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In Search of the Origins of Lower Egyptian Pottery: a New Approach to Old Data

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In Search of the Origins of Lower Egyptian Pottery: a New Approach to Old Data PREVIOUSLY RELEASED VOLUMES IN SERIES „STUDIES IN AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY” SAA vol. 1. Lech Krzyżaniak and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa. Poznań 1984. 16 vol. 2. Lech Krzyżaniak and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin In Search of the Origins and the Sahara. Poznań 1989. A New Approach to Old Data to Approach A New Pottery: Egyptian In of Lower of the Origins Search vol. 3. Lech Krzyżaniak, Late Prehistory of the Central Sudan (in Polish, with English of Lower Egyptian summary). Poznań 1992. vol. 4. Lech Krzyżaniak, Michał Kobusiewicz and John Alexander (eds.), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Pottery: Millenium BC. Poznań 1993. A New Approach to Old Data vol. 5. Lech Krzyżaniak, Karla Kroeper and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznań 1996. vol. 6. Marek Chłodnicki, Pottery in the Neolithic Societies of the Central Sudan (in preparation). vol. 7. Lech Krzyżaniak, Karla Kroeper and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Recent Research into Agnieszka Mączyńska the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa. Poznań 2000. vol. 8. Lech Krzyżaniak, Karla Kroeper and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and Recent Research. Poznań 2003. vol. 9. Karla Kroeper, Marek Chłodnicki and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Archaeology of the Earliest Northeastern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyżaniak. Poznań 2006. vol. 10. Marek Chłodnicki, Michał Kobusiewicz and Karla Kroeper (eds.), Kadero: the Lech Krzyżaniak excavations in the Sudan. Poznań 2011. vol. 11. Jacek Kabaciński, Marek Chłodnicki and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. New Ideas and Discoveries. Poznań 2012. vol. 12. Agnieszka Mączyńska, Lower Egyptian communities and their interactions with Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC. Poznań 2013. vol. 13. Agnieszka Mączyńska (ed.), The Nile Delta as a centre of cultural interactions between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC. Poznań 2014. vol. 14. Jacek Kabaciński, Marek Chłodnicki and Michał Kobusiewicz (eds.), Hunter-Gatherers and Early Food Producing Societies in Northeastern Africa. Poznań 2015. vol. 15. Jacek Kabaciński, Marek Chłodnicki, Michał Kobusiewicz and Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska (eds.), Desert and the Nile. Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara. Papers in honour of Fred Wendorf. Poznań 2018. PL ISSN 0866-9244 ISBN 978-83-60109-61-8 POZNAŃ ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM In Search of the Origins of Lower Egyptian Pottery: A New Approach to Old Data For Dominik, Tymoteusz and Jowita Studies in African Archaeology Vol. 16 Poznań Archaeological Museum In Search of the Origins of Lower Egyptian Pottery: A New Approach to Old Data Agnieszka Mączyńska Poznań 2018 Studies in African Archaeology vol. 16 Editor-in-chief of Poznań Archaeological Museum publications Marzena Szmyt Reviewers of volume Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz, E. Christiana Köhler Translation Michał Cieślak Proofreading Paul McNamara Typeset by Tomasz Kasprowicz Cover design Ewa Wąsowska Cover image Lake Qarun. Photo by Maciej Jórdeczka PL ISSN 0866-9244 ISBN 978-83-60109-61-8 Published as a part of the project ‘The Development of the Early Neolithic Societies in Lower Egypt in the 5th Millennium BC and their Interactions with the Southern Levant” financed by the National Science Centre in Poland (No. UMO-2014/13/B/HS3/04874). © Copyright by Poznań Archaeological Museum 61-781 Poznań, ul. Wodna 27 tel. +48 61 852 82 51, fax. +48 61 853 10 10 e-mail: [email protected] www.muzarp.poznan.pl Printed by Drukarnia cyfrowa ESUS ul. Południowa 54, 62-064 Plewiska Table of Contents Lists of Maps, Tables, Figures and Abbreviations ............................. 9 List of Maps ...................................................................................................... 9 List of Tables .................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures .................................................................................................. 10 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 11 Preface ................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 17 1.1. Aims and outline of the study ............................................................... 17 1.2. Geographic background ........................................................................ 19 1.2.1. Lower Egypt ........................................................................................ 19 1.2.2. The eastern Sahara ............................................................................ 20 1.2.3. The southern Levant .......................................................................... 23 1.3. Chronological and cultural background ............................................ 23 1.3.1. Lower Egypt ........................................................................................ 25 1.3.2. The eastern Sahara ............................................................................ 27 1.3.3. The southern Levant .......................................................................... 29 1.4. Climatic background .............................................................................. 31 1.4.1. Lower Egypt ........................................................................................ 31 1.4.2. The eastern Sahara ............................................................................ 34 1.4.3. The southern Levant .......................................................................... 36 Chapter 2 Theoretical approaches to the origins of pottery ......................... 39 2.1. Ceramic theory ........................................................................................ 40 2.2. An economic approach to the origins of pottery ............................... 41 2.3. Pottery technology as a social tradition .............................................. 42 2.4. Early pottery as a prestige technology ................................................. 43 2.5. Pottery and mobility ............................................................................... 44 2.6. The theoretical approach and method of the study .......................... 46 Chapter 3 The State of research on the origins of Lower Egyptian pottery ......................................................................... 49 3.1. The origins of pottery amongst prehistoric societies – a short overview ...................................................................................... 50 6 Table of Contents 3.2. The origins of pottery in Lower Egypt ................................................ 52 3.2.1. The southern Levant as a source of Lower Egyptian pottery........ 53 3.2.2. The Western Desert as a source of Lower Egyptian pottery ......... 61 3.3. Summary .................................................................................................. 63 Chapter 4 The cultural situation in north-eastern Africa and the southern Levant during the Early and Middle Holocene periods ....................... 65 4.1. The Neolithic period of Lower Egypt .................................................. 65 4.1.1. The Fayumian culture ........................................................................ 66 4.1.2. The Merimde culture.......................................................................... 73 4.1.3. The el-Omari culture ......................................................................... 74 4.1.4. The Neolithic societies of Lower Egypt - a summary ..................... 77 4.2. The Holocene humid phase in the eastern Sahara ............................ 81 4.2.1. The Western Desert ............................................................................ 81 4.2.2. Oases .................................................................................................... 91 4.2.3. The Eastern Desert ............................................................................. 104 4.2.4. Early and Middle Holocene hunter-gatherers and herders of the eastern Sahara – a summary ................................................. 106 4.3. The Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant .................................... 108 4.3.1. Pre-Pottery Neolithic / Pottery Neolithic transition ...................... 108 4.3.2. The Yarmukian culture ...................................................................... 109 4.3.3. The Lodian (Jericho IX) culture ....................................................... 112 4.3.4. The Wadi Rabah culture .................................................................... 115 4.3.5. Nizzanim variant/phase/ware .......................................................... 118 4.3.6. The Qatifian culture ........................................................................... 119 4.3.7. The Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant – a summary ......... 120 Chapter 5 Early and Middle Holocene pottery of north-eastern Africa and the southern Levant ............................................................................. 125 5.1. Lower Egypt ............................................................................................
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