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— the Unwound Yarn Birth and Development of Textile Tools THE UNWOUND YARN e-ISSN 2610-9336 Antichistica 18 ISSN 2610-881X Studi orientali 8 — The Unwound Yarn SPINAZZI-LUCCHESE Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi Edizioni Ca’Foscari The Unwound Yarn Antichistica Studi orientali Collana diretta da Lucio Milano 18 | 8 Antichistica Studi orientali Direttore scientifico Lucio Milano (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Comitato scientifico Claudia Antonetti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Filippo Maria Carinci (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Ettore Cingano (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Joy Connolly (New York University, USA) Andrea Giardina (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italia) Marc van de Mieroop (Columbia University in the City of New York, USA) Elena Rova (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Fausto Zevi (Sapienza Università di Roma, Italia) Direzione e redazione Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Palazzo Malcanton Marcorà Dorsoduro 3484/D, 30123 Venezia e-ISSN 2610-9336 ISSN 2610-881X URL http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/collane/antichistica/ The Unwound Yarn Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi Venezia Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing 2018 The Unwound Yarn. Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi © 2018 Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi for the text © 2018 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing for the present edition cb Quest’opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione può essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o meccanico, senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission provided that the source is fully credited. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dorsoduro 3246, 30123 Venezia http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/ | [email protected] 1a edizione giugno 2018 ISBN 978-88-6969-232-1 [ebook] ISBN 978-88-6969-251-2 [print] Certificazione scientifica delle Opere pubblicate da Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: tutti i saggi pubblicati hanno ottenuto il parere favorevole da parte di valutatori esperti della materia, attraverso un processo di revisione anonima sotto la responsabilità del Comitato scientifico della collana. La valutazione è stata condotta in aderenza ai criteri scientifici ed editoriali di Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. Scientific certification of the works published by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: all essays published in this volume have received a favourable opinion by subject-matter ex- perts, through an anonymous peer review process under the responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the series. The evaluations were conducted in adherence to the scientific and editorial criteria established by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. The Unwound Yarn. Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt / Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi — 1. ed. — Venezia: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari – Digital Publishing, 2018. — 202 p.; 16 cm. — (Antichistica; 18). — ISBN 978-88-6969-251-2. URL http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/libri/978-88-6969-251-2/ DOI 10.14277/978-88-6969-232-1 The Unwound Yarn Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi Abstract This book reviews certain of the most important archaeological finds of textile tools, in order to draw a picture of the spinning and weaving technologies adopted in the Levant and Egypt from the Neolithic to the Persian period. A brief description of the objects found at several sites is provided to highlight differences of materials and tool design in order to better understand developments in weaving technology across this region. Textile tools housed in the Museo Egizio di Torino are also examined here for the first time. These include spindles and spindle whorls, bone spatulae and needles, which for the most part originate from Schiaparelli’s excavations at the Workers’ village of Deir el-Medina. A general analysis is provided, which compares these ob- jects to the tools known from other sites in Egypt, as well as a catalogue, which provides further description and exact measurements for each object of the collection. Keywords Spinning. Weaving. Levant. Deir el-Medina. Museo Egizio. The Unwound Yarn Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi Acknowledgements This book is largely based on my thesis that was exposed in Aquileia in May 2015 to obtain a post-graduate degree at the Scuola Interateneo di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici (Post- graduate School in Archaeology) of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, the universities of Udine and Trieste. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Prof. Lucio Milano, who strongly believed in this research from the very beginning and continues to provide his support. Moreover, I am grateful to him for funding, together with the Postgraduate School in Ancient Heritage Studies of Ca’ Foscari University, the radiocarbon analysis discussed in this book. I also thank my co- advisor, Prof. Emanuele Marcello Ciampini, for all his help with the project and for facilitating the contacts with the Museo Egizio. I wish to express my gratitude to the Director of the Museo Egizio in Turin, Christian Greco, for allowing me to have access to the collection, and to his staff, especially Federica Facchetti and Al- ice Salvador, and the curator Enrico Ferraris, who helped me to select objects and who organised my study sessions. Sincere thanks go to the Registrar team, Marco Rossani, Valentina Turina and Sara Aicardi, for providing me with the objects and for their constant help and their kind welcome. Special and warm thanks are offered to Matilde Borla of the Soprintendenza Archeologia del Piemonte and Cinzia Oliva for their invaluable help: their remarks have been essential to this book. I am grateful to Prof. Mauro Rottoli. I am very much indebted to him for the archaeobotanical analy- sis of wooden spindles and spindle whorls he conducted, but also for all his advice and his kindness. I wish to express my gratitude to Romina Laurito for her friendly welcome at the Tool Workshop held at the Centre for Textile Research of Copenhagen on 17th December 2014 and to Margarita Gleba for her advice, assistance and remarks. I wish also to thank Susanna Moser for being the first person with whom I discussed this research and for always encouraging me to undertake it even when it seemed to be an impossible project. Finally, I thank my parents who have supported me in every step of my career and my husband for his lovely encouragement and moral support but also for precious IT and technical assistance. The Unwound Yarn Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi Table of Contents 0 Introduction 11 1 The Ancient Fibres 15 2 Archaeological Evidence from the Levant 25 3 Archaeological Evidence from Ancient Egypt 75 4 Textile Tools at the Museo Egizio in Turin 103 5 Wood Identification 123 6 Conclusions 127 Catalogue 133 Bibliography 173 Plates 187 The Unwound Yarn Birth and Development of Textile Tools Between Levant and Egypt Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi 0 Introduction The idea for this work arose from the observation of the extraordinary state of conservation of Egyptian materials linked to textile production and the fact that very few studies have been devoted to these remains. Interest- ingly, areas possessing climates that are less conducive to the preservation of organic materials have been the subject of extensive and far-reaching studies on the subject of textile production: these studies today form the methodological basis for the field. One of the great benefits of working on textile-related items is the ex- traordinary homogeneity that has characterised these tools for millennia, across different areas and contexts. Despite major technological differ- ences, mainly as pertains to looms, the basic instruments of spinning and weaving have remained unchanged until the present in certain parts of the world, and allow for interesting ethnographic comparisons to be made. With these assumptions in mind, the decision was made to consider two archaeological areas with very different traditions of textile studies in order to integrate, where possible, the various available data. The present work presents a study of a group of Egyptian artifacts held at the Museo Egizio in Turin (henceforth Museo Egizio), in an attempt to integrate them into the general discussion of the spinning and weaving techniques of Ancient Egypt. The results of this study are compared with material from the Levant, an area that is similar to Egypt in many respects, but with the advantage of a longer and more intensive tradition of textile studies. The order of the following chapters develops from a general de- scription of the state of ancient Near Eastern textile-production studies, sur- veys the archaeological sources available from both Egypt and the Levant, and ends with an assessment of the material housed at the Museo Egizio. The great advantage of studying the Egyptian remains is undoubtedly the preservation of organic materials, which
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