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Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania: Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry

J.P. Keane, J.M. Lyle, C. Mundy, K. Hartmann August 2014

FRDC Project No 2011/024

© 2014 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved.

ISBN 978-1-86295-757-2

Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania: Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry FRDC Project No 2011/024

June 2014

Ownership of Intellectual property rights

Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies.

This publication (and any information sourced from it) should be attributed to Keane, J.P., Lyle, J., Mundy, C. and Hartmann, K. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, 2014, Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania:

Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry, Hobart, August. CC BY 3.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to: [email protected].

Disclaimerd

The authors do not warrant that the information in this document is free from errors or omissions. The authors do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortious, or otherwise, for the contents of this document or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this document may not relate, or be relevant, to a readers particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the authors are the individual opinions expressed by those persons and are not necessarily those of the publisher, research provider or the FRDC. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry.

Researcher Contact Details
FRDC Contact Details

Name:
Dr Jeremy Lyle
Address:
25 Geils Court

Address:
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies

University of Tasmania Private Bag 49
Deakin ACT 2600

02 6285 0400
Phone:

Fax:
02 6285 0499

Taroona, TAS 7053 (03) 6227 7255
Email: Web: [email protected]

www.frdc.com.au
Phone:

Fax:
(03) 6227 8035

Email:
[email protected]

In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to FRDC publishing this material in its edited form.

Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania

Contents

List of Tables......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................. vi Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Tasmanian Commercial Dive Fishery ...............................................................................................1 The periwinkl e ...................................................................................................................................1 Previous researc h ...............................................................................................................................2
Ecology .......................................................................................................................................2 Life Histor y .................................................................................................................................3 Fisheries ......................................................................................................................................3
Need...................................................................................................................................................4

Objectives............................................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 5

Commercial fishery dat a ....................................................................................................................5
Logbook data...............................................................................................................................5 On-board catch sampling ............................................................................................................6 Fisher survey ...............................................................................................................................6
Fisheries biology................................................................................................................................7
Site s .............................................................................................................................................7 Biological measurements ............................................................................................................8 Growth.........................................................................................................................................8 Gonad maturation and size at maturity........................................................................................8

Markets and economics ...................................................................................................................11
Market survey............................................................................................................................11 Market data and modelling: Sydney Fish Market .....................................................................11 Fishery value .............................................................................................................................12
Report card.......................................................................................................................................12

Results .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Management overview.....................................................................................................................13 Fishery operations............................................................................................................................15 Catch and effort ...............................................................................................................................15
State-wide trend s .......................................................................................................................15 Regional catch and effort ..........................................................................................................20 Daily catches .............................................................................................................................23
Fisher dynamic s ...............................................................................................................................24
Fisher characterisation and behaviour.......................................................................................24 Fisher participation / licensing ..................................................................................................24

Management changes and current concerns ....................................................................................25
Zoning and TAC........................................................................................................................25 Flexibility regarding the incidental take of a small amount of undersize periwinkle s ..............26

Fisher observations and feedback: fishery limitations, threats and management concerns .............26
Periwinkle habitat and aggregations .........................................................................................26

FRDC Final Report Page i

Catch and effor t ........................................................................................................................ 27 Localised overfishing ............................................................................................................... 27 Fisher perceptions of stocks status and recovery after fishing ................................................. 27 Purging ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Latent effor t .............................................................................................................................. 28 Supervisors ............................................................................................................................... 28 Feasibility and logistics of fishing the west coast .................................................................... 28 Market „flooding‟ ..................................................................................................................... 29
Fisheries biology – age, growth and reproductio n .......................................................................... 29
Temperature.............................................................................................................................. 29 Morphometrics ......................................................................................................................... 31 Population structure.................................................................................................................. 32 Growth...................................................................................................................................... 34 Sexual maturation..................................................................................................................... 39 Size at maturity......................................................................................................................... 43 Spawnin g .................................................................................................................................. 45
Periwinkle markets.......................................................................................................................... 49 Supply and demand......................................................................................................................... 51 Supply and demand case study: Sydney Fish Marke t ..................................................................... 53
Market modelling ..................................................................................................................... 54
Market feedback.............................................................................................................................. 56
Transport................................................................................................................................... 57 Product substitutio n .................................................................................................................. 58
Marketin g ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Product identity and branding .................................................................................................. 58 Product fact sheet/brochure ...................................................................................................... 59 Labelling................................................................................................................................... 59 Box Size ................................................................................................................................... 59 Value adding – frozen product ................................................................................................. 60 Sample boxes............................................................................................................................ 60 Opportunities for market growt h .............................................................................................. 60

Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 61

Structural changes in catch, effort and fisher dynamics – interpretation and management implications..................................................................................................................................... 61

Resource status................................................................................................................................ 62 Environmental influences on fisheries biology............................................................................... 62 Maximising economic returns......................................................................................................... 64

Fishery Report Card ........................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 70 Implications.......................................................................................................................................... 70 Recommendations................................................................................................................................ 71

Further development ....................................................................................................................... 71

Extension and Adoption...................................................................................................................... 71

Project coverag e .............................................................................................................................. 72

Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 73

List of researchers and project staff ................................................................................................ 73 References....................................................................................................................................... 74

Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania

List of Tables

Table 1. Description of gonad stages in periwinkles (adapted from Joll 1975) ............................10 Table 2. Zones and total allowable catch (TAC) in the Tasmanian commercial periwinkle fishery. ........................................................................................................................................................14 Table 3. Commercial catch (tonnes) of periwinkles by fishing season (1 September to 31 August) since the introduction of the Tasmanian Commercial Dive fishery Management Plan in 2005....16 Table 4. Mean monthly water temperatures from periwinkle research sites between March 2012 and February 2013..........................................................................................................................30 Table 5. Mean x seasonal water temperatures and standard deviation (σ ), as well as average annual heating (>16°C) and cooling (<13°C) degree-days from long-term temperature monitoring sites at various sites around Tasmania. ..........................................................................................31 Table 6. Predicted weights and numbers per kg of periwinkles at various lengths based on length- weight relationship. ........................................................................................................................32 Table 7. Summary of periwinkle tagging and recapture number s .................................................34 Table 8. Estimated shell lengths of periwinkles at each year of age derived from von Bertalanffy growth modelling of mark-recapture data at five locations off eastern Tasmania. The estimated age at the current size limit (40 mm), the von Bertalanffy growth parameters K, and L_∞, and the goodness of fit (R²) are also given. ................................................................................................37 Table 9. Linear regression of annual heating (>16°C) and cooling (<13°C) degree-days against mean maximum length. ..................................................................................................................38 Table 10. Images of periwinkle gonads with macroscopic descriptions at different stages of sexual maturation. Histological sections are from same individual are shown and were used to validate macroscopic staging. Section 1: Non-sexual; Section 2: Female maturation; Section 3: Male maturation. ............................................................................................................................40 Table 11. Predicted length at 25%, 50% and 75% sexual maturity (LM_25%, LM_50%, LM_75%) of periwinkles at various research sites off eastern Tasmania. logistic regression parameters c and d are shown........................................................................................................................................44

Table 12. Estimated shell length of periwinkles at 25%, 50% and 75% sexual maturity (LM_25%
,

LM_50%, LM_75%) based on estimates during primary maturation and spawning period (November- February), and shell length at each year for 5 years following onset of sexual maturity (LM_50%) at five locations off eastern Tasmania. Length at maturity is derived from logistic curve analysis; L_∞: mean maximum length from Von Bertalanffy growth modelling..................................................45 Table 13. Generalized linear model coefficients for Sydney Seafood and Australian CPI indexed response variables to formally consider the relationship between volume harvested (t), year, time of year and the price ($). ................................................................................................................55