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University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2018 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING IMPACTS ON NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SHELLFISH: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT Lemasson, Anaelle J. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11656 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING IMPACTS ON NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SHELLFISH: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT By ANAËLLE JULIE LEMASSON A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological and Marine Sciences Plymouth University November 2017 Acknowledgements “Mighty oaks from little acorns grow” “Thank you” is not always an easy thing to say – us French are not as polite as the Brit- but do trust that when I say it, I truly mean it, and I have so many people to thank for their help and support throughout this PhD. First, I must thank Tony Knights, director of studies for this PhD. Tony, I was going to thank you at the very end, only to be able to use “last but not least”, but it felt very unfair. Indeed I have so much to thank you for, including – but not limited to – pushing me to apply for this project in the first place, giving me so much freedom of decision throughout, but more importantly giving me the support and vote of confidence that I often needed more than I should have. I am also very grateful that you never made a big deal of me tearing-up easily and just rolled with it, trust that I was always mortified of my inability to control my lachrymal glands. Second, I would like to thank my co-supervisors, Steve, Jason, and Roy, for not only giving me the opportunity to take on the project, but for your time and respective involvement and advice in this journey. Particularly, I would like to thank Steve: even though the project took a direction that was not anticipated, you were always willing to dedicate time to provide guidance, advice, and support, for which I am truly grateful. Additionally, I must thank Victor Kuri, although not an official supervisor, your involvement and help with the food science aspects have been invaluable. There are two additional ‘adult’ researchers in MBERC that I would like to thank, and whom I admire not just for their intellect but also for their compassion and tenacity through adversity. One is Andy Foggo: it is following your suggestion during a conversation we had at the Challenger Conference in 2014 that I contacted Tony regarding his upcoming PhD offer. Without this simple conversation, I doubt I would have been a candidate for the project in the first place, so thank you. The second is John Spicer: your guidance started when you were my first ‘research’ supervisor, and I feel lucky that it did not stop after the Honours project, that you carried on caring and checking up on me. On occasions throughout the PhD we had conversations in your office, and somehow you seemed to always pick times when I was feeling really low, doubting everything and mostly myself, but those conversations really helped me stay on track and motivated. On a more technical and logistic note, I am appreciative of the University of Plymouth and the School of Biological and Marine Science (formerly School of Marine Science and Engineering) for providing the funding that enabled this PhD, as well as the use of the facilities. I am indebted to the Marine Biological Association of the UK, PlyMSEF, the British Ecological Society, and the Doctoral Training i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Centre at Plymouth University for granting me various funding towards conference attendance. I am grateful to the National Trust for granting me access to the collection site in Antony House, where I got the specimens used in this study. I wish to extend the gratitude to the following people for their help and time, whether in the lab or in the field, and for teaching me various protocols. In MBERC: Marie P., Ann T., Roger H. (thank you also for all the donuts and parcel deliveries, which I swear were all science-related! – or running related, I will admit to that), and Richard ‘Tricky’ T. In the Food and Nutrition Unit: Liz P., Natalie S., Victoria C., and Rob C. In the engineering department, I would like to thank Zoltan G., pulling and crushing those oysters felt probably better than it should have. It goes without saying that I am indebted to the many volunteers who offered their time and energy to help me manage in the lab (incl. Chloé T. and Emma Z.). In particular, I would like to thank Lucy ‘Skirt’ J.; I don’t know if I am more grateful for the lab help or the much-needed gossip-time during the write-up of this thesis. But most of all I would like to thank Sam P-M. Sam, you were present from the start and I cannot possibly express how grateful I am: No.1 lab volunteer. Finally, I must thank my family and friends, scientists or not, who have been there for me the past few years. I know I am not always the easiest to handle, and I often feel like I am the neediest of them all, which is probably true. I must thank my sisters, who always think it is funny to remind me that, when I do not understand what I am doing, it is alright, for they do not understand it either! I also would like to thank Nils Piechaud, fellow PhD student, housemate, and friend, for his patience but also for putting his technical skills to good use towards producing Figure 1.7. For her professional and personal guidance whenever needed, thank you Dr. Bekah Cioffi. Heartfelt thanks to my two favourite yellow-haired friends: Holly Armstrong and Imogen Napper, and to my friend since my very first year in Plymouth over 6 years ago: Claire Jasper. The three of you have listened to me moan and rant more than one can count; I cannot thank you enough for being there for me every time. I hope that one day I will be able to repay the friendship. “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”, this PhD often felt like a thousand miles. So this one goes to my “running family”, who understand both the figurative and literal meanings of this saying; running with you has kept me sane (relatively), I trust you know how much you mean to me. ii AUTHOR'S DECLARATION At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author been registered for any other University award without prior agreement of the Graduate Quality Sub- Committee. Work submitted for this research degree at the University of Plymouth has not formed part of any other degree either at the University of Plymouth or at another establishment. This study was financed with the aid of a PhD studentship from the University of Plymouth, and relevant scientific conferences attendance funded by The Marine Biological Association of the UK, the British Ecological Society, Plymouth Marine Science Education Foundation, and Plymouth University Doctoral Training Centre. List of accepted publications: Lemasson, A.J., Fletcher, S., Hall-Spencer, J.M., and A.M., Knights. 2017 “Linking the biological impacts of ocean acidification on oysters to changes in ecosystem services: A review”. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 492, 49-62. 10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.019 Lemasson, A.J., Kuri, V., Hall-Spencer, J.M., Fletcher, S., Moate, R. and A.M., Knights. 2017 “Sensory qualities of oysters unaltered by a short exposure to combined elevated pCO2 and temperature”. Frontiers in Marine Science. 4:352. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00352 List of conferences, seminars, and workshops attended: School of Biological & Marine Sciences Poster Presentation & Networking Event, Plymouth University, June 2017 – Poster presentation 46th Benthic Ecology Meeting, Coastal Carolina University, USA, April 2017 - Oral presentation PlyMSEF ‘Making Waves’ 2017 Post-graduate Conference, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, February 2017 – Organising committee member, Chair & Oral presentation MBERC Seminar Series, Plymouth University, January 2017 – Oral presentation iii 2nd International Symposium on Ocean Acidification and Climate Change, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, December 2016 – Speed talk & Poster presentation US-UK Shellfish Growers Information Exchange, London, June 2016 – Attendance PlyMSEF ‘Making Waves’ 2016 Post-graduate Conference, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, February 2016 - Oral presentation CeMEB – Marine Evolution under Climate Change, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Kristineberg, Sweden, December 2015 – Speed talk & Poster Presentation Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conference, Liverpool, August - September 2015 – Attendance UKOA-BIOACID Final Meeting, Royal Society, London, June 2015 – Attendance Planktic Gastropod Meeting, Malacological Society of London, London, April 2015 – Poster presentation Word count of main body of thesis: ~ 44900 words Signed: Date: 30/04/2018 iv Abstract OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING IMPACTS ON NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SHELLFISH: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT ANAËLLE JULIE LEMASSON Ocean acidification and warming have been shown to affect a wide range of marine organisms and impact assemblages and ecosystems.