of Essex in the vicinity. Fortunately for Waller, having halted at Great Bourton, the King, Waller and Essex, who did had now taken closer order and was not see eye to eye, decided to split shadowing the King on a parallel up, with Essex heading west to relieve ridge west of the river. The two armies the Siege of Lyme, leaving Waller to were no more than a mile apart and continue tracking Charles. could see one another, with the river The King ignored the option of in between. This must have been marching on London, which might have unnerving for both parties. given him a better chance of winning the The Cherwell was to play a key role war, and headed instead towards Banbury. in the battle, as there were a number of A sequence of feints and marches crossing points – at Cropredy itself, at eventually led the two forces to close Hay’s Bridge to the north-east, and at on one another in rural Oxfordshire. Slat Mill to the south. Waller was aware Conflict was inevitable; both parties that these gave him chances to cross were simply trying to find the best the river and attack the King’s army 66 MILITARYHISTORYMONTHLY March 2013 the opposing armies was more finely balanced than this. The King is said to have eaten his ‘dinner’ under an ash tree on the day of the battle, so this presumably happened just prior to hostilities commencing, as ‘dinner’ at this time denoted the main meal of the day, usually being taken around 11.30am. As he approached Cropredy, four miles north of Banbury, Charles ordered a small detachment of dragoons to capture the vital bridge over the river, which they did. At this crucial juncture, however, he also received intelligence that some 300 Parliamentarian horse were two miles away, approaching from the north to reinforce Waller’s army. The King spurred his troops on, intending to cut off this small force, but in the process stretched out his own battle line. The Royalist vanguard and main body crossed at Hay’s Bridge on the eastern side of the field, leaving the rearguard, of two cavalry brigades and some infantry under the Earls of Cleveland and Northampton, trailing a mile or more behind. It is possible that the King had been lulled into a false sense of security, allowing his forces to be separated in the belief that the river afforded ample protection. This was probably a reasonable assumption at the time, as the river would have been much wider prior to the building of Above Plan of the Battle of Cropredy Bridge, showing the dispositions at the height of the the Oxford Canal. battle. Right The lectern at St Mary’s Church, Cropredy, allegedly recovered from deliberate concealment in the River Cherwell 50 years after the battle. Note the different Waller’s attack colour of one of the lectern’s lion feet, which was missing and had to be replaced. It was at this point that Waller sensed his It was a simple Royalist counterattack opportunity. He immediately plan, conceived Fierce fighting broke out at Hay’s sent Lieutenant-General John in haste, to Bridge, as Middleton’s cavalry was Middleton clattering across divide the held up by Royalist musketeers, who Cropredy Bridge with two Royalists and crush the two halves had overturned a carriage to block regiments of horse under Sir separately. This opportunistic the bridge. The Earl of Cleveland took Arthur Haselrig and Colonel strike was typical of Waller’s advantage of the Parliamentarian Jonas Vandruske, supported style. So far, so good, as far as discomfort by attacking their foot by nine companies of foot, the he was concerned. and the artillery, which was lumbering intention being to pile into the The Parliamentarian along behind and ‘thought the devil gap that had now appeared in battleplan began to unravel, had come upon them in a cloud of the middle of the enemy line. however, as, in the rush dust’, as they began to retreat untidily The Royalist dragoons to get at the divided Royalist towards Cropredy Bridge. Middleton’s defending the bridge were force, Waller’s army now became cavalry, having been repulsed at Hay’s overpowered. Colonel Birch’s dangerously over-extended Bridge, would soon be caught up in Parliamentarians quickly secured it. as well, some of them this mêlée as well, contributing to the In conjunction with this operation, dashing past the ash tree disorderly withdrawal. Waller himself led a where Charles had dined In the southern part of the field thousand men across earlier in the day. Waller meanwhile, the teenage (yet experienced) Slat Mill Ford a mile also found that the dual Earl of Northampton had taken decisive to the south, intending commanders of the action, charging his cavalry downhill to hit the Royalist Royalist rearguard were against Waller’s force, surprising them rearguard from behind. not to be messed with. and propelling them back across Slat www.military-history.org MILITARYHISTORYMONTHLY 67 WAR ZONE Believing that 4,500 Parliamentarian reinforcements were on their way from London, and also running short of food and supplies, Charles elected to slip away under cover of darkness, marching west for Evesham and taking the 11 pieces of captured ordnance with him. Charles’s army had suffered few casualties in the fighting, but Waller’s force needed to lick its wounds, having lost some 700 men, including deserters. Waller’s army was rendered ineffectual by what was undoubtedly a defeat, with those soldiers who remained, mutinous and demanding back-pay. This allowed the King to turn his attention to Essex’s army, following it to Cornwall, where it was defeated two months later at Lostwithiel. For the Parliamentarians, highly significant conclusions were drawn from Cropredy Bridge. First, the poor performance of their force during the battle led in no small part to the formation of the New Model Army. Second, Waller’s performance at Cropredy Bridge Above Hay’s Bridge, site of some determined that he would of the heaviest fighting of the not be its commander. battle. Inset The commemorative stone built into the modern The battlefield today Cropredy Bridge. This is one of Britain’s least altered battlefields, with the Mill Ford, whence they had come. The their hands, with two regiments of terrain either side of the river having Earl of Brentford’s infantry was also in foot, Colonel Ralph Weldon’s Kentish changed little in the ensuing centuries. attendance to add to Waller’s discomfort. Regiment, together with the Tower The canal and a railway line are the only The King had been informed that Hamlets Regiment, resisting Royalist significant additions to what remains a his rear had been engaged, and having attempts to take the bridge. predominantly agricultural landscape. dealt with the 300 Parliamentarian Had the bridge fallen, a rout would ‘If the ghosts of King Charles and Waller horse promptly turned his own forces inevitably have followed. Waller’s were to attempt a recreation of the battle, around. He also ordered his Lifeguard remaining artillery continued to they would be able to re-enact the same of Horse under Lord Bernard Stewart bombard the Royalists from Bourton violence in the same places’, reports one to assist Cleveland. The combined force Hill, forcing a withdrawal. Waller took battlefield expert. It is also one of the then piled into Middleton, who was the opportunity to pull back most of his most spread-out Civil War battlefields. rapidly forced to retreat back across own forces to the safety of Bourton Hill, There are two bridges at Cropredy Cropredy Bridge, abandoning in while continuing to hold the bridge, Bridge today, as there is also a bridge the process 11 guns that had earlier although the Royalists did achieve a over the Oxford Canal; but the only been hauled over the river. Waller’s small bridgehead across the ford. bridge present in 1644 was the one over Major-General of Ordnance, Sir James the Cherwell.
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