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Characterization and Quantification of Biochemical Components of Selected Molluscs Species from the Kerala Coast

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Characterization and quantification of biochemical components of selected Molluscs species from the Kerala coast Thesis submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Chemistry Under the Faculty of Marine Sciences by Ragi A. S. Reg. No. 4224 Department of Chemical Oceanography School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi – 682016 November, 2017 Characterization and quantification of biochemical components of selected Molluscs species from the Kerala coast Ph. D. Thesis under the Faculty of Marine Sciences Author Ragi A. S. Research Scholar Department of Chemical Oceanography School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi - 682016 Email: [email protected] Supervising Guide Dr. S. Muraleedharan Nair Professor Department of Chemical Oceanography School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi - 682016 Email: [email protected] Department of Chemical Oceanography School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi - 682016 November, 2017 DEDICATION To my Parents, teachers, husband, friends and beloved son for always supporting, helping and standing by me. COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Fine Arts Avenue Kochi - 682016, India Tel: 91-484-2383131(O) Dr. S. Muraleedharan Nair 91-484-2863402(O) Fax: 91-848-2374164 Professor E-mail: [email protected] This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Characterization and quantification of biochemical components of selected Molluscs species from the Kerala coast” is an authentic record of the research work carried out by Mrs. Ragi A. S. under my supervision and guidance at the Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-16, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Ph. D. degree of Cochin University of Science and Technology and no part of this has been presented before for any degree in any university. I further certify that all the relevant corrections and modifications suggested by the audience during the pre-synopsis seminar and recommended by the Doctoral Committee of the candidate have been incorporated in the thesis. Kochi - 682016 Dr. S. Muraleedharan Nair November, 2017 (Supervising Guide) I hereby declare that the thesis entitled "Characterization and quantification of biochemical components of selected Molluscs species from the Kerala coast" is an authentic record of the research work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. S. Muraleedharan Nair, Professor, Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, and no part of this has previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any other similar title or recognition in any University/Institution. Kochi-682016 Ragi A. S. November, 2017 Over the past six years it has taken to complete my Ph. D thesis, many people have helped me along the way, and I am eternally thankful for their assistance. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the persons who have made it possible for me to commence and complete this enormous task. Though it will not be enough to express my gratitude in words to all those people who helped me, I would still like to acknowledge them for their financial and field assistance, scientific knowledge and emotional encouragement for the success of this study. At this moment of acknowledgement first of all I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervising guide, Dr. S. Muraleedharan Nair, Professor and Head, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) for giving me an opportunity to work under him. I am thankful to him for his constant support, encouragement and constructive advice throughout the research work. Without his valuable suggestions and intellectual inputs, this thesis would not have seen the light of the day. He is not only my academic supervisor, but also a real mentor and friend who let me know how to treat life with patience and fair-mindedness. I am immensely thankful and obliged to Professor (Dr.) N. Chandramohanakumar, Hon Director, Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, CUSAT for his invaluable suggestions and encouragement in improving my research work. I do not have words to acknowledge Dr. Jacob Chacko, my teacher for his inspirational talks and suggestions during the course of my research work. I thankfully acknowledge Professor (Dr.) C.H. Sujatha, Department of Chemical Oceanography, CUSAT for her valuable suggestions, motivation and affection during the work. I am thankful to Dr. Habeeb Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Oceanography, CUSAT for his friendly and inspiring discussions. I am grateful to Dr. K. Sajan, Director, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT, Dr. A.N. Balachand, Dean, Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT, Dr. K. Mohan Kumar, Former Director, School of Marine Sciences, Dr. H.S. Ram Mohan, Former Dean and Director School of Marine Sciences, for providing facilities for the research work. I would like to acknowledge Department of Science and Technology- Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research Programme (DST-INSPIRE) for providing financial support. I would like to place my sincere gratitude towards Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology (IUCDMB) for providing Research facilities particularly GC-MS, GC-FID, HPLC-UV and ATR- FTIR. I extend my special gratitude towards Dr. Prabhakaran M. P., Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Mr. Jyothishkumar T., Sree Narayana College for Women, Kollam and Ajin A. M., Department of Marine Biology Microbiology and Biochemistry, for the collection and taxonomic identification of mollusc samples. I am thankful to Dr. Rosamma Philip, Professor and Head, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, and research scholar Ms. Manomi, for the anti-microbial activity studies. I also extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Jayesh Puthumana, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry for the cytotoxicity studies. I owe special thanks to my former class mate and friend, Mrs. Leena P. P, Scientific Assistant, Indian Navy, for her unstinted support all through the course of this research work. The numerous, laborious and tedious lab works became an enjoyable experience and beautiful memory because of her generous help and encouragement. I am sincerely thankful to Dr. Bindu K. R., Dr. Harishankar H. S. and Dr. Gireeshkumar T. R. for their assistance in the entire phase of my research work. My sincere thanks goes to my dear friends Dr. Salas P. M., Dr. Saritha S., Dr. Eldhose Cheriyan for listening, offering me advice, and supporting me in the compilation of thesis. I profoundly thank to my dear friends Mr. Shameem K and Mr. Udhayakrishnan P. B. for their brotherly affection and immense help rendered during the difficult stages of my research studies. I extend my special gratitude towards Dr. Shaiju P., (Technical assistant) and Dr. Deepulal P. M. for their assistance in the initial phase of my research work. I take this opportunity to thank my colleagues and fellow research scholars, who helped me in innumerable ways. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Ratheeshkumar C. S., Dr. Byju K., Dr. Prashop Peter, Dr. Nebula Murukesh, Dr. Martin G. D., Mrs. Souda V. P., Mrs. Ramzi A., Ms. Movitha Mohandas, Dr. Sanilkumar K. S., Dr. Manju M. N. (late), Mr. Anoop C. Shekhar, Dr. Ejin K. T., Dr. Nayeem Muhammed, Dr. Sruthi T. R. S., Dr. Resmi P., Dr. Kala K. Jacob, Mr. Mrudulrag, Mrs. Athira Sreekanth, Mr. Ajeeshkumar, Ms. Anu Susan Cheriyan and Ms. Moushmi K. S. for their inspired advice, continuous encouragement and support during my research period. I am also thankful to Dr. Manju Mary Joseph, Dr. Renjith K. R., Mr. Sudheesh V., Dr. Akhil P. S., Mrs. Anuradha V., Mr. Renjith P. K,, Mr. Libin baby., Mr. Rahul R., Ms. Gaby, Ms. Divya K. R., Mr. Manu Mohan Dr. Nisha K, Dr. Dayala V. T., Dr. Renjitha Raveendran, Mrs. Susan, Dr. Abhilash P. Kailas, Mr. Ajith, Mrs. Shibini mol, Dr. Radhika R., Mr. Akhil Dileep, Mrs. Arsha Krishnan, Mrs. Nisa, Mr. Midhun T. R,, Mr. Joshua, Mrs. Navya, Mrs. Jyothi, Mrs. Nisari, Mr. Eldose P. Jacob, Mr. Dibu Divakaran, Mr. Rajesh, Mr. Firos, Mr. Shinto, Mrs. Sruthi, Mrs. Aswathi, Dr. Gayathridevi and all other research scholars, M.Sc/M. Phil students in the Department of Chemical Oceanography, CUSAT for giving me such a good friendly company. I would like to thank for whoever being with me in all times of need and helping me at keeping my spirits up. I thank office staff of Department of Chemical Oceanography and Marine Science Library for the co-operation extended during my tenure. My special thanks to Mr. Manuel. P. J., Former Librarian School of Marine sciences for his valuable cooperation. I record my thanks to Mr. Binoop Kumar (Indu Photos) for formatting my thesis. I am short of right words to describe how fortunate and blessed I feel myself to have such loving and caring parents, Mr. Asokan Pillai and Mrs. Eswariamma who had been the motivation in all endeavours and I feel lucky to have them with me, always. Without those strong pillars of support and encouragement, I wouldn’t have finished this work successfully. I am deeply indebted to them. Thanks for being with me I am forever indebted to my loving husband Mr. Pratheesh Krishna, for helping me during the entire course of my thesis works and for remaining patiently, to see the success of this work. Thanks for all the support, motivation, love and care showered on me. I would always remain thankful to him for being a compromising and understanding life partner. I am really humbled, saying thanks to my sweet heart, Prayag Krishna R., who always wanted to help me in typing but ends up annoying me, misplacing all the required stuff.
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  • Module 2: Rocky Shores

    Module 2: Rocky Shores

    Module 2: Rocky Shores NSW MARINE PARKS EDUCATION KIT PORT STEPHENS-GREAT LAKES MARINE PARK 23 TEACHER FACT SHEET NSW Rocky Shores Rocky shores are unique habitats full of a variety of animals and plants. Due to the variation in rock composition on NSW rocky shores, there are five major habitat types – pools, cobbles, boulders, crevices and platforms – with each providing a living space for different types of plants and animals. Rock pools retain water at low tide and often contain a high diversity of plants and animals. Cobbled areas often retain moisture when the tide is out, and provide habitat for smaller animals. Boulder fields provide shelter from pounding waves and shelter from the sun and wind. Crevices provide many sheltering and hiding places for a variety of animals. Platforms are often the most exposed habitats, and their most common inhabitants are lichens and hard-shelled animals. A harsh life Life can be challenging for the creatures that live on the rocky shore, as organisms must cope with pounding waves, the harsh sun, fluctuating tides, wind, salt and rapid temperature changes. Rocky shore plants and animals have developed many adaptations to cope with these fluctuations. Animals that live in the highest part of the rocky shore are out of the water for the longest time, and must deal with being dried out by the sun, wind and salt, but are able to survive by using a combination of adaptations. Being a light colour helps to reflect the sun’s rays; grouping together is a strategy used to retain what little water is left after the last high tide; and the trap door (or operculum) to the entrance of the shell helps to retain water inside the shell between high tides, as well as safeguard against some predators.