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Towards a Historical Ecology of Intertidal Foraging in the Mafia Archipelago Towards a Historical Ecology of Intertidal Foraging in the Mafia Archipelago: Archaeomalacology and Implications for Marine Resource Management Authors: Patrick Faulkner, Matthew Harris, Othman Haji, Alison Crowther, Mark C. Horton, et. al. Source: Journal of Ethnobiology, 39(2) : 182-203 Published By: Society of Ethnobiology URL: https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-39.2.182 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Ethnobiology on 23 Jun 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Max Planck Digital Library Journal of Ethnobiology 2019 39(2): 182–203 Towards a Historical Ecology of Intertidal Foraging in the Mafia Archipelago: Archaeomalacology and Implications for Marine Resource Management Patrick Faulkner1,2*, Matthew Harris3, Othman Haji4, Alison Crowther2,3, Mark C. Horton5, and Nicole L. Boivin2 Abstract. Understanding the timing and nature of human influence on coastal and island ecosystems is becoming a central concern in archaeological research, particularly when investigated within a historical ecology framework. Unfortunately, the coast and islands of eastern Africa have not figured significantly within this growing body of literature, but are important given their historically contingent environmental, social, and political contexts, as well as the considerable threats now posed to marine ecosystems. Here, we begin developing a longer-term understanding of past marine resource use in the Mafia Archipelago (eastern Africa), an area of high ecological importance containing the Mafia Island Marine Park. Focusing on the comparatively less researched marine invertebrates provides a means for initiating discussion on potential past marine ecosystem structure, human foraging and environmental shifts, and the implications for contemporary marine resource management. The available evidence suggests that human-environment interactions over the last 2000 years were complex and dynamic; however, these data raise more questions than answers regarding the specific drivers of changes observed in the archaeomalacological record. This is encouraging as a baseline investigation and emphasizes the need for further engagement with historical ecology by a range of cognate disciplines to enhance our understanding of these complex issues. Keywords: eastern Africa, Juani Island, Iron Age, archaeomalacology, marine resource use Introduction archaeological inquiry, particularly when Human impacts on oceans and coastal embedded within historical ecology and/or margins from over-exploitation, urban- applied zooarchaeology. Historical ecology ization, industrialization, and resulting is an interdisciplinary approach combining pollution have caused habitat loss, reduced long-term historical perspectives with ecol- species diversity, and accelerated oceanic ogy to understand ecosystem evolution, and atmospheric warming on a global natural and anthropogenic environmental scale (as summarized by Jackson et al. modifications, and human-environmental 2001). While these issues have garnered interactions (Balée and Erickson 2006; worldwide attention, the contemporary Crumley 1994). As such, historical ecol- situation can be viewed as part of a much ogy is particularly effective for framing longer-term history of humans exploiting research agendas focused on the types of coasts and islands (Braje et al. 2017; Jack- issues noted above in a range of terrestrial son et al. 2001). The timing and nature of and aquatic environments (Boivin et al. human interactions with coastal and island 2016; Braje and Rick 2013; Fitzpatrick and ecosystems has become a focal point of Keegan 2007). 1 Department of Archaeology, School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, Brennan MacCallum Building A18, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006 Australia. 2 Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. 3 School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. 4 Department of Museums and Antiquities, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 5 Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, England. *Corresponding author ([email protected]) Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Ethnobiology on 23 Jun 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Max Planck Digital Library Archaeomalacology and Implications for Marine Resource Management 183 Possible multidirectional changes in fifteenth centuries CE), with similar trends past socio-economic organization may apparent in the fish data from all four be recognized within a historical ecolog- trenches. Marine and terrestrial tetrapods ical approach, broadening the scope and are relatively scarce through the EIA and significance of zooarchaeological research, MIA-LIA, with small game (e.g., duiker) feeding long-term data into the devel- and marine turtle dominant. Archaeobotan- opment of more effective conservation, ical evidence indicates crops in very small management, and environmental policies quantities, all of which are attributed to the (Balée 2006; Braje et al. 2017; Rick and MIA-LIA, indicating a lack of convincing Lockwood 2013). Schwerdtner Máñez agricultural evidence for the EIA. Based on et al. (2014:1–2), for example, note five these data, Crowther et al. (2016) interpret key areas of inquiry within the historical the economic structure as representing an ecology of marine environments, includ- initial EIA maritime adaptation during the ing assessing the relative importance of phase of island colonization, followed by key drivers of environmental change, a mixed herding/farming economy in the understanding the significance of marine MIA-LIA that continued to include signifi- resources for human societies, and consid- cant marine resources. ering how historical information can be Here, we expand on the previ- used to improve future management. In ous archaeomalacological analyses to reviewing the range of potential threats to focus on trends in human foraging and modern marine environments, Crain et al. human-environment interactions from the (2009:57) also suggest that understanding EIA to the present and, in doing so, consider the cumulative effects of multiple threats the implications of these data for resource to marine ecosystems must be a research management. Following Contreras (2016), priority. Zooarchaeology and historical rather than concentrating on whether envi- ecology can make a significant contribu- ronments influenced humans or vice versa, tion in these areas, providing insights into we explore how humans and their environ- ecosystem change, human ecodynamics, ments interacted. As such, we emphasize and the assessment of ecological bench- the interaction of humans and their envi- marks for a range of marine taxa (e.g., ronment within a specific context, taking a Douglass et al. 2018, 2019; McKechnie et temporal approach to investigate the nature al. 2014; Wolverton et al. 2016). of intertidal foraging and to isolate potential The aim of this paper is to develop variability or stability in these behaviors. an understanding of past marine mollusk Archaeomalacological research in eastern use at the Juani Primary School site in the Africa is in an early stage of development Mafia Archipelago (eastern Africa), an area (e.g., Douglass 2017; Faulkner et al. 2018a, contained within the Mafia Island Marine 2018b; Msemwa 1994), meaning that the Park. Detailed analyses and interpretations past use of these resources remains relatively of the Sealinks Project investigation at this poorly understood. In contrast, archaeolog- site are presented elsewhere (Crowther et ical research in other coastal regions has al. 2016). However, in summary, the site demonstrated the influence that human contained rich ceramic assemblages along- foraging can have on mollusk abundance, side abundant faunal remains dominated richness, and diversity, and how these effects by fish and marine mollusks. Based on contribute to broader ecosystem alterations preliminary analyses from a single trench, (e.g., Giovas et al. 2010; Jerardino 2016; the mollusks reduce in density and rich- Jerardino and Marean 2010; Kyriacou et al. ness from the Early Iron Age (EIA, circa 2015). As marine invertebrates fill a crucial first–sixth centuries CE) to the Middle Iron role within marine ecosystems (e.g., habi- Age-Late Iron Age (MIA-LIA, circa seventh– tat complexity, trophic structure), baseline Journal of Ethnobiology 2019 39(2): 182–203 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Ethnobiology on 23 Jun 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Max Planck Digital Library 184 Faulkner, Harris, Haji, Crowther,
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